973:
332:
961:
434:
1120:
981:
442:
533:
hand, because at this time
Frederick was only interested in an apology, and did not conflate this with something that might frustrate the attempts at mediation France and Prussia had previously made. Stamford, who had conveyed the Princess's letter by hand, heard the king exclaim: "The b... wants to draw me into a war, but I'll show her that she doesn't lead me." Envoy Thulemeyer also played a moderating role, be it with questionable means, as he lied both to the Dutch politicians and his own government about what either had actually said, so as to calm tempers on both sides. When the Princess became aware of this double play, she started to work for Thulemeyer's recall. Thulemeyer also tried to cool the Prussian ardor by exaggerating the rumors about French preparations for war in case of a Prussian intervention in the form of establishing an armed camp in
664:
Patriots, which implied a weakening of the position of the stadtholder. Von Görtz had achieved little, however. After the request by the States of
Holland for French mediation, that France accepted on 18 July, the matter became more urgent for the Prussians, however, even without the complication of the incident at Goejanverwellesluis. Montmorin gave them an opening when on 13 July he asked if the Prussians would be interested in joint mediation, and proposed a package that would consist of a number of de-escalating military steps in the Republic; the renunciation by the States of Holland of their support for the demands of the democrats; the suppression of the virulent Patriot press; and some kind of "satisfaction" to be offered by the States of Holland to the Princess, in the form of an invitation to visit The Hague.
1349:
1147:
39:
423:
1041:(College of Nobles) opposed the move, so that only the delegations of the Patriot cities actually moved to Amsterdam the next day. The rump-States of Holland that remained in The Hague then assumed power and started on 19 September to repeal all Patriot-tinged legislation of the previous years, starting with the reinstatement of the stadtholder in his offices of Captain-General of the States Army and Admiral-General of the Navy. William V returned to The Hague on 20 September at the head of his States-Army troops, and the Hague garrison, that up to that moment had nominally opposed him, fell immediately in line. The Hague Orangist mob started looting Patriot homes, and the soldiers heartily joined in.
707:
of its correspondence with the French government about its demand to be allowed to join the mediation. This made clear that the French already had acceded to this demand, without informing the
Prussians. It also became clear that the British were far more enthusiastic about putting pressure on the Patriots than the French. Harris always had sonorously given as his motive his respect for "the Ancient Dutch Constitution" (by which he meant the arrangement that had been instituted in 1747 and was therefore at the time only forty years old) that had to be Restored (also because it implicitly guaranteed British "rights" to a preponderant position in the Low Countries in the name of maintaining the
340:
1135:
464:
472:
409:
1648:) that determined the financial contributions of the Dutch provinces to the defense budget of the Dutch Republic. Holland paid about 60% and so 60% of the States Army troops "belonged" to Holland. When stadtholder William V was relieved of the command of the Holland troops in 1786 this meant that Holland simply put a Defense Committee (the Committee in Woerden, referred to above) in charge of these troops in his place. But when William V was reinstated as Captain-General by the rump-States of Holland on 19 September, he ordered all these troops on 23 September to evacuate the garrison cities they had been stationed in, like Naarden, Weesp, and also Ouderkerk.
161:
108:
615:
Orangist side in the States
General. Eventually there was a complete breach between the States of Holland and the majority of the States General (the provinces of Zeeland, Gelderland, Friesland and Utrecht (Amersfoort)) at the end of June In sum, Harris' efforts severely undermined the military power of the Patriot States of Holland, which might have shifted the balance of military power to the stadtholder, if it had come to a full-blown civil war. For that reason the States of Holland on 23 June (so before the incident at Goejanverwellesluis) passed a resolution asking for mediation between the warring parties in the Republic by France.
750:, presented a note in which an agreement was proposed for Anglo-Prussian cooperation in operations against the Dutch. The common objective was to be the restoration of the stadtholder to his former position. The Prussian army was to remain encamped in Gelderland for the duration of the Winter, whatever the outcome of the conflict, and Britain would subsidize the expenses. Britain would hire German troops to support the Prussians. Britain would warn France that if it tried to intervene, Britain would mobilize its sea and land forces. Prussia and Britain would act in concert in further measures. After that events developed rapidly.
668:
396:
plans. The military authorities posted Free Corps patrols in the affected area with orders to intercept her. When on 28 June 1787 she departed from
Nijmegen to The Hague with a small retinue (a chamberlain, a lady in waiting, and two officers, colonel Rudolph Bentinck, an adjutant of the stadtholder, and Frederick Stamford, the military tutor of her sons), but no armed escort (Harris had advised it was safe enough to only take a bag of gold along to bribe Patriot Free Corps with) she was indeed intercepted near Goejanverwellesluis by a Free Corps patrol from
400:. She was not mistreated, as has been asserted by Orangist propagandists, but only temporarily detained in a nearby farm, to await the arrival of members of the Military Commission in Woerden. The only untoward thing that happened was that the leader of the patrol drew his saber, but he put it back in its scabbard when requested. When the Military Commission arrived she was told she would not be allowed to proceed to The Hague, for fear of instigating public unrest there, but she was immediately released, and allowed to return to Nijmegen.
1389:
power and maintaining the right of the people to elect its representatives. But on 3 October it became clear that all hope of French intervention was lost. The city government therefore acceded to all
Orangist political demands, but attempted to get favorable terms for the surrender from the Duke. Indeed he agreed not to occupy the city, but to limit himself to a symbolic occupation of the Leiden city gate. The French soldiers, and the remnants of the Legion of Salm and the "flying brigade" of Mappa were given
1377:, though it of course had its field artillery, that it now could bring within close enough range to bombard the inner city, if necessary. But the Prussian supply of artillery shot had grown rather sparse: only 200 were remaining for the moment. The Duke therefore was rather pessimistic about the prospect of a lengthy siege. He decided not to press the attack immediately, also because he wanted to avoid desperate measures by the defenders like the so-called "large inundation": a breach of the sea dikes at
679:
were fully within their rights to prevent her from coming to The Hague to preserve public order; that therefore there had been no insult, and there was no need for an apology, let alone "satisfaction." And this on 14 July had been the reply to
Frederick William's diplomatic protest of early July. The Prussian king, not pleased that he was not taken seriously, now decided to concentrate a force of 20,000 soldiers near Wesel on the Prussian-Dutch border, and to offer the command over this force to
989:
and encircle the city, in which case his main force would become entrapped, and the Hague would become endangered. For that reason he asked the
Defense Council in Woerden, that was in nominal command of the Holland troops in Utrecht, on 14 September for permission to evacuate Utrecht the next day, and to retreat to Amsterdam where he proposed to make a stand. The only hope of the Patriots appeared to be to hold out until they could be relieved by a French army that was rumored to stand ready in
773:
950:
1006:. He recognized that his position was hopeless due to the lack of preparations for a siege. Furthermore, a few weeks earlier the two States Army regiments that had been garrisoned in the city had been bribed by one of Harris' agents to defect wholesale, taking their cannon with them. The only defenders left were Free Corps. He therefore capitulated after a token bombardment by the Prussians, and he and his troops were made prisoners of war and transported to
656:, who had joined him as a special envoy in the Spring of 1787) kept indicating a willingness to support the Patriots (of both varieties) militarily. At the request of VĂ©rac, the new French Foreign Minister Montmorin authorized on 7 July the surreptitious sending of two detachments of 50 engineers and one of 50 gunners to the Military Commission in Woerden. They arrived in small groups, in civilian clothing, but Harris soon discovered the covert operation.
