1703:
1470:" for revolutionary "journées" that would be followed in similar circumstances in Utrecht itself, and in other Dutch cities in the following two years. First the city government would commit some kind of "provocation" that would enrage the Free Corps members and other Patriots. The democrats would work themselves into a lather, whipped up by seditious pamphlets and speeches. Then they would march to the town hall and assemble, with their weapons, in the town square, which they would easily fill with their large numbers. The city fathers would be summoned to come to the town hall and would be more or less locked up in their meeting room. They would not be physically assaulted (even provided with food and drink), but the psychological pressure of the threatening crowd, and the threats that "it would be impossible to constrain them, if the demands were not met" would soon convince them to give in. But once everybody had returned home in triumph, the city fathers would regain their courage, and renege on their promises "as these had been forced under duress." And a new cycle would soon commence.
901:...Anything which is attempted at this time to save our truly almost irretrievably lost fatherland will be in vain, if you, o people of the Netherlands, remain passive bystanders any longer. So do this! Assemble each and everyone in your cities and in the villages in the country. Assemble peacefully and elect from the midst of you a moderate number of good, virtuous, pious men... Send these as your commissioners to the meeting places of the Estates of your Provinces and order them ...to make, together with the Estates ...a precise inquiry into the reasons for the extreme slowness and weakness with which the protection of this country against a formidable and especially active enemy is being treated ...Let your commissioners publicly and openly report to you about their actions from time to time by means of the press...Arm yourselves, all of you, and elect yourselves the ones that must command you. Act with calmness and modesty in all things (like the people of America, where not one drop of blood was shed before the English attacked them in the first place)...
2053:
1726:, an officer in the States army, for its own account. This so-called "Legion of Salm" was not subject to the stadtholder as Captain-General of the States army. After the crisis passed, the States of Holland decided to abolish it, as an austerity measure, but several Holland cities, Amsterdam among them, decided to take over the financing for their own account, so that from 1785 on the Legion continued in being as a military unit that was not part of the official military command structure, and also not part of the Free Corps federation, because the members of the Legion were mercenaries, just like the soldiers of the army. The Legion did not play a role, until the Rhinegrave in September 1786 became commander-in-chief of all forces of the province of Holland, including the States army troops under the Holland
885:...The great that are governing you, the Prince or whoever has any authority in this country, only do this on your behalf. All of their authority derives from you...All men are born free. By nature, no one has any authority over anyone else. Some people may be gifted with a better understanding, a stronger body or greater wealth than others, but this does not in the least entitle the more sensible, stronger or wealthier to govern the less sensible, the weaker and the poorer...In these companies, usually called civil societies, peoples or nations, the members or participants pledge to promote each others' happiness as much as possible, to protect each other with united force and to maintain each other in an uninterrupted enjoyment of all property, possessions and all inherited and lawfully acquired rights...
1204:
1699:, though this had no consequences for the operational command, as the army was an institution of the Republic as a whole. The troops were in peacetime usually divided over a number of garrisons in different parts of the country. These garrisons played an important role in local politics, as the officers were Orangists to a man, and the troops in the whole felt a strong allegiance to the stadtholder. The garrison cities, like Nijmegen in Gelderland, The Hague in Holland, and 'Hertogenbosch in "States Brabant" were strongpoints of Orangist influence, even though the surrounding provinces might tend to favor the Patriots. So even without explicitly threatening military violence, the army played an important role in local politics.
420:
2130:
33:
2361:
2064:
irresolute, she decided to make an appearance in The Hague to bring matters to a boil. To that end she planned a trip with a small entourage, but without an armed escort, from
Nijmegen to The Hague by way of a route close to the Patriot stronghold of Gouda on 28 June 1787. Fresh horses had been ordered for her carriages at several stops underway, thereby advertising her planned route. To make certain that the Patriots would be aware of what was afoot, several Orangist agents "let slip" to everyone that would be interested, that the Princess was about to pass by. It was therefore no surprise that she was intercepted by a patrol of the Gouda Free Corps near the
2210:
186:
1785:
979:(Dutch Historical Journal) in Delft. All these periodicals enjoyed great popularity in middle-class circles, probably because they mixed serious political analysis with scurrilous libels of the political elite. The journalists and publishers were often prosecuted by their enraged victims, but fines and jail-time were part of the job in these times. As they had a national readership they helped Patriot politics go beyond the local confines they would normally have encountered. And their ideological consistency helped to bring about unity in especially the "democratic" wing of the Patriot movement.
819:
2072:. The Princess was not harmed and she was soon allowed to return to Nijmegen, but the fact that her captors had been impolite (one of them sat unbidden at her dinner table, which was a serious breach of etiquette; another stood with a drawn sabre in her presence) caused great consternation and outrage. Especially her brother the Prussian king now lost his patience with the Patriots, and the Dutch in general, and demanded in a first ultimatum to the States General the immediate reinstatement of the Princess in The Hague, and the exemplary punishment of the culprits of the
63:
1781:, a Hattem native. The pro-Orangist States of Gelderland then asked the stadtholder to lend a hand in suppressing this "insurrection" and on 4 September a task-force of the Nijmegen garrison duly marched to Hattem and entered that city over light opposition the next day. The troops were allowed to loot the two small cities and desecrate the local churches. Stadtholder William V is said to have exclaimed on the news of the success of the operation: "Have they be hanged? Hell and Damnation. Why not hang the Satan's children?".
2373:
anchor the regime, beginning with a treaty between Great
Britain and the Dutch Republic, signed on 15 April 1788 by Van de Spieghel in London. It guaranteed the stadtholderate to the House of Orange-Nassau in perpetuity and formed a defensive alliance between the two countries. On the same date, at the same hour, a similar treaty was signed between Prussia and the Republic in Berlin. To complete the triangle, Harris brought about a treaty between Great Britain and Prussia during a visit of the Prussian king to his sister at
914:
893:...There is no freedom and no freedom can exist in a country where one single person has the hereditary command over a large army, appoints and dismisses the country's regents and keeps them in his power and under his influence, deals with all the offices, and by his influence on the appointments of professors controls the subject matter that is being taught to the country's youth studying in universities, where the people is kept ignorant, where the people is unarmed and has nothing in the world...
750:, and this helped engender much sympathy for the American cause in Dutch public opinion. When John Adams arrived in the Netherlands from Paris in 1780, in search of Dutch loans for the financing of the American struggle, he came armed with a long list of Dutch contacts. At first, however, it was an uphill struggle to interest the Dutch elite. Adams set to work to influence public opinion with the help of a number of those Dutch contacts which he enumerates in a letter to
178:
1054:
2794:. It was a lengthy and rambling document that among others ordered the founding of a "bureau of correspondence" at The Hague to coordinate the activities of Orangist Free Corps and to organise petition drives; it berated the States of Holland and their Patriot majority and offered the support of the stadtholder to their opponents; and it demanded the restoration of the stadtholder to his office of Captain-General; Cf. Colenbrander, vol. III, pp. 203-204
1922:
827:
1187:, because of their common interest in diminishing the powers of the stadtholder. In Holland province his advantage of exercising command of the Hague garrison of the States Army was offset by the power of the Free Corps in most cities, and the latter had the additional advantage of providing a defense against the usual Orangist weapon of threatened mob violence, because the middle-class Patriots feared the city paupers as much as the
2010:, who repeatedly attempted to bring the moderates to compromise. For instance, in 1785 they proposed that the stadtholder would cede his military powers to a council, with the Princess, the pensionaries, and the leaders of both the Orangist and "aristocratic" Patriot factions as members (only the democrats would be excluded). But William refused to budge on his "due rights" and without that the Patriots would not budge either.
689:, and when they had approached the unsuspecting Dutchmen (who were not yet aware of the start of the war), ran up their true colors and opened fire. The Dutch ships then struck their colors after firing a single broadside in reply "to satisfy honor." In this way individual ships, and even a complete squadron, were lost. The British blockaded the Dutch coast without much response from the Dutch fleet. There was one big
1417:
2021:. Though the new king was not keen to go to war with France, he was less determined to avoid such a development than the old king, and from then on Harris' designs to let the Prussians do the fighting on behalf of Great Britain stood a better chance. And the French game of egging on the Patriots on the one hand, and keeping them in check on the other, became more risky. The French opposite number of von Goertz,
3869:
388:, in which the commercial sector (always strong in the Netherlands) and the banking sector dominated. These shifts had a devastating effect for the people who experienced downward social mobility and ended up in the lower strata of Dutch society. But even those that were not affected by such downward mobility, and remained in the upper and middle classes, were affected by this perceived economic decline.
1200:. On 3 April 1784 such a riot was bloodily suppressed by a Free-Corps company in Rotterdam, when a panicky officer ordered his men to open fire on the mob, which resulted in several people killed. Initially, the officer was blamed, but (due to the fact that more and more riots occurred) the States of Holland later exonerated the Free Corps and blamed the Orangist rioters.
1215:
on a national level. In
December the first congress of representatives of a federation of Free Corps assembled in Utrecht. This was soon followed by the second congress on 25 February 1785, which commissioned the Leiden Free Corps to draft a manifesto. This manifesto was adopted during the third congress, again in Utrecht on 14 June 1785. It took the form of a solemn
1103:) and the use of arms. The Patriots proposed to use the militias to promote the representation of their officers in official councils, and to defend the rights of free assembly and speech of the citizenry. Depending on local political circumstances the Free corps sometimes remained a parallel military structure, and sometimes gradually took over the old
2033:
notables was held in
Nijmegen to decide on a strategy of confrontation. Harris stood ready with a subsidy of £70,000, ostensibly as a loan to the Orangist States of Gelderland), but in reality as a slush fund to finance the Orangist Free Corps, to be used in street rioting, and to buy the favors of the vacillating
1221:(Act of Association for the defense of the Republican constitution, or "Act of Association" for short) in which the members of the Free Corps pledged to support each other against attempts at suppression by the civil authorities and against attacks by Orangist mobs. Also the Act for the first time established
859:"Seditious" it certainly was, as the pamphlet repeatedly exhorted the burghers of the Netherlands to arm themselves and take matters into their own hands. As was usual at the time, the pamphlet contained a romanticized overview of Dutch history, going back to the mythical ancestors of the Dutch people, the
1632:("The Treason Discovered"), made it public, and this incensed the Patriots. That night the city was abuzz with fervid Patriot activity. The Burgher Defense Council, which commanded the Free Corps, organised a petition (the "Act of Qualification") which was signed by 16,000 people, and the next day the
1275:(Design to make the Republic inwardly contented and outwardly feared by a salutary union of interests of Regent and Citizen, etc.) in which among other things the abolition of the right of approval of city-government appointments of the stadtholder was proposed, to be replaced by democratic elections.
