241:
233:
362:, with whom he returned to Scotland in 1688, but his alliance with the Prince of Orange faded when it became clear William II - as he was in Scotland - was only interested in using the country to help fight foreign wars. His estates were restored to him and, increasingly, Fletcher defended his country's claims over English interests as well as opposing royal power. In 1703, at a critical stage in the history of Scotland, Fletcher again became a member of the Scottish Parliament as member for Haddingtonshire. Now
378:, a financial disaster at the worst possible time for a country which had suffered repeated bad harvests and he continued to defend the Darién scheme against those - including agents of the English - who painted it as an act of folly. Hurt national pride had led to many Scots blaming the scheme's failure on the hostility of England, Fletcher and the Country party seized the opportunity to promote Scottish independence. However, by practically ruining the political elite the
30:
330:. The Duke had taxation powers in Scotland, and maintained a standing army there in the name of the King. Fletcher bitterly opposed the Duke, whose actions only strengthened Fletcher's distrust of the royal government in Scotland, as well as all hereditary power. In 1681, Fletcher was re-elected to the Scottish Parliament as member for Haddingtonshire. The year before, Lauderdale had been replaced by the
462:, which made provisions in case of the Queen's death, with the conditions under which the successor to the crown of England was to be allowed to succeed to that of Scotland, which were to be, "at least, freedom of navigation, free communication of trade, and liberty of the plantations to the kingdom and subjects of Scotland, established by the parliament of England." The same parliament passed an
521:
thought well of him, writing, "The political principles of that patriot were worthy of the purest periods of the
British constitution. They are those which were in vigour at the epoch of the American emigration. Our ancestors brought them here, and they needed little strengthening to make us what we
414:
THAT a committee of one and thirty members, of which nine to be a quorum, chosen out of their own number, by every
Parliament, shall, during the intervals of Parliament, under the King, have the administration of the government, be his council, and accountable to the next Parliament; with power in
358:, who was shot dead when he became threatening in the ensuing argument. Monmouth was forced to send Fletcher away. Monmouth's forces failed to pursue a timely offensive strategy, and were defeated. After escaping from a Spanish prison, Fletcher fought in Hungary against the Turks before joining
387:
passing in the
Scottish parliament through these debates Fletcher gained recognition as an independent patriot. One of his most famous contributions was his "twelve limitations", intended to limit the power of the crown and English ministers in Scottish politics. His limitations were:
556:(1703). In Two Discourses he suggested that the numerous vagrants who infested Scotland should be brought into compulsory and hereditary servitude, it was already the case that criminals or the dissolute were transported to the colonies and sold as virtual slaves at that time. In
286:, although suspicious of the effect of conventional commerce on traditional virtues. He also deplored the effect of London's relative size, which he said would inevitably draw an accelerating proportion of wealth and decision-making to the south-east corner of Britain.
382:
had weakened resistance to
England's plans for a Union - and offers of money to Scots who would support it. Fletcher continued to argue against an 'incorporating union' and for a federal union to protect Scotland's nationhood. Although not successful in preventing the
400:
THAT so many lesser barons shall be added to the
Parliament, as there have been noblemen created since the last augmentation of the number of the barons; and that in all time coming, for every nobleman that shall be created, there shall be a baron added to the
396:
head-court for a new
Parliament every year; to sit the first of November next following, and adjourn themselves from time to time, till next Michaelmas; That they choose their own president, and that everything shall be determined by balloting, in place of
434:
THAT the fifteen
Senators of the College of Justice shall be incapable of being members of Parliament, or of any other office, or any pension; but the salary that belongs to their place to be increased as the Parliament shall think fit; that the office of
490:
in despair and devoted the rest of his life to farming and agricultural development in
Scotland. He died unmarried in London in September 1716. His last words were 'Lord have mercy on my poor country that is so barbarously oppressed'.
466:, which provided that after the Queen's death, failing heirs of her body, no person at the same time being King or Queen of Scotland and England, would have the sole power of making war without the consent of the Scottish Parliament.
705:
An
Account of a Conversation concerning a right Regulation of Governments for the Common Good of Mankind; In a Letter to Marquis of Montrose, the Earls of Rothes, Roxburg, and Hadington from London, the 1st of December,
427:
THAT all fencible men of the nation, between sixty and sixteen, be with all diligence possible armed with bayonets, and firelocks all of a calibre, and continue always provided in such arms with ammunition
407:
THAT the King shall give the sanction to all laws offered by the
Estates; and that the president of the Parliament be empowered by His Majesty to give the sanction in his absence, and have ten
181:
334:. At this time, Fletcher was a member of the opposition Country Party in the Scottish Parliament, where he resolutely opposed any arbitrary actions on the part of the Church or state.