1111:; and another protégé of Harris, A.J. Royer, the secretary of the States of Holland; who all advised that it would be tactically better to put more pressure on the Amsterdam delegation, so as to elicit not so much the required apology to the Princess, as the total submission of the Patriots, in Amsterdam and elsewhere. It was agreed that the Duke would end the ceasefire with Amsterdam at 8 PM on 30 September, and attack the city's defenses on 1 October.
450:
215:
204:
195:
184:
172:
142:
131:
119:
2391:"Korte toelichting van alle schansen, welke tegen het eind van de maand september 1787 in de buurt van de beroemde stad Amsterdam zijn aangelegd, de daarop op de 1ste oktober 1787 onder aanvoering van de regerende heer hertog van Braunschweig, hoogvorstelijke doorluchtigheid, voorgevallen Pruisische aanvallen, benevens de aldaar voorbereide onderwaterzettingen bij een hiertoe behorende nauwkeurig vervaardigde kaart"
933:), and the capital in those days, The Hague, who had been withdrawn in October 1786 from the command of the stadtholder by the States of Holland. But the loyalty of these mercenary troops was very doubtful, in view of the wholesale desertions during the preceding months. Besides the Nijmegen garrison of the States Army, the Prussian troops could count on the support of the States Army garrisons of
759:
605:
cause was that the
Orangist States of Gelderland, who were financing the States Army troops that the States of Holland had tried to recall to the Holland borders in 1786, were now in severe financial difficulties, because of this unusual extra expense. Harris estimated that he needed ÂŁ70,000 to support Gelderland. The Cabinet granted these funds, money to be laundered through the
809:, and secondly, because the Prussian king had at this stage no intention of overturning the Holland government, possibly obligating him to engage in a lengthy and costly occupation. The matter was supposed to be resolved in a fortnight, and therefore the troops were only provisioned for a campaign of short duration.
1319:
fire of the
Patriot guns repelled several attacks by both columns, causing relatively heavy Prussian casualties. The village remained in Patriot hands until the troops were withdrawn the next day, because the fall of the Amstelveen outpost had opened the way to the inner defenses of Amsterdam for the
1429:
If the States of Holland acceded to these wishes, she would ask her brother the Prussian king to remove his troops. Of course, the States did as asked: the people on her list were proscribed on 11 October. The Princess now was ready to do as she had promised, but the Prussian king had incurred great
1425:
that had replaced Orangists in the preceding months would be removed again. At the suggestion of British Ambassador Harris she added that the criminal prosecution of the dismissed persons should remain a possibility. Harris wrote in his diary: "âIt is necessary to hold a rod of terror over the heads
715:
The French started to become nervous because of these developments, and Montmorin warned the Patriots on 18 August that they had to accommodate the Prussians, as France was not ready to be dragged into a war on their behalf. But the Patriots ignored him. VĂ©rac's position became untenable due to his
706:
would accede to the Prussian demand, that would cause a popular insurrection against them. The lack of a positive reaction of the Holland government caused a shift in the stance of the Prussian government, promoted by Hertzberg, who was assisted by a "leak" of the British government to the Prussians
678:
This may sound reasonable, but unfortunately for Montmorin these proposals were unacceptable for the Patriots. Their view was that the incident with the Princess was a non-event; that she had been treated politely enough, and that her temporary detention was her own fault; that the States of Holland
1415:
had been disarmed. This happened in the following weeks, while 2,000 States Army troops garrisoned the city to help keep order. The Patriot press was suppressed, and the expression of Orangist sentiments again encouraged (by repealing the prohibition against wearing orange colors in public; now the
1293:
The village of Ouderkerk itself had been the target of two other attack prongs that morning. It was an important strategic object, because the village had the only bridge across the Amstel river outside Amsterdam, which was essential for the communications between the Prussian troops on either side
1076:
and negotiations. An Amsterdam delegation consisting of Abbema, Gales, Goll and Luden arrived in Leimuiden on 26 September to offer terms, but the Duke replied to their request with the remark that they could best adhere to the resolution that the rump-States of Holland were about to adopt in which
1388:
The same day a deputation of the city government left for The Hague to start negotiating with the Orangist States of Holland. At first it tried to bluff its way out of giving in to demands for total adherence to the resolutions of 19 September. It insisted on keeping the current city government in
1306:
manned several batteries of 3-pdr. and 6-pdr. field guns on the banks of the Amstel and the Holendrecht (a creek that flows into the Amstel just upstream of where the bridge was located). This enabled them to oppose two Prussian columns that approached the village along the West bank of the Amstel
988:
The Gaudi division was supposed to attack Utrecht and the fortifications South of that city, but this proved unnecessary. The Rhinegrave was very aware of the strategic danger that the two-pronged attack (north and south of the city) posed. It was likely that the Prussians simply would pass him by
651:
in early 1787, and his recall would follow just before the diplomatic situation exploded in September 1787, at exactly the wrong moment. The "solution" that a French mediation would supply would therefore satisfy the "aristocratic" Patriots, but would severely disappoint the "democratic" Patriots.
1001:
The fortress city of Gorinchem (the only garrison south of Amsterdam still in a position to offer resistance, after the Woerden Defense Council had ordered all other troops to retreat to Amsterdam on 15 September) was ordered to surrender by Knobelsdorff on 17 September. The town was commanded by
663:
to mediate between the stadtholder and the "aristocratic" Patriots in the Fall of 1786. Obviously, his idea of a "solution" was biased more in the direction of the situation as it had been before 1780, but he was open to a compromise, that would take away the main grievances of the "aristocratic"
614:
a large number of officers whose loyalty was in doubt. This caused a tug of war with the other provinces in the States-General in June with parliamentary chicanes around the status of the delegations of the rival States of Utrecht determining temporary 4-3 majorities for either the Patriot or the
604:
and count Charles Bentinck, who not only gathered intelligence, but actively took part in secret operations. At first his financial outlays had been relatively modest, on the same scale as those of his French colleague VĂ©rac, but in May he had conceived a plan on a far larger scale. The immediate
395:
The Princess then returned to Nijmegen, while preparations for the journey to The Hague were made by ordering fresh horses for her carriages along the route in two places. This caused suspicion among the Patriot Free Corps in the area, who in this way were alerted to her supposedly secret travel
997:
to march to the Netherlands, so if the Patriots could defend Amsterdam long enough for the French to arrive, they might still be saved. The permission was given and the evacuation started the next day and soon degenerated into total chaos. The Free Corps became totally demoralized and threw away
711:
on the Continent). This fully complied with the Orangist position in the conflict with the Patriots. In other words, the British standpoint was incompatible with the French one as a basis for a compromise to be imposed in the mediation. But it was attractive to Prussia, because the British fully
609:
of king George with his grudging approval. It was clear that other expenses of the campaign of subversion also would be financed from this slush fund. Once he returned to the Republic Harris' agents swarmed out to bribe officers of several States Army regiments, paid by the States of Holland, to
553:
of Prussian troops) had indeed been to erect such a camp, and to garrison it with a formidable military force (15,000 men). But these rumors had on 29 June elicited a threatening diplomatic note from the British government that had given France pause. For the moment the French pretended that the
532:
The Princess saw the possibilities immediately: she wrote a letter to her brother on 13 July in which she proposed that he would use the situation to bring about the restoration of her husband to his office of Captain-General and to liberate the Republic from the Patriots. But she overplayed her
1083:
with this answer and a new deputation was sent to The Hague on the 29th to do this. The Duke visited the Princess incognito on the 28th to urge her to accept the overtures of the Amsterdam delegation, because he had little desire to attack Amsterdam, whose defenses he considered too formidable.
