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2304:. Although the toilet was small and noisy, both veteran astronauts – who had endured earlier missions' rudimentary waste-collection systems – and rookies complimented it. The first crew enjoyed taking a shower once a week, but found drying themselves in weightlessness and vacuuming excess water difficult; later crews usually cleaned themselves daily with wet washcloths instead of using the shower. Astronauts also found that bending over in weightlessness to put on socks or tie shoelaces strained their abdominal muscles.
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the mission another was showing signs of impending failure. With just a single CMG Skylab would be unable to control its attitude, and it was not possible to repair or replace one of the broken gyroscopes on-orbit. Virtually all of the prepackaged food launched with the station had been consumed, Skylab 4's mission extension from 56 to 84 days required the crew take an extra 28 days worth of food with them, but there was still enough water to support three men for 60 days, and enough oxygen/nitrogen to support the same for 140 days.
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2984:(base-8), it only had numbers zero to seven (8 keys), and the other two keys were enter and clear. The display could show minutes and seconds which would count down to orbital benchmarks, or it could display keystrokes when using the interface. The interface could be used to change the software program. The user interface was called the Digital Address System (DAS) and could send commands to the computer's command system. The command system could also get commands from the ground.
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1703:. The overall goal of Horizon was to place men on the Moon, a mission that would soon be taken over by the rapidly forming NASA. Although concentrating on the Moon missions, von Braun also detailed an orbiting laboratory built out of a Horizon upper stage, an idea used for Skylab. A number of NASA centers studied various space station designs in the early 1960s. Studies generally looked at platforms launched by the Saturn V, followed up by crews launched on Saturn IB using an
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1941:. The cancellation of these missions freed up three Saturn V boosters for the AAP program. Although this would have allowed them to develop von Braun's original S-II-based mission, by this time so much work had been done on the S-IV-based design that work continued on this baseline. With the extra power available, the wet workshop was no longer needed; the S-IC and S-II lower stages could launch a "dry workshop", with its interior already prepared, directly into orbit.
1966:/William Snaith recommended emphasizing habitability and comfort for the astronauts by providing a wardroom for meals and relaxation and a window to view Earth and space, although astronauts were dubious about the designers' focus on details such as color schemes. Habitability had not previously been an area of concern when building spacecraft due to their small size and brief mission durations, but the Skylab missions would last for months. NASA sent a scientist on
2312:. After breakfast and preparation for lunch, experiments, tests and repairs of spacecraft systems and, if possible, 90 minutes of physical exercise followed; the station had a bicycle and other equipment, and astronauts could jog around the water tank. After dinner, which was scheduled for 6 p.m., crews performed household chores and prepared for the next day's experiments. Following lengthy daily instructions (some of which were up to 15 meters long) sent via
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2142:. The first crewed mission, Skylab 2, launched on May 25, 1973, atop a Saturn IB and involved extensive repairs to the station. The crew deployed a parasol-like sunshade through a small instrument port from the inside of the station, bringing station temperatures down to acceptable levels and preventing overheating that would have melted the plastic insulation inside the station and released poisonous gases. This solution was designed by
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1886:, and a minimum amount of equipment would be installed in the tank itself in order to avoid taking up too much fuel volume. Floors of the station would be made from an open metal framework that allowed the fuel to flow through it. After launch, a follow-up mission launched by a Saturn IB would launch additional equipment, including solar panels, an equipment section and docking adapter, and various experiments.
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1715:, the latter being much less expensive in the case where cargo was not needed. Proposals ranged from an Apollo-based station with two to three men, or a small "canister" for four men with Gemini capsules resupplying it, to a large, rotating station with 24 men and an operating lifetime of about five years. A proposal to study the use of a Saturn S-IVB as a crewed space laboratory was documented in 1962 by the
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3068:, as one of the station's gyroscopes had failed and the attitude control system needed refueling; these issues would need EVA to fix or replace. The station had not been designed for extensive resupply. However, although it was originally planned that Skylab crews would only perform limited maintenance, they successfully made major repairs during EVA, such as the Skylab 2 crew's deployment of the
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system ran several thousand words of code, which was also backed up on the Memory Load Unit (MLU). The two computers were linked to each other and various input and output items by the workshop computer interface. Operations could be switched from the primary to the backup, which were the same design, either automatically if errors were detected, by the Skylab crew, or from the ground.
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1867:" concept, because of the conversion of an active fuel tank. The station filled the entire interior of the S-II stage's hydrogen tank, with the equipment section forming a "spine" and living quarters located between it and the walls of the booster. This would have resulted in a very large 33 by 45 feet (10 by 14 m) living area. Power was to be provided by
1142:(EVA) hatches, and the orbital workshop, the main habitable space inside Skylab. Electrical power came from solar arrays and fuel cells in the docked Apollo CSM. The rear of the station included a large waste tank, propellant tanks for maneuvering jets, and a heat radiator. Astronauts conducted numerous experiments aboard Skylab during its operational life.
1905:(SSESM). In May 1966, astronauts voiced concerns over the purging of the stage's hydrogen tank in space. Nevertheless, in late July 1966, it was announced that the Orbital Workshop would be launched as a part of Apollo mission AS-209, originally one of the Earth-orbit CSM test launches, followed by two Saturn I/CSM crew launches, AAP-1 and AAP-2.
1798:(LM), a large, crewed solar telescope using an LM as its crew quarters, and small space stations using a variety of LM or CSM-based hardware. Although it did not look at the space station specifically, over the next two years the office would become increasingly dedicated to this role. In August 1965, the office was renamed, becoming the
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3341:—that the station would not hit land. A report commissioned by NASA calculated that the odds were 1 in 152 of debris hitting any human, and odds of 1 in 7 of debris hitting a city of 100,000 people or more. Special teams were readied to head to any country hit by debris. The event caused so much panic in the
3031:(TRS) launched aboard the Space Shuttle (then under development), to robotically re-boost the orbit. When Skylab 5 was cancelled, it was expected Skylab would stay in orbit until the 1980s, which was enough time to overlap with the beginning of Shuttle launches. Other options for launching TRS included the
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There was a variety of hand-held and fixed experiments that used various types of film. In addition to the instruments in the ATM solar observatory, 35 and 70 mm film cameras were carried on board. An analog TV camera was carried that recorded video electronically. These electronic signals could
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wrapped around hoops of 43 inches (1,100 mm) diameter; the top hoop was connected to the ceiling. The shower could be collapsed to the floor when not in use. Skylab also supplied astronauts with rayon terrycloth towels which had a color-coded stitching for each crew-member. There were 420 towels
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on Skylab 2, the first crewed mission. He said, "It took a fair amount longer to use than you might expect, but you come out smelling good". A Skylab shower took about two and a half hours, including the time to set up the shower and dissipate used water. The procedure for operating the shower was as
2271:
Originally intended to be visited by one 28–day and two 56–day missions for a total of 140 days, Skylab was ultimately occupied for 171 days and 13 hours during its three crewed expeditions, orbiting the Earth 2,476 times. Each of these extended the human record of 23 days for amount of time spent in
3376:. Residents and an airline pilot saw dozens of colorful flares as large pieces broke up in the atmosphere; the debris landed in an almost unpopulated area, but the sightings still caused NASA to fear human injury or property damage. Don Lind, in a 2005 interview, reports no human injuries or deaths.
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The studies cited several benefits from reusing Skylab, which one called a resource worth "hundreds of millions of dollars" with "unique habitability provisions for long duration space flight". Because no more operational Saturn V rockets were available after the Apollo program, four to five shuttle
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Calculations made during the mission, based on current values for solar activity and expected atmospheric density, gave the workshop just over nine years in orbit. Slowly at first – dropping 30 kilometers by 1980 – and then faster – another 100 kilometers by the end of 1982 – Skylab would come down,
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After launch the computer is what the controllers on the ground communicated with to control the station's orientation. When the sun-shield was torn off the ground staff had to balance solar heating with electrical production. On March 6, 1978, the computer system was re-activated by NASA to control
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Film for the DAC was contained in DAC film magazines, which contained up to 140 feet (42.7 m) of film. At 24 frames per second this was enough for 4 minutes of filming, with progressively longer film times with lower frame rates such as 16 minutes at 6 frames per second. The film had to be loaded or
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The large vault in the orbital workshop had an empty mass of 2,398 pounds (1,088 kg). The four smaller vaults had combined mass of 1,545 lb (701 kg). The primary construction material of all five safes was aluminum. When Skylab re-entered there was one 180 pounds (82 kg) chunk of
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on June 30, 1971. Skylab 2 lasted 28 days, Skylab 3 – 56 days, and Skylab 4 – 84 days. Astronauts performed ten spacewalks, totaling 42 hours and 16 minutes. Skylab logged about 2,000 hours of scientific and medical experiments, 127,000 frames
1983:
Astronauts were uninterested in watching movies on a proposed entertainment center or in playing games, but they did want books and individual music choices. Food was also important; early Apollo crews complained about its quality, and a NASA volunteer found it intolerable to live on the Apollo food
3047:
of water and 420-man-days of oxygen, and astronauts could refill both; the station could hold up to about 600 to 700 man-days of drinkable water and 420 man-days of food. Before Skylab 4 left they did one more boost, running the Skylab thrusters for 3 minutes which added 11 km in height to its
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Skylab was controlled in part by a digital computer system, and one of its main jobs was to control the pointing of the station; pointing was especially important for its solar power collection and observatory functions. The computer consisted of two actual computers, a primary and a secondary. The
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camera (Maurer), called the 16 mm Data
Acquisition Camera. The DAC was capable of very low frame rates, such as for engineering data films, and it had independent shutter speeds. It could be powered from a battery or from Skylab itself. It used interchangeable lenses, and various lens and also
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solar instruments. Six ATM experiments used film to record data, and over the course of the missions over 150,000 successful exposures were recorded. The film canister had to be manually retrieved on crewed spacewalks to the instruments during the missions. The film canisters were returned to Earth
2048:
received a contract for the conversion of two existing S-IVB stages to the
Orbital Workshop configuration. One of the S-IV test stages was shipped to McDonnell Douglas for the construction of a mock-up in January 1970. The Orbital Workshop was renamed "Skylab" in February 1970 as a result of a NASA
1874:
One problem with this proposal was that it required a dedicated Saturn V launch to fly the station. At the time the design was being proposed, it was not known how many of the then-contracted Saturn Vs would be required to achieve a successful Moon landing. However, several planned Earth-orbit test
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After nearly 172 days, Skylab considerably exceeded its planned 140 day habitation. The station had held up relatively well, but its onboard supplies were low and its systems were beginning to degrade. One of the three control-moment gyroscopes (CMGs) failed 8 days into Skylab 4, and by the end of
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One of the big concerns with bathing in space was control of droplets of water so that they did not cause an electrical short by floating into the wrong area. The vacuum water system was thus integral to the shower. The vacuum fed to a centrifugal separator, filter, and collection bag to allow the
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To bathe, the user coupled a pressurized bottle of warmed water to the shower's plumbing, then stepped inside and secured the curtain. A push-button shower nozzle was connected by a stiff hose to the top of the shower. The system was designed for about 6 pints (2.8 liters) of water per shower, the
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Skylab was the first large spacecraft to use big gyroscopes, capable of controlling its attitude. The control could also be used to help point the instruments. The gyroscopes took about ten hours to get spun up if they were turned off. There was also a thruster system to control Skylab's attitude.
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system has been developed to meet the high accuracy requirements established by the desired experiment conditions. Conditions must be maintained by the control system under the influence of external and internal disturbance torques, such as gravity gradient and aerodynamic disturbances and onboard
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Space
Shuttle computers. The Saturn V with serial number SA-513, originally produced for the Apollo program – before the cancellation of Apollo 18, 19, and 20 – was repurposed and redesigned to launch Skylab. The Saturn V's third stage was removed and replaced with Skylab, but with the controlling
1921:
Design work continued over the next two years, in an era of shrinking budgets. (NASA sought US$ 450 million for Apollo
Applications in fiscal year 1967, for example, but received US$ 42 million.) In August 1967, the agency announced that the lunar mapping and base construction missions examined by
3468:
In 1971, before Skylab launched, NASA studied the potential of adding another mission to the three already planned. Called Skylab
Revisit, two options were examined. First was an open ended mission that would launch within 30 days after Skylab 4, aiming to last 56 days. The second would visit the
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tore away from the workshop, taking one of the main solar panel arrays with it and jamming the other main array. This deprived Skylab of most of its electrical power and also removed protection from intense solar heating, threatening to make it unusable. The first crew deployed a replacement heat
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third stage not available for propulsion because the orbital workshop was built out of it. This was the final flight for the rocket more commonly known for carrying the crewed Apollo Moon landing missions. Three subsequent missions delivered three-astronaut crews in the Apollo CSM launched by the
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The Skylab 4 crew left a bag filled with supplies to welcome visitors, and left the hatch unlocked. Skylab's internal systems were evaluated and tested from the ground, and effort was put into plans for re-using it, as late as 1978. NASA discouraged any discussion of additional visits due to the
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Breakfast began at 7 a.m. Astronauts usually stood to eat, as sitting in microgravity also strained their abdominal muscles. They reported that their food – although greatly improved from Apollo – was bland and repetitive, and weightlessness caused utensils, food
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would have replaced the LM carried on the top of the S-IVB stage with a small space station slightly larger than the CSM's service area, containing supplies and experiments for missions between 15 and 45 days' duration. Using this study as a baseline, a number of different mission profiles were
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won the contract for US$ 26 million to design the apparatus. TRS would contain about three tons of propellant. The remote-controlled booster had TV cameras and was designed for duties such as space construction and servicing and retrieving satellites the shuttle could not reach. After rescuing
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Because the solar scientific airlock – one of two research airlocks – was unexpectedly occupied by the "parasol" that replaced the missing meteorite shield, a few experiments were instead installed outside with the telescopes during spacewalks or shifted to the Earth-facing scientific airlock.
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on the bottom of the capsule. MOL competed for funding with a NASA station for the next five years and politicians and other officials often suggested that NASA participate in MOL or use the DoD design. The military project led to changes to the NASA plans so that they would resemble MOL less.
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or EVA). The crew stayed in orbit with Skylab for 28 days. Two additional missions followed, with the launch dates of July 28, 1973, (Skylab 3) and
November 16, 1973, (Skylab 4), and mission durations of 59 and 84 days, respectively. The last Skylab crew returned to Earth on February 8, 1974.
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could not be stopped. Skylab's atmospheric reentry began on July 11, 1979, amid worldwide media attention. Before re-entry, NASA ground controllers tried to adjust Skylab's orbit to minimize the risk of debris landing in populated areas, targeting the south Indian Ocean, which was partially
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station's age, but in 1977 and 1978, when the agency still believed the Space
Shuttle would be ready by 1979, it completed two studies on reusing the station. By September 1978, the agency believed Skylab was safe for crews, with all major systems intact and operational. It still had 180
1794:, originally intended to study various ways to modify the Apollo hardware for scientific missions. The office initially proposed a number of projects for direct scientific study, including an extended-stay lunar mission which required two Saturn V launchers, a "lunar truck" based on the
3026:
A fourth crewed mission using an Apollo CSM was considered, which would have used the launch vehicle kept on standby for the Skylab Rescue mission. This would have been a 20-day mission to boost Skylab to a higher altitude and do more scientific experiments. Another plan was to use a
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4089:, director of flight crew operations, insisted that two trained pilots fly on each. Although the scientists were qualified jet pilots, NASA headquarters made the final decision of one scientist in each Skylab crew on 6 July 1971, after the deaths of three cosmonauts on Soyuz 11.
2412:
Skylab 2 spent less time than planned on most experiments due to station repairs. On the other hand, Skylab 3 and Skylab 4 far exceeded the initial experiment plans, once the crews adjusted to the environment and established comfortable working relationships with ground control.
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Neither option was rated highly. The first option's chance of mission success was considered uncertain at best, and the second's even worse given the expected dearth of food, water, and oxygen supplies and the degraded condition of Skylab's system after two years in orbit.
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There were three control moment gyroscopes on Skylab, but only two were required to maintain pointing. The control and sensor gyroscopes were part of a system that help detect and control the orientation of the station in space. Other sensors that helped with this were a
2475:. The window was vulnerable to darkening, and this darkening could affect experiment S190. As a result, a light shield that could be open or shut was designed and installed on Skylab. To protect a wide variety of films, used for a variety of experiments and for astronaut
1951:
2542:(CMG) could physically move the station, and rate gyroscopes measured the rate of rotation to find its orientation. The CMG helped provide the fine pointing needed by the Apollo Telescope Mount, and to resist various forces that can change the station's orientation.
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From 1966 to 1974, the Skylab program cost a total of US$ 2.2 billion, (equivalent to $ 17 billion in 2023). As its three three-person crews spent 510 total man-days in space, each man-day cost approximately US$ 20 million, compared to US$ 7.5 million for the
2595:, "each Skylab control-moment gyroscope consisted of a motor-driven rotor, electronics assembly, and power inverter assembly. The 21-inch-diameter (530 mm) rotor weighed 155 pounds (70 kg) and rotated at approximately 8950 revolutions per minute".
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booster instead of the much more expensive Saturn IB. The agency decided that the Air Force station was not large enough and that converting Apollo hardware for use with Titan would be too slow and too expensive. The DoD later canceled MOL in June 1969.
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For personal computing needs Skylab crews were equipped with models of the then new hand-held electronic scientific calculator, which was used in place of slide-rules used on prior space missions as the primary personal computer. The model used was the
1789:
during the 1960s, advocated a smaller station after his large one was not built was that he wished to provide his employees with work beyond developing the Saturn rockets, which would be completed relatively early during
Project Apollo. NASA set up the
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forecast that up to 25 tons of metal debris could land in 500 pieces over an area 4,000 miles (6,400 km) long and 1,000 miles (1,600 km) wide. The lead-lined film vault, for example, might land intact at 400 feet per second (120 m/s).
3614:. Originally displayed indoors, it was subsequently stored outdoors for several years to make room for other exhibits. To mark the 40th anniversary of the Skylab program, the Orbital Workshop portion of the trainer was restored and moved into the
3126:
Over five years, Skylab would have been expanded to accommodate six to eight astronauts, with a new large docking/interface module, additional logistics modules, Spacelab modules and pallets, and an orbital vehicle space dock using the shuttle's
1953:
1588:, and recovered pieces indicated that the station had disintegrated lower than expected. As the Skylab program drew to a close, NASA's focus had shifted to the development of the Space Shuttle. NASA space station and laboratory projects included
3387:
prize and another US$ 1,000 from a
Philadelphia businessman who had flown Thornton's family and girlfriend there. Analysis of the debris showed that the station had disintegrated 10 miles (16 km) above the Earth, much lower than expected.
3791:, and the astronauts were told to use 1–2–3, not 2–3–4. By the time NASA administrators tried to reverse this decision, it was too late, as all the in-flight clothing had already been manufactured and shipped with the 1–2–3 mission patches.