1735:
The events that gave rise to this development were the following. In
September 1785, after a number of riots between Patriots and Orangists in The Hague during the summer of that year, the States of Holland (by then with a slender majority of cities tending toward the Patriot side) decided to deprive
905:
These themes: the primacy of the people, whose servants the politicians are; the need to arm the people in units who elect their own officers; to elect commissioners who investigate government wrongdoing, as a parallel source of power next to the existing institutions; the need to protect the freedom
498:
to stadtholder in all seven provinces, on a hereditary basis, with greatly expanded powers, in the hope that he would use those powers to promote the political influence of the would-be "democrats." That hope proved vain, also because of his untimely death in 1751, after which he was succeeded by his
2346:
Such is the nature of the celebrated Belgic confederacy, as delineated on parchment. What are the characters which practice has stamped upon it? Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from
2154:
The stadtholder returned to The Hague on 20 September 1787 at the head of the States-army troops that had marched together with the triumphant
Prussian army. A purge of the States of Holland and the States General, both institutions who had their seat in The Hague, started immediately. The immediate
705:
protection against the
British, and also among the population at large, who felt humiliated by what many saw as "cowardice." The stadtholder was generally blamed. After a brief wave of euphoria due to Zoutman's heroics (which were duly exploited in the official propaganda), the navy again earned the
680:
The war went disastrously for the Dutch, despite the fact that the Dutch fleet had been enlarged appreciably in the preceding years. but it was scarcely used by the Dutch, with the stadtholder, as
Admiral-General, in supreme command. At the start of the war, a number of Dutch warships were surprised
1214:
The Free Corps were a local phenomenon, limited to the areas where the
Patriot movement was strong, partly because the Patriot ideology for a very long time respected the confederal structure of the Dutch Republic. They remained "federal" democrats. But from the end of 1784 they started to organize
1840:
In
Utrecht city the Patriots feared an attack from the Amersfoort and Zeist troops, and started to fortify the city against a siege. The defenders received reinforcements from Holland and other Patriot strongholds, so that by the spring of 1787 they numbered 6,000. When the Utrecht Defense Council
1283:
Implementing the Patriot manifestos brought a fundamental rift between the "democratic" and "aristocratic" wings of the Patriot movement to light. Initially both saw a common interest and a basis for cooperation (as the Leiden Draft explicitly proposes). This was exemplified by the Utrecht example
757:
of 4 September 1782. He mentions the Amsterdam lawyer Hendrik Calkoen, who was very interested in the American cause, and who posed thirty questions on the matter that Adams answered in a number of letters, that were later bundled and published as an influential pamphlet. Calkoen was keen to again
546:
that had ruled the country during the Second Stadtholderless Period were replaced by Orangist party men, who were ideologically opposed to popular influence, closing the door to "democratic" experiments. Though the "democrats" had been in the Orangist camp in 1747, they therefore soon came into an
373:
as artisans that had worked in the disappearing industries had to move to areas where work was still to be found. The shrinking industrial base was also concentrating in particular areas, to the detriment of other areas where certain industries (shipbuilding, textiles) had formerly been prominent.
1955:
Harris set about to reestablish British influence in the Dutch Republic, and he did not always limit himself to diplomatic means. One important task was to shore up the morale of the dispirited stadtholder after his departure from The Hague in September 1785. William at that time had two options:
1682:
It is true that compared to the French revolution the Patriot revolution was singularly bloodless and that widespread military maneuvering remained the exception. But there actually were military actions by regular forces on both sides, aimed at deciding the issue by military means, and blood was
795:
By these propagandistic activities the American and Dutch causes became intertwined in the public's mind as a model of "republican fraternity". Adams himself harped on this theme in the "Memorial" he presented to the States-General to obtain acceptance of his credentials as ambassador on 19 April
2116:
had personally assumed command a few months earlier, was evacuated without a fight, after Salm on 14 September convinced the Military Commission in Woerden that it was a rat trap, about to be encircled by two Prussian pincers, and that it was strategically necessary to retreat to Amsterdam. This
2032:
died in February 1787. With both Frederick the Great and Vergennes out of the way it was far more likely that France would allow a Prussian military intervention without a major European conflagration. Between 13 and 18 May 1787 (so shortly after the Battle of Jutphaas) a conference of Orangist
1945:. Harris had a tendency to see French conspiracies everywhere, and in the Dutch case he may have been right. Because the French saw the discomfiture of the Dutch stadtholder with great pleasure, although their enthusiasm was limited to the advance of their old friends, the Amsterdam States Party
1021:
usually elected its own officers. But starting in the early 17th century the militias lost their independence and became subservient to the regular city magistracy. They also became a part of the regular defense structure of the country, next to the States Army (though not part of that mercenary
800:
If there was ever among nations a natural alliance, one may be formed between the two republics...The origins of the two Republics are so much alike that the history of the one seems to be but a transcript of the other; so that every Dutchman instructed in the subject must pronounce the American
2372:
In the Dutch Republic, meanwhile, Harris worked to ensure that such an outcome would not come about; that there would not be a repeat of the Patriot Revolt; and that the stadtholderian regime would remain on top in perpetuity. To that end he initiated a network of diplomatic treaties that would
2117:
earned the Rhinegrave the enduring opprobrium of the Patriots and all Dutch historians, but he was probably right. The retreat proved, however, a death blow to Patriot morale. Though the Patriots indeed made a stand around Amsterdam (without Salm, however, who was replaced by a French officer,
1613:
prevented a fracas. On 3 April Goudoever returned at the head of 102 officers to demand that henceforth Amsterdam would only be represented by its pensionaries Van Berckel and Visscher (who were both trusted by the Patriots) in the States of Holland. Dedel replied with an attempt to come to an
2013:
In 1786 a Prussian minister, Johann von Goertz, came to The Hague with a proposal that might even be acceptable to the democrats, but Harris easily convinced William, already in great spirits after the events of Hattem and Elburg, that this would amount to a "capitulation" and the stadtholder
1388:
were not about to let go of their powers without a fight, but instead of getting into a direct confrontation with the democrats they at first tried to drown the proposal in red tape. The States drafted a far more conservative counter-proposal and tried to push this through by subterfuge. This
360:
decline. The absolute size of Dutch GNP remained constant, but the economy was overtaken by that of other European countries in the course of the 18th century. Besides, in a number of economic sectors, such as the fisheries and most industries that had sprung up in the early 17th century, an
2063:
Then, completely unexpected, an event happened that played into Harris' hands. Harris had convinced Princess Wilhelmina that the Orangist forces in The Hague had become strong enough that it might be possible to wrest that city from the hands of the Patriots. Audacious where her husband was
155:
with a system of democratically elected representatives. This enabled them to replace the representatives of these cities in the States of several provinces, gaining Patriot majorities in the States of Holland, Groningen and Utrecht, and frequently also in the States General. This helped to
2095:, obviating the necessity of entering the Austrian Netherlands. This turned out to be a bluff, and once this became clear to the Prussians and Harris, nothing prevented an invasion of the Republic. But the Patriots, informed of the French intervention plans by yet another French envoy
2829:
physician and Patriot on 1 July 1787, so before the Prussian invasion. Van Steveninck and his servants tried to defend the house against an Orangist mob, but when the besiegers brought on a field gun, provided by the garrison, Van Stevenicnck had to flee for his life; cf. Schama, p.
1181:. In cities like Leiden, Zutphen and Utrecht the Free corps drew up petitions demanding recognition of the newly-constituted militias by the city governments, which was subsequently granted. In this early phase there was a happy cooperation between the Patriots and the anti-Orangist
1974:
is the best known, he used these funds to subsidize the establishment of Orangist Free Corps in provinces like Zeeland and Friesland where the Orangists were in the majority, which were used to intimidate the Patriot minorities in these provinces. He tried to lure the conservative
1329:
to no longer brook such interference. Attempts to come to an understanding with the stadtholder in the fall of 1783 failed, because the latter insisted on his "due rights." Then in January 1784 an occasion presented itself to test the stadtholder's resolve, when a vacancy in the
910:. It was a mixture of old and new ideas, and attitudes to the Dutch constitution. But this mixture would diverge into two distinctive strands in the course of the next few years, until it would lead to an ideological split between the "aristocratic" and "democratic" Patriots.
2930:'Recueil Andries Bicker'. Register van de resoluties van de vroedschap en het college van burgemeesteren en oud-burgemeesteren, opgetekend door Andries Bicker gedurende zijn zitting in genoemde colleges; afschriften; met inhoudsopgave en alfabetische index, 1622-1652, p. 327
146:
Such militias were subsequently organised in many localities and formed, together with Patriot political clubs, the core of the Patriot movement. From 1785 on, the Patriots managed to gain power in a number of Dutch cities, where they replaced the old system of co-option of
374:
Remarkably for an era of rapid population growth in other European countries, the size of the Dutch population remained constant during the 18th century at around 1.9 million people, which (in view of the constant absolute size of the economy) resulted in a constant
489:
and for sale, this fact was ironically less resented than the fact that those offices were not available on the same footing to everyone. Opening up the political system to the middle class had therefore been an objective of political reformers like the so-called
1271:
Ontwerp om de Republiek door eene heilzaame Vereeniging van Belangen van Regent en Burger van Binnen Gelukkig en van Buiten Gedugt te maaken", Leiden, aangenomen bij besluit van de Provinciale Vergadering van de Gewapende Corpsen in Holland, op 4 oktober 1785 te
526:
even after the young Prince had come of age. Meanwhile, the greatly expanded powers of the stadtholder consisted primarily in his right of appointment, or at least approval, of magistrates on the local and provincial level, which were enshrined in the so-called
2620:, of the 20th century, whose name they shared, but that had a completely different character. Not only was their ideology very different, but the German Freikorps consisted of military veterans, whereas most Dutch Free Corps members had always been civilians.
