Parsis - Knowledge

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Consequently, when social reform started happening in India, the Parsi community discontinued the practice. There are, however, rising problems over the availability of brides. More and more women in the Parsi community are becoming well educated and are therefore either delaying marriage or not partaking at all. Women within the Parsi community in India are 97% literate; 42% have completed high school or college and 29% have an occupation in which they earn a substantial amount of money. The wedding ceremony begins much like the initiation with a cleansing bath. The bride and groom then travel to the wedding in florally decorated cars. The priests from both families facilitate the wedding. The couple begin by facing one another with a sheet to block their view of each another. Wool is passed over the two seven times to bind them together. The two are then supposed to throw rice to their partner symbolizing dominance. The religious element comes in next when the two sit side by side to face the priest.

5408:...its main adherents came from those in government service, qualified professionals such as doctors, engineers and lawyers, business entrepreneurs, teachers in schools in the bigger cities and in the institutes of higher education, journalists ...The upper castes dominated the Indian middle class. Prominent among its members were Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits and South Indian brahmins. Then there were the 'traditional urban-oriented professional castes such as the Nagars of Gujarat, the Chitpawans and the Ckps (Chandrasenya Kayastha Prabhus)s of Maharashtra and the Kayasthas of North India. Also included were the old elite groups that emerged during the colonial rule: the Probasi and the Bhadralok Bengalis, the Parsis and the upper crusts of Muslim and Christian communities. Education was a common thread that bound together this pan Indian elite... But almost all its members spoke and wrote English and had had some education beyond school 2766:, it was determined that Parsis are genetically closer to Iranians than to their neighbours. A 2023 study was the first to delve deeply into maternal ancestry with high-resolution mitochondrial markers. They conducted a detailed phylogenetic analysis to infer their maternal genetic affinity. This revealed the Parsi mitogenomes, characterized by the mtDNA haplogroup M3a1 + 204, share a clade with both Middle Eastern and South Asian modern individuals in both the Maximum Likelihood tree and Bayesian phylogenetic tree. This haplogroup was also prevalent among the medieval Swat valley population and was observed in two Roopkund A individuals. In the phylogenetic network, these samples share a haplotype with both South Asian and Middle Eastern samples. Thus, the maternal ancestry of the first Parsi settlers includes genetic components similar to South Asian and Middle Eastern populations. 955: 1417: 2387: 2903: 1924:, the British schools in India provided the new Parsi youth with the means not only to learn to read and write but also to be educated in the greater sense of the term and become familiar with the quirks of the British establishment. These capabilities were enormously useful to Parsis since they allowed them to "represent themselves as being like the British," which they did "more diligently and effectively than perhaps any other South Asian community". While the colonial authorities often saw the other Indians "as passive, ignorant, irrational, outwardly submissive but inwardly guileful", the Parsis were seen to have the traits that the authorities tended to ascribe to themselves. 1153: 1517:. The Iran League Quarterly provided information on legal and economic aspects of land purchase. Land near Bandar-e Shapur was suggested as particularly valuable due to government plans for the port. Similar plans were considered for other Parsi colonies in Iran, including Yazd and Kerman. Textile manufacturing was seen as a potential area for Parsi investment, leading to the establishment of the Khorsovi Textile Mill in Mashhad (based on joint Parsi and Iranian ownership agreements). There was also discussion of combining industrial and agricultural ventures in such colonies. 2790:(55%), similar to Indians, which is just 1.7% in combined Iranian sample. According to the research findings, there is a noticeable contrast between the maternal and paternal components of the Parsi population. Despite their small population size, the high diversity observed in both the Y-DNA and mtDNA lineages suggests that a strong drift effect is improbable. The studies suggest a male-mediated migration of Parsi ancestors from Iran to Gujarat where they admixed with the local female population during initial settlements, which ultimately resulted in loss of Iranian mtDNA. 2370:. The ceremony then begins, and a circle is drawn around the body into which only the bearers may enter. As they proceed to the cemetery they walk in pairs and are connected by white fabric. A dog is essential in the funeral process because it is able to see death. The body is taken to the tower of death where the vultures feed on it. Once the bones are bleached by the sun they are pushed into the circular opening in the center. The mourning process is four days long, and rather than creating graves for the dead, charities are established in honor of the person. 2661: 1982: 1004:. notes that in much the same way as the word "Hindu" was used by Iranians to refer to anyone from the Indian subcontinent, "Parsi" was used by the Indians to refer to anyone from Greater Iran, irrespective of whether they were actually ethnic Persian people. In any case, the term "Parsi" itself is "not necessarily an indication of their Iranian or 'Persian' origin, but rather as indicator – manifest as several properties – of ethnic identity". Moreover, if heredity were the only factor in a determination of ethnicity, the Parsis would count as 2115:(i.e. Indian Zoroastrian) community was under intense pressure from English and American missionaries, who severely criticized the Zoroastrians for—as John Wilson portrayed it in 1843—"polytheism", which the missionaries argued was much less worth than their own "monotheism". At the time, Zoroastrianism lacked theologians of its own, and so the Zoroastrians were poorly equipped to make their own case. In this situation, Haug's counter-interpretation came as a welcome relief, and was (by-and-large) gratefully accepted as legitimate. 4958:

the rest of India. Muslims in provinces where they are in a majority have been less influenced by it; naturally, for they can stand on their own feet and have no reason to fear other groups. It is least evident in the Northwest Frontier Province (95 per cent Muslim) where the Pathans are brave and self-reliant and have no fear complex. Thus, oddly enough, the Muslim League's proposal to partition India finds far less response in the Muslim areas sought to be partitioned than in the Muslim minority areas which are unaffected by it.

2354: 1717:"Parsi legends regarding their ancestors' migration to India depict a beleaguered band of religious refugees escaping the new rule post the Muslim conquests in order to preserve their ancient faith." However, while Parsi settlements definitely arose along the western coast of the Indian subcontinent following the Arab conquest of Iran, it is not possible to state with certainty that these migrations occurred as a result of religious persecution against Zoroastrians. If the "traditional" 8th century date (as deduced from the 4539: 1877:", for which "good religion" is one translation). This change would have far reaching consequences. For one, it opened the gene pool to some extent since until that time inter-class marriages were exceedingly rare (this would continue to be a problem for the priesthood until the 20th century). For another, it did away with the boundaries along occupational lines, a factor that would endear the Parsis to the 18th- and 19th-century colonial authorities who had little patience for the unpredictable complications of the 102: 2399:

differences for the types of fire for the different temples. The first type of temple is the Atash Behram, which is the highest level of fire. The fire is prepared for an entire year before it can be installed, and once it is, it is cared for to the highest possible degree. There are only eight such temples located within India. The second type of fire temple is called a Dar-i Mihr, and the preparation process is not as intense. There are about 160 of these located throughout India.

2374: 2408: 1639: 1174: 7039: 2265: 626: 2683:. The reason given for this practice is that earth, fire, and water are considered sacred elements which should not be defiled by the dead. Therefore, burial and cremation have always been prohibited in Parsi culture. However, in modern day Mumbai and Karachi the population of vultures has drastically reduced due to extensive urbanization and the unintended consequence of treating humans and livestock with antibiotics, and the anti-inflammatory 120: 2287: 2198: 2921: 1657:, which is vague or contradictory with respect to some elapsed periods. Consequently, three possible dates – 716, 765, and 936 – have been proposed as the year of landing, and the disagreement has been the cause of "many an intense battle ... amongst Parsis". Since dates are not specifically mentioned in Parsi texts prior to the 18th century, any date of arrival is perforce a matter of speculation. The importance of the 84: 1467:

Parsis played a significant role in the modernization of Iran, particularly in the 20th century. They served as a reminder of Iran's ancient heritage, which was crucial to Iranians. The Parsis also demonstrated to Iranians that it was possible to be both modern and culturally authentic, and that the revival of Zoroastrianism could be a way of modernizing Iranian culture while retaining its original identity.