3356:(RAE) predicted the 14th. In the hours before the event, ground controllers adjusted Skylab's orientation to minimize the risk of re-entry on a populated area. They aimed the station at a spot 810 miles (1,300 km) south-southeast of
2483:, mainly because the structure could not carry enough weight for a single larger film vault. The orbital workshop could handle a single larger safe, which is also more efficient for shielding. A later example of a radiation vault is the
1671:, led in the 1950s and early 1960s to uncrewed satellites that could take photographs of weather patterns or enemy nuclear weapons and send them to Earth. A large station was no longer necessary for such purposes, and the United States
4118:
or SMEAT was a 56-day (8-week) Earth analog Skylab test. The test had a low-pressure high oxygen-percentage atmosphere but it operated under full gravity, as SMEAT was not in orbit. The test had a three-astronaut crew with
Commander
1622:, and other early advocates of crewed space travel, expected until the 1960s that a space station would be an important early step in space exploration. Von Braun participated in the publishing of a series of influential articles in
3301:
Skylab's impending demise in 1979 was an international media event, with T-shirts and hats with bullseyes and "Skylab Repellent" with a money-back guarantee, wagering on the time and place of re-entry, and nightly news reports. The
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second stage of a Saturn V. His design replaced the S-IVB third stage with an aeroshell, primarily as an adapter for the CSM on top. Inside the shell was a 10 feet (3.0 m) cylindrical equipment section. On reaching orbit, the
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There were 9 rate-gyroscope sensors, 3 for each axis. These were sensors that fed their output to the Skylab digital computer. Two of three were active and their input was averaged, while the third was a backup. From NASA SP-400
2010:
Skylab did not have recycling systems such as the conversion of urine to drinking water; it also did not dispose of waste by dumping it into space. The S-IVB's 73,280 liters (16,120 imp gal; 19,360 U.S. gal)
1731:(DoD) and NASA cooperated closely in many areas of space. In September 1963, NASA and the DoD agreed to cooperate in building a space station. The DoD wanted its own crewed facility, however, and in December 1963 it announced
2514:
aboard the Apollo capsules when each mission ended, and were among the heaviest items that had to be returned at the end of each mission. The heaviest canisters weighed 40 kg and could hold up to 16,000 frames of film.
3178:
stage which had launched Skylab in 1973 remained in orbit for almost two years, and made a controlled reentry on January 11, 1975. The re-entry was mistimed however and deorbited slightly earlier in the orbit than planned.
2316:, the crews were often busy enough to postpone sleep. The station offered what a later study called "a highly satisfactory living and working environment for crews", with enough room for personal privacy. Although it had a
1875:
missions for the LM and CSM had been canceled, leaving a number of Saturn IBs free for use. Further work led to the idea of building a smaller "wet workshop" based on the S-IVB, launched as the second stage of a Saturn IB.
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In two shuttle flights, Skylab would have been refurbished. In January 1982, the first mission would have attached a docking adapter and conducted repairs. In August 1983, a second crew would have replaced several system
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mission assembled for the second crewed mission to Skylab, but it was not needed. Another rescue mission was assembled for the last Skylab and was also on standby for ASTP. These missions used a backup Saturn IB rocket
2186:(SMEAT), who spent 56 days in 1972 at low-pressure on Earth to evaluate medical experiment equipment. This was a spaceflight analog test in full gravity, but Skylab hardware was tested and medical knowledge was gained.
3122:
In March 1984, shuttle crews would have attached a solar-powered Power Expansion Package, refurbished scientific equipment, and conducted 30- to 90-day missions using the Apollo Telescope Mount and the Earth resources
1535:
For the final two crewed missions to Skylab, NASA assembled a backup Apollo CSM/Saturn IB in case an in-orbit rescue mission was needed, but this vehicle was never flown. The station was damaged during launch when the
1756:
3540:(pilot) would have been the crew for this mission, with Brand and Lind being the prime crew for the Skylab Rescue flights. Brand and Lind also trained for a mission that would have aimed Skylab for a controlled
3063:
Proponents of Skylab's reuse also said repairing and upgrading Skylab would provide information on the results of long-duration exposure to space for future stations. The most serious issue for reactivation was
2077:. Debris from the lost micrometeoroid shield further complicated matters by becoming tangled in the remaining solar panel, preventing its full deployment and thus leaving the station with a huge power deficit.
3569:(S-IVB 515), but decided against it. Launching another Skylab with another Saturn V rocket would have been very costly, and it was decided to spend this money on the development of the Space Shuttle instead.
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Skylab was launched on May 14, 1973, by the modified Saturn V. The launch is sometimes referred to as Skylab 1. Severe damage was sustained during launch and deployment, including the loss of the station's
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in December 1968, launched on the third flight of a Saturn V, made it likely that one would be available to launch a dry workshop. Later, several Moon missions were canceled as well, originally to be
1890:, builder of the S-IVB stage, was asked to prepare proposals along these lines. The company had for several years been proposing stations based on the S-IV stage, before it was replaced by the S-IVB.
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896:
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would have been needed to build another station as large as Skylab's 12,400 cubic feet (350 m) volume. Its ample size – much greater than that of the shuttle alone, or even the shuttle plus
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The numerical identification of the crewed Skylab missions was the cause of some confusion. Originally, the uncrewed launch of Skylab and the three crewed missions to the station were numbered
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water being drawn from the personal hygiene water tank. The use of both the liquid soap and water was carefully planned out, with enough soap and warm water for one shower per week per person.
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Some studies also said, beyond the opportunity for space construction and maintenance experience, reactivating the station would free up shuttle flights for other uses, and reduce the need to
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that contained a backup of the main computer programs. The tape drive would take 11 seconds to upload the backup of the software program to a main computer. The TC-1 used 16-bit words and the
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The Skylab 3 crew launched with a 28-day supply of formulated nutrient-defined, high-density food bars which enabled the extension of their flight from the planned 56-day mission to 84 days.
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Ground controllers re-established contact with Skylab in March 1978 and recharged its batteries. Although NASA worked on plans to reboost Skylab with the Space Shuttle through 1978 and the
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offered US$ 200,000 if a subscriber suffered personal or property damage. A Nebraska neighborhood painted a target so that the station would have "something to aim for", a resident said.
1908:
The Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) remained AAP's chief competitor for funds, although the two programs cooperated on technology. NASA considered flying experiments on MOL or using its
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to send men to the Moon chose a mission mode that would not need in-orbit assembly. A smaller station that a single rocket could launch retained value, however, for scientific purposes.
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Student research – 19 different student proposals. Several experiments were commended by the crew, including a dexterity experiment and a test of web-spinning by spiders in low gravity.
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3360:, South Africa, and re-entry began at approximately 16:37 UTC, July 11, 1979. The station did not burn up as fast as NASA expected. Debris landed about 300 miles (480 km) east of
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3060:– was enough, with some modifications, for up to seven astronauts of both sexes, and experiments needing a long duration in space; even a movie projector for recreation was possible.
1952:
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4131:; there was a focus on medical studies and Thornton was an M.D. The crew lived and worked in the pressure chamber, converted to be like Skylab, from July 26 to September 20, 1972.
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monitor by Dr. Garriot, as the monitor provided a live video feed of the solar corona in ultraviolet light as observed by Skylab solar observatory instruments located in the
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3223:(NOAA) scientist criticized NASA for using an inaccurate model for the second most-intense sunspot cycle in a century, and for ignoring NOAA predictions published in 1976.
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system to vacuum up the fluids. Waste water was injected into a disposal bag which was in turn put in the waste tank. The material for the shower enclosure was fire-proof
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Skylab 5 would have used the SA-209 rocket and CMS-119 on standby for Skylab Rescue. Upon its cancellation the rocket was put on display at NASA Kennedy Space Center.
3254:, did not occur until April 1981. Also rejected were proposals to launch the TRS using one or two uncrewed rockets or to attempt to destroy the station with missiles.
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Skylab, the TRS would have remained in orbit for future use. Alternatively, it could have been used to de-orbit Skylab for a safe, controlled re-entry and destruction.
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1735:(MOL), a small space station primarily intended for photo reconnaissance using large telescopes directed by a two-person crew. The station was the same diameter as a
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three months later, but was eventually paid on behalf of NASA in April 2009, after Scott Barley of Highway Radio raised the funds from his morning show listeners.)
2003:
for comfort and to obtain precise urine and feces samples for examination on Earth. The waste samples were so important that they would have been priorities in any
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in 1975. On display in the museum's Space Hall since 1976, the orbital workshop has been slightly modified to permit viewers to walk through the living quarters.
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1105:(CSM) attached and included a workshop, a solar observatory, and several hundred life science and physical science experiments. It was launched uncrewed into
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2324:, and other recreational equipment in addition to books and music players, the window with its view of Earth became the most popular way to relax in orbit.
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contest. The actual stage that flew was the upper stage of the AS-212 rocket (the S-IVB stage, S-IVB 212). The mission computer used aboard Skylab was the
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household to fabricate pieces of Skylab and win a radio station's competition to locate debris from the space station as it fell to earth in Australia.
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would have boosted Skylab to a higher orbit, adding five years of operational life. The shuttle might have pushed or towed the station, but attaching a
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A simulated Skylab shower was also used during the 56-day SMEAT simulation; the crew used the shower after exercise and found it a positive experience.
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NASA management was concerned about losing the 400,000 workers involved in Apollo after landing on the Moon in 1969. A reason von Braun, head of NASA's
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Three crews, launched atop Saturn 1Bs, would visit the space station for visits of 28 days for the first crew and 56 days each for the final two crews.
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2607:. The sensors fed data to the main computer, which could then use the control gyroscopes and or the thruster system to keep Skylab pointed as desired.
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module, an orbital workshop that could be deployed with the Space Shuttle and returned to Earth. The next American major space station project was
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The first three phases would have required about US$ 60 million in 1980s dollars, not including launch costs. Other options for launching TRS were
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of 269 miles (433 km) by 283 miles (455 km) that was expected to last until at least the early 1980s, based on estimates of the 11-year
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aluminum found that was thought to be a door to one of the film vaults. The large film vault was one of the heaviest single pieces of Skylab to
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and the Skylab 4 crew's repair of the primary coolant loop. The Skylab 2 crew fixed one item during EVA by, reportedly, "hit it with hammer".
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Jupiter orbiter, launched in 2011, which was designed to protect much of the uncrewed spacecraft's electronics, using 1 cm thick walls of
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and produced valuable results that scientists stated would have been impossible to obtain with uncrewed spacecraft. The existence of the Sun's
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was almost complete, the agency gave up in December 1978 when it became clear that the shuttle would not be ready in time; its first flight,
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orbit. Skylab was left in a 433 by 455 km orbit on departure. At this time, the NASA-accepted estimate for its re-entry was nine years.
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A view of the Skylab space station taken with a hand-held 70 mm Hasselblad camera using a 100 mm lens and SO-368 medium speed Ektachrome film
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A number of S-IVB-based stations were studied at MSC from mid-1965, which had much in common with the Skylab design that eventually flew. An
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Skylab space station had been built during the program. NASA considered using it for a second station in May 1973 or later, to be called
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It was determined that film would fog up to due to radiation over the course of the mission. To prevent this, film was stored in vaults.
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was confirmed because of these efforts. Many of the experiments conducted investigated the astronauts' adaptation to extended periods of
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shade and freed the jammed solar panels to save Skylab. This was the first time that a repair of this magnitude was performed in space.
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In addition to the three crewed missions, there was a rescue mission on standby that had a crew of two, but could take five back down.
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4267:(2019) depicts the use of the space station in the first episode of the second season, surviving to the 1980s and coexisting with the
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L.B. James of NASA Marshall predicted in 1970 that an astronomer, medical doctor, and third scientist might compose each Skylab crew.
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that began in 1976. In 1962, NASA first considered the potential risks of a space station reentry, but decided not to incorporate a
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The system had a user interface that consisted of a display, ten buttons, and a three-position switch. Because the numbers were in
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The figure (below) lists an overview of most major experiments. Skylab 4 carried out several more experiments, such as to observe
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3215:. Greater-than-expected solar activity heated the outer layers of Earth's atmosphere and increased drag on Skylab. By late 1977,
3211:(RAE) predicted in 1973 that Skylab would de-orbit and crash to Earth in 1979, sooner than NASA's forecast, because of increased
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station a year after the last crew had left to determine the health and habitability of the station after two years in space.
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A week before re-entry, NASA forecast that it would occur between July 10 and 14, with the 12th the most likely date, and the
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Prior to departure about 80 experiments were named, although they are also described as "almost 300 separate investigations".
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Skylab had a zero-gravity shower system in the work and experiment section of the Orbital Workshop designed and built at the
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Skylab 5 would have been a short 20-day mission in April 1974 to conduct more scientific experiments and use the Apollo's
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1070:. Skylab's orbit eventually decayed and it disintegrated in the atmosphere on July 11, 1979, scattering debris across the
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were scientists recruited as astronauts. They and the scientific community hoped to have two on each Skylab mission, but
3039:. No option received the level of effort and funding needed for execution before Skylab's sooner-than-expected re-entry.
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Stan Thornton found 24 pieces of Skylab at his home in Esperance. After obtaining his first passport, Thornton flew to
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After a boost of 6.8 miles (10.9 km) by Skylab 4's Apollo CSM before its departure in 1974, Skylab was left in a
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At the time the Skylab 4 crew departed, one CMG had already failed and another showed signs of impending failure.
4355:, issue of 1974. The commemorative stamp reflects initial repairs to the station, including the parasol sunshade.
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to forecast the weather, and soldiers to conduct surveillance. Von Braun expected that future expeditions to the
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1138:(a multi-spectral solar observatory), a multiple docking adapter with two docking ports, an airlock module with
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4278:, a family gathers in France and waits for the station to fall out of orbit. It was directed by Julie Delpy.
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was deactivated, and construction proceeded to modify it for the Space Shuttle program, originally targeting
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fuel, then the equipment section would be slid into it via a large inspection hatch. This became known as a "
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7038:"Reviving & Reusing Skylab in the Shuttle Era: NASA Marshall's November 1977 Pitch to NASA Headquarters"
6986:"Reviving & Reusing Skylab in the Shuttle Era: NASA Marshall's November 1977 Pitch to NASA Headquarters"
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3771:. During the preparations for the crewed missions, some documentation was created with a different scheme –
3079:. Even if the station were not crewed again, went one argument, it might serve as an experimental platform.
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for four days on Earth. Its taste and composition were unpleasant, in the form of cubes and squeeze tubes.
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1632:". He envisioned a large, circular station 250 feet (75 m) in diameter that would rotate to generate
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3383:. After waiting one week for Marshall Space Flight Center to authenticate the wreckage, he collected the
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computer. The TC-1 had a 16,000-word memory based on ferrite memory cores, while the MLU was a read-only
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In November 1964, von Braun proposed a more ambitious plan to build a much larger station built from the
1800:
1780:
1739:, and would be launched with the crew riding atop in a modified Gemini capsule with a hatch cut into the
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Later plans to reuse Skylab were stymied by delays in the development of the Space Shuttle, and Skylab's
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689:
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73:
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6491:"Nikon – Imaging Products – Legendary Nikons / Vol. 12. Special titanium Nikon cameras and NASA cameras"
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was released online in March 2019. It was written and directed by Dwight Steven-Boniecki and was partly
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7937:"Skylab Engineering Mockup Moves into Saturn V Hall at Space and Rocket Center After 10 Years Outdoors"
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The Skylab computer was a space-hardened and customized version of the TC-1 computer, a version of the
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Kerwin was the first Skylab scientist-astronaut. NASA chose a medical doctor to better understand the
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The computer had a mass of 100 pounds (45.4 kg), and consumed about ten percent of the station's
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spectral regions. The record for human time spent in orbit was extended beyond the 23 days set by the
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Leland F. Belew Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners
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on a long-duration mission. Astronauts trained for minor medical procedures at a Houston hospital
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was planned starting in 1988, but its funding was canceled and U.S. participation shifted to the
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engine to boost Skylab into a higher orbit, supporting later station use by the Space Shuttle.
3110:(TRS) – to the station would have been more likely, based on astronauts' training for the task.
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Solar physics and astronomy – sun observations (eight telescopes and separate instrumentation);
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in July and August 1969 to learn how six people would live in an enclosed space for four weeks.
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significantly improved on its predecessors by prioritizing palatability over scientific needs.
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offered a US$ 10,000 prize for the first piece of Skylab delivered to its offices; the rival
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containers, and bits of food to float away; also, gas in their drinking water contributed to
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There were 5 Nikon 35 mm film cameras on board, with 55 mm and 300 mm lenses.
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Skylab Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections
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tank below the Orbital Work Shop was used to store trash and wastewater, passed through an
1972:
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2092:. The crewed missions to Skylab would occur using a Saturn IB rocket from Launch Pad 39B.
1985:
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Skylab had a mass of 199,750 pounds (90,610 kg) with a 31,000-pound (14,000 kg)
8:
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A dry workshop simplified plans for the interior of the station. Industrial design firm
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came from the 4Pi computer. There was a 16k and an 8k version of the software program.
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seen as a NASA Skylab tracking ship. Note the tracking radar and telemetry antennas.
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Trinovid 10 × 40 binoculars modified for use in space to aid in Earth observations.
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A full-size 1G training mock-up once used for astronaut training is located at the
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The Skylab film vault was used for storing film from various sources including the
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the AAP were being canceled. Only the Earth-orbiting missions remained, namely the
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Von Braun's sketch of a Space Station based on conversion of a Saturn V stage, 1964
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Hunt, Curtis "'Quiet' Sun not so Quiet" (September 17, 1973) NASA JSC News Release
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Earth testing showing partially and fully enclosed positions of the shower curtain
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The Apollo Telescope significantly advanced solar science, and observation of the
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1967:
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6843:
6800:
6764:
6725:
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5696:
2659:
Fill up the pressurized water bottle with hot water and attach it to the ceiling
2107:
2095:
Skylab 1 was the last uncrewed launch from LC-39A until February 19, 2017, when
1999:, with a curtain, sleeping bag, and locker. Designers also added a shower and a
13545:
13489:
13368:
13052:
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11986:
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10796:
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9857:
9852:
9619:
9523:
9189:
8932:
8708:
8693:
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8546:
8430:
8284:
8228:"Cameras roll on Disney+ local dramedy Last Days of the Space Age | TV Tonight"
8110:
7014:
6921:
6394:
5809:
Proceedings of the National Symposium on Natural and Manmade Radiation in Space
5658:
4124:
4120:
3529:
2959:
2944:
2901:
2545:
Some of the forces acting on Skylab that the pointing system needed to resist:
2417:
2392:
2388:
2363:
2070:
1996:
1708:
1672:
1580:
811:
587:
572:
430:
425:
280:
128:
13312:
9228:
7700:"A space station fell to Earth. An Australian boy brought it to San Francisco"
6032:
5804:
5398:
2704:
1548:
was unprecedented. Astronauts took thousands of photographs of Earth, and the
14407:
13373:
13260:
12409:
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11996:
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2012:
1963:
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477:
112:
9450:
9312:
9211:
9203:
9195:
8352:
7842:
7673:
6300:
Human Factors Engineering and Ergonomics: A Systems Approach, Second Edition
5199:
3787:
with asking the Skylab program director which scheme should be used for the
3238:
warned NASA about the potential diplomatic repercussions of station debris.