976:
731:, discussing poetry as a great instrument for acting on the human mind, paraphrased this celebrated saying as: "Let who will make the laws of a people if I write their songs". See
542:
in lauding martial virtues over commercially minded polite society, which Fletcher thought enervating. The famous phrase "well regulated militia," which found its way into the
986:
981:
267:, but shortly after landing in England, he killed another leading figure. He again went into exile, this time as a fugitive and with his estates forfeit. He returned with
946:
366:
was on the throne and there was a campaign to join England and Scotland in a parliamentary union, thus closing the "back door" to England that Scotland represented.
418:
THAT the King without consent of Parliament shall not have the power of making peace and war; or that of concluding any treaty with any other state or potentate.
354:. Fletcher wanted to strike at the country militia while they were being formed up, and appropriated a fine horse belonging to the leading local sympathizer,
105:
86:
45:
251:(1655 – September 1716) was a Scottish writer and politician, remembered as an advocate for the non-incorporation of Scotland, and an opponent of the 1707
805:
779:
560:
he made his well-known remark "I knew a very wise man so much of Sir Christopher's sentiment, that he believed if a man were permitted to make all the
543:
415:
extraordinary occasions, to call the Parliament together; and that in the said council, all things be determined by balloting in place of voting.
421:
THAT all places and offices, both civil and military, and all pensions formerly conferred by our Kings shall ever after be given by Parliament.
966:
355:
342:
In 1683, after being charged with plotting against the King, Fletcher fled Scotland to join with English opponents of King Charles in the
996:
775:
454:
THAT if any King break in upon any of these conditions of government, he shall by the Estates be declared to have forfeited the crown.
505:
263:. Fletcher became an exile in 1683 after being accused of promoting insurrection. He was appointed the cavalry commander of the
956:
436:
951:
878:
431:
THAT no general indemnity, nor pardon for any transgression against the public, shall be valid without consent of Parliament.
327:
915:
513:
has written, "Almost alone among his contemporaries Fletcher understood the dilemma confronting Scotland as involving more
961:
67:
272:
424:
THAT no regiment or company of horse, foot or dragoons, be kept on foot in peace or war, but by consent of Parliament.
941:
852:
837:
620:
347:
295:
196:
322:. Fletcher was elected, as the Commissioner for Haddingtonshire, to the Scottish Parliament in 1678. At this time,
971:
645:
534:(1698), in which he argued that the royal army in Scotland should be replaced by local militias, a position of
463:
61:
685:
440:
299:
137:
795:
363:
78:
991:
323:
554:
An Account of a Conversation concerning a right regulation of Governments for the common good of Mankind
240:
483:
444:
161:
662:
740:
514:
509:
describes Fletcher as a genuine intellectual, but regards his vision for Scotland as retrograde.
171:
458:
Although the limitations did not pass the house, something little short of them was passed, the
870:
861:
359:
276:
268:
201:
610:
703:
936:
931:
8:
535:
331:
315:
311:
294:
Andrew Fletcher was the son and heir of Sir Robert Fletcher (1625–1664), and grandson of
220:
145:
734:
510:
384:
351:
264:
252:
232:
212:
911:
884:
874:
848:
833:
817:
809:
641:
616:
487:
475:
216:
728:
518:
500:
448:
439:
shall be in three of their number to be named by Parliament, and that there be no
379:
375:
283:
546:, appears in this work, as does the phrase "ordinary and ill-regulated militia."
538:
virtue which was to return a half-century later and foreshadowed the thinking of
459:
408:
319:
552:(1698), in which he discussed the problems of Scottish trade and economics; and
909:. Aberdeen: The Association for Scottish Literary Studies. pp. xxxvi, 303.
307:
925:
736:
Inaugural Address, Delivered to the University of St. Andrews, Feb. 1st, 1867
589:
539:
888:
821:
573:
303:
141:
478:
was approved by the Scottish Parliament, officially uniting Scotland with
343:
799:
580:
House to the west. William Fletcher, a first cousin of Andrew, moved to
393:
404:
THAT no man have vote in Parliament, but a nobleman or elected member.
577:
256:
739:(1 ed.). London: Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer. p.
581:
499:
He was reputed to have had the best private library in Scotland.
479:
260:
29:
813:
585:
561:
157:
907:
Scotland's Ruine. Lockhart of Carnwath's Memoirs of the Union
564:, he need not care who should make the laws of a nation".
977:
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1678
572:
In 1747 his nephew, Andrew Fletcher, who had inherited
776:"Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun – The Patriot (1655–1716)"
665:. Letter to David Steuart Erskine, 11th Earl of Buchan
369:
517:
alternatives than they were prepared to entertain."