1296:
under the direction of an elected Burgher Defense Council. Both factions were opposed to the 1674 Government Regulation that gave extensive powers to the stadtholder to appoint city magistrates. This was a standing invitation to abuse. Nicolaas de Pesters,
1905:
that had recently ended. Franco-Dutch relations became even better when France offered its good offices, both to obtain the 1784 treaty of Paris with Great Britain that ended the war, and subsequently to obtain peace with emperor Joseph II, that ended the
431:
The disaffection with the perceived state of the economy and diplomatic decline was paired with a growing disaffection with the political system of the Dutch Republic among middle-class Dutchmen. The Dutch "constitution" defined the Dutch Republic as a
1966:, encouraged him to take this option. But Harris did far more: he was supplied with ample funds from the British Secret Service and he used that money to buy influence left and right, beginning with a generous pension-with-strings-attached of £4,000
1497:
resigned in protest, and soon a petition of notable citizens was sent to the States with a request to intervene. The States excoriated Ondaatje and his mob and manage to intimidate Ondaatje sufficiently to elicit a humble apology. On 23 March the 19
1193:
did, and formed a common front against the poor. And not without reason, because in several cities, there were Orangist-inspired riots by members of the working class, like the riots in Rotterdam in 1783 and the Hague in 1784, led by the fish-monger
1636:
before the city hall was thronged with thousands of guild members, Patriot citizens and armed militiamen. The Amsterdam council was once more locked in chambers, not expected to emerge without a positive decision, and on the initiative of Hooft the
1744:, causing a schism in the States, as the representatives of the city of Utrecht and several other cities remained in Utrecht city. The Amersfoort States subsequently asked the stadtholder to put a garrison of States army troops in Amersfoort and
1515:
was forced to capitulate. On 20 December they promised to adopt a democratic city constitution within three months. And indeed, on 20 March 1786, while the Free Corps again occupied the central square in silent menace, while a blizzard blew, the
906:
of the press; would be repeated time after time in other Patriot pamphlets and the Patriot press in later years. But these ideas were rooted in a particular perspective on Dutch history, not in abstract philosophical ideas, taken from the French
539:
if the results did not comport with his wishes, and so bestowed great powers of political patronage on the local level on him (and the regents who ruled in place of the under-age William V before 1766). The end result was that the "States party"
1591:("Ax-men"), were a strongly pro-Orange political force in the city. Patriot political clubs were rivaled by Orangist political clubs. In sum, the political forces were more evenly balanced than in other cities. And this paralyzed the Amsterdam
444:, and the aristocracy in rural areas) toward the provincial States, and eventually the States-General. Those local governments, however, though ostensibly representing "The People" according to the prevailing ideology, had in fact evolved into
1480:
reluctantly agreed to withdraw Sicherman's appointment after Ondaatje made clear that the Constituted would not be fobbed off. "We are not '48-ers," he declared, "but 85-ers, who understand our rights and liberties well enough, ... we are not
1809:
out of the States army. When this was done this deprived the stadtholder of more than half of his troops, effectively denying him the military means to decide the political conflict. Holland also made a pact with the Utrecht States and the
1504:
members reoccupied their seats, and opened criminal proceedings against Ondaatje and other instigators of the events of 11 March. Sicherman could have his appointment back, but he declined; the council therefore left the vacancy unfilled.
2266:, who was enraged by Beyma's venality. The two factions, "Valckenisten" and "Beymanisten" split, and formed competing clubs that became embroiled in internal French politics during the French Revolution. Valckenaer became involved in the
2255:, respectively, however, and soon fell out over the disbursements. This led to a schism in the Patriot community in France. The followers of Valckenaer eventually came out on top, as they won the support of the French comptroller-general
738:
was to lead an inquest, but this never resulted in a conviction. But the damage to the reputation of the Dutch navy and the stadtholder as its commander-in-chief in Dutch public opinion was appreciable, and this undermined the regime.
2351:
The Paper explicitly refers to the Prussian intervention, but apparently the news of its success had not yet reached the U.S. by the time of the paper's publication, as the wording leaves the hope open that the Patriots will prevail:
2205:
was declared in November 1787, but the "extra-judicial" persecution of Patriots was more effective anyway: in Gouda 200 houses were looted by the Orangist mob; in 's Hertogenbosch 829; in Utrecht the bill ran to one million guilders.
2629:
Kaat Mussel was active until the Patriots felt strong enough to have her arrested in June of 1785. Then she was publicly flogged as a "disturber of the peace" and put in jail. She was released in 1787; Schama, p. 88; Geyl (1947), p.
701:, which ended inconclusively, but on the whole the Dutch fleet remained in port, due to a state of "unreadiness," according to the Dutch commanders. This lack of activity caused great dissatisfaction among Dutch shippers who wanted
1822:
States were hopelessly divided) to form a so-called "Cordon" to defend these provinces against military depredations of the rump-States army. The overall command of this Cordon was given to a military commission, headquartered in
1985:
But Harris' most important ploy was an attempt to engineer an alliance with Prussia that would thwart the "French designs". This would kill two birds with one stone: it would keep the stadtholder in power, and it would renew the
1981:
in Amsterdam away from their anti-Orangist stance with promises of trade concessions by Britain, and promises of concessions from the stadtholder that would safeguard their own privileges, but avoid any "democratic" experiments.
1722:, the States of Holland lost confidence in the States army under the wavering command of the stadtholder, and decided to raise a separate military formation of brigade strength, outside the States army, under the command of the
1508:
But the democrats were back in August and again in September with demonstrations following the established paradigm. Eventually, end December 1785, things came to a head when in a final demonstration of Free Corps strength the
1956:
either to give in to the Patriot demands and accept some kind of compromise as to the Government Regulations, or to hold on to his "due rights" at any cost. The latter was his favorite option (he was wont to quote the maxim
1351:
But the honeymoon between the "democrats" and "aristocrats" did not last. On 23 April 1784 a draft of a new "constitution" for Utrecht province, to replace the 1674 Regulation, was published in the Utrecht Patriot newspaper
2652:
Imposed by the States General in 1674 at the occasion of the readmission of Utrecht province to the Union, after the French occupation was lifted, as a punishment for the city's meek submission to the French during the
1803:") demanded in the States of Holland that the stadtholder would be deprived of his command as Captain-General of the States army (which only the States General could do), and in any case take the troops on the Holland
992:
Since the late Middle Ages cities in the Habsburg Netherlands had employed citizen militias for external defense (mostly against incursions from neighboring provinces), and to keep public order. These militias, called
411:, depending on the good will of other countries such as France, Prussia and Great Britain. This decline in international diplomatic standing also contributed to the malaise that resulted from the perceived decline.
1614:
arrangement with the stadtholder in which Amsterdam would align itself with the stadtholderian regime in exchange for concessions by the stadtholder on the point of his right of appointment (which the States-Party
1998:
of Prussia, Wilhelmina's uncle, in August 1785 in Berlin. But Frederick was loath to endanger good relations with France, and refused to take the bait. "The pear is not ripe," the old king remarked cryptically.
1432:
approached the Constituted to urge them to take more drastic steps. The irate "shooters" elected a new group of representatives, called the "Commissioned," to permanently ensure the zeal of the Constituted. The
2356:
The first wish prompted by humanity is, that this severe trial may issue in such a revolution of their government as will establish their union, and render it the parent of tranquillity, freedom and happiness.
64:
1736:
the stadtholder of his command of the strong Hague garrison of the States army (though this was only formalized in July 1786). On 15 September 1785 he therefore decided to leave the city and to repair to the
1473:
Something like this happened on 11–12 March 1785 in Utrecht, when agitators like Ondaatje whipped the crowd into a frenzy; the Utrecht city hall was surrounded by 2,000 angry Free Corps men and the Utrecht
1382:. Another objectionable proposal was the institution of an elected body of 16 burgher representatives to sit in permanent session to hear and address grievances of citizens against the city government. The
1547:) formed an anti-stadtholderian triumvirate in the States of Holland during the days of the war with Great Britain. But this was all based on the interests of Amsterdam as a mercantile city. The Amsterdam
1702:
2874:(of Malmesbury, Wiltshire) on 19 September 1788. His task had not always been agreeable, "...but when one is employed to sweep chimneys one must black one's fingers"; cf. Schama, p. 107, Cobban, p. 111.
2168:
had taken the initiative to have the States repeal all legislation of the preceding years with a "Patriot" imprint. The "Orange Restoration" proceeded apace. Everywhere the Patriot members of the local
801:
revolution just and necessary or pass censure upon the greatest actions of his immortal ancestors; an action which has been approved and applauded by mankind and justified by the decision of heaven...
1050:
for the decline of the Republic, and the reform of the militias was seen as an important part of the necessary reform of the Republic. But as elsewhere the stadtholderian regime blocked such reform.
1034:, but this attempt failed. By the early 1780s the militias were but a caricature of their proud predecessors, subservient to the city magistrates, who made officer commissions the preserve of the
963:, and scandal sheet, with a Patriot bias that attacked the stadtholder and the "aristocratic" Patriots with equal abandon. It was soon joined by an Amsterdam magazine with the same character, the
1358:, after the Utrecht States had imprudently invited all citizens to lodge their objections to the Regulations in early 1784. This draft of 117 articles proposed that henceforth the Utrecht city
1130:
was taken over by the Free Corps, while the old organisational structure with company names like "the Pikes" and "the Black Boys" was studiously retained (including the old flags and banners).
2099:
believed in the Givet camp till it was too late, and it steeped them in their resistance to the Prussian demands. An invasion force of around 26,000 Prussian troops under the command of the
1863:, and despite several people killed, routed the mercenaries. Though this was only a skirmish, the Patriot propaganda made hay of the victory and the officer killed received a state funeral.
1585:, under Orangist command, was still a rival armed force. Besides, the Patriots did not have a monopoly on mob violence, as the workers in the Amsterdam shipbuilding industry, the so-called
1009:, which helped to give them an aura of heroism. In this early period the militia often formed a separate and independent center of power of the burghers who were its members, rivaling the
2744:
Though Colenbrander in particular, and the foreign diplomats themselves, have a tendency to exaggerate foreign influences, demoting the Dutch protagonists to mere puppets Dutch historian
2187:
in November 1787. On the instruction of Princess Wilhelmina and ambassador Harris he started criminal proceedings against a number of Patriot leaders on a list Wilhelmina provided, like
2513:
William V to H. Fagel, 20 August 1776, in: Kramer, F.J.I (ed.), Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d’Orange-Nassau, 5th series, 3 vols. (Leiden 1910-1915), vol I, p. 449.
2256:
464:, which elected the magistrates and sent delegates to the regional and national States. This situation had come about gradually, as in medieval times corporate institutions, like the
718:
to join the French fleet there. However, a direct order to set sail was disobeyed by the Dutch naval top with again the excuse of "unreadiness," but some officers, like vice-admiral
481:
The concentration of power in a more and more closed oligarchy frustrated the middle class, that saw its opportunities for political and social advancement blocked, also because the
2025:, understood this, and also that a victory of the democrats in the Republic would be against French interests; France became less and less enthusiastic about favoring the Patriots.