2623:
13444:
13423:
12751:
11861:
11428:
10525:
10418:
9738:
9658:
9115:
8879:
8859:
8323:
8294:
8054:
5757:"2002 Nobel Prize for physics to the discoverer of X-ray celestial sources"
4923:
4086:
3562:
2852:
2604:
2290:
2143:
2000:
1864:
1843:
1833:
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1736:
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1071:
994:
758:
738:
10597:
Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the
6169:
6134:
6068:
5958:
5654:
4578:
4512:
2619:
Astronaut Jack Lousma in the shower with curtain partially down, July 1973
2479:, there were five film vaults. There were four smaller film vaults in the
14300:
14168:
13906:
13566:
12646:
10823:
10699:
9627:
9472:
9177:
9055:
8910:
8886:
8864:
8718:
7103:
5057:
4251:
4183:
4178:
4022:
3942:
3880:
3784:
3415:
3400:
3342:
3334:
3212:
3168:
3140:
3036:
3018:
and some time around March 1983 it would burn up in the dense atmosphere.
2736:
be recorded to magnetic tape or be transmitted to Earth by radio signal.
2669:
2476:
2313:
2286:
2053:
1977:
1882:
would be attached to the hydrogen tank, in the area designed to hold the
1740:
1593:
934:
789:
765:
743:
597:
8174:
8149:"'For All Mankind' Season 2 blasts off with nods to NASA's shuttle past"
14285:
14270:
14260:
14245:
14203:
14198:
14193:
14153:
14019:
13916:
13851:
13800:
13785:
13743:
13738:
13658:
13644:
13523:
12623:
11554:
11256:
11249:
10764:
10304:
10267:
10170:
10165:
10089:
9700:
9080:
8896:
8891:
8874:
7922:
7885:. Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Museum. Archived from
7647:
7454:
6801:"Chapter Three – The Skylab Computer System – The Reactivation Mission"
3830:
3706:
Astronauts in the NBS deploying the Skylab protective solar sail, 1973.
3330:
3227:
2993:
2948:
2845:
2823:
2765:
2757:
2681:
2631:
2348:
2309:
1909:
1868:
1691:
In 1959, von Braun, head of the Development Operations Division at the
1664:
1660:
1641:
1640:
for construction in orbit. The 80 men aboard the station would include
1067:
959:
775:
770:
753:
144:
51:
8344:
The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle
8202:"The curious case of Skylab space station crash and a new Telugu film"
2715:
2459:
344:
12787:
12703:
12522:
12371:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12207:
11971:
11944:
11792:
11704:
11564:
11533:
11526:
11323:
11221:
10975:
10299:
10288:
10283:
10193:
10188:
9507:
8904:
6505:"OBSERVATION OF THE EARTH ORBITAL AND SUORBITAL SPACEFLIGHT MISSIONS"
6464:"OBSERVATION OF THE EARTH ORBITAL AND SUORBITAL SPACEFLIGHT MISSIONS"
5298:
4579:"EP-107 Skylab: A Guidebook. Chapter IV: Skylab Design and Operation"
4481:
4470:
4288:
3932:
3357:
3326:
3268:
3187:
3151:
3136:
3103:
3032:
3009:
2793:
2535:
2472:
2285:
and 46,000 of Earth. Solar experiments included photographs of eight
2151:
2115:
1668:
1561:
1123:
783:
94:
14396:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
3694:
Astronauts in the NBS deploying the Skylab twin-pole sunshade, 1973.
14311:
14239:
14077:
13983:
13830:
13728:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12424:
12419:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12212:
12202:
10294:
10139:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10084:
10074:
9585:
9422:
9417:
9412:
8854:
4435:
4032:
4014:
3962:
3910:
3858:
3566:
3556:
3537:
3497:, and has been preserved at the Kennedy Space Center rocket garden.
3481:
3407:
3369:
3057:
3044:
2492:
2277:
2273:
2254:
2238:
2222:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2037:
1934:
1860:
1589:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1110:
1055:
1051:
1047:
733:
133:
41:
8461:
Skylab Reactivation Mission Report 1980 – NASA report (PDF format)
8134:
4614:"SATURN V LAUNCH VEHICLE FLIGHT EVALUATION REPORT SA-513 SKYLAB 1"
2530:
without using propellant by changing the spin of large gyroscopes.
2522:
2471:
Skylab had certain features to protect vulnerable technology from
13758:
13640:
12039:
11486:
11476:
11379:
10818:
10413:
8844:
8468:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
8453:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
8438:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
8423:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
8381:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
8362:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
8333:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
8304:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
8077:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
8037:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
7904:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
7755:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
7573:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6907:
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6864:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6821:
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6785:
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6746:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6707:
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6633:
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6581:
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6553:
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6525:
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6473:
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6412:
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6190:
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6144:
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6111:
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6078:
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6051:
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5979:
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5874:
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5834:
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5742:
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5706:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5678:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5627:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5419:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5369:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4851:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4634:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4596:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4530:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3592:
3423:
2811:
2581:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2446:
2377:
2016:
1894:
1879:
723:
245:
5.0 pounds per square inch (34 kPa) Oxygen 74%, nitrogen 26%
8410:
Newkirk, Roland W.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Brooks, Courtney G. (1977).
3976:
3924:
3872:
35:
14208:
13999:
13994:
13977:
13967:
13961:
12640:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12414:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
11520:
11451:
10813:
9095:
9001:
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
3419:
3396:
3004:
2332:
1838:
974:
880:
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
230:
9164:
on 8 August 2012. Original audio and transcript archived with
6844:"Chapter Three – The Skylab Computer System – User Interfaces"
6612:"Advanced Vehicle Automation and Computers Aboard the Shuttle"
6450:
Handbook of Pilot Operational Equipment for Manned Spaceflight
6436:
Handbook of Pilot Operational Equipment for Manned Spaceflight
4170:
3230:
in January 1978, and the resulting radioactive debris fall in
2004:
1762:
NASA's Skylab pre-flight orbital workshop overview, circa 1972
12472:
12462:
12457:
12452:
11544:
11317:
11281:
11276:
11067:
10601:
military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism.
10598:
10357:
10079:
8135:"Searching for Skylab, Americas Forgotten Triumph – The Film"
5802:
4431:
3596:
3361:
3251:
3216:
3095:
The reactivation would likely have occurred in four phases:
2989:
2981:
2801:
2720:
2317:
1118:
260:
250:
16:
First space station launched and operated by NASA (1973–1979)
9827:
9787:
8503:
8312:
Benson, Charles Dunlap & Compton, William David (1983).
3485:
5-person Apollo Command module for the Apollo Rescue mission
3433:
3337:
recalled, but NASA assured Jarvis—Caen's counterpart at the
2150:
for his efforts. The crew conducted further repairs via two
1636:
and require a fleet of 7,000 short tons (6,400 metric tons)
382:
13532:
12847:
10639:
8519:
8232:
7459:
7457:
6263:
Clarity, James F.; Weaver, Warren Jr. (November 26, 1984).
5723:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from
5608:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from
5204:
5202:
4291:
village preceding the disintegration of the space station.
3280:
3175:
2886:
1901:
for the conversion of an S-IVB spent stage, under the name
1856:
1851:
1653:
1649:
1552:(EREP) viewed Earth with sensors that recorded data in the
1043:
398:
179:
7836:
7834:
7484:"Foreign Astrologers, Soothsayers Make Skylab Predictions"
5695:. Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA. 1973. Archived from
2999:
2454:
10122:
9359:
5259:"Launch Minus Nine Days: The Space Rescue That Never Was"
4316:
The waste disposal equipment in the backup Skylab at the
3406:
After the demise of Skylab, NASA focused on the reusable
2992:. Some slide rules continued in use aboard Skylab, and a
2282:
2050:
1606:, which was merged into the International Space Station.
1545:
13611:
7748:. Space Center Oral History Project. NASA. May 27, 2005.
5994:"Skylab's Gyroscope Has Worst Seizure; Breakdown Feared"
4652:(1st American Revised ed.). MacMillan. p. 121.
3561:
In addition to the flown Skylab space station, a second
3349:
appeared on national television to reassure the public.
3290:
Fragment of Skylab recovered after its re-entry through
3008:
Skylab Rescue vehicle Apollo CSM being removed from its
1995:, each astronaut had a private area the size of a small
10608:
7831:
6726:"Chapter Three – The Skylab Computer System – Software"
6687:"Chapter Three – The Skylab Computer System – Hardware"
6239:
Architecture for Astronauts: An Activity-based Approach
5334:"Apollo 201, 202, 4 – 17 / Skylab 2, 3, 4 / ASTP (CSM)"
2119:
Skylab in orbit in 1973 as flown, docking ports in view
8132:
7988:
At Home in Space: The Late Seventies into the Eighties
7060:
7058:
6967:"A Skylab Gyroscope Fails, Leaving Only 2 for Control"
6355:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 157.
5894:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 313.
3199:
Solar prominence recorded by Skylab on August 21, 1973
2874:
Experiment S190B was the Actron Earth Terrain Camera.
1811:(MSC) presented studies on an expendable lab known as
13482:
9220:
SP-404 Skylab's Skylab's Astronomy and Space Sciences
8369:
7728:. Boca Raton News. p. 7 – via Google News.
7358:
7346:
7322:
7262:
7250:
7238:
7226:
7214:
7199:
7182:
7170:
7158:
5592:
5580:
1893:
On April 1, 1966, MSC sent out contracts to Douglas,
1859:
second stage would be vented to remove any remaining
8446:
Skylab Mission Evaluation – NASA report (PDF format)
8318:. NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office.
8289:. NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office.
8022:"The Human Touch: The History of the Skylab Program"
7693:
7691:
6485:
6483:
4447:
2771:
Lenses available: 5, 10, 18, 25, 75, and 100 mm
2463:
A labeled illustration of a Skylab film vault, from
2387:
Material science – welding, brazing, metal melting;
2343:
Experiments were divided into six broad categories:
40:
Skylab as photographed by its departing final crew (
7667:
7665:
7055:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6831:
2817:
The cameras were capable of interchangeable lenses.
9993:
8409:
8092:"Skylab Medical Experiments Altitude Test (SMEAT)"
7676:. The Kokomo Tribune. Associated Press. p. 37
7560:"A Solar Prominence Taken by the Skylab Telescope"
7523:Chinese Space Station May Crash Like NASA's Skylab
6235:
6031:Chzlbb, W. B.; Seltzer, S. M. (February 1, 1971).
5917:"Latest Forecast Puts Skylab Over Southern Canada"
4890:
4888:
3171:system in Skylab due to cost and acceptable risk.
2931:Computational cycle of the Skylab computer program
1903:Saturn S-IVB spent-stage experiment support module
1807:As part of their general work, in August 1964 the
8068:"Astronaut Crippen With Skylab Training Hardware"
7688:
6645:
6643:
6480:
5798:
5542:. Time. June 25, 1973. p. 61. Archived from
4725:The Voyages of Columbia: The First True Spaceship
4694:. Time. July 16, 1979. p. 20. Archived from
4608:
4606:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4367:Illustration of Skylab configuration with docked
3459:SA-209 (Skylab Rescue and Skylab 5, not launched)
14405:
9354:Teresa Ann Jennings Skylab Photograph Collection
9158:Voices of Oklahoma interview with William Pogue.
8315:Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab
8102:
7662:
7652:"Please, Mr. Skylab: The Greatest Hits on Earth"
7385:
7383:
6828:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5646:
5433:
5431:
5429:
3602:Another training mockup, originally used at the
2650:The first astronaut to use the space shower was
9304:Files of Leland Belew, Skylab's project manager
8996:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
8431:SP-402 A New Sun: The Solar Results from Skylab
8370:Martin Marietta & Bendix (September 1978).
7098:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
6392:
6325:"Space Station | The Station | Living in Space"
6236:Häuplik-Meusburger, Sandra (October 18, 2011).
5963:SP-402 A New Sun: The Solar Results from Skylab
5652:
5534:
5532:
5440:"Skylab B:Unflowm Missions, Lost Opportunities"
5294:"Skylab: How NASA's First Space Station Worked"
4885:
4576:
4510:
3221:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2662:Connect the hose and pull up the shower curtain
875:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
13121:F-4K Phantom · F-4M Phantom · F-4J(UK) Phantom
7883:"Orbital Workshop, Skylab, Backup Flight Unit"
7540:. Chicago Tribune. January 11, 1975. p. 6
7478:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7210:
7208:
6640:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4603:
4561:
3418:was another project and led to the US funding
1774:
1770:The floor grating of Skylab under construction
14392:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
13597:
12958:
12921:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
12055:
10624:
10278:Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station
9979:
9773:
9375:
9137:
8311:
8050:
7991:. New York: Springer. pp. 136–139, 142.
7980:
7978:
7976:
7771:"Celebrating July 13, "Skylab-Esperance Day""
7634:
7610:
7598:
7586:
7508:
7397:. January 1, 1979. p. 72. Archived from
7380:
7298:
7146:
6953:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6848:Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
6805:Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
6769:Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
6730:Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
6691:Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
6430:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6393:Belew, L. F.; Stuhlinger, E. (January 1973).
6262:
6030:
5775:
5568:
5556:
5523:
5511:
5499:
5487:
5463:
5426:
5320:
5279:
5250:
5244:
5220:
5193:
5169:
5157:
5145:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5118:
5106:
5094:
5032:
5020:
5008:
4996:
4984:
4972:
4948:
4936:
4906:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4820:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4728:. Columbia University Press. pp. 80–82.
4669:
4577:Belew, L. F.; Stuhlinger, E. (January 1973).
4511:Belew, L. F.; Stuhlinger, E. (January 1973).
3077:modify the shuttle for long-duration missions
2851:This had an electric data camera system with
2723:as photographed on June 22, 1973, from Skylab
2400:Other – human adaptability, ability to work,
1090:operated exclusively by the United States. A
1058:. Operations included an orbital workshop, a
1016:
12933:Symbol indicates failure or partial failure
9273:Apollo (in foreground) and Skylab space food
8340:
8200:Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (November 30, 2021).
8123:See author's correction in comments section.
7726:"Skylab Danger Isn't as Small as NASA Hints"
7671:
7538:"Skylab Rocket Debris Falls in Indian Ocean"
7490:. Associated Press. July 4, 1979. p. B8
7081:
6765:"Chapter Three – The Skylab Computer System"
6719:
6717:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6063:
6061:
6026:
6024:
6022:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5653:Belew, Leland F.; Stuhlinger, Ernst (1973).
5529:
5082:
5070:
4960:
4894:
4864:
4760:
4748:
3155:Skylab in February 1974, as Skylab 4 departs
1362:
1245:
1215:
9356:at The Museum of Flight Digital Collections
9212:SP-402 A New Sun: Solar Results from Skylab
9018:Department of State Office of Space Affairs
7768:
7469:
7205:
7195:
7193:
7191:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6452:(Report). p. 2.2-1 – via Scribd.
6438:(Report). p. 2.1-1 – via Scribd.
6297:Guastello, Stephen J. (December 19, 2013).
6033:SKYLAB ATTITUDE AND POINTING CONTROL SYSTEM
5914:
5805:"Radiation Problems Associated with Skylab"
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4647:
2969:Attitude and Pointing Control System (APCS)
2911:The SX-70 was used to take pictures of the
2573:Skylab Attitude and Pointing Control System
897:Department of State Office of Space Affairs
13604:
13590:
12965:
12951:
12140:
12062:
12048:
11003:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
10631:
10617:
9986:
9972:
9826:
9780:
9766:
9382:
9368:
9251:Airlock and Docking Module together (1972)
9144:
9130:
8979:Department of Energy national laboratories
8507:
8502:
7973:
7818:
7737:
7735:
7433:
7013:Kilka, Mary; Smith, Malcolm (April 1982).
7012:
6940:
6419:
6205:"Space History Photo: Showering on Skylab"
5124:
5056:. January 27, 1967. p. 8 – via
4870:
3678:Trainer at the NBS, before display at the
3493:SA-209 served on standby for Skylab 4 and
3226:The reentry of the USSR's nuclear powered
2868:Lenses: 70 mm lens, 100 mm lens.
2761:film types were used during the missions.
1023:
1009:
858:Department of Energy national laboratories
386:
381:
50:
34:
11897:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
9204:SP-399 Skylab EREP Investigations Summary
8989:Office of Commercial Space Transportation
8030:. The NASA History Series. NASA. SP-4219.
7858:"Cancelled spaceflight mission: Skylab 5"
7391:"Science: Skylab Will Come Tumbling Down"
6758:
6756:
6714:
6673:
6296:
6290:
6242:. Springer Science & Business Media.
6222:
6197:
6118:
6085:
6058:
6019:
5942:
5849:"NASA – Juno Armored Up to Go to Jupiter"
5393:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5379:
3434:Launchers, rescue, and cancelled missions
2124:
868:Office of Commercial Space Transportation
9241:Airlock Module under construction (1971)
7697:
7188:
6588:
5841:
5803:John E. Braly; Thomas R. Heaton (1972).
5038:
4702:
4656:
4648:Bono, Phillip; Gatland, Kenneth (1976).
4332:A mannequin in the backup Skylab at the
4204:
3488:
3480:
3285:
3267:
3194:
3186:
3150:
3086:
3082:
3003:
2926:
2792:unloaded from the DAC in a photographic
2726:
2714:
2703:
2695:
2675:Vacuum up all the fluids and stow items.
2630:
2622:
2614:
2521:
2458:
2445:
2331:
2193:
2114:
2111:Skylab 3's Saturn IB at night, July 1973
2106:
2040:rocket carrying the Skylab space station
2031:
2027:
1948:
1837:
1765:
1751:
1682:
11982:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
9733:Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test
9166:Voices of Oklahoma oral history project
9023:Office of Science and Technology Policy
8388:
8108:
7804:. The Esperance Express. Archived from
7777:. Group Nine Media, Inc. Archived from
7732:
7674:"Some find Skylab good for 'Skylaughs'"
7622:
7463:
7035:
6983:
6879:"Calculator, Pocket, Electronic, HP-35"
6841:
6798:
6762:
6723:
6684:
6657:. IBM. January 23, 2003. Archived from
6570:. NASA. August 15, 1973. Archived from
6388:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6348:
6317:
6256:
5887:
4164:Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test
4116:Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test
4110:Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test
4094:effect of spaceflight on the human body
3758:
3579:
3279:site and final orbits, as predicted by
3219:also forecast a reentry in mid-1979; a
3000:Plans for re-use after the last mission
2966:Apollo Telescope Mount Digital Computer
2742:Personal (hand-held) camera equipment:
2455:Film vaults and window radiation shield
2184:Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test
2182:Also of note was the three-man crew of
2080:Immediately following Skylab's launch,
902:Office of Science and Technology Policy
333:Statistics as of Re-entry July 11, 1979
14406:
13224:
10770:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
10547:Space stations and habitats in fiction
10542:List of films featuring space stations
10465:Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)
9160:First person interview conducted with
8199:
8013:
7799:
7723:
7646:
7434:Dempewolff, Richard F. (August 1978).
6792:
6753:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6154:
5376:
4641:
4304:, during Skylab's reentry near Perth.
3395:light-heartedly fined NASA A$ 400 for
3321:created the prize to compete with the
3257:
2768:: 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 frames per second
2022:
1871:lining the outside of the S-II stage.
14454:Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets
13585:
12946:
12043:
11560:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
10612:
9967:
9761:
9363:
8282:
8019:
7984:
7821:"NASA's Litter Bill Paid 30 Years On"
7743:"Don L. Lind Oral History Transcript"
7334:
7310:
7286:
7274:
7128:
7102:
5640:
5598:
5475:
5256:
5232:
5208:
5181:
4721:
4555:
4543:
4226:
2189:
2073:shield/sun shade and one of its main
1792:Apollo Logistic Support System Office
1171:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1113:rocket modified to be similar to the
12596:50th Anniversary commemorative coins
12022:
7036:Portree, David (November 14, 2015).