1625:
Schaikowski (a Dutch translation of the German original of 1789 with the original maps) gives the dispositions of the several sconces that were part of the outer defenses of Amsterdam, and the inundations that surrounded them. Those maps will be useful to follow the description of the Prussian
1420:
was prohibited). Meanwhile, in The Hague, the final formalities of the Orange Restoration were taken care of. On 8 October the Princess indicated that her honor would be satisfied if "the authors" of her humiliation in Goejanverwellesluis would forever be barred from holding public office (she
1285:
where they arrived just in time to support the main frontal attack by a force of 4,000 Prussians earlier in the day. Amstelveen had until it was attacked in the rear by the Prussians from Sloten, valiantly held on under the command of Colonel count Guillaume de Portes, but the defenders had to
737:
to negotiate the hiring of mercenary troops, to be used to support a possible Prussian military intervention. Though the treaty with the Landgrave for 12,000 troops was eventually only signed on 28 September, the gesture was sufficient for the Prussians to be assured of the British bona fides.
483:
that evening, and was so off his game that he lost a lot of money. As soon as he received news about the interception, he regained his composure, and started to take advantage of the situation, thereby supporting the suspicion on the part of the French and the Patriots that he had all the time
520:
the old Prussian king had maintained with France, and which had previously held Prussia back from all too aggressive interventions in the Dutch Republic that might offend France. The incident with the Princess played into his hands. Fredrick William's first impulse was rage; he instructed the
728:
to the Netherlands for a fact-finding mission, and he sent in a report that fully supported Harris' policy. Both pieces of information hardened the position of the British government. King George had in June declared that it was impossible for the country to go to war, but in early August he
630:
of a political arrangement on often unwilling parties by one or more foreign powers, with their own agenda that determined the contents of the arrangement. France had certainly its own ideas about what the arrangement should be: the return to either the Dutch constitution during the two
720:
arrived in the city of Utrecht. Around this time there also was a government crisis in France, as Brienne was appointed "premier ministre" by king Louis, and de SĂ©gur resigned in protest. As a consequence France was without a minister for War during the crucial month of September 1787.
1225:, who had been seconded by the French government, together with a few hundred gunners. He had tried in vain to organize the Patriot defenses in Overijssel, but that province went over to the Orangists without a fight. The most credible part of the defenders consisted of the Amsterdam
1052:, surrendered for that reason on 27 September, as did nearby Weesp. This enabled Lottum, who had up to that moment made little progress, to approach Amsterdam closely from the East. The main Prussian force of Gaudi and Knobelsdorff under personal command of the Duke had reached
1534:
At the time the rotating presidency of the States General was held by the delegation of Overijssel, a "Patriot" province, who provisionally seated the Patriot delegation of Utrecht, giving the Patriots a 4-3 majority. After an altercation between a delegate from Utrecht city,
745:
on 19 August this decided the Prussian king in favor of an invasion of Holland. Brunswick advised him that if he wanted to go through with it, it had to be before October, as the weather would otherwise make a campaign impossible. On 3 September the British envoy in Berlin,
1438:, to be paid by Amsterdam alone. But the States of Holland generously rounded this up to half-a-million guilders, to be paid by the entire province, and the king acquiesced. As invasions go, this was a bargain: the victorious revolutionary French forces in 1795 demanded an
878:
for the march through those lands, as their conflict was with Holland only. After entering the Netherlands, the Prussian army split in its three components, which marched in three columns: Knobelsdorff, together with the Duke, took the Southern route along the river
581:, espoused by Harris. Harris was of necessity (as Carmarthen offered little guidance) an envoy who not so much executed foreign policy, as made it. Ever since he arrived in the Dutch Republic at the end of 1784 he had immersed himself in its politics, and become the
643:). On the other hand, the French king had been adamant that he did not want any "democratic" experiments in the Dutch Republic. As a matter of fact, the position of VĂ©rac, who had actively supported the "democrats", had been much weakened after the death of
554:
alleged military build-up was just intended to "train the troops" and the preparations actually had halted. But around the end of July the French Cabinet appears to have seriously discussed the plan to mount such a force. The minister of Foreign Affairs,
716:
apparent lack of influence on the Patriots, who appeared to have taken the bit between their teeth, and he was recalled on 20 August; he was temporarily succeeded by Antoine-Bernard Caillard as Chargé d'affaires on 10 September. On 23 August 60 French
1385:, which would devastate the countryside, but certainly would force the Prussians to withdraw. But he need not have worried. The Amsterdam city government decided to ask for a ceasefire in the evening of 1 October, which the Duke granted on 2 October.
1407:
Dedel and Beels assumed their posts again, while Hooft stayed home. The situation before 21 April had been restored. On 10 October the restored city government signed the capitulation of the city, and 150 Prussians occupied the Leiden Gate.
1017:
where the defense line proved to be evacuated, so that the Prussian troops and their States-Army companions could march unhindered to The Hague. In that city a revolution had meanwhile taken place. On 15 September the "triumvirate" of the
686:
However, this was a political impossibility for the States of Holland: for the democrats the admission of the Princess to The Hague had acquired great symbolic significance. If the "triumvirate" of "aristocratic" Patriot pensionaries
1686:
told Meyer on 28 September that France was incapable of offering the requested assistance at this time. Meyer sent a message with this content to Amsterdam, that reached the city government only on 3 October; Cf. Colenbrander, pp.
499:: "The misfortune which I foresaw has happened ... I was always against this journey and in my misfortune it is a great consolation that I did what was in my power to stop it and to dissuade your Mother from such a risky venture."
1253:
In Amsterdam Salm's escape was very resented, and if he had arrived there he would certainly have been harmed. This city, to which the Defense Commission had hastily retreated at Salm's request, closed the gates to Salm's troops.
484:
conspired to bring the event about, and that it was no more than a provocation. And this was more or less the consensus in diplomatic circles in The Hague, though hypotheses about who actually conspired with whom varied.