1670:, and several cities, like Delft, Dordrecht, Alkmaar, Hoorn, and Monnikendam were helped along by the "Flying Legion", a corps of 300 Free Corps members, and 200 horses, led by
1157:
was commingled with the principle of electing officers freely from the citizenry and the claim to restore their "proper" place in the hierarchy of civic institutions. Where a
1683:
spilled in battle. To understand how this came about, it is important first to understand the way the forces on both sides were distributed in the seven provinces and the
655:. The two concluded a secret agreement on a treaty of amity and commerce between the two Republics, the draft of which was discovered by the British when they intercepted
448:
dominated by a few families that in the cities at least were not formally part of the nobility, but were considered "patrician" in the classical sense. The members of the
2917:"A. Jourdan (2007) The "Alien Origins" of the French Revolution: American, Scottish, Genevan, and Dutch influences. Proceedings of the Western Society for French History"
2100:
2757:
A nice piece of trivia about her is that she was a Princess of Orange both through her marriage with William, and in her own right as a descendant in the female line of
867:, and taking the Middle Ages and the early history of the Republic in stride. But the perspective was decidedly anti-stadtholderian, and emphasized that the people are
378:
income. But this was somewhat misleading as economic inequality markedly increased during the 18th century: the economy became dominated by a small group of very rich
2773:(both descendants in female lines, by different daughters of Frederick Henry) concluded in Berlin in 1732, gave the heads of both Houses the right to use the title
2002:
Instead Prussia in concert with France attempted to mediate between the warring parties in the Republic. To that end both countries sent mediators, the ambassadors
1553:
were in no mood for "democratic" experiments that would undermine their privileges. The more the democrats gained influence in other cities, the more the Amsterdam
1522:
allowed several of its members to formally abjure the old Government Regulation. On 2 August 1786 an elected Burgher College was installed as the new city council.
1885:
followed by a 1689 naval treaty, the Dutch had been in nominal alliance with the British, while the diplomatic relations with France had been strained due to the
1643:
was purged of the members whose dismissal had been demanded in the Act of Qualification. Amsterdam had belatedly joined the Patriot coalition. The rioting of the
742:
The stadtholder was not the only one reminded by the American Declaration of Independence of its Dutch equivalent of 1581. Many others saw an analogy between the
2087:
gave the impression that France would support the Patriots in case of Prussian military intervention and that to this end a military camp was being prepared in
1740:
in Gelderland with his family. Around the same time things had come to a head in Utrecht city and part of the States of Utrecht decided to move to the city of
1525:
In the spring of 1787 similar events took place in Amsterdam. The political situation in that city had long been very different than in Utrecht. The Amsterdam
1268:
to write the manifesto along the lines of the draft they discussed in a meeting on 4 October 1785. This resulted in the publication of the manifesto, entitled
1687:. The States Army, commanded by the stadtholder, was a mercenary army, paid for by the several provinces according to a formula for apportionment, called the
2497:
2213:
1097:
these competing militias were open to members of all religious denominations; they elected their own officers; and they trained regularly in military drill (
1941:
One person who observed this thaw in Franco-Dutch diplomatic relations with great alarm was the new British ambassador to The Hague, accredited since 1784,
2386:
2342:
and similar constitutions. After a description and analysis of the constitution of the Dutch Republic, the paper characterizes it as an example to avoid:
485:
in regard to all kinds of petty offices was concentrated in the hands of the oligarchs, who favored their own political allies. Though offices were often
2385:
that became a formal part of the Constitution of the Dutch Republic. In this case "perpetuity" only lasted seven years. One of the first actions of the
343:
2666:
Note that this was during the second congress of the federation of Free Corps, when many Free Corps members from elsewhere were congregated in the city.
706:
disapproval of public opinion because of its inactivity. This only increased after the States-General in 1782 agreed with France on a naval alliance or
224:
2735:
of Hattem, giving him a "right" to succeed his father at his death. But this appointment had been blocked by the stadtholder; Cf. Geyl (1947), p. 141
2121:). The Prussians attacked on 1 October and the city capitulated on the 10th, after the French had intimated that no assistance would be forthcoming.
1401:
also elected a group of 24 representatives (among whom Ondaatje), which called themselves the "Constituted," to conduct direct negotiations with the
403:
and the Dutch navy suffered a large shrinkage in the following period, and consequently the Republic had to give up the pretense of being a European
1531:
belonged to the old States-Party faction and were as such opposed to the stadtholder long before the Patriot movement started to rear its head. Its
848:("To the People of the Netherlands") was distributed in a number of Dutch cities. It was later discovered that it had been written by Adams' friend
3803:
2014:
appended conditions that were unacceptable to the Patriots. In other words, Harris was a constant obstacle to any attempts at a peaceful solution.
1145:, because it helped to undermine the stadtholder's right to appoint the leadership of the militia (as in Alkmaar, Leiden and Dordrecht), which the
2961:
2239:, where they were hospitably received by the French government, at the request of Van der Capellen tot den Marsch, who wrote a memorandum to King
1837:(still not purged of the Orangist minority) formally adhered to the Act of Association that the Free Corps had promulgated in the summer of 1785.
722:, the intended leader of the expedition, let it be known that they did not want to cooperate with the French. This caused a scandal, known as the
2803:
Van der Burgh was sentenced to 20 years of exile, but only after the executioner had swung his sword over his head in a degrading mock execution.
2243:
asking for financial support of the refugees. The king provided funding for the financial relief, which was administered by the Frisian Patriots
3649:
in : Geschiedenis en nostalgie: de historiografie van een kleine natie met een groot verleden : verspreide historiografische opstellen
1800:
1006:
1765:
refused to seat a number of Orangist candidates in defiance of the stadtholder's right of appointment, and with help of Patriot Free Corps of
3899:
250:
did try to reappropriate the term, but it was forced on the defensive, which became apparent when it renamed one of its weekly magazines to
2657:; Israel, pp. 798, 814-815. It was suspended during the stadtholderless era after 1702, but reimposed after the Orangist revolution of 1748
2377:
on 12/13 June 1788, again guaranteeing the stadtholderian constitution, and renewing the Anglo-Prussian military alliance. This led to the
935:. But these one-off publications were soon joined by an innovation in the vernacular press. Before 1780 the "opinion newspapers," like the
788:. Another propagandist for the American cause, who drew inferences for the Dutch political situation, was the Overijssel maverick nobleman
761:
478:, bestowing a certain amount of political power on members of the middle class (though calling this "democracy" would be an exaggeration).
2433:. In Belgian historiography, the term refers to the almost contemporaneous period of upheaval in Belgian history in which the short-lived
2003:
1951:; they were far less enthusiastic about the democratic designs of the other wing of the Patriot party. With the support of the Cabinet of
1706:
Image of a procession of numbered people on their way to a cemetery. Cartoon on the Rhinegrave Salm and his defense of the city of Utrecht
1674:, threatening violence. Delft's "liberation" gave the Patriots command of the largest arsenal in Holland province in the summer of 1787.
508:
407:, in the military sense, with the diplomatic consequences that entailed. It became clear that the Republic had become a pawn in European
1881:(lately in the guise of the States Party) had been sympathetic to France, and the Orangists usually favored the British. Since the 1688
751:
518:, who saw even less merit in "democratic" experiments. Duke Louis would retain a virtual guardianship in accordance with the so-called
1305:
of Utrecht, was infamous for his abuse of political patronage. The matter came to a head when in January 1783 a member of the Utrecht
758:
emphasize the analogy between the Dutch and American struggles for independence. He also mentions the Luzac family that published the
565:
did not elicit enthusiasm from everyone in the Dutch Republic once it became known there in August 1776. The stadtholder wrote to the
515:
3904:
2057:
2052:
2028:
Harris meanwhile went on with his policy of confrontation, that stood a better chance of success as also the French foreign minister
1963:
1849:
the surrounding countryside) they decided to force a confrontation. On 9 May 1787 the Patriot force under the command of the Utrecht
1317:) proposed to disavow the appointment rights of the stadtholder, and in August 1783 a petition of members of the newly reconstituted
1227:(People's government by representation) as the ultimate goal of the Free Corps movement. But this was only the first such manifesto.
562:
37:
2487:
on the confederal level, and not -at least since 1588- in a king or prince, least of all in the vestigial office of the stadtholder.
2484:
632:
3857:
Pierre de Witt (1886) Une Invasion prussienne en Hollande en 1787. In: Revue des Deux Mondes, 3e période, tome 74, p. 129-164.
2103:(a nephew of William's old mentor) entered the Republic on 13 September 1787, after a final ultimatum was again left unanswered.
1175:
thereby cunningly reverting the old hierarchy. The Patriots made no secret of the political implications of their reform of the
440:
character. Formally, power was supposed to flow upward, from the local governments (governments of select cities that possessed
849:
789:
120:
2691:(1792); cf. Schama who wrote histories of both the Dutch and the French revolutions, and noted the similarities; Schama, p. 98
2274:, who distrusted foreigners. But eventually the Dutch Patriots got back in the good graces of the French government after the
1871:
The Patriot Revolt did not take place in a diplomatic vacuum. The Dutch Republic had from its inception been a battlefield of
2319:
1203:
3638:
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: With a Life of the Author, Notes and Illustrations, Volume 7
2547:, who had been an ardent Orangist since the Orangist revolution of 1748, when he was embroiled in the polemic known as the "
2381:
that was signed on 13 August 1788 between all three countries. Meanwhile, on 10 July 1788 the States General had passed the
2112:
Despite all the martiality of the Free Corps their resistance proved to be negligible. The armed camp of Utrecht, where the
2022:
533:(Government Regulations) adopted by most provinces in 1747. These powers allowed him to overrule the elections by the local
3894:
2480:
1942:
1799:
The "Hattem and Elburg events" electrified the Patriot opposition. Pensionary de Gijselaar (calling the stadtholder "a new
1601:
forced entry to the council chamber in protest against an anti-Patriot move Dedel had engineered. Only the intervention of
1002:
1463:
then went out of its way to appoint someone the petitioners had already declared "unacceptable", one Jonathan Sichterman.
597:
opened new perspectives to unfettered trade, though for the moment primarily on the smuggling route via the WIC colony of
143:, the formation of civic militias on the Scottish, Swiss and American model to help restore the republican constitution.
2029:
334:(The Hague, 1897). The term was often used in a pejorative fashion, but lately has acquired a more positive connotation.
2113:
1828:
1723:
1626:. This conspiracy failed due to the obduracy of the stadtholder, but on 20 April 1787 an incendiary pamphlet, entitled
2929:
2748:
warned that this is an exaggeration and that the foreign influence should not be overrated. Cf. Geyl (1950), pp. 30-33
2534:
under Capt. Van Bylandt, de Jonge, pp. 460-462; the squadron under admiral Crul (who was killed) de Jonge, pp. 462-467
805:
The immediate audience of the "Memorial" may have been sceptical, but elsewhere the document made a great impression.
160:. A low-key civil war ensued that resulted in a military stalemate, until in September–October 1787 the Patriots were
3847:
3766:
3758:
2758:
2201:. Daendels and Ondaatje were sentenced to perpetual banishment, as were a number of other Patriot leaders. A limited
754:
1597:
in the spring of 1787. Things came to a head in February 1787 when a group of Free-Corps officers, led by a Colonel
1536:
620:
419:
3909:
3853:
History of the Eighteenth Century and of the Nineteenth Till the ..., by Friedrich Christoph Schlosser, pp. 373-398
2159:
was ordered by the reconstituted States of Holland to surrender it to the Prussians, which he did on 27 September.