6984:Portree, David (November 14, 2015).
6369:
5437:
5291:
3191:Skylab captured this view of the Sun
3091:Concept for proposed Skylab re-boost
3012:rocket after the last Skylab mission
2172:Skylab 4: launched November 16, 1973
2065:remaining in its standard position.
1958:Jumping and flying in weightlessness
1824:looked at over the next six months.
1628:magazine from 1952 to 1954, titled "
1186:
7359:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
7347:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
7323:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
7263:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
7251:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
7239:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
7227:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
7215:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
7200:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
7183:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
7171:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
7159:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
6609:
6151:
5959:"4: The Solar Telescopes on Skylab"
5593:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
5581:Martin Marietta & Bendix (1978)
4834:MSFC Skylab Orbital Workshop Vol. 1
4271:program in the alternate timeline.
4237:is an attempt by characters of the
4231:A minor storyline of the 1986 film
4071:Predicted to last less than 5 days
2691:
2627:Conrad in the Skylab shower in 1973
13:
14449:Spacecraft which reentered in 1979
14414:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
12069:
10676:National Aeronautics and Space Act
8801:Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska
8777:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
8403:
7957:. WilliamPogue.com. Archived from
7855:
7376:. Martin Marietta. September 1978.
7131:Skylab reactivation mission report
4920:"MOL (Manned Orbiting Laboratory)"
4287:depicts fictitious incidents in a
4169:
3975:
3923:
3871:
3829:
3146:
2731:Skylab as Skylab 2 mission departs
2450:Overview of most major experiments
2366:(Skylab 4); stellar observations;
2140:Apollo command and service modules
2102:
1722:
1550:Earth Resources Experiment Package
1487:
1416:
1378:
1341:
1301:
1261:
1181:
680:Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska
656:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
328:~890,000,000 mi (1,400,000,000 km)
14:
14475:
11630:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
11184:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
10031:International Space Station (ISS)
10015:List of commercial space stations
9691:Apollo command and service module
9261:Skylab Crew Quarters Illustration
9196:SP-401 Skylab, Classroom in Space
8476:
8391:"Saving Skylab: The Untold Story"
8109:Lafleur, Claude (March 8, 2010).
7840:
7819:Sutherland, Paul (July 5, 2009).
7800:Siemer, Hannah (April 17, 2009).
7016:Food for U.S. Manned Space Flight
6928:. International Slide Rule Museum
5915:O'Toole, Thomas (July 11, 1979).
3572:NASA transferred Skylab B to the
3463:
3182:
2879:Multispectral Photographic Camera
2764:There were different options for
1705:Apollo command and service module
1103:Apollo command and service module
12980:military aircraft and spacecraft
12021:
12010:
12009:
11925:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
11683:Space Flight Operations Facility
10869:Operations and Checkout Building
10233:Bigelow Commercial Space Station
10044:
9449:
9443:
9437:
9431:
9178:NASA History Series Publications
8463:
8448:
8433:
8418:
8389:Edelson, Edward (January 1979).
8376:
8357:
8328:
8299:
8220:
8193:
8167:
8141:
8126:
8084:
8072:
8060:
8044:
8032:
7947:
7929:
7911:
7899:
7875:
7849:
7812:
7793:
7762:
7750:
7717:
7698:Chamings, Andrew (May 4, 2023).
7640:
7628:
7616:
7604:
7592:
7580:
7568:
7552:
7530:
7514:
7502:
7427:
7405:
7364:
7352:
7340:
7328:
7316:
7304:
7292:
7280:
7268:
7256:
7244:
7232:
7220:
7176:
7164:
7152:
7140:
7122:
7114:. pp. 73–79. Archived from
7064:
7029:
7006:
6977:
6959:
6914:
6902:
6885:. March 14, 2016. Archived from
6871:
6859:
6842:Tomayko, James E. (March 1988).
6816:
6799:Tomayko, James E. (March 1988).
6780:
6763:Tomayko, James E. (March 1988).
6741:
6724:Tomayko, James E. (March 1988).
6702:
6685:Tomayko, James E. (March 1988).
6628:
6576:
6548:
6520:
6468:
6407:
6185:
6139:
6135:"Chapter 3, We Can Fix Anything"
6106:
6073:
6046:
5974:
5869:
5829:
5737:
5701:
5673:
5622:
5414:
5364:
4846:
4629:
4591:
4525:
4466:Timeline of longest spaceflights
4450:
4423:
4408:
4393:
4375:
4360:
4344:
4325:
4309:
4067:
4058:
4052:
4039:
4018:
3839:uncrewed launch of space station
3743:
3727:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3671:
3655:
3639:
3623:
3476:
3333:was reluctant to pay the money,
2576:
2336:Spider Anita flown aboard Skylab
2169:Skylab 3: launched July 28, 1973
2148:NASA Distinguished Service Medal
1678:
1176:
1129:
1086:As of 2024, Skylab was the only
343:
235:12,417 cubic feet (351.6 m)
184:168,750 pounds (76,540 kg)
13483:US Army / US Air Force
13336:US Army / US Air Force
12848:Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment
11144:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
10393:Russian Orbital Service Station
9011:Space Weather Prediction Center
8984:Federal Aviation Administration
8794:Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport
8286:Skylab, Our First Space Station
8283:Belew, Leland. F., ed. (1977).
8133:Dwight Steven-Boniecki (2019).
7823:. Skymania News. Archived from
7436:"Our Growing Junkyard in Space"
6922:"Aerospace Related Slide Rules"
6560:
6532:
6497:
6456:
6442:
6352:Skylab: America's Space Station
6349:Shayler, David (May 28, 2001).
6342:
6035:(Report). NASA. NASA-TN-D-6068.
5986:
5908:
5891:Skylab: America's Space Station
5888:Shayler, David (May 28, 2001).
5881:
5749:
5713:
5685:
5634:
5586:
5574:
5562:
5550:
5517:
5505:
5493:
5481:
5469:
5457:
5340:
5326:
5314:
5285:
5273:
5238:
5226:
5214:
5187:
5175:
5163:
5151:
5139:
5112:
5100:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5026:
5014:
5002:
4990:
4978:
4966:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4912:
4900:
4858:
4826:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4778:
4766:
4754:
4742:
4213:
3264:List of reentering space debris
2892:Lenses were f/2.8 with a 21.2°
2593:Skylab, Our First Space Station
2166:Skylab 2: launched May 25, 1973
1944:
1916:
1827:
890:Space Weather Prediction Center
863:Federal Aviation Administration
673:Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport
349:Skylab configuration as planned
13126:CF-18 / CF-188 Hornet
12673:"Houston, we've had a problem"
12162:Cape Kennedy Air Force Station
9706:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment
9344:Cutaway line drawing of Skylab
9290:
8956:National Reconnaissance Office
8275:
8111:"Costs of US Piloted Programs"
7843:"Historic Spacecraft – Skylab"
7769:O'Neill, Ian (July 14, 2009).
7724:Coates, James (July 1, 1979).
5257:Evans, Ben (August 12, 2012).
4549:
4537:
4504:
4209:ED 24 experiment chart example
3608:U.S. Space & Rocket Center
3586:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
3296:U.S. Space & Rocket Center
2904:instant camera, and a pair of
2889:70 mm boresighted cameras
2423:
2384:; land and vegetation patterns
2327:
2300:A typical day began at 6 a.m.
2276:crew aboard the space station
1747:
1656:would leave from the station.
835:National Reconnaissance Office
314:
83:
1:
12916:Stolen and missing Moon rocks
12689:Modular Equipment Transporter
9916:HL-20 Personnel Launch System
9603:
9591:Teleoperator Retrieval System
9230:Skylab: Four Rooms Earth View
7672:Carrier, Jim (July 8, 1979).
6883:National Air and Space Museum
5655:"Research Programs on Skylab"
4492:
4418:Skylab 1-G Trainer mannequin.
4337:National Air and Space Museum
4318:National Air and Space Museum
3574:National Air and Space Museum
3374:Balladonia, Western Australia
3108:Teleoperator Retrieval System
3100:An early Space Shuttle flight
3029:Teleoperator Retrieval System
2810:They were specially modified
2672:and spray more water to rinse
2575:(NASA Technical Note D-6068)
2564:attitude and pointing control
2517:
2138:, were made to Skylab in the
2090:a maiden launch in March 1979
2046:McDonnell Douglas Corporation
1939:Apollo missions 18 through 20
1693:Army Ballistic Missile Agency
1609:
1530:
1038:was the United States' first
11962:Space program on U.S. stamps
11887:Gemini and Apollo medallions
11837:Solar System Family Portrait
11613:Joint Polar Satellite System
11482:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
10736:Vision for Space Exploration
10706:Space Exploration Initiative
10460:Bharatiya Antariksha Station
10248:Exploration Gateway Platform
10036:Tiangong space station (TSS)
9329:Skylab cutaway drawing from
9185:SP-4011 Skylab, a Chronology
9180:(many of which are on-line)
8611:Robotic spaceflight programs
8341:Heppenheimer, T. A. (1999).
8055:"8: The Medical Experiments"
8024:. In Mack, Pamela E. (ed.).
6265:"BRIEFING; Bathing in Space"
5046:"Space Hut Workshop Planned"
4513:"EP-107 Skylab: A Guidebook"
4497:
3752:US Space & Rocket Center
3736:US Space & Rocket Center
3720:US Space & Rocket Center
3680:US Space & Rocket Center
3438:
3366:Esperance, Western Australia
3354:Royal Aircraft Establishment
3209:Royal Aircraft Establishment
2922:
2711:of 1973, as seen from Skylab
2404:; habitat design/operations.
1787:Marshall Space Flight Center
1630:Man Will Conquer Space Soon!
1584:successful. Debris showered
490:Robotic spaceflight programs
7:
14444:Spacecraft launched in 1973
12853:Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey
12177:Manned Space Flight Network
11957:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
11914:We choose to go to the Moon
11877:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
11435:International Space Station
11415:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
11154:Great Observatories program
10998:International Space Station
10976:Roscosmos State Corporation
10893:Science Mission Directorate
10839:Manned Space Flight Network
9811:International Space Station
9723:Manned Space Flight Network
9686:Apollo Applications Program
9313:Historic Spacecraft: Skylab
9278:September 27, 2011, at the
9266:September 27, 2011, at the
8961:United States Space Command
8811:Vandenberg Space Force Base
8577:International Space Station
8495:United States space program
8070:. NASA. September 14, 2011.
8051:Benson & Compton (1983)
7635:Benson & Compton (1983)
7611:Benson & Compton (1983)
7599:Benson & Compton (1983)
7587:Benson & Compton (1983)
7509:Benson & Compton (1983)
7299:Benson & Compton (1983)
7147:Benson & Compton (1983)
7129:Chubb, W. B. (March 1980).
6954:Benson & Compton (1983)
5569:Benson & Compton (1983)
5557:Benson & Compton (1983)
5524:Benson & Compton (1983)
5512:Benson & Compton (1983)
5500:Benson & Compton (1983)
5488:Benson & Compton (1983)
5464:Benson & Compton (1983)
5321:Benson & Compton (1983)
5292:Tate, Kara (May 12, 2013).
5280:Benson & Compton (1983)
5245:Benson & Compton (1983)
5221:Benson & Compton (1983)
5194:Benson & Compton (1983)
5170:Benson & Compton (1983)
5158:Benson & Compton (1983)
5146:Benson & Compton (1983)
5134:Benson & Compton (1983)
5119:Benson & Compton (1983)
5107:Benson & Compton (1983)
5095:Benson & Compton (1983)
5033:Benson & Compton (1983)
5021:Benson & Compton (1983)
5009:Benson & Compton (1983)
4997:Benson & Compton (1983)
4985:Benson & Compton (1983)
4973:Benson & Compton (1983)
4949:Benson & Compton (1983)
4937:Benson & Compton (1983)
4907:Benson & Compton (1983)
4880:Benson & Compton (1983)
4821:Benson & Compton (1983)
4809:Benson & Compton (1983)
4797:Benson & Compton (1983)
4785:Benson & Compton (1983)
4773:Benson & Compton (1983)
4670:Benson & Compton (1983)
4443:
4403:issued for Skylab missions.
4221:International Space Station
3779:– for those missions only.
3550:
3517:
3240:Battelle Memorial Institute
2685:on board Skylab initially.
2557:Internal movements of crew.
1801:Apollo Applications Program
1781:Apollo Applications Program
1775:Apollo Applications Program
1096:International Space Station
1081:
840:United States Space Command
690:Vandenberg Space Force Base
456:International Space Station
374:United States space program
265:274.6 miles (441.9 km)
255:269.7 miles (434.0 km)
10:
14480:
13390:McDonnell 120 Flying Crane
12236:Command and Service Module
12138:
11774:NASA cameras on spacecraft
11585:James Webb Space Telescope
11497:Solar Dynamics Observatory
10718:U.S. National Space Policy
10263:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
9926:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
9792:human spaceflight programs
9389:
8536:Human spaceflight programs
6618:. NASA Printing and Design
6544:December 12, 2019, at the
6303:. CRC Press. p. 413.
5643:, pp. 79–80, 134–135.
4836:. May 1974. p. 21-1.
4722:Lewis, Richard S. (1984).
4487:Solar panels on spacecraft
4369:command and service module
4297:Last Days of the Space Age
4261:Apple TV+ original series
4107:
3750:Trainer on display at the
3734:Trainer on display at the
3718:Trainer on display at the
3604:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator
3554:
3325:and its popular columnist
3273:Equirectangular projection
3261:
3174:The spent 49-ton Saturn V
1831:
1778:
415:Human spaceflight programs
18:
14386:
13636:
13559:
13531:
13522:
13473:
13453:
13432:
13416:
13407:
13382:
13356:
13335:
13326:
13305:
13289:
13253:
13244:
13215:
13195:
13169:
13160:
13139:
13108:
13061:
12994:
12985:
12929:
12903:
12861:
12796:
12780:
12712:
12681:
12665:
12611:
12537:
12514:
12481:
12433:
12380:
12309:
12263:
12256:
12223:
12185:
12149:
12102:
12094:List of Apollo astronauts
12077:
12005:
11905:
11782:
11697:
11642:
11605:
11404:
11214:
11201:
11131:
11045:
11035:
10990:
10916:
10905:
10849:Vehicle Assembly Building
10757:
10656:
10646:
10595:
10534:
10483:
10452:
10432:
10401:
10385:
10378:
10313:
10258:Industrial Space Facility
10220:
10213:
10181:
10153:
10132:
10060:
10053:
10042:
10023:
10005:
9898:
9835:
9824:
9798:
9678:
9670:(Habitability consultant)
9643:
9612:
9581:
9574:
9535:
9500:
9465:
9458:
9429:
9397:
9091:Sierra Nevada Corporation
9035:Commercial space industry
8951:United States Space Force
8397:– via Google Books.
8020:Elder, Donald C. (1998).
7955:"Skylab Numbering Fiasco"
7417:Encyclopedia Astronautica
7071:Encyclopedia Astronautica
5721:"Skylab 4 Command Module"
5050:The Mid-Cities Daily News
4738:– via Google Books.
4162:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4047:
4013:
3961:
3909:
3857:
3837:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3524:Service Propulsion System
3275:relief map of the Skylab
2800:35 mm film cameras (
2641:Manned Spaceflight Center
2610:
2540:Control-moment gyroscopes
2253:
2237:
2221:
2213:
2210:
2201:performing an EVA in 1973
2099:was launched from there.
1733:Manned Orbital Laboratory
1618:, science fiction writer
1497:
1457:
1426:
1388:
1351:
1311:
1271:
1234:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
970:Sierra Nevada Corporation
914:Commercial space industry
830:United States Space Force
354:
342:
337:
332:
324:
313:
305:
297:
289:
279:
269:
259:
249:
239:
228:
220:
210:
200:
190:
178:
170:
158:
143:
127:
111:
103:
93:
80:
66:
61:
49:
33:
11920:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
11844:The Day the Earth Smiled
11179:Solar Terrestrial Probes
10638:
9006:Office of Space Commerce
8682:Solar System Exploration
8233:https://tvtonight.com.au
7229:, pp. 1-12 to 1-13.
7108:"Skylab's Untimely Fate"
4473:(proposed space station)
4103:
4037:(April 1974, cancelled)
2996:was at the workstation.
2844:70 mm film camera (
2534:There were two types of
2481:Multiple Docking Adapter
2272:space set by the Soviet
2178:Skylab Rescue on standby
2056:TC-1, a relative of the
1888:Douglas Aircraft Company
1809:Manned Spacecraft Center
1717:Douglas Aircraft Company
1353:Saturn V instrument unit
1273:Multiple Docking Adapter
885:Office of Space Commerce
561:Solar System Exploration
224:21.67 feet (6.61 m)
214:36.3 feet (11.1 m)
204:55.8 feet (17.0 m)
194:82.4 feet (25.1 m)
14419:Extravehicular activity
13170:US Navy / USMC
13131:F/A-18A/B Hornet (RAAF)
11977:Other primates in space
11689:Deep Space Atomic Clock
11509:Mars Science Laboratory
11297:Spitzer Space Telescope
10886:Lunar Sample Laboratory
10829:Launch Services Program
9696:Apollo/Skylab spacesuit
9349:Skylab "Christmas tree"
9331:Encyclopædia Britannica
9171:
8945:National security space
8789:Wallops Flight Facility
8347:. NASA History Office.
7413:"Skylab Reboost Module"
7106:(February–March 1992).
5763:. European Space Agency
5540:"Living It Up in Space"
5354:. Naval Aviation Museum
4334:Smithsonian Institution
3311:San Francisco Chronicle
2972:Memory Load Unit (MLU).
2554:Aerodynamic disturbance
2156:extravehicular activity
2123:Three crewed missions,
2044:On August 8, 1969, the
2036:Launch of the modified
1817:Apollo Extension System
1659:The development of the
1644:operating a telescope,
1140:extravehicular activity
824:National security space
668:Wallops Flight Facility
107:3 per mission (9 total)
56:Skylab program insignia
21:Skylab (disambiguation)
13100:F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
12911:Lunar orbit rendezvous
12772:Postal covers incident
12762:Hadley Rille meteorite
12636:Bench Crater meteorite
12157:Mission Control Center
11992:National Astronaut Day
11935:The Astronaut Monument
11757:Space Shuttle missions
11457:Mars Exploration Rover
11440:Hubble Space Telescope
11349:Kepler space telescope
11149:Earth Observing System
11123:Mars Exploration Rover
10834:Mercury Control Center
10010:List of space stations
9728:Skylab 4 human factors
9713:Apollo Telescope Mount
9662:(Parasol fix designer)
9325:(Chapter 9 of SP-4208)
9106:United Launch Alliance
4210:
4174:
4083:NASA Astronaut Group 6
4079:NASA Astronaut Group 4
3980:
3928:
3876:
3834:
3498:
3486:
3305:San Francisco Examiner
3298:
3283:
3203:British mathematician
3200:
3192:
3156:
3092:
3052:flights and extensive
3020:
3013:
2943:, itself based on the
2932:
2917:Apollo Telescope Mount
2885:This consisted of six
2732:
2724:
2712:
2701:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2588:
2531:
2511:Apollo Telescope Mount
2468:
2451:
2433:Nobel Prize in Physics
2337:
2202:
2120:
2112:
2041:
1959:
1928:Apollo Telescope Mount
1847:
1771:
1763:
1695:, submitted his final
1688:
1492:
1421:
1383:
1346:
1306:
1266:
1236:Apollo Telescope Mount
1136:Apollo Telescope Mount
985:United Launch Alliance
12581:Lunar sample displays
11940:Lunar sample displays
11930:Space Mirror Memorial
11872:Voyager Golden Record
11764:United States rockets
10956: (with the
10864:Launch Control Center
10470:Lunar Orbital Station
9337:July 8, 2011, at the
9318:Skylab reboost module
9237:NASA Educational Film
8826:Space launch vehicles
7802:"Littering Fine Paid"
7566:on November 12, 2013.