214: 1943:. In 1702, Maneck, who had probably already amassed a fortune under the Dutch and Portuguese, was appointed the first broker to the East India Company (acquiring the name "Seth" in the process), and in the following years "he and his Parsi associates widened the occupational and financial horizons of the larger Parsi community". Thus, by the mid-18th century, the brokerage houses of the 2065:. They had their own charitable foundations, housing estates, legal institutions, courts, and governance. They were no longer weavers and petty merchants, but now were established and ran banks, mills, heavy industry, shipyards, and shipping companies. Moreover, even while maintaining their own cultural identity they did not fail to recognize themselves as nationally Indian, as 48: 1936:, Recorder of Bombay from 1804 to 1811, who noted that "the Parsees are a small remnant of one of the mightiest nations of the ancient world, who, flying from persecution into India, were for many ages lost in obscurity and poverty, till at length they met a just government under which they speedily rose to be one of the most popular mercantile bodies in Asia". 1458:. A slower birthrate than deathrate accounts for the rest: as of 2001, Parsis over the age of 60 make up for 31% of the community. Only 4.7% of the Parsi community are under 6 years of age, which translates to 7 births per year per 1000 individuals. Concerns have been raised in recent years over the rapidly declining population of the Parsi community in India. 1973:, a number of Parsi families from Surat migrated to the new city. While in 1700 "fewer than a handful of individuals appear as merchants in any records; by mid-century, Parsis engaged in commerce constituted one of important commercial groups in Bombay". Maneck's generosity is incidentally also the first documented instance of Parsi philanthropy. In 1689, 1471:

blurred. This was exemplified by Reza Shah's adoption of Zoroastrian calendar names and placement of the Fravahar symbol on prominent government buildings. Additionally, he maintained a close relationship with the Zoroastrian parliamentary representative, Keikhosrow Shahrokh, who was entrusted by him with important governmental tasks.

1917:. The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent, and in 1687 they transferred their headquarters from Surat to the fledgling settlement. The Parsis followed and soon began to occupy posts of trust in connection with government and public works. 2612:('science of ecstasy', or 'science of bliss') is a school of Parsi-Zoroastrian philosophy based on a mystic and esoteric, rather than literal, interpretation of religious texts. According to adherents of the sect, they are followers of the Zoroastrian faith as preserved by a clan of 2000 individuals called the 5628:

Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Ayub, Qasim; Rai, Niraj; Prakash, Satya; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Pathak, Ajai Kumar; Tamang, Rakesh; Firasat, Sadaf; Reidla, Maere; Karmin, Monika; Rani, Deepa Selvi; Reddy, Alla G.; Parik, Jüri; Metspalu, Ene; Rootsi, Siiri; Dalal, Kurush; Khaliq, Shagufta;

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In 2017, a research study discovered that Parsis exhibit a stronger genetic affinity with Neolithic Iranians than with modern Iranians, who have experienced more recent admixture from the Near East. The study also identified 48% of South-Asian-specific mitochondrial lineages in ancient samples, which

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data has shown that the Parsis are genetically closer to Iranian populations than to their South Asian neighbours. They also share the highest number of haplotypes with present-day Iranians; the admixture of the Parsis with Indian populations was estimated have occurred approximately 1,200 years ago.

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calendar, Phiroze Kaus Dastur of the Dadyseth Atash-Behram in Bombay, became convinced that the pronunciation of prayers as recited by visitors from Iran was correct, while the pronunciation as used by the Parsis was not. He accordingly went on to alter some (but not all) of the prayers, which in due

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Over the centuries since the first Zoroastrians arrived in India, the Parsis have integrated themselves into Indian society while simultaneously maintaining or developing their own distinct customs and traditions (and thus ethnic identity). This in turn has given the Parsi community a rather peculiar

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is a tale of the journey of the Parsis to India from Iran. It says they fled for reasons of religious freedom and they were allowed to settle in India thanks to the goodwill of a local prince. However, the Parsi community had to abide by three rules: they had to speak the local language, follow local

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or codes of conduct) and the council soon ceased to be considered representative of the community. In the wake of a July 1856 ruling by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council that it had no jurisdiction over the Parsis in matters of marriage and divorce, the Panchayat was reduced to little more

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Through his largesse, Maneck helped establish the infrastructure that was necessary for the Parsis to set themselves up in Bombay and in doing so "established Bombay as the primary centre of Parsi habitation and work in the 1720s". Following the political and economic isolation of Surat in the 1720s