2017:
In any case, Frederick the Great died in August 1786, and was succeeded by his nephew (Wilhelmina's elder brother)
2007:
1040:
class, and more like recreative societies than serious military formations. Many Patriots took this decline of the
674:
441:
437:
304:
for the historical era is a historiographical invention of 19th-century Dutch historians, comparable to the terms "
3644:
2312:
853:
3873:
2084:
2018:
1559:
drew closer to their Orangist enemies, and the stadtholder's regime. Van Berckel lost the initiative to Orangist
856:. Though the pamphlet was immediately proscribed as seditious by the authorities, it enjoyed a wide circulation.
643:
as American emissary to the Republic. In 1778, there also were secret negotiations between the Amsterdam banker
3657:
3030:
2278:
and Dutch volunteers formed part of the French army that invaded the Dutch Republic in late 1794. Daendels and
2188:
1987:
1911:
1890:
792:, who had the Declaration of Independence, and other American constitutional documents, translated into Dutch.
2129:
3777:
2686:
2680:
2318:
The Patriot Revolt, its causes and its denouement in the Prussian intervention were of great interest to the
2184:
1719:
1570:
775:
347:
309:
232:
2421:
Blaas discusses Colenbrander's dissertation and the reactions it elicited from other Dutch historians, like
2096:
3683:
2438:
2107:
698:
690:
495:
325:
305:
161:
32:
2360:
2092:
1901:
goods with the French and Americans, and later fought alongside the French against the British during the
1710:
Before 1784 the States army was the only official standing army in the Republic, but during the so-called
1151:
resented themselves. But this in itself was a threat to the established order, as the claim to revive the
605:
soon became an important export port for the supply of the American rebels with Dutch arms. The Amsterdam
3852:
2501:
2261:
2209:
1856:
1265:
954:
917:
612:
500:
106:
2894:
2080:. The States of Holland were less than impressed and urged that the ultimatum would be huffily ignored.
598:
3773:
3711:
2335:
1971:
1894:
1071:
From 1783 onwards, the Patriots therefore started to form their own militias, parallel to the official
843:
778:, principally authored by Adams, on 3 October 1780. In that context Adams also mentions the journalist
594:
581:". But others were less scornful. Dutch merchants, especially in the Amsterdam Chamber of the moribund
185:
134:
17:
1918:, a moderate Patriot, crowned this with the treaty of amity and commerce with France of October 1785.
1445:
on 21 February 1785, but made no further concessions. But then fate intervened, another member of the
929:
was just one example of the many pamphlets, both Orangist and Patriot, that were published during the
2949:
Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "patriotten". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
2339:
2244:
1250:
on 23 July 1785 by the city government. In response a congress of the representatives of the Holland
1207:
878:
631:), behind the back of the stadtholder and the States-General. The French ambassador to the Republic,
247:
140:
110:
2223:
More than 40,000 Patriots (including women and children) fled abroad to Antwerp and Brussels in the
1650:
1602:
1342:
accepted the challenge and, studiously ignoring the stadtholder, appointed a moderate member of the
2787:
1952:
582:
2479:
I.e. in which sovereignty resided in the medieval institutions of the provincial States, like the
1693:. Holland paid for more than half of the troops, and it was known which regiments belonged to its
1491:
had indeed been fobbed off by the then-stadtholder. But the reaction was swift: 17 members of the
356:
of the first two-thirds of the 17th century, the Dutch economy entered a period of stagnation and
3889:
2676:
2425:, and their different perspectives on the era in the context of Dutch historiography; Cf. Blaas,
1784:
862:
521:
1005:
when they on their own successfully defended important cities against the Spanish troops of the
2766:
2378:
1902:
1778:
1290:
acceded to the demand of the local Free Corps to be recognized as the new manifestation of the
818:
779:
735:
666:
652:
2522:
De Jonge mentions the following examples: The warships under the command of captains Satinck (
156:
emasculate the stadtholder's power as he was deprived of his command over a large part of the
2770:
2434:
2397:, was its repeal and ritual burning on 16 February 1795. The stadtholder had already fled to
2275:
2118:
1540:
624:
590:
2870:
Harris was rewarded for his work in the service of British interests by being created first
2422:
2300:
2279:
2224:
2180:
1715:
1544:
1080:
907:
719:
710:
that led to a planned joint action against Great Britain. To that end a Dutch fleet of ten
669:
in December 1780 (together with the actions from Dutch territory by the American privateer
192:
27:
Period of violence and sociopolitical instability in the Netherlands between 1780 and 1787
8:
3914:
3678:
Ambassadors and secret agents: the diplomacy of the first Earl of Malmesbury at the Hague
2826:
2762:
2390:
2308:
2252:
2240:
2065:
1995:
1991:
1882:
1598:
1015:
as the power center of the elite. This independence was symbolized by the fact that the
743:
370:
366:
321:
256:("The Old-Fashioned Dutch Patriot"). Patriotism and anti-Orangism had become synonymous.
3687:
2812:
The College of Nobles that had one vote in the States of Holland and was chaired by the
2467:
395:
of 1713 the government of the Dutch Republic felt constrained to enter upon a policy of
3018:
2852:
1860:
1792:
1766:
1748:, which was done in September 1785 with a cavalry division from the Nijmegen garrison.
960:
578:
379:
317:
280:
276:
275:, who either sought to enter the factions in power, or tried to realise the so-called "
236:
220:
947:
were written in French, and generally only read by the elite. But in 1781 the Patriot
399:
as a consequence of the dire state of the Dutch public finances. Both the (mercenary)
3843:
3797:
3762:
3754:
3653:
3026:
2786:
This document was drafted by the tutor of William's young sons, the professor at the
2714:
reacted to attacks by Patriots on Orangist clubs in the center of Amsterdam, and the
2394:
2323:
2304:
2299:
in New York City, that soon went bankrupt, however. He later became the agent of the
2292:
2075:
1671:
1369:
948:
644:
636:
574:
400:
392:
313:
259:
The Patriots can be divided into two separate groups: aristocrats and democrats. The
157:
2368:
by a delegation of the States General to William V on 10 July 1788 at Huis ten Bosch
1970:
for the stadtholder himself. Ably assisted by "confidential agents", of which baron
1893:. Dutch relations with France had, however, markedly improved during the era of the
1413:, and started acting like the proposed Burgher Council from the draft-constitution.
1109:. An example of the latter was the city of Utrecht where under the direction of the
770:
supported the American cause by publicising the American constitutional debate. The
2871:
2813:
2774:
2463:
2382:
2365:
2248:
2176:
2148:
1926:
1886:
1684:
1196:
913:
711:
353:
128:
2251:, as his secretary. They represented the "democrat" and "aristocrat" wings of the
3746:
2582:
2459:
2267:
2228:
1934:
1930:
1915:
1566:
1426:
The negotiations fruitlessly dragged on and in January 1785 six companies of the
1247:
959:(The Post of the Lower Rhine) that would become a combination of opinion weekly,
670:
586:
385:
292:
2916:
2183:(who had chosen the Patriot side in 1785) was replaced by his Zeeland colleague
1091:(Free Corps) in order not to provoke the city governments. In contrast with the
3811:
2791:
2703:
2570:
1777:
started to fortify the cities under the command of the young firebrand Patriot
1737:
1654:
1420:
1121:
408:
216:
86:
57:
573:
of the States-General, Hendrik Fagel, that it was only "... the parody of the
3883:
3673:
2825:
Actually, the picture shows the sack of the house of Lucas van Steveninck, a
2548:
2327:
1661:
1261:
826:
727:
715:
694:
656:
482:
433:
124:
3817:
De Lage Landen 1780-1980. Twee eeuwen Nederland en België. Deel I: 1780–1914
2429:. It should be recognised that the Dutch do not have a monopoly on the term
1579:. Amsterdam had a large Free Corps, consisting of 55 companies, but the old
813:
3835:
3714:
De Hollandse Statenpartij. Naar aanleiding van Colenbranders Patriottentijd
2552:
2296:
1841:
learned that the States army had sent a task-force to occupy the hamlet of
1788:
1714:, a minor military conflict with the Austrian emperor and sovereign of the
1608:
1237:
747:
723:
611:
were particularly interested in opening formal trade negotiations with the
269:
or "Old Patriots"), initially the strongest, can be viewed as oppositional
177:
3734:
3707:
2960:
Patriottenbeweging en geschiedschrijving Bezinning-Achtergrond (1990) in
2745:
2720:
rioted in reprisal, only to be attacked and suppressed by armed Patriots.
1872:
1732:, and later also the Free Corps in the provinces of Holland and Utrecht.
1660:
Other cities in Holland that had been holding out, like Rotterdam, where
1257:
1053:
970:
661:
469:
404:
391:
The economic decline worked through in the political sphere as after the
288:
102:
3827:
De Patriottentijd. Waarom mislukte de Patriottische opstand? (1781-1787)
2571:
Cf. the translation of "To the people of the Netherlands" by A. Wilschut
1439:
grudgingly accepted the Constituted as permanent representatives of the
1407:. The Constituted soon set themselves up as a rival power center to the
602:
3647:
De patriottenbeweging als epiloog: rond Colenbranders "Patriottentijd"
3633:
2544:
2454:
Not in the sense of a written basic law, but in the sense of a body of
2232:
2144:
1907:
1898:
1741:
1711:
1633:
1532:
1485:" referring to a similar event during the revolution of 1748, when the
1466:
The train of events that then was set in motion could be considered a "
1064:
1047:
996:
767:
686:
682:
640:
616:
461:
228:
1921:
1897:, when the Dutch at first profited from their "neutral-flag" trade of
1240:), another important Patriot manifesto, was drawn up after the Leiden
635:, arranged contacts with the American ambassador to the French court,
2895:"Patriots Republikanisme. Politieke cultuur in Nederland (1766-1787)"
2617:
1842:
1373:
1278:
628:
491:
457:
445:
396:
3292:
1218:
Acte van Verbintenis ter verdediging der Republicainsche constitutie
215:, "fellow countryman") had previously been used mid 17th century by
3772:
2654:
2140:
2069:
1467:
1365:
889:
The author then continues with a diatribe against the stadtholder:
568:
486:
451:
328:
for instance, used the term as the title of one of his main works:
241:
150:
2708:(insurrection of the "Little Axes") is actually a misnomer as the
279:" ideal of a republic without Orange; they came from the existing
139:("To the People of the Netherlands"), in which he advocated, like
3688:"De patriottentijd: hoofdzakelijk naar buitenlandsche bescheiden"
2455:
2271:
2236:
2202:
2156:
2155:
result was that Mappa, who was in charge of the fortress town of
1831:. Another important political development was that the Amsterdam
1824:
1774:
1457:
to fill the vacancy with someone sympathetic to their cause. The
1416:
1300:
414:
287:
emerged later, and consisted mainly of non-regent members of the
3840:
Patriots and Liberators. Revolution in the Netherlands 1780-1813
3619:
The Cambridge Modern History. Volume VIII: The French Revolution
2639:
The text of the Act is reproduced by Colenbrander in vol. II of
1063:
drill in Utrecht on 12 October 1786 when several members of the
840:
In the night of 25 on 26 September 1781, the anonymous pamphlet
547:
alliance of convenience with the disenfranchised "States party"
3868:
2595:
1770:
1762:
1758:
774:
was the first European newspaper to carry a translation of the
702:
648:
504:
331:
De patriottentijd: hoofdzakelijk naar buitenlandsche bescheiden
89:
between approximately 1780 and 1787. Its name derives from the
2291:
Other Patriots eventually migrated to the United States, like
503:, who was three years of age at the time. Power devolved upon
2897:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 78
2466:, and the treaties that defined Dutch independence, like the
2088:
2083:
Now the French played a dangerous game. Vergennes' successor
1846:
1845:
near a strategically important sluice (useful to defensively
1827:, while the Holland troops were put under the command of the
1745:
877:. The author likens the country to a great company, like the
852:, and that its successful distribution had been organised by
465:
198:
2842:(The plight of the oppressed Dutch Patriots), December 1787.