7423:on December 31, 2009.
7042:No Shortage of Dreams
6990:No Shortage of Dreams
4698:on February 13, 2007.
4692:"Skylab's Fiery Fall"
4281:The 2021 Indian film
4208:
4173:
3979:
3927:
3875:
3833:
3563:flight-quality backup
3536:(science pilot), and
3492:
3484:
3412:Space Station Freedom
3289:
3271:
3262:Further information:
3198:
3190:
3154:
3090:
3083:Shuttle mission plans
3015:
3007:
2990:Hewlett Packard HP 35
2930:
2860:70 mm Ektachrome
2820:35mm films included:
2730:
2718:
2707:
2699:
2665:Spray down with water
2634:
2626:
2618:
2560:
2525:
2462:
2449:
2335:
2197:
2118:
2110:
2035:
2028:Completion and launch
1957:
1841:
1769:
1761:
1729:Department of Defense
1686:
1538:micrometeoroid shield
1491:
1420:
1382:
1345:
1305:
1265:
705:Space launch vehicles
301:2249 days (6.6 years)
13620:Orbital launches in
13281:C-17 Globemaster III
12831:Lunar sample display
12821:Nansen-Apollo crater
12248:Lunar Roving Vehicle
12224:Spacecraft and rover
12172:Kennedy Space Center
10958:Soviet space program
10876:Johnson Space Center
10844:Kennedy Space Center
10807:spinoff technologies
9921:Man in Space Soonest
9745:Searching for Skylab
9651:William C. Schneider
8782:Kennedy Space Center
8732:NASA Astronaut Corps
8413:Skylab: A Chronology
8098:on January 31, 2017.
7925:on October 29, 2013.
7889:on February 10, 2013
7401:on October 22, 2010.
7149:, pp. 335, 361.
6973:. November 24, 1973.
6889:on November 18, 2017
6000:. January 23, 1974.
5699:on October 23, 2014.
5693:"Skylab Experiments"
5606:"Darts Game, Skylab"
5571:, pp. 309, 334.
5526:, pp. 165, 307.
4434:is a section of the
4416:Space Center Houston
4247:Searching for Skylab
4127:, and Science Pilot
4098:emergency department
3759:Mission designations
3664:Space Center Houston
3648:Space Center Houston
3632:Space Center Houston
3580:Engineering mock-ups
3294:, on display at the
2485:Juno Radiation Vault
2086:Kennedy Space Center
1737:Titan II upper stage
1134:Skylab included the
661:Kennedy Space Center
611:NASA Astronaut Corps
241:Atmospheric pressure
19:For other uses, see
14429:NASA space stations
13116:F-4E Phantom (RAAF)
12694:Fra Mauro formation
12655:Streptococcus mitis
12167:Crawler-transporter
11967:Apollo 17 Moon mice
11823:Pillars of Creation
11730:Space Shuttle crews
11208:(human and robotic)
11202:Individual featured
10785:Ranks and positions
10221:Individual projects
9936:Orbital Space Plane
9863:Apollo Applications
9718:Crawler-transporter
8921:Space Launch System
8155:. February 19, 2021
7985:Evans, Ben (2011).
7961:on February 2, 2009
7943:. January 29, 2013.
7656:The Washington Post
7637:, pp. 363–367.
7601:, pp. 362–363.
7511:, pp. 127–129.
7349:, pp. 2–9, 10.
6926:sliderulemuseum.com
6661:on January 19, 2005
5921:The Washington Post
5827:on January 8, 2017.
5761:XMM-Newton – Cosmos
5663:. NASA. p. 114
5660:SKYLAB: A Guidebook
5559:, pp. 306–308.
5546:on January 4, 2013.
5514:, pp. 307–308.
5490:, pp. 342–344.
5323:, pp. 253–255.
5223:, pp. 152–158.
5172:, pp. 141–142.
5160:, pp. 139–140.
5121:, pp. 133–134.
5097:, pp. 109–110.
5083:Heppenheimer (1999)
5071:Heppenheimer (1999)
4961:Heppenheimer (1999)
4895:Heppenheimer (1999)
4867:, pp. 198–202.
4865:Heppenheimer (1999)
4761:Heppenheimer (1999)
4749:Heppenheimer (1999)
4353:commemorative stamp
4196:September 20, 1972
4129:William E. Thornton
3612:Huntsville, Alabama
3258:Re-entry and debris
2994:circular slide rule
2913:Extreme Ultraviolet
2752:25–150 mm zoom
2528:change its attitude
2465:Skylab: A Guidebook
2353:biomedical research
2207:
2175:Skylab 5: cancelled
2023:Operational history
1846:" version of Skylab
1147:
800:Space Launch System
271:Orbital inclination
30:
13343:XH-20 Little Henry
13043:F-15E Strike Eagle
12836:Lunar basalt 70017
12797:Apollo 17 specific
12781:Apollo 16 specific
12713:Apollo 15 specific
12682:Apollo 14 specific
12666:Apollo 13 specific
12612:Apollo 12 specific
12603:In popular culture
12571:Little West crater
12538:Apollo 11 specific
11769:NASA cancellations
11664:Deep Space Network
11654:Near Earth Network
11139:Living With a Star
11113:Project Prometheus
11093:Planetary Observer
10588:(2016 documentary)
10585:A Beautiful Planet
10580:(2009 documentary)
10572:(2008 documentary)
10564:(2002 documentary)
10556:(1997 documentary)
10501:McKendree cylinder
10314:Incorporated into
10238:Deep Space Habitat
9748:(2019 documentary)
9654:(Program director)
8689:Planetary Observer
8667:Planetary Missions
8372:Skylab Reuse Study
8113:. The Space Review
7919:"Museum Galleries"
7488:Spartanburg Herald
7373:Skylab Reuse Study
7118:on August 7, 2020.
6971:The New York Times
6397:. history.nasa.gov
6269:The New York Times
5998:The New York Times
5859:on January 7, 2017
5438:Frieling, Thomas.
4951:, pp. 20, 22.
4650:Frontiers of Space
4480:", a 1978 song by
4458:Spaceflight portal
4401:Robbins medallions
4227:Depictions in film
4211:
4175:
3981:
3929:
3877:
3835:
3510:) and CSM module (
3499:
3487:
3428:Mir Docking Module
3393:Shire of Esperance
3299:
3292:Earth's atmosphere
3284:
3201:
3193:
3157:
3093:
3054:space architecture
3014:
2933:
2877:The S190A was the
2749:Westinghouse color
2746:Television camera
2733:
2725:
2713:
2702:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2532:
2504:Earth's atmosphere
2469:
2452:
2372:Earth resources –
2338:
2205:
2203:
2190:Orbital operations
2121:
2113:
2042:
1960:
1848:
1772:
1764:
1689:
1634:artificial gravity
1572:to 84 days by the
1493:
1422:
1384:
1347:
1307:
1267:
1145:
568:Planetary Observer
546:Planetary Missions
325:Distance travelled
216:w/ telescope mount
206:w/ one solar panel
62:Station statistics
28:
14459:Wernher von Braun
14424:Crewed spacecraft
14401:
14400:
13579:
13578:
13575:
13574:
13518:
13517:
13469:
13468:
13403:
13402:
13322:
13321:
13240:
13239:
13211:
13210:
13156:
13155:
12978:McDonnell Douglas
12940:
12939:
12576:Goodwill messages
12515:Apollo 8 specific
12510:
12509:
12231:Apollo spacecraft
12150:Ground facilities
12120:Launch Complex 39
12115:Launch Complex 37
12110:Launch Complex 34
12087:canceled missions
12037:
12036:
11950:stolen or missing
11747:uncrewed missions
11725:Apollo astronauts
11720:Gemini astronauts
11638:
11637:
11422:2001 Mars Odyssey
11197:
11196:
11073:Mars Surveyor '98
11031:
11030:
10974: (with
10907:Human spaceflight
10901:
10900:
10859:Launch Complex 48
10854:Launch Complex 39
10606:
10605:
10569:Orphans of Apollo
10448:
10447:
10374:
10373:
10209:
10208:
9961:
9960:
9755:
9754:
9671:
9663:
9655:
9639:
9638:
9632:
9624:
9600:
9570:
9569:
9563:
9555:
9547:
9528:
9520:
9512:
9493:
9485:
9477:
9409:
9154:
9153:
9066:Firefly Aerospace
9051:Bigelow Aerospace
8257:External link in
7998:978-1-4419-8810-2
7856:Becker, Joachim.
7827:on July 20, 2023.
7808:on July 11, 2012.
7650:(July 10, 1979).
7625:, pp. 65–66.
7440:Popular Mechanics
7289:, pp. 73–75.
6610:Jenkins, Dennis.
5348:"SL-2 (Skylab 1)"
5073:, pp. 64–65.
5023:, pp. 45–48.
4926:on July 21, 2009.
4909:, pp. 17–19.
4823:, pp. 13–14.
4763:, pp. 55–60.
4302:Western Australia
4274:In the 2011 film
4259:alternate history
4203:
4202:
4075:
4074:
4028:William B. Lenoir
3606:(NBS), is at the
3534:William B. Lenoir
3456:SA-208 (Skylab 4)
3453:SA-207 (Skylab 3)
3450:SA-206 (Skylab 2)
3443:Launch vehicles:
3205:Desmond King-Hele
2953:central processor
2900:There was also a
2567:astronaut motion.
2435:for his study of
2429:Riccardo Giacconi
2374:mineral resources
2357:circadian rhythms
2302:Central Time Zone
2269:
2268:
1993:sleeping in space
1976:submarine in the
1955:
1933:. The success of
1931:solar observatory
1759:
1616:Wernher von Braun
1586:Western Australia
1528:
1527:
1389:Orbital Workshop
1157:Habitable volume
1092:permanent station
1076:Western Australia
1064:Earth observation
1060:solar observatory
1033:
1032:
945:Firefly Aerospace
930:Bigelow Aerospace
358:
357:
139:
14471:
13724:Nauka-16KS No.2L
13625:
13624:
13623:
13606:
13599:
13592:
13583:
13582:
13529:
13528:
13480:
13479:
13414:
13413:
13333:
13332:
13251:
13250:
13222:
13221:
13182:AV-8B Harrier II
13167:
13166:
12992:
12991:
12967:
12960:
12953:
12944:
12943:
12843:Troctolite 76535
12746:Fallen Astronaut
12725:Lunar operations
12561:Tranquility Base
12468:Pad Abort Test-2
12448:Pad Abort Test-1
12261:
12260:
12144:
12103:Launch complexes
12082:List of missions
12064:
12057:
12050:
12041:
12040:
12025:
12024:
12013:
12012:
11851:Fallen Astronaut
11492:Van Allen Probes
11212:
11211:
11118:Mars Exploration
11043:
11042:
10914:
10913:
10682:Space Task Group
10654:
10653:
10633:
10626:
10619:
10610:
10609:
10561:Space Station 3D
10516:Space settlement
10506:O'Neill cylinder
10383:
10382:
10218:
10217:
10161:Tiangong program
10058:
10057:
10048:
9988:
9981:
9974:
9965:
9964:
9830:
9782:
9775:
9768:
9759:
9758:
9669:
9661:
9653:
9630:
9622:
9598:
9579:
9578:
9561:
9553:
9545:
9526:
9518:
9510:
9491:
9483:
9475:
9463:
9462:
9453:
9447:
9441:
9435:
9407:
9384:
9377:
9370:
9361:
9360:
9308:eoPortal: Skylab
9231:
9146:
9139:
9132:
9086:Northrop Grumman
8652:Mars Exploration
8525:U.S. Space Force
8511:
8506:
8497:
8481:
8480:
8467:
8466:
8452:
8451:
8437:
8436:
8422:
8421:
8417:
8416:. NASA. SP-4011.
8398:
8380:
8379:
8375:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8332:
8331:
8327:
8303:
8302:
8298:
8269:
8268:
8262:
8261:
8255:
8253:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8171:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8145:
8139:
8138:
8130:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8094:. Archived from
8088:
8082:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8064:
8058:
8048:
8042:
8036:
8035:
8031:
8017:
8011:
8010:
7982:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7933:
7927:
7926:
7921:. Archived from
7915:
7909:
7903:
7902:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7841:Kruse, Richard.
7838:
7829:
7828:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7781:on July 20, 2023
7766:
7760:
7754:
7753:
7749:
7747:
7739:
7730:
7729:
7721:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7695:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7669:
7660:
7659:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7626:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7572:
7571:
7567:
7562:. Archived from
7556:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7526:, March 27, 2018
7518:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7480:
7467:
7461:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7431:
7425:
7424:
7419:. Archived from
7409:
7403:
7402:
7387:
7378:
7377:
7368:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7203:
7197:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7100:
7079:
7078:
7077:on May 20, 2017.
7073:. Archived from
7062:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7010:
7004:
7003:
6998:
6996:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6839:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6796:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6760:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6721:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6682:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6651:"IBM and Skylab"
6647:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6616:history.nasa.gov
6607:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6509:eol.jsc.nasa.gov
6501:
6495:
6494:
6487:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6432:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6390:
6367:
6366:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6233:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6174:history.nasa.gov
6166:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5955:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5855:. Archived from
5845:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5820:. Archived from
5819:
5812:
5800:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5650:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5612:on April 9, 2010
5602:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5536:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5435:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5403:history.nasa.gov
5395:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5352:heroicrelics.org
5344:
5338:
5337:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4922:. Archived from
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4883:
4877:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4719:
4700:
4699:
4688:
4673:
4667:
4654:
4653:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4610:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4574:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4508:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4430:The main module
4427:
4412:
4397:
4379:
4364:
4348:
4329:
4313:
4294:The 2024 series
4244:The documentary
4189:William Thornton
4134:
4133:
3818:Duration (days)
3794:
3793:
3747:
3731:
3715:
3703:
3691:
3675:
3659:
3643:
3627:
3589:visitor's center
3399:. (The fine was
3347:Ferdinand Marcos
3236:State Department
3066:attitude control
2960:electrical power
2692:Cameras and film
2586:
2580:
2579:
2550:Gravity gradient
2467:(EP-107) by NASA
2431:shared the 2002
2349:human physiology
2264:
2263:
2248:
2247:
2232:
2231:
2208:
2204:
1956:
1924:Orbital Workshop
1760:
1620:Arthur C. Clarke
1614:Rocket engineer
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1148:
1144:
1066:and hundreds of
1025:
1018:
1011:
965:Northrop Grumman
531:Mars Exploration
404:U.S. Space Force
390:
385:
376:
360:
359:
347:
316:
251:Perigee altitude
137:
85:
76:
54:
38:
31:
27:
14479:
14478:
14474:
14473:
14472:
14470:
14469:
14468:
14404:
14403:
14402:
14397:
14382:
14234:Molniya-1 No.32
14025:Intelsat IV F-7
13776:Nauka-14KS No.2
13674:Molniya-1 No.31
13632:
13631:
13621:
13619:
13618:
13616:
13610:
13580:
13571:
13555:
13514:
13465:
13449:
13428:
13399:
13378:
13352:
13318:
13301:
13285:
13236:
13207:
13191:
13187:A-12 Avenger II
13152:
13135:
13104:
13057:
13048:F-15EX Eagle II
12981:
12971:
12941:
12936:
12925:
12899:
12865:
12857:
12805:The Blue Marble
12792:
12776:
12767:Seatbelt basalt
12740:Hadley–Apennine
12735:Return to Earth
12730:Solo operations
12708:
12677:
12661:
12629:Surveyor crater
12619:Statio Cognitum
12607:
12545:Command Module
12533:
12529:Genesis reading
12506:
12477:
12429:
12390:Saturn-Apollo 1
12382:
12376:
12305:
12252:
12219:
12186:Launch vehicles
12181:
12145:
12136:
12098:
12073:
12068:
12038:
12033:
12001:
11901:
11892:Mission patches
11867:Pioneer plaques
11830:Mystic Mountain
11807:Family Portrait
11800:The Blue Marble
11784:
11778:
11752:Apollo missions
11693:
11645:
11634:
11601:
11406:
11400:
11237:Mercury-Atlas 6
11207:
11203:
11193:
11127:
11063:Mariner Mark II
11027:
11008:Commercial Crew
10986:
10909:
10897:
10881:Mission Control
10780:Astronaut Corps
10775:Chief Scientist
10753:
10658:
10642:
10637:
10607:
10602:
10591:
10530:
10479:
10475:Voyager Station
10444:
10428:
10397:
10370:
10309:
10243:Excalibur Almaz
10205:
10177:
10149:
10128:
10062:
10049:
10040:
10019:
10001:
9992:
9962:
9957:
9941:Orion (nuclear)
9894:
9831:
9822:
9816:Commercial Crew
9794:
9786:
9756:
9751:
9674:
9635:
9608:
9566:
9554:(Science Pilot)
9531:
9519:(Science Pilot)
9496:
9484:(Science Pilot)
9454:
9448:
9442:
9436:
9427:
9393:
9388:
9339:Wayback Machine
9293:
9280:Wayback Machine
9268:Wayback Machine
9229:
9174:
9150:
9121:
9120:
9111:Virgin Galactic
9071:Lockheed Martin
9036:
9028:
9027:
8974:
8966:
8965:
8946:
8938:
8937:
8828:
8818:
8817:
8767:
8759:
8758:
8734:
8724:
8723:
8642:Lunar Precursor
8632:Large Strategic
8612:
8604:
8603:
8582:Commercial Crew
8537:
8529:
8493:
8479:
8464:
8449:
8434:
8419:
8406:
8404:Further reading
8401:
8395:Popular Science
8377:
8358:
8329:
8300:
8278:
8273:
8272:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8247:
8246:
8239:
8237:
8236:. July 21, 2022
8226:
8225:
8221:
8198:
8194:
8184:
8182:
8173:
8172:
8168:
8158:
8156:
8147:
8146:
8142:
8131:
8127:
8116:
8114:
8107:
8103:
8090:
8089:
8085:
8073:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8049:
8045:
8033:
8018:
8014:
7999:
7983:
7974:
7964:
7962:
7953:
7952:
7948:
7935:
7934:
7930:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7900:
7892:
7890:
7881:
7880:
7876:
7866:
7864:
7854:
7850:
7839:
7832:
7817:
7813:
7798:
7794:
7784:
7782:
7767:
7763:
7751:
7745:
7741:
7740:
7733:
7722:
7718:
7708:
7706:
7696:
7689:
7679:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7645:
7641:
7633:
7629:
7621:
7617:
7609:
7605:
7597:
7593:
7585:
7581:
7569:
7558:
7557:
7553:
7543:
7541:
7536:
7535:
7531:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7507:
7503:
7493:
7491:
7482:
7481:
7470:
7462:
7455:
7445:
7443:
7432:
7428:
7411:
7410:
7406:
7389:
7388:
7381:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7361:, p. 2–61.