1119:
1574:"...que Leurs Nobles et Grandes Puissances s'engageront de punir, Ă la requisition de la Princesse, ceux qui pourroient s'ĂȘtre rendus coupables d'offenses contre Son Auguste Personne."; Cf. Colenbrander, p. 290, note 1
441:
1539:, and a delegate from Amersfoort, the lord Van Zuylen, who apparently fought a duel in the Hague Wood, the Amersfoort delegation was seated, giving the Orangist provinces the 4-3 majority; Cf. Colenbrander, p. 213
1162:(military promenade), but things were not going to be so easy from now on. First of all, the terrain between Leimuiden and the defense line around Amsterdam was very difficult. On the left-hand side there was the
1430:
expenses that he wanted to be recompensed for. The Duke and the Princess negotiated him down from his initial demand of several million guilders, but he insisted on a "douceur" for the troops of exactly 402,018
383:
saw possibilities to put pressure on the States of Holland if the Princess suddenly arrived, and he told van Hogendorp to give the green light to the Princess, who was with her husband in the armed camp of the
998:
their arms. Only the Legion of Salm maintained its composure and reached the outskirts of Amsterdam on the 16th. But the Prussians were able to occupy Utrecht unopposed the same day, and move on to The Hague.
548:
The camp in Givet was not entirely a figment of people's imaginations, as the first response of the French government to the threatening language of the Prussian king (and the movements to the Dutch border at
1372:
canal). There was plenty of artillery available, though trained gunners were in short supply (despite the addition of 200 French gunners, seconded by the French government). The Prussian army lacked a proper
1677:
The Amsterdam city government had on 21 September sent a diplomatic note to the French government, carried by the Dutch consul in Bordeaux, Casparus Meyer, with a request for military intercession by king
1192:
as a last resort. Besides the remnants of the Utrecht defense force, that had so hastily retreated on 16 September, there were also Frisian Patriots, who had lost the Frisian civil war between the rival
379:
leaders in that city to discuss its advisability, because her husband was, as usual, hesitating about what course of action to follow. The leader of the Orangist party in The Hague, the British envoy
683:. But even on 8 August he indicated behind the scenes that this did not imply a fixed intent to initiate military steps. This would depend on a more satisfying attitude by the States of Holland.
659:
Though the States of Holland preferred French mediation, there were obviously other candidates. Prussia had offered its "good offices" long before the incident at Goejanverwellesluis, and sent
1177:
and crisscrossed with creeks and ditches. In addition large sections were intentionally flooded closer to Amsterdam, and could only be traversed across dikes and dams that were protected with
724:
Meanwhile, the French bluff about the armed camp at Givet had been discovered by the British who had sent out several spies to the area and seen no troops there. The British Cabinet also sent
1072:, East of Amsterdam. But the commanders of the troops in Amsterdam realized that they could not expect to survive a Prussian assault. They desperately tried to temporize by asking for a
1044:
One of the consequences of the reconstitution of the States of Holland in The Hague was that this body could order the States-Army garrisons of a number of the fortress towns behind the
824:
1257:
The Prussian operational plan for the attack on 1 October consisted of a five-pronged approach. The most audacious part was an amphibious landing by 2,000 troops, transported from
566:
vetoed the plan, for lack of money. From that time on the Camp of Givet was nothing more than a French bluff to keep the Prussians and British guessing, and the Patriots hoping.
529:
about the insult to his sister, and to demand from the States of Holland that they would give her satisfaction, though this protest did not yet take the form of an ultimatum.
1552:
by the Austrian emperor. As Austria was a Russian ally the war with Turkey meant that the emperor had his hands full, so there was no danger of such an attack; Cobban, p. 177
660:
816:
762:
680:
165:
801:...that their Noble and Great Mightinesses agree to punish, at the request of the Princess, those who would be considered culpable of offenses against Her August Person.
1185:
river, that was only spanned by a few bridges, so that troops marching from the South were forced to divide in two columns that could not easily support one another.
1455:
1033:
had proposed to the States of Holland that they also should move to Amsterdam, as The Hague was no longer safe. However, a few Holland cities that still were in
960:
1516:, which sum was simply not available. One wonders why the French did not simply ask the States of Holland to finance the French troops; Cf. Colenbrander, p. 244
972:
331:
2507:
1064:, so that the city could only be approached along a number of narrow dikes and dams that could easily be defended. The defensive line formed a crescent from
1806:
Knoops, W.A. & F.Ch. Meijer (1987) Goejanverwellesluis. De aanhouding van de prinses van Oranje op 28 juni 1787 door het vrijkorps van Gouda, p. 30, 63.
1269:. This landing circumvented the earthwork at Halfweg, that otherwise might have been a major obstacle, because it dominated the narrow isthmus between the
1087:
However, he was met at the stadtholder's residence not only by the Princess and her husband, but by a cabal of Orangists, including the British ambassador
729:
indicated his approval for Harris' policies. As a consequence, the British approaches to Prussia were becoming more specific. The government sent general
577:
had just in May fully endorsed the policy of active support of the "British" party (i.e. the Orangists) in the Republic, together with a campaign of
2356:"Un gentilhomme suisse au service de la Hollande et de la France: Le comte Guillaume de Portes, 1750-1823, d'aprÚs des lettres et documents inédits"
639:, or at least to the era in which the formal powers of the stadtholder were far less than after 1747 (for instance like under the stadtholderate of
433:
270:
in the Dutch Republic in SeptemberâOctober 1787 with the aim of disempowering the patriots and disarming the Free Corps, as well as reinstating the
2381:
1635:
A detailed report of the hostilities at Amstelveen is given by de Mandach on the basis of colonel Comte de Portes' diaries; Cf. Mandach, pp. 105ff.
805:
In other words, the Prussian war aims were quite limited, and intentionally so, firstly to avoid being seen as unreasonable by the other European
980:
316:
of the troops in Holland. Salm was not recognized by all officers, and his new powers were legally controversial. On the 28 June, he marched to
1010:, where he was treated so badly, that he died in December 1787. The road to Dordrecht and Rotterdam lay now completely open for the Prussians.
1188:
The defenders of Amsterdam were mainly elements of Free Corps from all over the Netherlands, who had been forced to retreat to the Amsterdam
514:. Hertzberg was opposed to the alliance between France and Austria which at the time held the upper hand on the European Continent, and the
502:
Though the Princess did not expect much from her brother at first, her message fell onto fertile ground. Since the death of his predecessor
263:
2187:
480:
1682:. The French cabinet was divided, and the British government threatened war if France interceded. The French minister of Foreign Affairs
2206:
2482:
2477:
708:
563:
1503:"âla B.... veut m'entraĂźner dans une guerre, mais f.... je lui montrerai bien qu'elle ne me mĂšne pas".Cf. Colenbrander, p. 238, note 3
820:
511:
352:
321:
2390:
1616:
Von Kleist has a detailed description of the Prussian order of battle and the orders issued to the troops; Cf. Von Kleist, pp. 27ff.