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zeal. The instinctive fear of disintegration and absorption in the vast multitudes among whom they lived created in them a spirit of exclusiveness and a strong desire to preserve the racial characteristics and distinctive features of their community. Living in an atmosphere surcharged with the Hindu

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briefly notes Zoroastrians with fire temples in al-Hind and in al-Sindh. There is evidence of individual Parsis residing in Sindh in the tenth and twelfth centuries, but the current modern community is thought to date from British arrival in Sindh. Moreover, for the Iranians, the harbours of Gujarat

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the Parsi community consists of: a) Parsis who are descended from the original Persian emigrants and who are born of both Zoroastrian parents and who profess the Zoroastrian religion; b) Iranis professing the Zoroastrian religion; c) the children of Parsi fathers by alien mothers who have been duly

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Quintana-Murci, Lluís; Chaix, Raphaëlle; Wells, R. Spencer; Behar, Doron M.; Sayar, Hamid; Scozzari, Rosaria; Rengo, Chiara; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Coppa8, Alfredo; Ayub, Qasim; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Mehdi, S. Qasim; Torroni, Antonio;

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Many Muslim organizations are opposed to it. Every non-Muslim, whether he is a Hindu or Sikh or Christian or Parsi, is opposed to it. Essentially the sentiment in favor of partition has grown in the areas where Muslims are in a small minority, areas which, in any event, would remain undetached from

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DNA (Y-DNA), different from most populations. Historical records suggests that they had moved from Iran to India, first to Gujarat and then to Mumbai and Karachi. According to Y-DNA, they resemble the Iranian population, which supports historical records. When the mtDNA pool is compared to Iranians

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The pollution that is associated with death has to be handled carefully. A separate part of the home is designated to house the corpse for funeral proceedings before being taken away. The priest comes to say prayers that are for the cleansing of sins and to affirm the faith of the deceased. Fire is

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In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Parsis had emerged as "the foremost people in India in matters educational, industrial, and social. They came in the vanguard of progress, amassed vast fortunes, and munificently gave away large sums in charity". Near the end of the 19th century, the total number

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and not in the sense of the trust it is today) to assist newly arriving Parsis in religious, social, legal and financial matters. Using their vast resources, the Maneck Seth family gave their time, energy and not inconsiderable financial resources to the Parsi community, with the result that by the

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acquired most of his wealth through trade in cotton and opium Gradually certain families "acquired wealth and prominence (Sorabji, Modi, Cama, Wadia, Jeejeebhoy, Readymoney, Dadyseth, Petit, Patel, Mehta, Allbless, Tata, etc.), many of which would be noted for their participation in the public life

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The gender ratio among Parsis is unusual: as of 2001, the ratio of males to females was 1000 males to 1050 females (up from 1024 in 1991), due primarily to the high median age of the population (elderly women are more common than elderly men). As of 2001 the national average in India was 1000 males

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to grant passage to Paradise, Hammistagan (A limbo area) or Hell by the bridge remaining wide for a righteous soul and turning narrow as a sword for the wicked.. A personified form of the soul that represents the person's deeds takes the adjudged to their destination and they will abide there until

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The absence of lung cancer-related DNA mutational signals among Parsis both point to the community's distinctive non-smoking social practises, which have been practised for millennia. Additionally Parsis have high prevalence of longevity as a genetic feature. Parsis have however been shown to have

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Zoroastrian festivals were originally held outside in the open air; temples were not common until later. Most of the temples were built by wealthy Parsis who needed centers that housed purity. As stated before, fire is considered to represent the presence of Ahura Mazda, and there are two distinct

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The balance between good and evil is correlated to the idea of purity and pollution. Purity is held to be of the very essence of godliness. Pollution's very point is to destroy purity through the death of a human. In order to adhere to purity it is the duty of Parsis to continue to preserve purity

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chaplain John Ovington reported that in Surat the family "assist the poor and are ready to provide for the sustenance and comfort of such as want it. Their universal kindness, either employing such as are ready and able to work, or bestowing a seasonable bounteous charity to such as are infirm and