687:
A Discourse Of Government With Relation To Militias
244:
The burial vault beneath the church in East Saltoun
900:. Edinburgh: The Porpoise Press. pp. xi, 372.
860:
544:Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
289:
947:Shire Commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland
791:Short biography with references and bibliography.
550:Two Discourses concerning the Affairs of Scotland
923:
867:The Scottish Enlightenment And The Militia Issue
987:Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1702–1707
982:Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1681–1682
898:Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun. His Life and Times
663:"Thanks to a publisher of Fletcher of Saltoun"
532:A Discourse of Government relating to Militias
350:, being given command of the cavalry for the
612:Sedgemoor, 1685: Marlborough's First Victory
374:Fletcher had been an early supporter of the
469:
761:Cassel's Old and New Edinburgh vol.V p.150
318:at Saltoun, he completed his education in
28:
895:
862:"Ch. 2: The challenge of Andrew Fletcher"
858:
832:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
660:
635:
584:in the 1690s. His descendants settled in
494:
701:
683:
239:
231:
506:How the Scots Invented the Modern World
924:
904:
608:
392:THAT elections shall be made at every
808:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
794:
328:John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale
967:People of the Scottish Enlightenment
732:
447:shall be distinct from those of the
236:Plaque to Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun
337:
13:
768:
661:Jefferson, Thomas (10 July 1803).
451:, and under the same restrictions.
443:, and also, that the lords of the
370:Darién Scheme and the Act of Union
346:where he gained the confidence of
14:
1008:
997:18th-century Scottish politicians
869:. Edinburgh: J. Donald. pp.
845:Whose Justice? Which Rationality?
638:Whose Justice? Which Rationality?
348:James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth
296:Andrew Fletcher, Lord Innerpeffer
58:22 September 1702 – 1707
326:representative in Scotland was
290:Early life and political career
282:Fletcher was a defender of the
755:
722:
694:
677:
654:
629:
602:
1:
957:18th-century Scottish writers
640:. Duckworth. pp. 257–8.
595:
65:William Nesbitt of Dirletoune
952:17th-century Scottish people
905:Szechi, Daniel, ed. (1995).
843:MacIntyre, Alasdair (1988).
636:Macintyre, Alasdair (1988).
558:An Account of a Conversation
68:John Cockburne of Ormistoune
7:
10:
1013:
962:Scottish political writers
733:Mill, John Stuart (1867).
615:. Leo Cooper. p. 41.
249:Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun
828:Fletcher, Andrew (1997).
702:Fletcher, Andrew (1704).
684:Fletcher, Andrew (1698).
576:, purchased the lands of
567:
226:
208:
192:
187:
177:
167:
151:
131:
126:
122:
111:
103:
92:
84:
74:
51:
43:
39:
27:
20:
942:People from East Lothian
896:Mackenzie, W.C. (1935).
859:Robertson, John (1985).
525:
484:Kingdom of Great Britain
470:Withdrawal from politics
162:Kingdom of Great Britain
155:September 1716 (aged 61)
709:(1 ed.). Edinburgh
592:and became prosperous.
486:. Fletcher turned from
464:Act anent Peace and War
495:Reputation in his time
277:Parliament of Scotland
245:
237:
972:Scottish nationalists
847:. London: Duckworth.
806:"Famous Scots Series"
609:Tincey, John (2005).
243:
235:
60:Serving with
752:via Internet Archive
530:His chief works are
801:Fletcher of Saltoun
796:Omond, George W. T.