1213:(at this time still on speaking terms) in the van. Both groups had little military value, especially as they were very demoralized.
2512:
909:. In theory they could expect resistance from the Patriot troops in the city of Utrecht and in fortifications along the Rhine near
823:, the old mentor of William V. His army consisted of about 20,000 Prussian soldiers, in three divisions, commanded by the generals
2355:
968:
and auxiliary troops in Utrecht on September 2, 1787. Depiction of the Rhinegrave of Salm as commander-in-chief in the middle (K)
479:
Meanwhile, Harris in The Hague was worried about the lack of news about the Princess. He was playing cards with the French envoy
1525:
Colenbrander thinks that it was only ÂŁ40,000, but Cobban corrects him; Cf. Colenbrander, p. 203, note 1; Cobban, p. 133, note 26
2502:
2497:
730:
725:
1352:
Map of Amsterdam and surroundings with defensive inundations, SeptemberâOctober 1787. A dotted line indicates the inundations.
2492:
836:
445:
Spotprent op Willem v, half militair, half Bacchus Spotprent op Willem V, half militair, half Bacchus, 1786 Den TeĂȘr Geliefde
1348:
569:
The reason why the British government was so alert to French military moves, was that the British Cabinet of Prime Minister
1665:
Patriot and Patrician: To Holland and Ceylon in the Steps of Henrik Hooft and Pieter Ondaatje, Champions of Dutch Democracy
1088:
790:
453:
380:
364:
135:
2452:
1146:
644:
371:
of their troops in 1786. This had not been done on a whim: the decision to travel to The Hague had only been taken after
1740:
559:
1587:
1214:
574:
297:
208:
1298:
under the command of colonel George Hendrik de Wilde after it had been evacuated by States Army troops on the Holland
1060:
reconnoitered, where there was a strong defensive line of the Patriot forces in Amsterdam. The entire region had been
38:
1718:
1562:
742:
640:
526:
427:
1030:
696:
786:
522:
496:
488:
1607:
is located on the former lake bottom in the North-Eastern part of the former lake, close to the shore at the time
422:
2472:
1683:
671:
555:
492:
487:
In any case, the Princess, back in Nijmegen, on 29 June wrote letters of complaint to her husband's nephew, king
412:
1077:
they meekly asked the Princess what she required to satisfy her honor. The deputation returned to the Amsterdam
1166:, a large lake that shielded Amsterdam on the South-West flank. The terrain to the East of the lake was mainly
1003:
840:
339:
2487:
1250:, without giving battle. On Thursday, September 20, 1787, the Stadtholder and his wife arrived in The Hague.
1096:
636:
593:
507:
653:
2327:
2303:
648:
632:
372:
343:
Negotiations between Princess Wilhelmina and the defense commission on the same day in Goejanverwellesluis.
1454:, and causing many Patriots to flee to France. In 1795, the Patriots (now styling themselves "Batavians")
1327:, on the Eastern approaches to Amsterdam. Here the Prussians were also repelled by a battery of Amsterdam
994:
538:
1536:
1134:
828:
734:
176:
1775:
1323:
The final attack-prong was an assault, again launched from Abcoude, along the Gein and Gaasp rivers to
2457:
2307:
1604:
1442:
of 100 million guilders for their "liberation" of the Netherlands from the stadtholder's dictatorship.
1218:
1108:
832:
601:
597:
1360:
remained a formidable obstacle. They consisted of fortifications, completed in 1663, according to the
408:
1210:
1034:
463:
376:
146:
123:
1337:
1048:
to offer no resistance to the advancing Prussians. Naarden, under the command of the Patriot leader
471:
2462:
570:
1661:. The damage was so large that Hooft had to live out his life at the residence of a relative; Cf.
1403:
stayed at home, and the members they had replaced in May occupied their seats again. On 9 October
843:. After the ultimatum had expired (the States of Holland had not replied to it, at the counsel of
506:
the previous year, the new king had given new hope to the pro-British court party around minister
2467:
2331:
1644:
These troops were mercenary regiments paid for by Holland according to the contribution formula (
1548:
The king had been afraid that if he started an invasion of the Republic, he might be attacked in
1331:. In the next days the Prussian soldiers ransacked the summer residence of the Amsterdam Patriot
1287:
1247:
1151:
895:
towards Utrecht. Finally, Lottum's division, mainly cavalry, moved North-West from Arnhem to the
416:
712:
supported the king's demand for "satisfaction", and they encouraged him to take military steps.
541:, that provided a theoretical route for a French army to the Netherlands, that circumvented the
1178:
188:
1708:
1378:
1222:
1026:
953:
Patriots at the Neude on 12 October 1786, before or after the installation of a "democratic"
766:
692:
667:
368:
219:
1340:. In any case the road to the Muiden Gate in the Amsterdam inner defenses remained closed.
1022:
965:
918:
904:
847:
813:
777:
703:
688:
542:
397:
237:
8:
2294:
Ambassadors and secret agents: the diplomacy of the first Earl of Malmesbury at the Hague
1679:
1463:
1232:
1202:
503:
271:
1239:, but just around this time he had been forced to take to bed, because of a leg injury.
921:
and the "Legion of Salm") and the States Army garrisons of a number of fortress cities (
2292:
1479:
1357:
717:
586:
305:
160:
112:
107:
2308:"De Patriottentijd, hoofdzakelijk naar buitenlandsche bescheiden, deel III: 1786-1787"
1824:
O. van Nimwegen (2023) Willem V. De laatste stadhouder van Nederland 1748-1806, S. 331
335:
Forced stop of Princess Wilhelmina's coach at the Vlist near Bonrepas on 28 June, 1787
2417:
De Nederlandse revolutie van de achttiende eeuw 1780-1787. Oligarchie en proletariaat
2375:
1714:
1467:
1459:
1266:
1123:
1049:
859:
385:
1103:(proclamation) of the stadtholder of May 1787, and tutor of the stadtholder's sons,
510:, and lessened the influence of the pro-French party of Hertzberg's rival, minister
1451:
1394:
1206:
1174:
1092:
700:
325:
1421:
supplied a list); the Free Corps in the entire country would be disarmed; and all
363:. There she intended to request her husband to be allowed to return to, after the
1565:
were not supposed to be "at fault" in the matter of the "insult" to the Princess.
457:
313:
1603:
Currently this is all dry land, as the lake was reclaimed in the 19th century.
1591:
1484:
1316:
1274:
1163:
1104:
324:, the wife of the Prince of Orange. At the end of July Salm ordered conquering
309:
291:
279:
267:
214:
203:
194:
183:
171:
141:
130:
118:
68:
30:
1426:
of these factious leaders, though it may, perhaps, not be to make use of it."