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Both Reza Shah and Muhammad Reza Shah played an active role in encouraging Parsis to invest in Iran and contribute to its economic development by inviting them to return to their homeland. During the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran, the relationship between Zoroastrianism and Iranian national identity was

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to level out the accumulating fractional days. However, the Parsis were the only Zoroastrians to do so (and did it only once), with the result that, from then on, the calendar in use by the Parsis and the calendar in use by Zoroastrians elsewhere diverged by a matter of thirty days. The calendars

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From the 13th century to the late 16th century, the Zoroastrian priests of Gujarat sent (in all) twenty-two requests for religious guidance to their co-religionists in Iran, presumably because they considered the Iranian Zoroastrians "better informed on religious matters than themselves, and must

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Parsis have also been migrating to the traditional homeland of Iran and while the number of Parsis who have returned to Iran is small compared to the overall Zoroastrian community in Iran, their presence has helped to strengthen the ties between the Iranian and Indian Zoroastrian communities. The

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and several Arab historians, the Zoroastrian doctrine changed after the fall of the Sassanid state because the Zoroastrian clerics tried to save their religion from extinction by modifying it to resemble the religion of the Muslims. So that the Zoroastrians would not have a reason to convert to

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Iran is a vast country pregnant with many advantages and fresh fields waiting for development. We suggest that the Parsis, who are still the sons of Iran, though separated from her, should look upon this country of to-day as their own, and differentiate it from its immediate past, and strive to

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s, like the rest of the Parsi community the followers of Kshnoom are divided with respect to which calendar they observe. There are also other minor differences in their recitation of the liturgy, such as repetition of some sections of the longer prayers. Nonetheless, the Kshnoom are extremely

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ceremony, ideally before they reach puberty. Though there is no actual age by which a child must be initiated into the faith (preferably after seven years), Navjote cannot be performed on an adult. While the Parsi traditionally do not do adult Navjote (except in cases where it is performed for

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Haug's interpretations were subsequently disseminated as Zoroastrian ones, which then eventually reached the west where they were seen to corroborate Haug. Like most of Haug's interpretations, this comparison is today so well entrenched that a gloss of 'yazata' as 'angel' is almost universally

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established the Parsi Benevolent Fund with the aim of improving, through education, the condition of the impoverished Parsis still living in Surat and its environs. In 1849 the Parsis established their first school (co-educational, which was a novelty at the time, but would soon be split into

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texts – but they provide a discerning insight into the fears and anxieties of the early modern Zoroastrians. Thus, the question of the ink is symptomatic of the fear of assimilation and the loss of identity, a theme that dominates the questions posed and continues to be an issue into the 21st

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lies in any case not so much in its reconstruction of events than in its depiction of the Parsis – in the way they have come to view themselves – and in their relationship to the dominant culture. As such, the text plays a crucial role in shaping Parsi identity. But, "even if one comes to the

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founded the Persian Zoroastrian Amelioration Fund with the aim of improving conditions for his less fortunate co-religionists in Iran. The fund succeeded in convincing a number of Iranian Zoroastrians to emigrate to India (where they are known today as Iranis) and the efforts of its emissary

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Marriage is very important to the members of the Parsi community, believing that in order to continue the expansion of God's kingdom they must procreate. Up until the mid-19th century child marriages were common even though the idea of child marriage was not part of the religious doctrine.

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separate schools for boys and girls) and the education movement quickened. The number of Parsi schools multiplied, but other schools and colleges were also freely attended. Accompanied by better education and social cohesiveness, the community's sense of distinctiveness grew, and in 1854

875:. The Parsis, whose name means "Persians", are descended from Persian Zoroastrians who emigrated to India to avoid religious persecution by the Muslims. They live chiefly in Mumbai and in a few towns and villages mostly to the south of Mumbai, but also a few minorities nearby in 2046:

of Parsis in colonial India was 85,397, of which 48,507 lived in Bombay, constituting around 6.7% of the total population of the city, according to the 1881 census. This would be the last time that the Parsis would be considered a numerically significant minority in the city.