7357:
7353:
7345:
7341:
7333:
7329:
7325:, p. 3-21.
7321:
7317:
7309:
7305:
7297:
7293:
7285:
7281:
7273:
7269:
7265:, p. 3-14.
7261:
7257:
7253:, p. 2-31.
7249:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7225:
7221:
7217:, p. 3-11.
7213:
7206:
7202:, p. 1-13.
7198:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7157:
7153:
7145:
7141:
7133:
7127:
7123:
7112:Air & Space
7101:
7082:
7063:
7056:
7046:
7044:
7034:
7030:
7019:
7011:
7007:
6994:
6992:
6982:
6978:
6965:
6964:
6960:
6952:
6941:
6931:
6929:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6903:
6892:
6890:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6860:
6852:
6850:
6840:
6829:
6817:
6809:
6807:
6797:
6793:
6781:
6773:
6771:
6761:
6754:
6742:
6734:
6732:
6722:
6715:
6703:
6695:
6693:
6683:
6674:
6664:
6662:
6649:
6648:
6641:
6629:
6621:
6619:
6608:
6589:
6577:
6574:on May 8, 2015.
6568:"SL3-135P-3371"
6566:
6565:
6561:
6549:
6546:Wayback Machine
6537:
6533:
6521:
6513:
6511:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6489:
6488:
6481:
6469:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6434:
6433:
6420:
6408:
6400:
6398:
6391:
6370:
6363:
6347:
6343:
6333:
6331:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6295:
6291:
6281:
6279:
6261:
6257:
6250:
6234:
6223:
6213:
6211:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6186:
6178:
6176:
6168:
6167:
6152:
6140:
6133:
6132:
6119:
6107:
6100:
6099:
6086:
6074:
6067:
6066:
6059:
6047:
6041:
6037:
6029:
6020:
6010:
6008:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5975:
5967:
5965:
5957:
5956:
5943:
5933:
5931:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5886:
5882:
5870:
5862:
5860:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5830:
5824:
5817:
5813:
5801:
5776:
5766:
5764:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5738:
5730:
5728:
5727:on May 19, 2018
5719:
5718:
5714:
5702:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5674:
5666:
5664:
5651:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5623:
5615:
5613:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5595:, pp. 2–4.
5591:
5587:
5583:, pp. 2–7.
5579:
5575:
5567:
5563:
5555:
5551:
5538:
5537:
5530:
5522:
5518:
5510:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5486:
5482:
5474:
5470:
5462:
5458:
5436:
5427:
5415:
5407:
5405:
5397:
5396:
5377:
5365:
5357:
5355:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5305:
5303:
5290:
5286:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5255:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5207:
5200:
5192:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5132:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5069:
5065:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4983:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4893:
4886:
4878:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4847:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4751:, pp. 2–5.
4747:
4743:
4736:
4720:
4703:
4690:
4689:
4676:
4668:
4657:
4646:
4642:
4630:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4592:
4584:
4582:
4575:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4526:
4518:
4516:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4439:
4428:
4419:
4413:
4404:
4398:
4389:
4380:
4371:
4365:
4356:
4349:
4340:
4330:
4321:
4314:
4300:is set in 1979
4264:For All Mankind
4229:
4216:
4112:
4106:
4005:
4000:
3953:
3948:
3901:
3896:
3849:
3844:
3789:mission patches
3761:
3754:
3748:
3739:
3732:
3723:
3716:
3707:
3704:
3695:
3692:
3683:
3676:
3667:
3662:1-G trainer at
3660:
3651:
3646:1-G trainer at
3644:
3635:
3630:1-G trainer at
3628:
3616:Davidson Center
3582:
3559:
3553:
3520:
3479:
3466:
3447:SA-513 (Skylab)
3441:
3436:
3345:that President
3266:
3260:
3232:northern Canada
3185:
3149:
3147:After departure
3112:Martin Marietta
3085:
3002:
2941:IBM System/4 Pi
2925:
2857:Films included
2777:Ektachrome film
2709:Hurricane Ellen
2694:
2613:
2587:
2577:
2571:
2520:
2457:
2441:X-ray astronomy
2437:X-ray astronomy
2426:
2347:Life science –
2330:
2281:of film of the
2265:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2192:
2105:
2103:Crewed missions
2063:Instrument Unit
2030:
2025:
1968:Jacques Piccard
1949:
1947:
1919:
1836:
1830:
1783:
1777:
1752:
1750:
1725:
1723:Air Force plans
1697:Project Horizon
1681:
1612:
1533:
1498:Total with CSM
1427:Total in orbit
1146:Component data
1132:
1107:low Earth orbit
1084:
1029:
1000:
999:
990:Virgin Galactic
950:Lockheed Martin
915:
907:
906:
853:
845:
844:
825:
817:
816:
707:
697:
696:
646:
638:
637:
613:
603:
602:
521:Lunar Precursor
511:Large Strategic
491:
483:
482:
461:Commercial Crew
416:
408:
372:
350:
261:Apogee altitude
215:
205:
195:
185:
165:
136:
118:
72:
57:
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14477:
14467:
14466:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14446:
14441:
14439:Space stations
14436:
14434:Skylab program
14431:
14426:
14421:
14416:
14399:
14398:
14387:
14384:
14383:
14381:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14308:
14303:
14298:
14293:
14288:
14283:
14278:
14273:
14268:
14263:
14258:
14253:
14248:
14243:
14236:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14211:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14189:Interkosmos 10
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14156:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14074:
14069:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14047:
14042:
14037:
14032:
14027:
14022:
14017:
14012:
14007:
14002:
13997:
13992:
13987:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13958:
13953:
13948:
13941:
13936:
13929:
13924:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13894:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13847:Meteor-M No.27
13844:
13842:Nauka-9KS No.1
13839:
13834:
13827:
13820:
13815:
13808:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13761:
13756:
13751:
13746:
13741:
13736:
13731:
13726:
13721:
13716:
13714:Meteor-M No.29
13711:
13706:
13701:
13696:
13691:
13686:
13681:
13676:
13671:
13666:
13661:
13656:
13651:
13637:
13634:
13633:
13627:
13612:
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13577:
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13548:
13543:
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13526:
13520:
13519:
13516:
13515:
13513:
13512:
13507:
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13497:
13492:
13486:
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13477:
13471:
13470:
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13427:
13426:
13420:
13418:
13411:
13405:
13404:
13401:
13400:
13398:
13397:
13395:MD500 Defender
13392:
13386:
13384:
13380:
13379:
13377:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13364:XHJH Whirlaway
13360:
13358:
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13320:
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13299:
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13271:KC-10 Extender
13268:
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13097:
13092:
13090:F-4 Phantom II
13087:
13082:
13077:
13071:
13069:
13059:
13058:
13056:
13055:
13053:Northrop YF-23
13050:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13033:F-4 Phantom II
13030:
13025:
13020:
13015:
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13004:
13002:
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12838:
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12823:
12818:
12813:
12811:Taurus–Littrow
12808:
12800:
12798:
12794:
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12791:
12790:
12784:
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12455:
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12445:
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12431:
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12407:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12386:
12384:
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12377:
12375:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
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12319:
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12127:
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12106:
12104:
12100:
12099:
12097:
12096:
12091:
12090:
12089:
12078:
12075:
12074:
12071:Apollo program
12067:
12066:
12059:
12052:
12044:
12035:
12034:
12032:
12031:
12019:
12006:
12003:
12002:
12000:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11987:Astronauts Day
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11953:
11952:
11947:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11909:
11907:
11903:
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11900:
11899:
11894:
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11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11847:
11840:
11833:
11826:
11819:
11818:
11817:
11803:
11796:
11788:
11786:
11780:
11779:
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11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11760:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11739:
11734:
11733:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11701:
11699:
11695:
11694:
11692:
11691:
11686:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11661:
11656:
11650:
11648:
11646:and navigation
11644:Communications
11640:
11639:
11636:
11635:
11633:
11632:
11627:
11624:Europa Clipper
11620:
11615:
11609:
11607:
11603:
11602:
11600:
11599:
11594:
11593:
11592:
11582:
11581:
11580:
11575:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11530:
11523:
11518:
11517:
11516:
11506:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11474:
11473:
11472:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11425:
11418:
11410:
11408:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11398:
11397:
11396:
11383:
11376:
11371:
11370:
11369:
11364:
11351:
11346:
11339:
11332:
11327:
11320:
11315:
11307:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11273:
11272:
11260:
11253:
11246:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11218:
11216:
11209:
11199:
11198:
11195:
11194:
11192:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11135:
11133:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11078:New Millennium
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11049:
11047:
11040:
11033:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10994:
10992:
10988:
10987:
10985:
10984:
10979:
10966:
10961:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10920:
10918:
10911:
10903:
10902:
10899:
10898:
10896:
10895:
10890:
10889:
10888:
10883:
10873:
10872:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10810:
10809:
10799:
10794:
10793:
10792:
10787:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10761:
10759:
10755:
10754:
10752:
10751:
10745:
10739:
10733:
10727:
10721:
10715:
10709:
10703:
10697:
10691:
10685:
10679:
10673:
10666:
10664:
10651:
10644:
10643:
10636:
10635:
10628:
10621:
10613:
10604:
10603:
10596:
10593:
10592:
10590:
10589:
10581:
10577:Space Tourists
10573:
10565:
10557:
10553:Mission to Mir
10549:
10544:
10538:
10536:
10532:
10531:
10529:
10528:
10523:
10521:Stanford torus
10518:
10513:
10511:Rotating wheel
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10487:
10485:
10481:
10480:
10478:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10456:
10454:
10450:
10449:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10436:
10434:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10405:
10403:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10389:
10387:
10380:
10379:In development
10376:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10369:
10368:
10367:
10366:
10354:
10353:
10352:
10336:
10335:
10334:
10324:Space Station
10320:
10318:
10311:
10310:
10308:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10228:Aurora Station
10224:
10222:
10215:
10211:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10203:
10202:
10201:
10196:
10185:
10183:
10179:
10178:
10176:
10175:
10174:
10173:
10168:
10157:
10155:
10151:
10150:
10148:
10147:
10142:
10136:
10134:
10130:
10129:
10127:
10126:
10119:
10118:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10066:
10064:
10055:
10051:
10050:
10043:
10041:
10039:
10038:
10033:
10027:
10025:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10017:
10012:
10006:
10003:
10002:
9995:Space stations
9991:
9990:
9983:
9976:
9968:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9955:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9902:
9900:
9896:
9895:
9893:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9877:
9876:
9875:
9870:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9845:
9839:
9837:
9833:
9832:
9825:
9823:
9821:
9820:
9819:
9818:
9808:
9802:
9800:
9796:
9795:
9785:
9784:
9777:
9770:
9762:
9753:
9752:
9750:
9749:
9741:
9736:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9709:
9708:
9703:
9693:
9688:
9682:
9680:
9676:
9675:
9673:
9672:
9664:
9656:
9647:
9645:
9641:
9640:
9637:
9636:
9634:
9633:
9625:
9620:Vance D. Brand
9616:
9614:
9610:
9609:
9607:
9606:
9601:
9593:
9588:
9582:
9576:
9572:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9564:
9556:
9548:
9539:
9537:
9533:
9532:
9530:
9529:
9521:
9513:
9504:
9502:
9498:
9497:
9495:
9494:
9486:
9478:
9469:
9467:
9460:
9456:
9455:
9430:
9428:
9426:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9401:
9399:
9395:
9394:
9387:
9386:
9379:
9372:
9364:
9358:
9357:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9326:
9323:Skylab Reentry
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9299:
9292:
9289:
9288:
9287:
9270:
9258:
9248:
9238:
9226:
9225:
9224:
9216:
9208:
9200:
9192:
9173:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9152:
9151:
9149:
9148:
9141:
9134:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9046:Ball Aerospace
9043:
9037:
9034:
9033:
9030:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8993:
8992:
8991:
8981:
8975:
8972:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8964:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8936:
8935:
8933:Vulcan Centaur
8930:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8877:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8829:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8803:
8798:
8797:
8796:
8786:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8735:
8730:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8722:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8685:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8664:
8659:
8657:New Millennium
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8538:
8535:
8534:
8531:
8530:
8528:
8527:
8522:
8516:
8513:
8512:
8499:
8498:
8490:
8489:
8478:
8477:External links
8475:
8474:
8473:
8458:
8443:
8428:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8399:
8386:
8367:
8338:
8309:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8260:|website=
8219:
8192:
8166:
8140:
8125:
8101:
8083:
8059:
8043:
8012:
7997:
7972:
7946:
7928:
7910:
7874:
7848:
7830:
7811:
7792:
7761:
7731:
7716:
7687:
7661:
7639:
7627:
7623:Edelson (1979)
7615:
7613:, p. 363.
7603:
7591:
7589:, p. 362.
7579:
7551:
7529:
7513:
7501:
7468:
7464:Edelson (1979)
7453:
7426:
7404:
7379:
7363:
7351:
7339:
7327:
7315:
7313:, p. 130.
7303:
7301:, p. 317.
7291:
7279:
7267:
7255:
7243:
7241:, p. 2-8.
7231:
7219:
7204:
7187:
7185:, p. 2-7.
7175:
7173:, p. 3-2.
7163:
7161:, p. 3-1.
7151:
7139:
7121:
7080:
7054:
7028:
7022:. p. 24.
7005:
6976:
6958:
6956:, p. 361.
6939:
6913:
6870:
6827:
6791:
6752:
6713:
6672:
6639:
6587:
6559:
6531:
6496:
6479:
6455:
6441:
6418:
6368:
6361:
6341:
6316:
6309:
6289:
6255:
6248:
6221:
6196:
6150:
6117:
6084:
6057:
6018:
5985:
5941:
5907:
5900:
5880:
5840:
5774:
5748:
5712:
5684:
5645:
5633:
5597:
5585:
5573:
5561:
5549:
5528:
5516:
5504:
5502:, p. 357.
5492:
5480:
5478:, p. 155.
5468:
5466:, p. 340.
5456:
5425:
5375:
5339:
5325:
5313:
5284:
5282:, p. 115.
5272:
5261:. AmericaSpace
5249:
5247:, p. 165.
5237:
5225:
5213:
5198:
5196:, p. 139.
5186:
5174:
5162:
5150:
5148:, p. 133.
5138:
5136:, p. 137.
5123:
5111:
5109:, p. 130.
5099:
5087:
5075:
5063:
5037:
5035:, p. 109.
5025:
5013:
5001:
4989:
4977:
4965:
4953:
4941:
4929:
4911:
4899:
4897:, p. 203.
4884:
4869:
4857:
4825:
4813:
4801:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4734:
4701:
4674:
4672:, p. 371.
4655:
4640:
4602:
4581:. NASA History
4560:
4548:
4536:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4429:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4407:
4405:
4399:
4392:
4390:
4381:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4359:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4341:
4331:
4324:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4228:
4225:
4215:
4212:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4193:July 26, 1972
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4167:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4149:Science Pilot
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4125:Karol J. Bobko
4121:Robert Crippen
4108:Main article:
4105:
4102:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4043:20 (notional)
4041:
4038:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3973:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3921:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3869:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3827:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3806:Science Pilot
3804:
3801:
3798:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3686:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3581:
3578:
3555:Main article:
3552:
3549:
3519:
3516:
3478:
3475:
3465:
3464:Skylab Revisit
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:in the 1990s.
3259:
3256:
3213:solar activity
3184:
3183:Solar activity
3181:
3148:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3084:
3081:
3001:
2998:
2977:the re-entry.