2446:
2287:
1450:
The Prussian invasion resulted in the Orange Restoration, bringing William V
1217:
withdrew from Utrecht by night. He was replaced by the French veteran of the
1466:
and ousting the Orangist regime. The old Dutch Republic was replaced by the
772:
2148:
1513:
1390:
1374:
1361:
1333:
1324:
1139:
880:
806:
747:
1741:
Inventaris van het archief van de Commissie van Defensie te Woerden, 1787
1662:
1583:
1014:
949:
863:
794:
275:
44:
1399:
1282:
1227:
1194:
1127:
1079:
1061:
1057:
1019:
954:
934:
875:
867:
844:
611:
606:
590:
578:
389:
516:
449:
1439:
1073:
1053:
914:
900:
884:
619:
360:
1657:
The mansion, located on the bank of the Gaasp river, was called the
1277:
river. The defenders were surprised, and the road to Amsterdam from
1242:
Salm left Utrecht on Saturday evening, 16 September, and hurried to
785:
The ultimatum issued on 9 September 1787 by the Prussian ambassador
1308:
1258:
1243:
1198:
910:
855:
851:
758:
356:
348:
1586:
on the account of the States of Holland, under the command of the
1411:
The new city government was not safe until the Free Corps and the
866:. The Prussian government had asked permission from the States of
765:. Anonymous 1780 copy of a portrait painted in 1777 or earlier by
495:. Her husband was little help: he wrote to his daughter, Princess
1549:
1435:
1431:
1417:
1397:, and left on 7 October. The same day the Patriot members of the
1382:
1365:
1312:
1278:
1189:
1065:
984:
Flight of patriots and military from Utrecht on 16 September 1787
926:
922:
871:
317:
301:
2353:
2203:
Histoire de la campagne des Prussiens en Hollande en MDCCLXXVII.
1368:
that completely encircled the city behind a deep moat (now the
1013:
The divisions of Gaudi and Knobelsdorff now marched together to
850:) they marched on 13 September 1787 from their starting line at
652:
But despite this hidden French agenda, VĂ©rac (and his colleague
2153:
Patriots and Liberators, Revolution in the Netherland 1780-1813
1512:
De SĂ©gur had estimated that the campaign would cost 14 million
1369:
1302:
who had previously been positioned there, on 23 September. The
1182:
1069:
896:
888:
1710:
Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century
1181:
and other earthworks. The area was bisected by the meandering
858:, where they were joined by the troops of the garrison of the
2173:
Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der omwenteling in 1787, S. 178
1765:
Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der omwenteling in 1787, p. 125
1007:
990:
938:
930:
892:
550:
534:
1590:, who commanded the city of Utrecht since June, assisted by
1002:
Alexander van der Capellen, a brother of the Patriot leader
1364:-model perfected in the 17th century. They consisted of 26
1167:
941:, who were more or less besieging Utrecht from a distance.
2186:
Band 14, M. Westerman & Zoon, Amsterdam 1840, S. 117 (
2004:
Hulzen, A. van (1966) Utrecht in de patriottentijd, p. 289
1170:
976:
Troops of the patriots leaving Utrecht, 16 September 1787
817:
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-WolfenbĂŒttel
437:
Portret van Willem V (1748-1806), prins van Oranje-Nassau
585:
leader of the Orangists. He had surrounded himself with
16:
Prussian military campaign in 1787 in the Dutch Republic
1290:, thereby opening the way to Amsterdam from the South.
1281:
lay open. The Prussian troops then turned South toward
2388:
1794:
Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der omwenteling in 1787
1068:, West of Amsterdam, via Amstelveen to the South, to
1294:
of the river. The village was occupied by Amsterdam
812:
The command of the invading troops was entrusted to
626:
third party, could more cynically be defined as the
622:, far from being a form of conflict resolution by a
392:. The stadtholder then grudgingly gave his consent.
1235:was still in charge of the "white" regiment of the
1158:Up to this moment the Prussian campaign had been a
610:defect. The States were forced by their success to
2302:
2291:
1663:Hooft, H.G.A. and Hendrik Hooft Graafland (1999).
887:. Gaudi's division split in two detachments after
2332:"Tagebuch von dem PreuĂischen Feldzug in Holland"
2312:Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren
1753:Pieter Quint Ondaatje. Revolutieleider in Utrecht
2444:
1150:The strategic bridge across the Amstel river at
262:was a military campaign under the leadership of
2326:
2184:De Leidsman der Jeugt. Vaderlandsche Historie.
2164:Memorie voor den Rhijngraaf van Salm, p. 25â28
903:toward the Eastern border of Holland, and the
537:on the border between France and the neutral
2508:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
2380:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1667:. Science History Publications. p. 328.
264:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
1713:. Cambridge University Press. p. 278.
403:
249:211 deaths (71 killed, 140 died of disease)
2286:
1706:
562:, were in favor, but the Finance Minister
300:was appointed by the Defence Committee in
37:
2354:Mandach, C. de, and G. de Portes (1904).
1959:Colenbrander, p. 233; Cobban, pp. 155-157
891:, and marched on both banks of the river
1347:
1145:
1133:
1118:
993:on the border of France and the neutral
979:
971:
959:
948:
771:
757:
666:
470:
462:
448:
440:
432:
421:
407:
338:
330:
2427:Oud en Modern. De Republiek 1780 - 1795
821:Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-LĂŒneburg
375:had undertaken a secret mission to the
359:, where William V had taken refuge, to
2445:
1707:Scott, Hamish; Simms, Brendan (2007).
600:, and other secret agents, like baron
2437:Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden
266:, against the rise of the democratic
2339:Familienverband derer v. Kleist e.V.
1561:And only the States of Holland; the
2094:Colenbrander, pp. 257-258, 264, 267
13:
1896:Colenbrander, pp. 230-234, 242-243
1261:on flat-bottomed boats across the
862:in that city under command of the
741:Together with the outbreak of the
238:Patriot volunteers, Legion of Salm
199:Alexander Philip van der Capellen
14:
2524:
2478:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
1815:O. van Nimwegen, Willem V, S. 336
1563:States General of the Netherlands
1311:, and along the Holendrecht from
1056:on the 23rd. The next day he had
527:States General of the Netherlands
456:, British envoy to The Hague, by
428:Johann Friedrich August Tischbein
1778:Mr. Ph. Jurriaan Quint Ondaatje.
899:and ultimately the coast of the
489:George III of the United Kingdom
213:
202:
193:
182:
170:
159:
140:
129:
117:
106:
47:of Amsterdam on 10 October 1787.
2513:Frederick William II of Prussia
2439:, Volume 9, Fibula-Van Dishoeck
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2195:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1783:Vaderlandsche letteroefeningen.
1671:
1651:
1638:
1629:
1619:
1610:
1597:
1577:
1568:
1555:
1542:
1528:
1519:
1506:
1497:
753:
672:Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin
493:Frederick William II of Prussia
467:Military recreation in Holland
413:Frederick William II of Prussia
2389:Schaikowsky, C.G. von (1789).