2496:
Named after the buildings where they congregated during the
2197:, and two Elburg ministers, who were all sentenced to death
2049:) was reluctantly signed by the stadtholder on 26 May 1787.
3751:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477-1806
2675:
In the sense of the "journées" of the revolutionary French
2607:
Joachim Rendorp of Amsterdam; Cf. Geyl (1947), pp. 102, 114
2334:
on 11 December 1787 in the context of the debate about the
1395:
in the form of a petition opposing that counter-draft. The
1451:
died and the Constituted and Commissioned petitioned the
1372:. This relatively moderate proposal directly attacked the
869:
the true proprietors, the lords and masters of the country
585:(WIC), had long chafed against the restrictions Britain's
337:
2616:
These Free Corps should be distinguished from the German
2470:, that together defined the Dutch political institutions.
2398:
2307:
and a number of Amsterdam Patriot financiers in 1789, in
2561:
on the side of the Orangists; Cf. Geyl (1947), pp. 40-41
312:", and "Fransche Tijd (French Era)" (for the era of the
1573:, who formed an Orangist minority within the Amsterdam
1022:
military formation). During the revolution of 1747 the
969:(Political Porter), edited by J.C. Hespe, and later by
2162:
Even before the return of the stadtholder the Holland
1620:
had always opposed), and his help with mobilizing the
1001:, played an important part in the early stages of the
881:, in which the administrators serve the shareholders.
384:, and the economy shifted to what we would now call a
3819:. Amsterdam/Antwerp: Olympus (part of Atlas Contact)
3778:"Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen. Deel 4"
1169:
he was suddenly supposed to represent his men in the
2387:
Provisional Representatives of the People of Holland
472:
had sometimes had at least nominating powers to the
246:
once again began styling themselves "Patriots". The
3621:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 288–289
3023:
The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution
2593:, and was unsuccessfully prosecuted by the Utrecht
1751:This remained the status quo until in May 1786 the
951:started a periodical in Dutch in Utrecht, entitled
639:, in 1778, which in time led to the sending out of
494:who in 1747 helped elevate the Frisian stadtholder
3682:
2315:, the distributor of Van der Capellen's pamphlet.
1791:"Firefight on the Vaartse Rijn". Patriots won the
1279:Overturning the old order in Utrecht and Amsterdam
3720:Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren
3692:Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren
3652:(in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 82–98.
1028:attempted to restore the independent role of the
685:, who according to the Dutch, sneaked up under a
615:; secret diplomacy was soon embarked upon by the
3881:
2855:to refer to the Netherlands with the Latin name
2555:. In his dotage he was still active during the
2091:, on an invasion route through the independent
1539:, together with the pensionaries of Dordrecht (
1210:taunt Elsevier's Free Corps in Rotterdam, 1785.
814:The pamphlet "To the People of the Netherlands"
344:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
227:, "Patriots" demanded the return of the Orange
119:). In 1781 one of the leaders of the Patriots,
85:) was a period of political instability in the
1139:encouraged this usurpation of the role of the
982:
415:Growing disaffection with the political system
3642:
2892:
2338:, more particularly about the defects of the
2231:(in those days still Flemish speaking), like
1962:) and Harris, in concert with William's wife
822:Portrait of Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol
131:, anonymously published a pamphlet, entitled
3802:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2840:De zaak der verdrukte Hollandsche Patriotten
2684:
2303:, a vehicle for land speculation founded by
2283:
2073:
2044:
2039:cities to leave the Patriot camp. A kind of
1364:was to be popularly elected under a form of
1256:commissioned a group of members, among whom
1115:
1077:, which they called by innocuous names like
942:
936:
783:
766:, an influential newspaper, whose publisher
759:
714:would in 1783 be sent to the French port of
693:between a Dutch squadron under rear-admiral
3421:
3419:
2856:
2730:
2715:
2709:
2701:
2599:Bentinck-Athlone; and of the editor of the
2556:
2192:
2170:
2163:
2134:
2034:
1976:
1957:
1946:
1876:
1850:
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1817:
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1727:
1694:
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1396:
1390:
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1359:
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1318:
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1306:
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1269:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1222:
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994:
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930:
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831:
606:
566:
548:
541:
534:
528:
519:
473:
449:
329:
299:
270:
264:
251:
239:
210:
190:
148:
132:
114:
94:
70:
46:
2729:Daendels' father had been a member of the
2581:Examples are the prosecution of the poet
1389:elicited a strong response of the Utrecht
752:United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs
225:French troops invaded the Republic in 1747
673:, and the planned Dutch accession to the
556:
3706:
3532:
3530:
3416:
3130:
3128:
2401:with his family. He would never return.
2359:
2208:
2128:
2051:
1994:. To that end he visited the aging king
1920:
1783:
1701:
1415:
1202:
1052:
912:
825:
817:
418:
184:
181:Genootschap "De Vrijheid" from Dordrecht
176:
31:
3205:
3203:
2643:, Appendix 2 to chapter IV, pp. 366-367
2543:Another member of the Luzac family was
2404:
2175:and city magistracies were purged. The
1866:
1677:
1067:were replaced by "democratic" election.
619:of a number of mercantile cities, like
577:issued by our forefathers against king
516:Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg
338:Perceived decline of the Dutch Republic
201:, gathered on the market square in 1786
109:, and his supporters who were known as
14:
3882:
3025:. New York: Knopf/Random House, 1988.
1929:, British Ambassador to The Hague (by
1859:attacked the States-army force in the
790:Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol
121:Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol
101:) faction who opposed the rule of the
3527:
3125:
2530:) de Jonge, pp. 447-450; the frigate
808:
697:and a British one under vice-admiral
56:
3900:Political history of the Netherlands
3200:
2585:, who published under the pseudonym
1914:. Shortly after that, special envoy
1649:on 30 May 1787 did not change this.
2851:In those days it was an often used
1246:was prohibited from performing its
253:De Ouderwetse Nederlandsche Patriot
24:
3290:
2551:" with the States-Party partisan
2330:and published under the pseudonym
25:
3926:
3861:
2759:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange
164:and many were forced into exile.
3905:Republicanism in the Netherlands
3867:
3739:De patriottenbeweging: 1780-1787
3611:
2864:
2257:Charles Claude Guillaume Lambert
675:First League of Armed Neutrality
365:decline occurred. The country's
3602:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3518:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3284:
3275:
3266:
3257:
3248:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3116:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3050:de Jonge, pp. 431-433, 471-475.
3044:
3035:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2861:, hence the adjective "Belgic".
2845:
2833:
2819:
2806:
2797:
2780:
2751:
2738:
2723:
2694:
2669:
2660:
2646:
2633:
2623:
2610:
2575:
2564:
2537:
2516:
2507:
2490:
2473:
2448:
2217:Looting of a Patriot's dwelling
2019:Frederick William II of Prussia
1875:diplomacy in which the Holland
1664:finally managed a purge of the
1224:Volksregering bij representatie
976:Hollandsche Historische Courant
511:, and after her death in 1759,
3776:, and J.K.J. de Jonge (1861).
2976:
2967:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2923:
2909:
2886:
2415:
2189:Robert Jasper van der Capellen
1891:War of the Austrian Succession
1537:Engelbert François van Berckel
621:Engelbert François van Berckel
509:the dowager Princess of Orange
436:of sovereign provinces with a
352:After the halcyon days of the
13:
1:
3295:– via www.academia.edu.
3122:Schama, p. 60; Adams, p. 623.
2880:
2681:Demonstration of 20 June 1792
2313:François Adriaan van der Kemp
2227:, and from there to towns in
2185:Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel
2133:Mock execution of Patriot ex-
1571:Willem Gerrit Dedel Salomonsz
1124:played a prominent role) the
1120:(in which the student leader
854:François Adriaan van der Kemp
776:Constitution of Massachusetts
589:imposed on direct trade with
424:
348:Second Stadtholderless Period
310:Second Stadtholderless Period
235:. From 1756 onward, however,
233:Second Stadtholderless Period
167:
123:, influenced by the reformer
58:[pɑtriˈjoːtə(n)ˌtɛit]
3617:Dalberg-Acton, John (1904).
2858:Foederatae Belgii Provinciae
2124:
2108:Prussian invasion of Holland
1990:that had existed during the
1757:of the Gelderland cities of
1133:At first in some cities the
659:at sea. They used this as a
326:Herman Theodoor Colenbrander
306:First Stadtholderless Period
172:
7:
3895:1780s in the Dutch Republic
3842:, New York, Vintage books,
3086:de Jonge, p. 620 and note 1
1795:near Utrecht on 9 May 1787.