2974:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2924:
2921:
2902:Polaroid SX-70
2898:
2897:
2890:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2855:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2837:2443 type film
2835:
2834:2485 type film
2832:
2829:
2826:
2818:
2815:
2808:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2719:The island of
2693:
2690:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2612:
2609:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2519:
2516:
2456:
2453:
2425:
2422:
2418:Comet Kohoutek
2406:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2393:fluid dynamics
2389:crystal growth
2385:
2370:
2364:Comet Kohoutek
2360:
2329:
2326:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2206:Days in space
2191:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2146:, who won the
2104:
2101:
2071:micrometeoroid
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2005:rescue mission
1997:walk-in closet
1946:
1943:
1918:
1915:
1832:Main article:
1829:
1826:
1779:Main article:
1776:
1773:
1749:
1746:
1724:
1721:
1709:Gemini capsule
1680:
1677:
1673:Apollo program
1646:meteorologists
1638:space shuttles
1611:
1608:
1601:Space Station
1581:decaying orbit
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:Airlock module
1309:
1308:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:Payload shroud
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1131:
1128:
1083:
1080:
1042:, launched by
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
925:Ball Aerospace
922:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
899:
894:
893:
892:
887:
882:
872:
871:
870:
860:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
837:
832:
826:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
812:Vulcan Centaur
809:
802:
797:
792:
787:
780:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
756:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
708:
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:
682:
677:
676:
675:
665:
664:
663:
658:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
614:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
564:
563:
558:
553:
543:
538:
536:New Millennium
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
475:
470:
465:
464:
463:
453:
452:
451:
438:
433:
428:
423:
417:
414:
413:
410:
409:
407:
406:
401:
395:
392:
391:
378:
377:
369:
368:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
340:
339:
335:
334:
330:
329:
326:
322:
321:
318:
311:
310:
307:
303:
302:
299:
295:
294:
291:
290:Orbits per day
287:
286:
283:
281:Orbital period
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:
263:
257:
256:
253:
247:
246:
243:
237:
236:
233:
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
196:w/o Apollo CSM
192:
188:
187:
186:w/o Apollo CSM
182:
176:
175:
172:
171:Mission status
168:
167:
164:July 11, 1979
162:
156:
155:
147:
141:
140:
131:
129:Carrier rocket
125:
124:
123:(51 years ago)
115:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
91:
90:
87:
78:
77:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14476:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14411:
14409:
14395:
14391:
14385:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14313:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14241:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14079:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14067:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14013:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13985:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13963:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13949:
13947:
13946:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13934:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13832:
13828:
13826:
13825:
13821:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13813:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13766:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13754:Interkosmos 9
13752:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13707:
13705:
13702:
13700:
13697:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13646:
13642:
13639:
13638:
13635:
13630:
13626:
13615:
13607:
13602:
13600:
13595:
13593:
13588:
13587:
13584:
13568:
13565:
13564:
13562:
13558:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13538:
13536:
13534:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13521:
13511:
13508:
13506:
13503:
13501:
13500:F-15 STOL/MTD
13498:
13496:
13493:
13491:
13488:
13487:
13485:
13481:
13478:
13476:
13472:
13462:
13459:
13458:
13456:
13452:
13446:
13443:
13441:
13438:
13437:
13435:
13431:
13425:
13422:
13421:
13419:
13415:
13412:
13410:
13409:Drones (UAVs)
13406:
13396:
13393:
13391:
13388:
13387:
13385:
13381:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13361:
13359:
13355:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13340:
13338:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13325:
13315:(Bréguet 941)
13314:
13311:
13310:
13308:
13304:
13298:
13295:
13294:
13292:
13288:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13258:
13256:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13243:
13233:
13230:
13229:
13227:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13214:
13204:
13201:
13200:
13198:
13194:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13174:
13172:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13159:
13148:
13145:
13144:
13142:
13138:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13113:
13111:
13107:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13095:F/A-18 Hornet
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13072:
13070:
13068:
13064:
13060:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13028:F-110 Spectre
13026:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13005:
13003:
13001:
12997:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12984:
12979:
12975:
12968:
12963:
12961:
12956:
12954:
12949:
12948:
12945:
12932:
12931:
12928:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12908:
12906:
12902:
12896:
12893:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12875:
12874:
12871:
12870:
12868:
12864:
12860:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12837:
12834:
12833:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12826:Shorty crater
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12806:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12795:
12789:
12786:
12785:
12783:
12779:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12747:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12717:
12715:
12711:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12686:
12684:
12680:
12674:
12671:
12670:
12668:
12664:
12658:
12656:
12651:
12649:
12648:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12621:
12620:
12617:
12616:
12614:
12610:
12604:
12601:
12597:
12594:
12593:
12592:
12591:Anniversaries
12589:
12587:
12586:Missing tapes
12584:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12566:Double crater
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12556:
12553:Lunar Module
12551:
12549:
12548:
12543:
12542:
12540:
12536:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12524:
12520:
12519:
12517:
12513:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12480:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12440:
12438:
12436:
12432:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12387:
12385:
12379:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12314:
12312:
12308:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12268:
12266:
12262:
12259:
12255:
12249:
12246:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12233:
12232:
12229:
12228:
12226:
12222:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12200:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12193:Little Joe II
12191:
12190:
12188:
12184:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12154:
12152:
12148:
12143:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12122:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12107:
12105:
12101:
12095:
12092:
12088:
12085:
12084:
12083:
12080:
12079:
12076:
12072:
12065:
12060:
12058:
12053:
12051:
12046:
12045:
12042:
12030:
12029:
12020:
12018:
12017:
12008:
12007:
12004:
11998:
11997:Nikon NASA F4
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11942:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11915:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11904:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11882:NASA insignia
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11862:Lunar plaques
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11852:
11848:
11846:
11845:
11841:
11839:
11838:
11834:
11832:
11831:
11827:
11825:
11824:
11820:
11816:
11815:
11814:Pale Blue Dot
11811:
11810:
11809:
11808:
11804:
11802:
11801:
11797:
11795:
11794:
11790:
11789:
11787:
11781:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11744:
11743:
11742:NASA missions
11740:
11738:
11737:NASA aircraft
11735:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11707:
11706:
11703:
11702:
11700:
11696:
11690:
11687:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11659:Space Network
11657:
11655:
11652:
11651:
11649:
11647:
11641:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11625:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11610:
11608:
11604:
11598:
11595:
11591:
11588:
11587:
11586:
11583:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11572:
11568:
11567:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11535:
11531:
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11528:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11515:
11512:
11511:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11504:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11471:
11468:
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11466:
11464:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11447:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11430:
11426:
11424:
11423:
11419:
11417:
11416:
11412:
11411:
11409:
11403:
11395:
11392:
11391:
11390:
11388:
11384:
11382:
11381:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11359:
11358:
11356:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11344:
11340:
11338:
11337:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11325:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11312:
11308:
11306:
11304:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11292:Space Shuttle
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11266:
11265:
11261:
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11240:
11238:
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11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11219:
11217:
11213:
11210:
11206:
11200:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11174:New Frontiers
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11136:
11134:
11130:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11083:Lunar Orbiter
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11050:
11048:
11044:
11041:
11038:
11034:
11024:
11023:Lunar Gateway
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10995:
10993:
10989:
10983:
10982:Constellation
10980:
10977:
10973:
10972:
10967:
10965:
10964:Space Shuttle
10962:
10959:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10929:
10925:
10922:
10921:
10919:
10915:
10912:
10908:
10904:
10894:
10891:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10878:
10877:
10874:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10846:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10808:
10805:
10804:
10803:
10802:NASA research
10800:
10798:
10795:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10782:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10756:
10749:
10746:
10743:
10740:
10737:
10734:
10731:
10728:
10725:
10722:
10719:
10716:
10713:
10710:
10707:
10704:
10701:
10698:
10695:
10692:
10689:
10686:
10683:
10680:
10677:
10674:
10671:
10668:
10667:
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10662:
10655:
10652:
10649:
10645:
10641:
10634:
10629:
10627:
10622:
10620:
10615:
10614:
10611:
10600:
10594:
10587:
10586:
10582:
10579:
10578:
10574:
10571:
10570:
10566:
10563:
10562:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10533:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10491:Bernal sphere
10489:
10488:
10486:
10482:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10451:
10441:
10440:Lunar Gateway
10438:
10437:
10435:
10433:International
10431:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10409:Axiom Station
10407:
10406:
10404:
10400:
10394:
10391:
10390:
10388:
10384:
10381:
10377:
10365:
10362:
10361:
10360:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10349:
10345:
10344:
10343:
10341:
10337:
10333:
10330:
10329:
10328:
10327:
10322:
10321:
10319:
10317:
10312:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10290:
10286:
10285:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10225:
10223:
10219:
10216:
10212:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10180:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10163:
10162:
10159:
10158:
10156:
10152:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10133:United States
10131:
10125:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10072:
10071:
10068:
10067:
10065:
10059:
10056:
10052:
10047:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10028:
10026:
10022:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10007:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9989:
9984:
9982:
9977:
9975:
9970:
9969:
9966:
9954:
9953:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9906:Constellation
9904:
9903:
9901:
9897:
9889:
9888:
9883:
9882:
9881:
9880:Space Shuttle
9878:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9865:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9840:
9838:
9834:
9829:
9817:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9803:
9801:
9797:
9793:
9790:
9789:United States
9783:
9778:
9776:
9771:
9769:
9764:
9763:
9760:
9747:
9746:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9698:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9683:
9681:
9677:
9668:
9667:Raymond Loewy
9665:
9660:
9657:
9652:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9642:
9629:
9626:
9621:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9613:Skylab Rescue
9611:
9605:
9602:
9597:
9596:Skylab Rescue
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9580:
9577:
9575:Contingencies
9573:
9560:
9559:William Pogue
9557:
9552:
9551:Edward Gibson
9549:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9534:
9525:
9522:
9517:
9516:Owen Garriott
9514:
9509:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9499:
9490:
9487:
9482:
9481:Joseph Kerwin
9479:
9474:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9464:
9461:
9457:
9452:
9446:
9440:
9434:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9406:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9385:
9380:
9378:
9373:
9371:
9366:
9365:
9362:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9327:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9265:
9262:
9259:
9256:
9252:
9249:
9246:
9242:
9239:
9236:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9221:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9209:
9206:
9205:
9201:
9198:
9197:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9186:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9167:
9163:
9162:William Pogue
9159:
9156:
9155:
9147:
9142:
9140:
9135:
9133:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9124:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9038:
9032:
9031:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8997:
8994:
8990:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8976:
8970:
8969:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8928:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8831:
8830:
8827:
8822:
8821:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8806:Western Range
8804:
8802:
8799:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8790:
8787:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8772:Eastern Range
8770:
8769:
8763:
8762:
8755:
8754:Space Shuttle
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8733:
8728:
8727:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8677:New Frontiers
8675:
8673:
8670:
8669:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8637:Lunar Orbiter
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8608:
8607:
8600:
8599:Lunar Gateway
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8589:Constellation
8587:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8575:
8571:
8570:
8565:
8564:
8563:
8562:Space Shuttle
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8510:
8505:
8501:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8482:
8471:
8470:public domain
8462:
8459:
8456:
8455:public domain
8447:
8444:
8441:
8440:public domain
8432:
8429:
8426:
8425:public domain
8415:
8414:
8408:
8407:
8396:
8392:
8387:
8384:
8383:public domain
8373:
8368:
8365:
8364:public domain
8354:
8350:
8346:
8345:
8339:
8336:
8335:public domain
8325:
8321:
8317:
8316:
8310:
8307:
8306:public domain
8296:
8292:
8288:
8287:
8281:
8280:
8266:
8251:
8240:September 20,
8235:
8234:
8229:
8223:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8196:
8180:
8176:
8170:
8154:
8150:
8144:
8136:
8129:
8112:
8105:
8097:
8093:
8087:
8080:
8079:public domain
8069:
8063:
8056:
8052:
8047:
8040:
8039:public domain
8029:
8028:
8023:
8016:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7994:
7990:
7989:
7981:
7979:
7977:
7960:
7956:
7950:
7942:
7938:
7932:
7924:
7920:
7914:
7907:
7906:public domain
7888:
7884:
7878:
7863:
7862:spacefacts.de
7859:
7852:
7844:
7837:
7835:
7826:
7822:
7815:
7807:
7803:
7796:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7757:public domain
7744:
7738:
7736:
7727:
7720:
7705:
7701:
7694:
7692:
7675:
7668:
7666:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7643:
7636:
7631:
7624:
7619:
7612:
7607:
7600:
7595:
7588:
7583:
7576:
7575:public domain
7565:
7561:
7555:
7539:
7533:
7525:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7505:
7489:
7485:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7466:, p. 65.
7465:
7460:
7458:
7441:
7437:
7430:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7408:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7384:
7375:
7374:
7367:
7360:
7355:
7348:
7343:
7337:, p. 89.
7336:
7331:
7324:
7319:
7312:
7307:
7300:
7295:
7288:
7283:
7277:, p. 34.
7276:
7271:
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7211:
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7059:
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6991:
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6927:
6923:
6917:
6910:
6909:public domain
6901:
6888:
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6849:
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6806:
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6692:
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6510:
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6396:
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6364:
6362:9781852334079
6358:
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6312:
6310:9781466560093
6306:
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6249:9783709106679
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6175:
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6136:
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6103:
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6040:
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5964:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5903:
5901:9781852334079
5897:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5877:
5876:public domain
5858:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5837:
5836:public domain
5823:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5797:
5795:
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5791:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5745:
5744:public domain
5726:
5722:
5716:
5709:
5708:public domain
5698:
5694:
5688:
5681:
5680:public domain
5662:
5661:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5637:
5630:
5629:public domain
5611:
5607:
5601:
5594:
5589:
5582:
5577:
5570:
5565:
5558:
5553:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5525:
5520:
5513:
5508:
5501:
5496:
5489:
5484:
5477:
5472:
5465:
5460:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5422:
5421:public domain
5404:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5372:
5371:public domain
5353:
5349:
5343:
5335:
5329:
5322:
5317:
5302:(Infographic)
5301:
5300:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5276:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5235:, p. 30.
5234:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5211:, p. 80.
5210:
5205:
5203:
5195:
5190:
5184:, p. 82.
5183:
5178:
5171:
5166:
5159:
5154:
5147:
5142:
5135:
5130:
5128:
5120:
5115:
5108:
5103:
5096:
5091:
5085:, p. 66.
5084:
5079:
5072:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5034:
5029:
5022:
5017:
5011:, p. 30.
5010:
5005:
4999:, p. 25.
4998:
4993:
4987:, p. 22.
4986:
4981:
4975:, p. 20.
4974:
4969:
4963:, p. 61.
4962:
4957:
4950:
4945:
4939:, p. 15.
4938:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4908:
4903:
4896:
4891:
4889:
4882:, p. 17.
4881:
4876:
4874:
4866:
4861:
4854:
4853:public domain
4843:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4811:, p. 14.
4810:
4805:
4799:, p. 10.
4798:
4793:
4786:
4781:
4775:, p. 23.
4774:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4750:
4745:
4737:
4735:0-231-05924-8
4731:
4727:
4726:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4671:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4636:public domain
4615:
4609:
4607:
4599:
4598:public domain
4580:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4557:
4552:
4545:
4540:
4533:
4532:public domain
4514:
4507:
4503:
4488:
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4483:
4479:
4475:
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4469:
4467:
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4463:
4459:
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4406:
4402:
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4370:
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4328:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4307:
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4305:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4272:
4270:
4269:Space Shuttle
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4234:Dogs in Space
4224:
4222:
4207:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4190:
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4182:
4180:
4177:
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4122:
4117:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4065:(On Standby)
4064:
4061:
4055:
4050:
4049:Skylab Rescue
4046:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4006:15:16:53 UTC
4003:
4001:14:01:23 UTC
3998:
3996:
3995:William Pogue
3993:
3991:
3990:Edward Gibson
3988:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3954:22:19:51 UTC
3951:
3949:11:10:50 UTC
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Owen Garriott
3936:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3904:
3902:13:49:48 UTC
3899:
3897:13:00:00 UTC
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Joseph Kerwin
3884:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3850:16:37:00 UTC
3847:
3845:17:30:00 UTC
3842:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3815:Landing date
3795:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3781:William Pogue
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3702:
3697:
3690:
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3609:
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3577:
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3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3532:(commander),
3531:
3527:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3503:Skylab Rescue
3496:
3491:
3483:
3477:Skylab Rescue
3474:
3470:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3381:San Francisco
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
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3210:
3206:
3197:
3189:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3165:sunspot cycle
3162:
3161:parking orbit
3153:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3129:external tank
3125:
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3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
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2894:field of view
2891:
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2652:Paul J. Weitz
2648:
2644:
2642:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2584:
2583:public domain
2574:
2568:
2565:
2562:The Skylab-A
2556:
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2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2526:Skylab could
2524:
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2368:space physics
2365:
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2359:(mice, gnats)
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
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2322:playing cards
2319:
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2256:
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2240:
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2209:
2200:
2199:Owen Garriott
2196:
2187:
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2171:
2168:
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2157:
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2149:
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2117:
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2100:
2098:
2097:SpaceX CRS-10
2093:
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2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2052:
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2039:
2034:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:liquid oxygen
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1964:Raymond Loewy
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
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1911:
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1714:
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1706:
1702:
1699:plans to the
1698:
1694:
1685:
1679:Early studies
1676:
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1657:
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1169:
1149:
1143:
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1137:
1130:Configuration
1127:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1115:Saturn INT-21
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:space station
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
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1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:space station
1037:
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1021:
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996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
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976:
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831:
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821:
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747:
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742:
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737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:
710:
709:
706:
701:
700:
691:
688:
687:
686:
685:Western Range
683:
681:
678:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
652:
651:Eastern Range
649:
648:
642:
641:
634:
633:Space Shuttle
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
607:
606:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
562:
559:
557:
556:New Frontiers
554:
552:
549:
548:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
516:Lunar Orbiter
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
487:
486:
479:
478:Lunar Gateway
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:Constellation
466:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
450:
449:
444:
443:
442:
441:Space Shuttle
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
412:
411:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
394:
393:
389:
384:
380:
379:
375:
371:
370:
366:
362:
361:
353:
346:
341:
338:Configuration
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
312:
308:
306:Days occupied
304:
300:
298:Days in orbit
296:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
272:
268:
264:
262:
258:
254:
252:
248:
244:
242:
238:
234:
232:
227:
223:
219:
213:
209:
203:
199:
193:
189:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
163:
161:
157:
154:
151:
148:
146:
142:
135:
132:
130:
126:
122:
117:May 14, 1973
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:
86:
79:
75:
71:
69:
65:
60:
53:
48:
43:
37:
32:
26:
22:
14393:
14389:
14310:
14276:Molniya-1-26
14238:
14184:Transit-O 20
14076:
14064:
14040:Molniya-1-24
13982:
13960:
13943:
13931:
13829:
13822:
13810:
13790:
13763:
13560:US Air Force
13550:
13505:Bird of Prey
13475:Experimental
13440:KDH Katydid
13424:ADM-20 Quail
13417:US Air Force
13348:AH-64 Apache
13254:US Air Force
13232:T-45 Goshawk
13203:A-4G Skyhawk
13149:(Mitsubishi)
13065: /
13023:F-101 Voodoo
13018:XF-88 Voodoo
13013:XF-85 Goblin
13000:US Air Force
12998: /
12895:Apollo–Soyuz
12872:
12816:Tracy's Rock
12803:
12752:Genesis Rock
12744:
12654:
12645:
12554:
12546:
12521:
12241:Lunar Module
12027:
12015:
11849:
11842:
11836:
11828:
11821:
11812:
11805:
11798:
11791:
11622:
11571:Perseverance
11570:
11532:
11525:
11502:
11462:
11445:
11429:New Horizons
11427:
11420:
11413:
11386:
11378:
11354:
11342:
11335:
11322:
11310:
11302:
11263:
11255:
11248:
11241:
10970:
10954:Apollo–Soyuz
10948:
10583:
10575:
10567:
10559:
10551:
10526:Wet workshop
10419:Orbital Reef
10356:
10350:(ISS module)
10347:
10339:
10325:
10282:
10144:
10121:
10063:Soviet Union
9951:
9886:
9873:Apollo–Soyuz
9867:
9743:
9739:Wet workshop
9659:Jack Kinzler
9404:
9390:
9330:
9218:
9210:
9202:
9194:
9183:
9116:Virgin Orbit
8925:
8903:
8880:
8860:Falcon Heavy
8833:
8568:
8556:
8412:
8394:
8371:
8343:
8314:
8285:
8238:. Retrieved
8231:
8222:
8205:
8195:
8185:September 9,
8183:. Retrieved
8178:
8169:
8157:. Retrieved
8153:collectSpace
8152:
8143:
8128:
8117:February 18,
8115:. Retrieved
8104:
8096:the original
8086:
8062:
8046:
8026:
8015:
7987:
7963:. Retrieved
7959:the original
7949:
7940:
7931:
7923:the original
7913:
7891:. Retrieved
7887:the original
7877:
7865:. Retrieved
7861:
7851:
7825:the original
7814:
7806:the original
7795:
7783:. Retrieved
7779:the original
7774:
7764:
7719:
7709:November 20,
7707:. Retrieved
7703:
7680:September 1,
7678:. Retrieved
7655:
7642:
7630:
7618:
7606:
7594:
7582:
7564:the original
7554:
7542:. Retrieved
7532:
7522:
7516:
7504:
7494:September 1,
7492:. Retrieved
7487:
7444:. Retrieved
7442:. p. 57
7439:
7429:
7421:the original
7416:
7407:
7399:the original
7394:
7372:
7366:
7354:
7342:
7335:Belew (1977)
7330:
7318:
7311:Belew (1977)
7306:
7294:
7287:Belew (1977)
7282:
7275:Belew (1977)
7270:
7258:
7246:
7234:
7222:
7178:
7166:
7154:
7142:
7124:
7116:the original
7111:
7104:Oberg, James
7075:the original
7070:
7065:Wade, Mark.
7045:. Retrieved
7041:
7031:
7023:
7015:
7008:
7000:
6993:. Retrieved
6989:
6979:
6970:
6961:
6932:December 31,
6930:. Retrieved
6925:
6916:
6900:(no picture)
6893:November 17,
6891:. Retrieved
6887:the original
6882:
6873:
6853:December 31,
6851:. Retrieved
6847:
6810:December 31,
6808:. Retrieved
6804:
6794:
6774:November 17,
6772:. Retrieved
6768:
6735:December 31,
6733:. Retrieved
6729:
6696:December 31,
6694:. Retrieved
6690:
6665:December 31,
6663:. Retrieved
6659:the original
6655:IBM Archives
6654:
6622:December 31,
6620:. Retrieved
6615:
6572:the original
6562:
6534:
6512:. Retrieved
6508:
6499:
6458:
6444:
6399:. Retrieved
6351:
6344:
6332:. Retrieved
6328:
6319:
6299:
6292:
6280:. Retrieved
6268:
6258:
6238:
6212:. Retrieved
6208:
6199:
6177:. Retrieved
6173:
6009:. Retrieved
5997:
5988:
5966:. Retrieved
5962:
5932:. Retrieved
5920:
5910:
5890:
5883:
5861:. Retrieved
5857:the original
5852:
5843:
5822:the original
5808:
5765:. Retrieved
5760:
5751:
5729:. Retrieved
5725:the original
5715:
5697:the original
5687:
5665:. Retrieved
5659:
5648:
5641:Belew (1977)
5636:
5614:. Retrieved
5610:the original
5600:
5588:
5576:
5564:
5552:
5544:the original
5519:
5507:
5495:
5483:
5476:Belew (1977)
5471:
5459:
5451:
5450:(4): 12–21.