441:extraordinary lords
312:Bishop of Salisbury
221:Glorious Revolution
182:Sir Robert Fletcher
146:Kingdom of Scotland
992:Monmouth Rebellion
511:Alasdair MacIntyre
352:Monmouth Rebellion
298:, and was born at
265:Monmouth Rebellion
246:
238:
213:Monmouth Rebellion
880:978-0-85976-109-3
376:Darien expedition
360:William of Orange
269:William of Orange
230:
229:
217:Great Turkish War
202:William of Orange
104:Commissioner for
85:Commissioner for
44:Commissioner for
1004:
910:
901:
892:
864:
825:
790:
788:
786:
780:John Grey Centre
762:
759:
753:
751:
749:
747:
729:John Stuart Mill
726:
720:
719:via Google Books
718:
716:
714:
698:
692:
691:
681:
675:
674:
672:
670:
658:
652:
651:
633:
627:
626:
606:
536:civic republican
519:Thomas Jefferson
501:Arthur L. Herman
338:Exile and return
197:Duke of Monmouth
188:Military service
127:Personal details
116:
97:
56:
32:
18:
17:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
1001:
922:
921:
881:
830:Political Works
784:
782:
774:
771:
769:Further reading
766:
765:
760:
756:
745:
743:
727:
723:
712:
710:
699:
695:
682:
678:
668:
666:
659:
655:
648:
634:
630:
623:
607:
603:
598:
570:
528:
497:
472:
460:Act of Security
409:pounds sterling
372:
340:
320:mainland Europe
314:, who was then
292:
219:
215:
200:
168:Political party
156:
136:
117:
112:
106:Haddingtonshire
98:
93:
87:Haddingtonshire
70:
66:
64:
57:
52:
46:Haddingtonshire
35:
34:Andrew Fletcher
23:
22:Andrew Fletcher
12:
11:
5:
1010:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
920:
919:
902:
893:
879:
856:
841:
826:
792:
770:
767:
764:
763:
754:
721:
693:
676:
653:
646:
628:
621:
600:
599:
597:
594:
569:
566:
527:
524:
496:
493:
471:
468:
456:
455:
452:
432:
429:
425:
422:
419:
416:
412:
405:
402:
398:
371:
368:
339:
336:
332:Duke of Albany
308:Gilbert Burnet
306:. Educated by
291:
288:
228:
227:
224:
223:
210:
206:
205:
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
153:
149:
148:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
109:
108:
101:
100:
90:
89:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
59:
49:
48:
41:
40:
37:
36:
33:
25:
24:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1009:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
927:
917:
916:0 948877 28 6
913:
908:
903:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
876:
872:
868:
863:
857:
854:
853:0-7156-2199-8
850:
846:
842:
839:
838:0-521-43994-9
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
793:
781:
777:
773:
772:
758:
742:
738:
737:
730:
725:
708:
707:
697:
689:
688:
680:
664:
657:
649:
643:
639:
632:
624:
622:9781844151479
618:
614:
613:
605:
601:
593:
591:
590:County Offaly
587:
583:
579:
575:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
545:
541:
540:Adam Ferguson
537:
533:
523:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:
502:
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:In 1707, the
467:
465:
461:
453:
450:
446:
445:Justice court
442:
438:
433:
430:
426:
423:
420:
417:
413:
411:a day salary.
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:
389:
386:
381:
380:Darién scheme
377:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:, the future
309:
305:
301:
297:
287:
285:
284:Darién scheme
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
242:
234:
225:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
198:
195:
191:
186:
183:
180:
176:
173:
172:Country Party
170:
166:
163:
159:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
134:
130:
125:
121:
115:
110:
107:
102:
96:
91:
88:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
63:
55:
50:
47:
42:
38:
31:
26:
19:
16:
906:
897:
866:
844:
829:
800:
783:. Retrieved
757:
746:11 September
744:. Retrieved
735:
724:
711:. Retrieved
704:
696:
690:. Edinburgh.
686:
679:
667:. Retrieved
656:
637:
631:
611:
604:
574:Saltoun Hall
571:
557:
553:
549:
548:
531:
529:
504:
498:
482:to form the
476:Act of Union
473:
457:
385:Act of Union
373:
341:
324:Charles II's
304:East Lothian
293:
281:
273:Commissioner
271:, becoming
253:Act of Union
248:
247:
209:Battles/wars
142:East Lothian
113:
94:
53:
15:
937:1716 deaths
932:1655 births
713:9 September
401:Parliament.
356:Thomas Dare
344:Netherlands
275:of the old
62:John Lauder
926:Categories
647:0715621998
596:References
394:Michaelmas
364:Queen Anne
193:Allegiance
79:Queen Anne
578:Brunstane
437:President
428:suitable.
118:1678–1680
114:In office
99:1681–1683
95:In office
54:In office
889:13358513
814:03012937
798:(1897).
488:politics
316:minister
257:Scotland
255:between
822:1236978
785:17 June
669:19 June
582:Ireland
562:ballads
515:radical
480:England
449:Session
397:voting.
300:Saltoun
261:England
138:Saltoun
75:Monarch
914:
887:
877:
851:
836:
820:
812:
644:
619:
586:Dublin
568:Family
522:are."
204:(1688)
199:(1685)
178:Parent
158:London
871:22-59
526:Works
912:ISBN
885:OCLC
875:ISBN
849:ISBN
834:ISBN
818:OCLC
810:LCCN
787:2016
748:2015
715:2015
706:1703
700:See
671:2016
642:ISBN
617:ISBN
588:and
259:and
152:Died
135:1655
132:Born
503:in
302:in
928::
883:.
873:.
865:.
816:.
804:.
778:.
741:87
279:.
160:,
144:,
140:,
918:.
891:.
855:.
840:.
824:.
789:.
750:.
717:.
673:.
650:.
625:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