1724:Rhinegrave of Salm-Grumbach
1266:Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck
955:De Post van den Neder-Rhijn
918:De Post van den Neder-Rhijn
563:Declaration of Independence
162:defeated by a Prussian army
107:William V, Prince of Orange
10:
3931:
3753:, Oxford University Press,
3722:(in Dutch). pp. 30–40
3627:
2393:of 1795, that founded the
2336:United States Constitution
2143:Cornelis van der Burgh at
2105:
2097:Jean-François de Bourgoing
2043:"declaration of war" (the
1972:Hendrik August van Kinckel
1895:American Revolutionary War
1163:remained in charge of the
926:Aan het Volk van Nederland
844:Aan het Volk van Nederland
833:Aan het Volk van Nederland
647:and the American agent in
595:American Revolutionary War
341:
135:Aan het Volk van Nederland
2340:Articles of Confederation
2322:. This is illustrated by
2311:, where he was joined by
2245:Court Lambertus van Beyma
2093:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
211:
3716:, in: De Gids, vol. 113"
2788:University of Harderwijk
2591:Post van den Neder-Rhijn
2409:
1953:William Pitt the Younger
1857:Jean Antoine d'Averhoult
583:Dutch West India Company
3910:Dutch words and phrases
3812:Ernst Heinrich Kossmann
2763:the Treaty of Partition
2458:and treaties, like the
2324:Federalist Paper No. 20
2270:that fell afoul of the
2023:the marquis de Rayneval
1988:Anglo-Prussian alliance
1912:Treaty of Fontainebleau
1653:had to flee across the
1284:where in July 1783 the
1253:exercitiegenootschappen
1117:Pro Patria et Libertate
1081:exercitiegenootschappen
986:exercitiegenootschappen
785:le Politique hollandais
522:Acte van Consulentschap
3643:Blaas, P.B.M. (2000).
3254:Geyl (1947), pp. 85-89
3095:de Jonge, pp. 600-659.
3077:de Jonge, pp. 495-561.
3059:de Jonge, pp. 479-487.
2958:Cf. W. van der Zwaag,
2893:Klein, S.R.E. (1995).
2857:
2767:House of Orange-Nassau
2765:that the heads of the
2731:
2716:
2710:
2702:
2685:
2557:
2369:
2358:
2349:
2284:
2220:
2193:
2171:
2164:
2151:
2135:
2074:
2060:
2045:
2035:
1977:
1958:
1947:
1938:
1903:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1877:
1851:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1796:
1779:Herman Willem Daendels
1753:
1728:
1707:
1695:
1689:
1666:
1645:
1639:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1607:
1603:Hendrik Daniëlsz Hooft
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1527:
1518:
1511:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1476:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1360:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1270:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1017:
1011:
995:
985:
975:
965:
953:
943:
937:
931:
925:
920:
903:
895:
887:
873:
861:
842:
837:
832:
823:
803:
784:
780:Antoine Marie Cerisier
760:
736:Admiralty of Rotterdam
667:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
607:
567:
557:The American imbroglio
549:
542:
535:
529:
520:
474:
450:
428:
330:
300:
271:
265:
252:
240:
202:
191:
182:
149:
133:
115:
95:
47:
41:
3694:(in Dutch). The Hague
2771:House of Hohenzollern
2526:) and Van Volbergen (
2435:United Belgian States
2363:
2354:
2344:
2276:Thermidorian Reaction
2247:as Commissioner, and
2212:
2132:
2119:Jean Baptiste Ternant
2058:Wilhelmina of Prussia
2055:
1964:Wilhelmina of Prussia
1959:Aut Caesar, aut nihil
1924:
1787:
1705:
1541:Cornelis de Gijselaar
1419:
1206:
1056:
916:
899:
891:
883:
871:, not the nobles and
829:
821:
798:
625:Cornelis de Gijselaar
591:British North America
422:
261:aristocratic Patriots
188:
180:
38:Wilhelmina of Prussia
35:
3876:at Wikimedia Commons
2423:Petrus Johannes Blok
2405:Notes and references
2364:Presentation of the
2301:Holland Land Company
2295:, who established a
2280:Jan Willem de Winter
2225:Austrian Netherlands
2181:Pieter van Bleiswijk
1867:Foreign interference
1716:Austrian Netherlands
1678:A creeping civil war
1545:Adriaan van Zeebergh
1348:to the vacant post.
1243:exercitiegenootschap
1112:exercitiegenootschap
1060:exercitiegenootschap
944:Politique Hollandais
734:(prosecutor) of the
720:Lodewijk van Bylandt
613:Continental Congress
530:regeringsreglementen
193:exercitiegenootschap
80:Time of the Patriots
54:Dutch pronunciation:
3608:Schama, pp. 143-153
3599:Schama, pp. 101-102
3590:Schama, pp. 163-164
3572:Schama, pp. 130-131
3563:Schama, pp. 127-129
3524:Schama, pp. 124-125
3515:Schama, pp. 122-123
3479:Schama, pp. 106-107
3452:Schama, pp. 123-125
3443:Schama, pp. 109-110
3434:Schama, pp. 108-109
3425:Geyl (1947), p. 143
3413:Schama, pp. 107-108
3386:Geyl (1947), p. 140
3377:Schama, pp. 116-118
3368:Schama, pp. 112-117
3293:"Het Leids ontwerp"
3218:Geyl (1947), p. 102
3113:Adams, pp. 616-626.
2498:Orangist Revolution
2391:Batavian Revolution
2309:Barneveld, New York
2285:générals de brigade
2214:Mathias de Sallieth
2066:Goejanverwellesluis
1996:Frederick the Great
1883:Glorious Revolution
1629:Het Verraad Ontdekt
1599:Isaac van Goudoever
782:and his periodical
744:American Revolution
483:political patronage
367:deindustrialization
322:French First Empire
285:democratic Patriots
189:The civic militia (
3684:Colenbrander, H.T.
3104:Schama, pp. 59-60.
3041:Schama, pp. 61-63.
3009:Schama, pp. 45-58.
2991:Schama, pp. 45-50.
2982:Schama, pp. 34-45.
2973:Schama, pp. 25-34.
2687:journée du 10 août
2500:of 1747, like the
2370:
2221:
2152:
2147:on 16 May 1789 by
2114:Rhinegrave of Salm
2061:
1939:
1861:Battle of Jutphaas
1829:Rhinegrave of Salm
1797:
1793:Battle of Jutphaas
1767:Kampen, Overijssel
1708:
1543:) and of Haarlem (
1424:
1370:indirect elections
1212:
1069:
921:
838:
830:The first page of
824:
809:The Patriot Revolt
755:Robert Livingstone
665:for declaring the
460:each other in the
429:
318:Kingdom of Holland
298:Finally, the term
281:Dutch States Party
237:Dutch States Party
231:, which ended the
221:Loevestein faction
203:
183:
127:and the dissenter
42:
3872:Media related to
3825:Mens, S. (2013),
3359:Schama, pp. 96-98
3350:Schama, pp. 91-92
3332:Schama, pp. 89-90
3323:Schama, pp. 88-90
3314:Schama, pp. 85-86
3236:Schama, pp. 84-86
3197:Schama, pp. 80-82
3188:Schama, pp. 79-80
3179:Schama, pp. 67-69
3068:de Jonge, p. 487.
2524:Princess Carolina
2481:States of Holland
2443:De Patriottentijd
2437:were founded. Cf.
2395:Batavian Republic
2305:Pieter Stadnitski
2101:duke of Brunswick
2068:in the hamlet of
1672:Adam Gerard Mappa
1355:Utrechtse Courant
966:Politieke Kruijer
712:ships of the line
645:Jean de Neufville
637:Benjamin Franklin
401:Dutch States Army
314:Batavian Republic
158:Dutch States Army
16:(Redirected from
3922:
3871:
3832:
3822:
3814:
3807:
3801:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3743:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3622:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2890:
2875:
2872:Baron Malmesbury
2868:
2862:
2860:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2823:
2817:
2814:Grand Pensionary
2810:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2784:
2778:
2775:Prince of Orange
2755:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2655:invasion of 1672
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2601:Politieke Kruyer
2579:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2541:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2502:Kloveniersdoelen
2494:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2468:Peace of Münster
2464:Union of Utrecht
2452:
2446:
2419:
2383:Act of Guarantee
2366:Act of Guarantee
2320:Founding Fathers
2287:
2265:
2253:Frisian Patriots
2249:Johan Valckenaer
2196:
2177:Grand Pensionary
2174:
2167:
2149:Reinier Vinkeles
2138:
2079:
2048:
2038:
1992:Seven Years' War
1980:
1961:
1950:
1943:Sir James Harris
1927:Sir James Harris
1887:Franco-Dutch War
1880:
1854:
1836:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1756:
1731:
1698:
1692:
1685:Generality Lands
1669:
1648:
1642:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1530:
1521:
1514:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1479:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1363:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1274:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1062:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1000:
988:
978:
968:
958:
946:
940:
938:Gazette de Leyde
934:
928:
876:
866:
850:Van der Capellen
847:
835:
787:
765:
762:Gazette de Leyde
681:by ships of the
623:(Amsterdam) and
610:
572:
552:
545:
538:
532:
525:
477:
455:
426:
393:Peace of Utrecht
354:Dutch Golden Age
333:
303:
291:, who strove to
274:
268:
255:
245:
214:
213:
196:
154:
138:
129:Joseph Priestley
118:
100:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
68:
67:
66:
60:
55:
50:
21:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3880:
3879:
3864:
3830:
3820:
3810:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3785:
3741:
3725:
3723:
3697:
3695:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3630:
3625:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2785:
2781:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2728:
2724:
2700:This so-called
2699:
2695:
2677:National Guards
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2611:
2583:Jacobus Bellamy
2580:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2542:
2538:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2495:
2491:
2478:
2474:
2460:Great Privilege
2453:
2449:
2439:Sleeckx, J.L.D.
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2379:Triple Alliance
2268:Batavian Legion
2259:
2229:French Flanders
2127:
2110:
1935:Joshua Reynolds
1931:Caroline Watson
1916:Gerard Brantsen
1869:
1680:
1567:Joachim Rendorp
1366:census suffrage
1281:
1248:drill maneuvers
990:
816:
811:
699:Sir Hyde Parker
671:John Paul Jones
587:Navigation Acts
559:
417:
386:service economy
371:de-urbanization
350:
342:Main articles:
340:
175:
170:
141:Andrew Fletcher
82:
79:
76:
73:
62:
61:
53:
40:by the Patriots
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3928:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Patriottentijd
3878:
3877:
3874:Dutch patriots
3863:
3862:External links
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3833:
3823:
3808:
3774:Jonge, J.C. de
3770:
3744:
3732:
3704:
3680:
3671:
3658:
3640:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3581:Schama, p. 130
3574:
3565:
3556:
3554:Schama, p. 127
3547:
3545:Cobban, p. 133
3538:
3536:Schama, p. 126
3526:
3517:
3508:
3506:Schama, p. 122
3499:
3497:Schama, p. 125
3490:
3488:Schama, p. 107
3481:
3472:
3470:Cobban, p. 125
3463:
3461:Schama, p. 106
3454:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3395:Schama, p. 105
3388:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3298:
3283:
3274:
3272:Schama, p. 102
3265:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3170:Schama, p. 65.
3163:
3161:Adams, p. 399.
3154:
3152:Schama, p. 61.
3145:
3143:Adams, p. 623.
3136:
3134:Schama, p. 60.
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3011:
3002:
3000:Schama, p. 50.