1818:
1809:
1797:
1788:
1769:
1758:
1745:
1734:
1700:
1004:Robert Jasper van der Capellen
322:princess Wilhelmina of Prussia
59:13 September â 10 October 1787
1:
2503:Invasions by former countries
2498:Invasions of former countries
2483:NetherlandsâPrussia relations
1694:
1416:wearing of the black Patriot
1205:" earlier in the month, with
1114:
1097:Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel
819:, coincidentally a nephew of
631:"stadtholderless periods" of
521:Prussian envoy in The Hague,
285:
43:Prussian troops entering the
2493:Invasions of the Netherlands
1842:Colenbrander, p. 224, note 2
1445:
1343:
1286:retreat in the direction of
1231:and the Free Corps. Colonel
558:, and the minister for War,
475:Politics inside-out- a farce
373:Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp
260:Prussian invasion of Holland
24:Prussian invasion of Holland
7:
1473:
328:and besieging Amersfoort.
10:
2529:
2453:1787 in the Dutch Republic
2280:
2229:Colenbrander, pp. 282, 285
2201:Theodor Philipp von Pfau:
1605:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
1219:American Revolutionary War
1109:Willem Aarnoud van Citters
944:
654:Jean-François de Bourgoing
289:
79:PrussianâOrangist victory;
2274:Colenbrander, pp. 288-291
2265:Colenbrander, pp. 288-289
2256:Colenbrander, pp. 286-287
2139:Colenbrander, pp. 277-281
2121:Colenbrander, pp. 283-284
2103:Colenbrander, pp. 267-270
2076:Colenbrander, pp. 259-266
2067:Colenbrander, pp. 257-259
1995:Colenbrander, pp. 240-241
1977:Colenbrander, pp. 236-237
1878:Colenbrander, pp. 229-230
1851:Colenbrander, pp. 224-226
1833:Colenbrander, pp. 221-223
1456:returned with the support
1211:Court Lambertus van Beyma
1160:militÀrischer Spaziergang
995:Prince-Bishopric of LiĂšge
735:Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
674:, French Foreign Minister
539:Prince-Bishopric of LiĂšge
347:First came the arrest at
243:
225:
152:
99:
51:
36:
28:
23:
2112:Colenbrander, pp.282-283
1626:operations of 1 October.
1537:Jean Antoine d'Averhoult
1490:
883:to the fortress city of
661:Johann Eustach von Görtz
426:Princess Wilhelmina, by
404:Diplomatic preliminaries
351:of Stadtholder's wife,
2130:Colenbander, pp.283-285
1462:troops, triggering the
1288:Ouderkerk aan de Amstel
1248:Ouderkerk aan de Amstel
1152:Ouderkerk aan de Amstel
1107:; the Zeeland Orangist
1037:hands, and the Holland
966:exercitiegenootschappen
491:, and her brother king
417:Anna Dorothea Therbusch
2473:Wars involving Prussia
2398:Stelling van Amsterdam
1353:
1338:Hendrik Daniëlsz Hooft
1155:
1143:
1142:bridge, 1 October 1787
1131:
985:
977:
969:
957:
803:
782:
769:
675:
573:and Foreign Secretary
476:
468:
460:
446:
438:
430:
419:
344:
336:
153:Commanders and leaders
91:No territorial changes
2400:(in Dutch). Bielefeld
1351:
1223:Jean Baptiste Ternant
1149:
1137:
1122:
983:
975:
963:
952:
799:
775:
767:Johann Georg Ziesenis
763:The Duke of Brunswick
761:
681:the Duke of Brunswick
670:
474:
466:
452:
444:
436:
425:
411:
353:Wilhelmina of Prussia
342:
334:
244:Casualties and losses
220:Jean Baptiste Ternant
2488:Invasions by Germany
2247:Colenbrander, p. 286
2238:Colenbrander, p. 285
2220:Colenbrander, p. 285
2205:Berlin 1790, S. 82 (
2058:Colenbrander, p. 277
2049:Colenbrander, p. 257
2040:Colenbrander, p. 276
1986:Colenbrander, p. 237
1968:Colenbrander, p. 235
1785:Jaargang 1869, p. 55
1460:revolutionary French
1173:, suitable only for
1099:; the author of the
1046:Hollandse Waterlinie
906:Hollandse Waterlinie
848:Adriaan van Zeebergh
814:Generalfeldmarschall
779:Hollandse Waterlinie
704:Pieter van Bleiswijk
543:Austrian Netherlands
2362:(in French). Perrin
2022:Cobban, pp. 168-173
2013:Cobban, pp. 164-165
1950:Cobban, pp. 138-147
1932:Cobban, pp. 136-137
1914:Cobban, pp. 130-135
1887:Cobban, pp. 153-154
1776:M. P. J. Ondaatje:
1464:Batavian Revolution
1233:Isaac van Goudoever
1203:States of Friesland
917:(mostly members of
793:mentioned only one
589:, like the Zeeland
587:agents of influence
504:Frederick the Great
272:William V of Orange
177:William V of Orange
81:Orange restoration.
2304:Colenbrander, H.T.
2031:Cobban, pp.178-179
1588:Rhinegrave of Salm
1480:Battle of Jutphaas
1354:
1156:
1144:
1132:
986:
978:
970:
958:
783:
770:
676:
525:to protest to the
477:
469:
461:
447:
439:
431:
420:
355:, on her way from
345:
337:
306:commander-in-chief
209:Rhinegrave of Salm
113:Kingdom of Prussia
2458:Conflicts in 1787
2431:Blok, D.P. (red)
1468:Batavian Republic
1320:Prussians anyway
1124:Artillery battery
1050:Adam Gerard Mappa
860:Dutch States Army
791:States of Holland
743:Russo-Turkish War
726:William Grenville
386:Dutch States Army
367:had fired him as
365:States of Holland
298:Von Salm-Grumbach
256:
255:
166:Duke of Brunswick
136:States of Holland
95:
94:
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2298:. Jonathan Cape.