5447:
5443:
5406:. Retrieved
5402:
5358:February 19,
5356:. Retrieved
5351:
5342:
5328:
5316:
5304:. Retrieved
5297:
5287:
5275:
5263:. Retrieved
5252:
5240:
5233:Belew (1977)
5228:
5216:
5209:Belew (1977)
5189:
5182:Belew (1977)
5177:
5165:
5153:
5141:
5114:
5102:
5090:
5078:
5066:
5049:
5040:
5028:
5016:
5004:
4992:
4980:
4968:
4956:
4944:
4932:
4924:the original
4914:
4902:
4860:
4833:
4828:
4816:
4804:
4792:
4787:, p. 9.
4780:
4768:
4756:
4744:
4724:
4696:the original
4649:
4643:
4621:. Retrieved
4619:. NASA. 1973
4583:. Retrieved
4558:, p. 15
4556:Belew (1977)
4551:
4546:, p. 18
4544:Belew (1977)
4539:
4519:February 28,
4517:. Retrieved
4506:
4383:
4295:
4293:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4262:
4256:
4245:
4243:
4232:
4230:
4217:
4214:Program cost
4115:
4113:
4091:
4087:Deke Slayton
4076:
4056:Vance Brand
3968:
3964:
3916:
3912:
3864:
3860:
3838:
3824:
3812:Launch date
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3601:
3583:
3571:
3560:
3546:
3528:
3521:
3501:There was a
3500:
3471:
3467:
3442:
3405:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3351:
3338:
3329:. Publisher
3322:
3318:
3316:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3245:
3225:
3202:
3173:
3158:
3134:
3123:experiments.
3094:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3041:
3025:
3021:
3016:
2986:
2979:
2975:
2957:
2938:
2934:
2910:
2899:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2853:Reseau plate
2790:
2774:Films used:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2687:
2678:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2605:star tracker
2597:
2592:
2589:
2572:
2561:
2544:
2533:
2508:
2497:
2470:
2464:
2427:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2342:
2339:
2306:
2299:
2295:microgravity
2287:solar flares
2270:
2181:
2161:
2144:Jack Kinzler
2122:
2094:
2079:
2075:solar panels
2067:
2043:
2009:
1990:
1982:
1973:Ben Franklin
1971:
1961:
1945:Habitability
1920:
1917:Dry workshop
1907:
1902:
1892:
1877:
1873:
1865:wet workshop
1849:
1844:wet workshop
1834:Wet workshop
1828:Wet workshop
1820:
1816:
1815:, short for
1812:
1806:
1799:
1796:Lunar Module
1791:
1784:
1726:
1690:
1658:
1623:
1613:
1602:
1595:
1578:
1568:crew aboard
1543:
1534:
1133:
1100:
1085:
1072:Indian Ocean
1035:
1034:
995:Virgin Orbit
804:
782:
759:
739:Falcon Heavy
712:
447:
435:
285:93.4 minutes
229:Pressurised
166:16:37:00 UTC
25:
14363:Molniya-2-8
14301:Explorer 51
14169:Explorer 50
14159:Molniya-2-7
13951:Molniya-2-6
13907:Explorer 49
13734:Molniya-2-5
13567:Blue Gemini
13328:Helicopters
13177:A-4 Skyhawk
13147:F-15J Eagle
13080:F2H Banshee
13075:FH Phantom
12866:capsule use
12863:Post-Apollo
12757:Great Scott
12657:on the Moon
12653:Reports of
12647:Moon Museum
12435:Abort tests
12383:development
11857:Deep fields
11785:and artwork
11783:NASA images
11355:Opportunity
10824:NASA Social
10650:and history
10496:Bishop Ring
9999:settlements
9628:Don L. Lind
9623:(Commander)
9599:(not flown)
9546:(Commander)
9543:Gerald Carr
9524:Jack Lousma
9511:(Commander)
9476:(Commander)
9473:Pete Conrad
9291:Third party
9056:Blue Origin
8973:Civil space
8911:New Shepard
8865:LauncherOne
8276:Works cited
7893:January 15,
7867:December 3,
7648:Shales, Tom
7544:October 22,
6514:January 14,
6401:January 14,
6334:January 18,
6329:www.pbs.org
6282:January 18,
6214:January 18,
6179:January 18,
6137:. NASA.gov.
6011:January 11,
5408:January 19,
5058:Google News
4252:crowdfunded
4184:Karol Bobko
4179:Bob Crippen
4152:Start date
4023:Vance Brand
4004:1974-02-08
3999:1973-11-16
3985:Gerald Carr
3952:1973-09-25
3947:1973-07-28
3943:Jack Lousma
3900:1973-06-22
3895:1973-05-25
3881:Pete Conrad
3848:1979-07-11
3843:1973-05-14
3785:Pete Conrad
3530:Vance Brand
3416:Shuttle-Mir
3401:written off
3343:Philippines
3335:Jeff Jarvis
3169:retrorocket
3141:Atlas-Agena
3119:components.
3070:solar panel
3037:Atlas-Agena
2863:SO-368 film
2783:SO-168 film
2780:SO-368 film
2766:frame rates
2670:liquid soap
2601:Sun tracker
2538:on Skylab.
2477:photography
2424:Nobel Prize
2328:Experiments
2314:teleprinter
1986:Skylab food
1978:Gulf Stream
1869:solar cells
1748:Development
1741:heat shield
1642:astronomers
1117:, with the
1068:experiments
935:Blue Origin
852:Civil space
790:New Shepard
744:LauncherOne
14408:Categories
14378:Kosmos 627
14373:Kosmos 626
14358:Kosmos 625
14353:Kosmos 624
14348:Kosmos 623
14343:Kosmos 622
14338:Kosmos 621
14333:Kosmos 620
14328:Kosmos 619
14323:Kosmos 618
14318:Kosmos 617
14306:Kosmos 616
14286:Kosmos 615
14281:Kosmos 614
14271:Kosmos 613
14266:Kosmos 612
14261:Kosmos 611
14256:Kosmos 610
14251:Kosmos 609
14246:Kosmos 608
14224:OPS 6630/2
14214:Kosmos 607
14204:Mariner 10
14199:Kosmos 606
14194:Kosmos 605
14179:Kosmos 604
14174:Kosmos 603
14164:Kosmos 602
14154:Kosmos 601
14149:Kosmos 600
14144:Kosmos 599
14139:Kosmos 598
14134:Kosmos 597
14129:Kosmos 596
14124:Kosmos 595
14119:Kosmos 594
14114:Kosmos 593
14109:Kosmos 592
14104:Kosmos 591
14099:Kosmos 590
14094:Kosmos 589
14089:Kosmos 588
14072:Kosmos 587
14060:Kosmos 586
14055:Kosmos 585
14050:Kosmos 584
14045:Kosmos 583
14035:Kosmos 582
14030:Kosmos 581
14020:Kosmos 580
14010:Kosmos 579
13990:Kosmos 578
13973:Kosmos 577
13939:Kosmos 576
13927:Kosmos 575
13922:Kosmos 574
13917:Kosmos 573
13902:Kosmos 572
13897:Kosmos 571
13892:Kosmos 570
13887:Kosmos 569
13882:Kosmos 568
13877:Kosmos 567
13872:Kosmos 566
13867:Kosmos 565
13862:Kosmos 564
13857:Kosmos 563
13852:Kosmos 562
13837:Kosmos 561
13818:Kosmos 560
13806:Kosmos 559
13801:Kosmos 558
13786:Kosmos 557
13781:Kosmos 556
13771:Kosmos 555
13749:Kosmos 554
13744:Kosmos 553
13739:Pioneer 11
13719:Kosmos 552
13699:Kosmos 551
13694:Kosmos 550
13689:Kosmos 549
13679:Kosmos 548
13669:Kosmos 547
13664:Kosmos 546
13659:Kosmos 545
13654:Kosmos 544
13649:Kosmos 543
13645:Lunokhod 2
13524:Spacecraft
13246:Transports
13038:F-15 Eagle
12699:Big Bertha
12624:Surveyor 3
11945:Moon rocks
11705:Astronauts
11698:NASA lists
11555:OSIRIS-REx
11389:helicopter
11257:Pioneer 11
11250:Pioneer 10
11053:Hitchhiker
10928:suborbital
10765:Space Race
10305:Tiangong-3
10268:Nautilus-X
10171:Tiangong-2
10166:Tiangong-1
10090:Cosmos 557
9701:Beta cloth
9489:Paul Weitz
9459:Astronauts
9408:(uncrewed)
9081:Rocket Lab
8766:Spaceports
8355:. SP-4221.
8326:. SP-4208.
7775:seeker.com
7067:"Skylab 5"
5968:January 9,
5934:January 8,
5863:January 6,
4493:References
4386:(T-AGM-19)
4143:Commander
3891:Paul Weitz
3803:Commander
3426:, and the
3331:Reg Murphy
3228:Cosmos 954
2949:tape drive
2945:System 360
2846:Hasselblad
2824:Ektachrome
2758:16 mm film
2682:beta cloth
2536:gyroscopes
2518:Gyroscopes
2391:; water /
2382:hurricanes
2310:flatulence
2152:spacewalks
2125:designated
2054:System/4Pi
1910:Titan IIIC
1842:An early "
1713:Titan II-C
1665:solar cell
1661:transistor
1610:Background
1531:Operations
1459:Apollo CSM
1151:Component
960:Rocket Lab
645:Spaceports
145:Launch pad
14464:Saturn IB
14390:underline
13684:Prognoz 3
13313:Model 188
13261:Model 119
13085:F3H Demon
12974:McDonnell
12788:Big Muley
12704:Moon tree
12523:Earthrise
12372:Apollo 17
12367:Apollo 16
12362:Apollo 15
12357:Apollo 14
12352:Apollo 13
12347:Apollo 12
12342:Apollo 11
12337:Apollo 10
12208:Saturn IB
11972:Moon tree
11793:Earthrise
11668:Goldstone
11565:Mars 2020
11534:Voyager 2
11527:Voyager 1
11463:Curiosity
11407:operating
11405:Currently
11387:Ingenuity
11324:MESSENGER
11303:Sojourner
11232:Mercury 3
11222:Apollo 11
11169:Discovery
11159:Explorers
10748:Augustine
10712:Augustine
10300:Sundancer
10289:FlexCraft
10284:Skylab II
9911:Dyna-Soar
9836:Completed
9508:Alan Bean
8905:New Glenn
8672:Discovery
8622:Explorers
8297:. SP-400.
8214:0971-751X
8206:The Hindu
8007:756509282
7136:(Report).
6277:0362-4331
6209:Space.com
6006:0362-4331
5929:0190-8286
5306:April 24,
5299:Space.com
4842:840704188
4498:Footnotes
4482:Kraftwerk
4471:Skylab II
4289:Telangana
4239:Melbourne
4158:Duration
4155:End date
4062:Don Lind
3963:Skylab 4
3933:Alan Bean
3911:Skylab 3
3859:Skylab 2
3823:Skylab 1
3618:in 2013.
3439:Launchers
3397:littering
3358:Cape Town
3327:Herb Caen
3323:Chronicle
3137:Titan III
3104:space tug
3033:Titan III
3010:Saturn IB
2923:Computers
2794:dark room
2655:follows:
2473:radiation
2402:dexterity
1899:McDonnell
1701:U.S. Army
1669:telemetry
1625:Collier's
1562:microwave
1163:Diameter
1124:Saturn IB
1098:in 1993.
784:New Glenn
551:Discovery
501:Explorers
317:of orbits
174:Deorbited
119:17:30:00
95:Call sign
74:1973-027A
68:COSPAR ID
14312:Soyuz 13
14296:OPS 9434
14291:OPS 9433
14240:Skylab 4
14229:OPS 7705
14219:OPS 6630
14084:OPS 6275
14078:Soyuz 12
14015:OPS 7724
14005:OPS 8364
13984:Skylab 3
13956:OPS 8261
13933:OPS 4018
13912:OPS 6157
13831:Skylab 2
13796:OPS 2093
13729:Salyut 2
13709:OPS 8410
13704:OPS 6063
13461:Aquiline
13306:Licensed
13217:Trainers
13140:Licensed
12987:Fighters
12547:Columbia
12425:Apollo 6
12420:Apollo 4
12332:Apollo 9
12327:Apollo 8
12322:Apollo 7
12317:Apollo 1
12301:Apollo 6
12296:Apollo 5
12291:Apollo 4
12264:Uncrewed
12213:Saturn V
12203:Saturn I
12016:Category
11678:Canberra
11590:timeline
11578:timeline
11514:timeline
11470:timeline
11367:observed
11362:timeline
11330:Aquarius
11270:timeline
11243:Magellan
11205:missions
11103:Surveyor
11039:programs
10969:Shuttle–
10910:programs
10742:Aldridge
10661:creation
10484:Concepts
10453:Proposed
10348:Columbus
10340:Columbus
10295:Skylab B
10214:Canceled
10140:OPS 0855
10115:Salyut 7
10110:Salyut 6
10105:Salyut 5
10100:Salyut 4
10095:Salyut 3
10085:Salyut 2
10075:Salyut 1
10061:Russia /
9899:Canceled
9885:Shuttle-
9604:Skylab 5
9586:Skylab B
9536:Skylab 4
9501:Skylab 3
9466:Skylab 2
9423:Skylab 4
9418:Skylab 3
9413:Skylab 2
9405:Skylab 1
9335:Archived
9276:Archived
9264:Archived
9076:Raytheon
8927:Starship
8870:Minotaur
8855:Falcon 9
8850:Electron
8704:Vanguard
8699:Surveyor
8567:Shuttle–
8486:a series
8484:Part of
8353:40305626
8250:cite web
8175:"Skylab"
7965:July 13,
7785:July 27,
7446:July 19,
7047:June 27,
6995:June 27,
6542:Archived
5853:nasa.gov
5767:July 22,
5667:July 10,
5399:"part3b"
4478:Spacelab
4444:See also
4436:Saturn V
4384:Vanguard
4199:56 days
4166:(SMEAT)
4137:Mission
4123:, Pilot
4033:Don Lind
4015:Skylab 5
3853:2248.96
3797:Mission
3783:credits
3775:through
3767:through
3567:Skylab B
3557:Skylab B
3551:Skylab B
3538:Don Lind
3518:Skylab 5
3408:Spacelab
3385:Examiner
3370:Rawlinna
3339:Examiner
3319:Examiner
3277:re-entry
3058:Spacelab
3045:man-days
2570:—
2501:re-enter
2493:titanium
2487:for the
2318:dart set
2278:Salyut 1
2274:Soyuz 11
2255:Skylab 4
2239:Skylab 3
2223:Skylab 2
2211:Mission
2136:Skylab 4
2132:Skylab 3
2128:Skylab 2
2038:Saturn V
1935:Apollo 8
1861:hydrogen
1821:Apollo X
1813:Apollo X
1594:Shuttle-
1590:Spacelab
1574:Skylab 4
1570:Salyut 1
1566:Soyuz 11
1558:infrared
1501:199,750
1430:168,750
1126:rocket.
1122:smaller
1111:Saturn V
1082:Overview
1056:Skylab 4
1052:Skylab 3
1048:Skylab 2
955:Raytheon
806:Starship
749:Minotaur
734:Falcon 9
729:Electron
583:Vanguard
578:Surveyor
446:Shuttle–
365:a series
363:Part of
309:171 days
221:Diameter
134:Saturn V
42:Skylab 4
14394:italics
14368:Oreol 2
14066:Unnamed
13945:Unnamed
13824:Unnamed
13812:Unnamed
13765:Unnamed
13759:Anik A2
13641:Luna 21
13541:Mercury
13433:US Navy
13357:US Navy
13290:US Navy
13225:US Navy
13063:US Navy
12904:Related
12720:Journey
12485:flights
12483:Pegasus
12257:Flights
12028:Commons
11906:Related
11715:by year
11710:by name
11487:GOES 15
11477:GOES 14
11394:flights
11380:InSight
11336:Cassini
11264:Galileo
11189:SIMPLEx
11164:Voyager
11132:Current
11088:Pioneer
11058:Mariner
11037:Robotic
11018:Artemis
10991:Current
10934:Mercury
10926: (
10819:NASA TV
10758:General
10657:History
10535:Related
10424:Starlab
10414:Haven-1
10402:Private
10326:Freedom
10189:Genesis
10182:Private
10024:Current
9952:Freedom
9848:Mercury
9806:Artemis
9735:(SMEAT)
9679:Related
9631:(Pilot)
9562:(Pilot)
9527:(Pilot)
9492:(Pilot)
9398:Flights
9235:YouTube
9188:(1977)
8916:Pegasus
8845:Atlas V
8840:Antares
8739:Mercury
8714:Voyager
8662:Pioneer
8647:Mariner
8594:Artemis
8542:Mercury
8374:. NASA.
8324:8114293
8295:2644423
5811:. NASA.
5731:May 18,
5616:May 25,
5265:July 9,
4623:May 29,
4585:May 29,
4438:rocket.
4351:Skylab
4140:Emblem
3800:Emblem
3593:Houston
3542:deorbit
3512:CSM-119
3424:Priroda
3207:of the
2814:cameras
2812:Nikon F
2378:geology
2082:Pad 39A
2017:airlock
1895:Grumman
1880:airlock
1804:(AAP).
1707:, or a
1603:Freedom
1554:visible
1507:12,627
1463:31,000
1436:12,417
1392:78,000
1317:49,000
1277:12,000
1240:24,500
1210:25,600
1160:Length
795:Pegasus
724:Atlas V
719:Antares
618:Mercury
593:Voyager
541:Pioneer
526:Mariner
473:Artemis
421:Mercury
160:Reentry
150:Kennedy
82:SATCAT
14209:NOAA-3
14000:Mars 7
13995:Mars 6
13978:Mars 5
13968:Mars 4
13962:ITOS-E
13791:Skylab
13629:1974 →
13614:← 1972
13551:Skylab
13546:Gemini
13196:Export
13162:Attack
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12873:Skylab
12641:J002E3
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12497:AS-104
12492:AS-103
12415:AS-203
12381:Saturn
12310:Crewed
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12281:AS-201
12276:AS-102
12271:AS-101
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11673:Madrid
11606:Future
11521:NuSTAR
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11374:RHESSI
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11098:Ranger
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10944:Apollo
10939:Gemini
10797:Budget
10750:(2009)
10744:(2004)
10738:(2004)
10732:(2003)
10726:(2002)
10724:CFUSAI
10720:(1996)
10714:(1990)
10708:(1989)
10702:(1987)
10696:(1986)
10694:Rogers
10690:(1986)
10684:(1958)
10678:(1958)
10672:(1915)
10648:Policy
10386:Russia
10253:Galaxy
10145:Skylab
10070:Salyut
9868:Skylab
9858:Apollo
9853:Gemini
9799:Active
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9223:(1979)
9215:(1979)
9207:(1978)
9199:(1977)
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