2993:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2951:
2942:
2940:Kossman, p. 45
2933:
2922:
2908:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2863:
2844:
2832:
2818:
2805:
2796:
2792:Herman Tollius
2779:
2750:
2737:
2722:
2704:Bijltjesoproer
2693:
2668:
2659:
2645:
2641:Patriottentijd
2632:
2622:
2609:
2574:
2563:
2558:Patriottentijd
2536:
2515:
2506:
2489:
2485:States General
2472:
2447:
2431:Patriottentijd
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2126:
2123:
2106:Main article:
2056:The arrest of
1868:
1865:
1738:Het Loo Palace
1679:
1676:
1605:, a venerable
1421:Quint Ondaatje
1376:rights of the
1336:occurred. The
1280:
1277:
1122:Quint Ondaatje
989:
981:
949:Pieter 't Hoen
932:Patriottentijd
815:
812:
810:
807:
599:Sint Eustatius
558:
555:
416:
413:
409:power politics
339:
336:
324:, 1795–1813).
301:Patriottentijd
295:the Republic.
248:Orangist party
229:stadtholderate
217:Andries Bicker
174:
171:
169:
166:
87:Dutch Republic
48:Patriottentijd
36:The Arrest of
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3927:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:0-679-72949-6
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3767:0-19-820734-4
3764:
3760:
3759:0-19-873072-1
3756:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3620:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3531:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3420:
3410:
3404:Schama, p. 97
3401:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3341:Schama, p. 98
3338:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3305:Schama, p. 84
3302:
3294:
3291:Postma, Jan.
3287:
3281:Schama, p. 94
3278:
3269:
3263:Schama, p. 87
3260:
3251:
3245:Schama, p. 86
3242:
3233:
3227:Schama, p. 83
3224:
3215:
3209:Schama, p. 82
3206:
3204:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3019:Tuchman, B.W.
3015:
3006:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2912:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2873:
2867:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2809:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2549:Witten-Oorlog
2546:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:James Madison
2326:, written by
2325:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2194:burgemeesters
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2172:vroedschappen
2166:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1754:vroedschappen
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:Pieter Paulus
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1262:Pieter Vreede
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1233:Leids Ontwerp
1228:
1225:
1219:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:
987:
980:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
956:
950:
945:
939:
933:
927:
919:
915:
911:
909:
908:Enlightenment
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
880:
875:
870:
865:
864:
857:
855:
851:
846:
845:
834:
828:
820:
806:
802:
797:
793:
791:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
763:
756:
753:
749:
745:
740:
737:
733:
729:
728:Pieter Paulus
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
700:
696:
695:Johan Zoutman
692:
688:
684:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:
658:
657:Henry Laurens
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
570:
564:
561:The American
554:
551:
544:
537:
536:vroedschappen
531:
524:
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517:
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502:
497:
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488:
484:
479:
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475:vroedschappen
471:
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443:
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434:confederation
421:
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296:
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277:Loevesteinian
273:
267:
266:oudpatriotten
263:(also called
262:
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125:Richard Price
122:
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92:
88:
65:
59:
51:
49:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3839:
3826:
3816:
3786:. Retrieved
3782:Google Books
3781:
3750:
3747:Israel, J.I.
3738:
3724:. Retrieved
3719:
3713:
3696:. Retrieved
3691:
3677:
3663:. Retrieved
3648:
3645:
3637:
3618:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3559:
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3541:
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3139:
3118:
3109:
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3073:
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3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2925:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2888:
2866:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2821:
2808:
2799:
2782:
2753:
2740:
2725:
2696:
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2648:
2640:
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2625:
2612:
2605:burgemeester
2604:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2566:
2553:Jan Wagenaar
2539:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2509:
2492:
2475:
2450:
2442:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2374:
2371:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2331:
2317:
2297:type foundry
2290:
2282:even became
2222:
2216:
2198:
2161:
2153:
2136:burgemeester
2111:
2082:
2076:Lèse-majesté
2062:
2040:
2027:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1984:
1967:
1940:
1925:Portrait of
1870:
1839:
1816:cities (the
1798:
1789:Jonas Zeuner
1750:
1734:
1709:
1681:
1659:
1609:burgemeester
1524:
1507:
1482:
1472:
1465:
1425:
1350:
1282:
1238:Leiden Draft
1229:
1213:
1195:
1178:schutterijen
1154:schutterijen
1132:
1094:schutterijen
1074:schutterijen
1070:
1065:city council
1043:schutterijen
1031:schutterijen
1007:Duke of Alba
1003:Dutch Revolt
997:schutterijen
991:
922:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
868:
858:
839:
804:
799:
794:
771:
748:Dutch Revolt
741:
731:
724:Brest Affair
707:
679:
660:
617:pensionaries
575:proclamation
560:
512:
480:
470:schutterijen
462:city council
430:
390:
380:
375:
369:resulted in
362:
357:
351:
297:
284:
260:
258:
209:(from Greek
206:
204:
145:
96:
90:
45:
43:
29:
2746:Pieter Geyl
2679:, like the
2389:during the
2260: [
2199:in absentia
2179:of Holland
2165:ridderschap
2046:Declaratoir
1873:Great Power
1651:William May
1258:Wybo Fijnje
1197:Kaat Mussel
1088:vrijcorpsen
971:Wybo Fijnje
923:Of course,
662:casus belli
653:William Lee
499:infant son
446:oligarchies
442:City Rights
423:William V,
405:great power
293:democratise
289:bourgeoisie
223:, but when
103:stadtholder
3915:Patriotism
3884:Categories
3836:Schama, S.
3831:(in Dutch)
3821:(in Dutch)
3784:(in Dutch)
3761:hardback,
3742:(in Dutch)
3674:Cobban, A.
3659:9065504338
3031:0394553330
2881:References
2827:Middelburg
2761:. In fact
2732:vroedschap
2545:Elie Luzac
2483:, and the
2233:Saint-Omer
2145:Leeuwarden
2036:Overijssel
2008:Thulemeyer
1908:Kettle War
1899:contraband
1852:vroedschap
1819:Overijssel
1813:Overijssel
1806:repartitie
1742:Amersfoort
1729:repartitie
1712:Kettle War
1696:repartitie
1690:repartitie
1667:vroedschap
1640:vroedschap
1634:Dam Square
1594:vroedschap
1582:schutterij
1576:vroedschap
1533:pensionary
1519:vroedschap
1512:vroedschap
1501:vroedschap
1494:vroedschap
1477:vroedschap
1460:vroedschap
1454:vroedschap
1448:vroedschap
1442:schutterij
1436:vroedschap
1429:schutterij
1410:vroedschap
1404:vroedschap
1398:schutterij
1392:schutterij
1361:vroedschap
1345:schutterij
1333:vroedschap
1326:vroedschap
1323:urged the
1320:schutterij
1308:vroedschap
1293:schutterij
1287:vroedschap
1172:vroedschap
1166:schutterij
1142:schutterij
1136:vroedschap
1127:schutterij
1106:schutterij
1048:synecdoche
1018:schutterij
1012:vroedschap
897:Therefore:
768:Jean Luzac
687:false flag
683:Royal Navy
641:John Adams
496:William IV
438:republican
427:1768–1769.
376:per capita
168:Background
116:Orangisten
97:Patriotten
18:Patriotten
3829:(thesis)
3815:(2005)),
3788:April 11,
3769:paperback
3726:April 11,
3698:April 11,
3665:April 11,
3634:Adams, J.
2683:and the
2618:Freikorps
2528:Rotterdam
2241:Louis XVI
2125:Aftermath
2085:Montmorin
2030:Vergennes
1968:per annum
1910:with the
1843:Vreeswijk
1720:Joseph II
1488:Doelisten
1374:co-option
1208:Orangists
1100:exercitie
1025:Doelisten
726:in which
629:Dordrecht
579:Philip II
501:William V
492:Doelisten
397:austerity
212:πατριώτης
205:The term
173:Etymology
111:Orangists
3838:(1977),
3798:cite web
3749:(1995),
3737:(1947),
3735:Geyl, P.
3710:(1950).
3708:Geyl, P.
3686:(1897).
3636:(1852),
2962:Digibron
2769:and the
2717:Bijltjes
2711:Bijltjes
2587:Zelandus
2456:charters
2272:Jacobins
2141:Bolsward
2070:Bonrepas
2041:de facto
1978:regenten
1948:regenten
1933:, after
1889:and the
1878:regenten
1847:inundate
1834:regenten
1646:Bijltjes
1623:Bijltjes
1617:regenten
1588:Bijltjes
1562:regenten
1556:regenten
1550:regenten
1528:regenten
1483:canaille
1468:paradigm
1385:regenten
1379:regenten
1339:regenten
1311:(i.e. a
1190:regenten
1184:regenten
1148:regenten
1037:regenten
941:and the
874:regenten
746:and the
633:Vauguyon
608:regenten
603:entrepôt
569:griffier
550:regenten
543:regenten
513:de facto
507:, first
458:co-opted
452:regenten
381:rentiers
363:absolute
358:relative
320:and the
272:regenten
242:regenten
219:and the
151:regenten
91:Patriots
3676:(1954)
3628:Sources
2589:in the
2427:op.cit.
2375:Het Loo
2332:Publius
2237:Dunkirk
2203:Amnesty
2157:Naarden
1855:member
1825:Woerden
1775:Zutphen
1301:schepen
961:tabloid
863:Bataven
772:Gazette
708:concert
601:. That
505:regents
207:Patriot
74:
3846:
3765:
3757:
3656:
3029:
2901:6 June
2596:schout
2462:, the
2445:(1889)
2191:, two
1771:Zwolle
1763:Elburg
1759:Hattem
1569:, and
1314:regent
1272:Leiden
1264:, and
1160:regent
796:1781:
732:fiscal
730:, the
703:convoy
691:battle
649:Aachen
593:. The
466:guilds
456:class
316:, the
283:. The
2853:trope
2410:Notes
2293:Mappa
2264:]
2089:Givet
2004:Vérac
1746:Zeist
1565:like
1046:as a
716:Brest
487:venal
199:Sneek
197:) of
3844:ISBN
3804:link
3790:2018
3763:ISBN
3755:ISBN
3728:2018
3700:2018
3667:2018
3654:ISBN
3027:ISBN
2903:2023
2532:Mars
2347:war.
2235:and
2006:and
1801:Alva
1773:and
1761:and
1230:The
983:The
468:and
346:and
308:", "
71:lit.
44:The
2830:119
2603:by
2399:Kew
2139:of
1368:in
1085:or
1057:An
973:'s
879:VOC
677:).
3886::
3800:}}
3796:{{
3780:.
3718:.
3690:.
3529:^
3418:^
3202:^
3127:^
3021:,
2790:,
2630:91
2441:,
2288:.
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425:c.
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