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2182:Johannes Steyn:
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1966:
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1756:
1755:. 2021, p. 56â58
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1546:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1395:Generality Lands
1315:. The murderous
1207:Johan Valckenaer
1175:animal husbandry
1093:Grand Pensionary
1089:Sir James Harris
709:Balance of Power
701:Grand Pensionary
647:and the fall of
454:Sir James Harris
326:Palace Soestdijk
268:Patriot movement
231:20,000 Prussians
218:
217:
207:
206:
198:
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187:
186:
175:
174:
164:
163:
145:
144:
134:
133:
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53:
52:
41:
21:
20:
2528:
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2523:
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2517:
2463:1787 in Prussia
2443:
2442:
2430:
2422:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2328:F.W. von Kleist
2317:
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2255:
2251:
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2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
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1543:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1476:
1452:back into power
1448:
1346:
1215:Rhinegrave Salm
1117:
947:
756:
641:Frederick Henry
458:Caroline Watson
406:
369:Captain General
314:liaison officer
294:
288:
233:6,000 Orangists
232:
212:
211:
201:
200:
192:
191:
189:Herman Daendels
181:
169:
168:
158:
139:
138:
128:
116:
115:
105:
87:
80:
71:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:Patriottentijd
2465:
2460:
2455:
2441:
2440:
2420:
2410:
2386:
2351:
2324:
2300:
2282:
2279:
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2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2194:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2085:Cobban, p. 137
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1923:Cobban, p. 137
1916:
1907:
1905:Cobban, p. 144
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1869:Cobban, p. 152
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1796:
1787:
1768:
1757:
1751:Paul Krijnen:
1744:
1733:
1719:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1670:
1650:
1637:
1628:
1618:
1609:
1596:
1592:Quint Ondaatje
1576:
1567:
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1541:
1527:
1518:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1485:Bijltjesoproer
1482:
1475:
1472:
1447:
1444:
1358:inner defenses
1345:
1342:
1271:Haarlemmermeer
1263:Haarlemmermeer
1164:Haarlemmermeer
1138:Attack on the
1116:
1113:
1105:Herman Tollius
964:Parade of the
946:
943:
755:
752:
594:Van de Spiegel
405:
402:
310:Quint Ondaatje
292:Patriottentijd
290:Main article:
287:
284:
280:Dutch Republic
274:as hereditary
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
241:
240:
234:
228:
227:
223:
222:
179:
155:
154:
150:
149:
126:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:Dutch Republic
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2191:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1941:Cobban, p.138
1938:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1860:Cobban, p.151
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1766:
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1754:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1722:
1720:9781139463775
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1409:
1406:
1405:burgemeesters
1402:
1401:
1396:
1392:
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1371:
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992:
982:
974:
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951:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
925:, Gorinchem,
924:
920:
916:
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908:
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902:
898:
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890:
886:
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877:
873:
869:
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713:
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132:
127:
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114:
109:
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66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2416:
2402:. Retrieved
2397:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:Google Books
2359:
2343:. Retrieved
2338:
2316:. Retrieved
2311:
2293:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2208:Google Books
2207:
2202:
2197:
2189:Google Books
2188:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1799:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1709:
1702:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1631:
1621:
1612:
1599:
1579:
1570:
1557:
1544:
1530:
1521:
1508:
1499:
1449:
1428:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1391:safe conduct
1387:
1362:bastion fort
1355:
1334:burgemeester
1332:
1328:
1325:Duivendrecht
1322:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1187:
1159:
1157:
1140:Duivendrecht
1100:
1095:of Zeeland,
1086:
1078:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1027:de Gijselaar
1020:pensionaries
1012:
1000:
987:
955:city council
905:
833:Knobelsdorff
811:
807:Great Powers
804:
800:
784:
778:
754:The Campaign
748:Joseph Ewart
740:
723:
714:
693:de Gijselaar
685:
677:
658:
627:
623:
617:
591:pensionaries
582:
571:William Pitt
568:
547:
531:
515:
512:Finckenstein
501:
486:
478:
394:
381:James Harris
346:
295:
259:
257:
100:Belligerents
29:Part of the
18:
2419:, Lindebauf
2341:(in German)
2155:, p. 129-30
1584:Mercenaries
1375:siege train
1101:declaratoir
1039:ridderschap
1031:van Berckel
1015:Schoonhoven
864:stadtholder
797:: It asked
795:casus belli
776:Map of the
697:van Berckel
618:Diplomatic
602:van Kinckel
598:Van Citters
320:to capture
276:stadtholder
86:Territorial
45:Leidsepoort
31:Patriot era
2447:Categories
2423:Cor de Wit
2413:Cor de Wit
2314:(in Dutch)
2288:Cobban, A.
1804:(in Dutch)
1695:References
1646:repartitie
1413:schutterij
1400:vroedschap
1379:Sloterdijk
1300:repartitie
1283:Amstelveen
1237:schutterij
1228:schutterij
1195:Leeuwarden
1128:Amstelveen
1115:Amstelland
1080:vroedschap
1058:Amstelveen
935:Amersfoort
919:Free Corps
876:Overijssel
868:Gelderland
845:pensionary
841:Kalckreuth
787:Thulemeyer
699:) and the
628:imposition
607:Civil list
579:subversion
575:Carmarthen
523:Thulemeyer
390:Amersfoort
296:On 7 June
286:Background
2149:S. Schama
1684:Montmorin
1680:Louis XVI
1446:Aftermath
1440:indemnity
1344:Amsterdam
1329:schutters
1304:schutters
1296:schutters
1074:ceasefire
1062:inundated
1054:Leimuiden
915:Vreeswijk
901:Zuiderzee
885:Gorinchem
645:Vergennes
637:1702-1747
633:1650-1672
620:mediation
556:Montmorin
508:Hertzberg
361:The Hague
124:Orangists
2425:(1980):
2415:(1974):
2404:20 April
2376:cite web
2366:22 April
2345:18 April
2330:(1787).
2318:18 April
2306:(1897).
2290:(1954).
1726:17 March
1474:See also
1436:stuivers
1432:guilders
1423:regenten
1418:cockades
1366:bastions
1317:shrapnel
1309:Uithoorn
1273:and the
1259:Aalsmeer
1244:Uithoorn
1199:Franeker
1035:Orangist
1023:Zeebergh
911:Jutphaas
856:Nijmegen
852:Zyfflich
689:Zeebergh
583:de facto
560:de SĂ©gur
377:Orangist
357:Nijmegen
349:Bonrepas
226:Strength
147:Patriots
64:Location
2281:Sources
1687:272-275
1550:Silesia
1434:and 10
1393:to the
1383:Zeeburg
1313:Abcoude
1279:Haarlem
1190:redoubt
1179:sconces
1154:in 1787
1066:Halfweg
945:Utrecht
927:Naarden
923:Woerden
872:Utrecht
837:Romberg
789:to the
733:to the
731:Fawcett
718:gunners
649:Calonne
624:neutral
612:cashier
564:Brienne
517:détente
318:Woerden
302:Woerden
278:in the
252:Unknown
236:20,000
88:changes
1717:
1514:livres
1370:Singel
1356:Those
1267:Sloten
1183:Amstel
1130:, 1787
1091:; the
1070:Muiden
1029:, and
897:Veluwe
889:Arnhem
825:Lottum
695:, and
497:Louise
76:Result
2433:et al
2394:(PDF)
2335:(PDF)
1659:Stolp
1491:Notes
1307:from
1008:Wesel
991:Givet
939:Zeist
931:Weesp
893:Rhine
829:Gaudi
551:Wesel
535:Givet
481:VĂ©rac
398:Gouda
2406:2018
2382:link
2368:2018
2347:2018
2320:2018
1781:In:
1728:2016
1715:ISBN
1381:and
1246:and
1209:and
1197:and
1168:peat
937:and
913:and
881:Waal
874:and
839:and
831:and
635:and
596:and
308:and
258:The
56:Date
2429:in
1458:of
1265:to
1171:bog
1126:at
854:to
415:by
388:in
312:as
304:as
2449::
2396:.
2378:}}
2374:{{
2358:.
2337:.
2310:.
2151:,
1470:.
1275:IJ
1221:,
1025:,
929:,
870:,
835:,
827:,
691:,
545:.
282:.
2408:.
2384:)
2370:.
2349:.
2322:.
2211:)
2192:)
1730:.
1594:.
1201:"
687:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