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mid-18th century, the Panchayat was the accepted means for Parsis to cope with the exigencies of urban life and the recognized instrument for regulating the affairs of the community. Nonetheless, by 1838 the Panchayat was under attack for impropriety and nepotism. In 1855 the

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The main components of Zoroastrianism as practiced by the Parsi community are the concepts of purity and pollution (nasu), initiation (navjot), daily prayers, worship at Fire Temples, marriage, funerals, and general worship via practicing good thoughts, words and deeds.

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The migration of Parsis to India caused a lack of religious knowledge, which led to doubts in several matters, which made them send men to Iran during the Muslim rule in order to learn the religion from the Zoroastrians in Iran. However, according to the orientalist

1721:) is considered valid, it must be assumed "that the migration began while Zoroastrianism was still the predominant religion in Iran and economic factors predominated the initial decision to migrate." This would have been particularly the case if – as the 1478:, a Parsi leader and founder of the Iranian Zoroastrian Anjoman and the Iran League in India, to visit Iran as part of a Parsi delegation. Irani was awarded honors by Reza Shah and entrusted with a message to take back to the Parsi community in India. 1774:

Two centuries after their landing, the Parsis began to settle in other parts of Gujarat, which led to "difficulties in defining the limits of priestly jurisdiction". These problems were resolved by 1290 through the division of Gujarat into five

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the final apocalypse. After the final battle between good and evil, every soul's walk through a river of fire ordeal for burning of their dross and together they receive a post resurrection paradise. The Zoroastrian holy book, called the

849:-speaking Irani community on the basis of the era of their migration to the country. Despite this legal distinction, the terms "Parsi" and "Zoroastrian" are commonly utilised interchangeably to denote both communities, which make up the 1019:, who in the 1750s, when the word "Zoroastrianism" had yet to be coined, made the first detailed report of the Parsis and of Zoroastrianism, therein mistakenly assuming that the Parsis were the only remaining followers of the religion. 2128:

Islam, but this did not succeed in preventing the Zoroastrians from converting to Islam, and it also caused the emergence of a new version of Zoroastrianism that resembled Islam and differed from Zoroastrianism in the Sassanid era..

980:. Subsequently, the term appears in the journals of many European travelers, first French and Portuguese, later English, all of whom used a Europeanized version of an apparently local language term. For example, Portuguese physician 2643:

The largest community of followers of the Kshnoom lives in Jogeshwari, a suburb of Bombay, where they have their own fire temple (Behramshah Nowroji Shroff Daremeher), their own housing colony (Behram Baug) and their own newspaper

5278:

Patell, Villoo Morawala; Pasha, Naseer; Krishnasamy, Kashyap; Mittal, Bharti; Gopalakrishnan, Chellappa; Mugasimangalam, Raja; Sharma, Naveen; Gupta, Arati-Khanna; Bhote-Patell, Perviz; Rao, Sudha; Jain, Renuka (June 8, 2020).

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where they are highly esteemed".In the 18th century, Parsis with their skills in ship building and trade greatly benefited with trade between India and China. The trade was mainly in timber, silk, cotton and opium. For example

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Some members of the community additionally contend that a child must have a Parsi father to be eligible for introduction into the faith, but this assertion is considered by most to be a violation of the Zoroastrian tenets of

1955:(1770): "many of the principal merchants and owners of ships at Bombay and Surat are Parsees." "Active, robust, prudent and persevering, they now form a very valuable part of the Company's subjects on the western shores of 1908:

and other areas. Many Parsis, who until then had been living in farming communities throughout Gujarat, moved to the English-run settlements to take the new jobs offered. In 1668 the English East India Company leased the

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caste system, they felt that their own safety lay in encircling their fold by rigid caste barriers". Even so, at some point (possibly shortly after their arrival in India), the Zoroastrians – perhaps determining that the

2184:. The child then faces the main priest and fire is brought in to represent God. Once the priest finishes with the prayers, the child's initiation is complete and he or she has become part of the community and religion. 2017:

than a Government-recognized "Parsi Matrimonial Court". Although the Panchayat would eventually be reestablished as the administrator of community property, it ultimately ceased to be an instrument for self-governance.

2495:. Although it was the only calendar always in harmony with the seasons, most members of the Parsi community rejected it on the grounds that it was not in accord with the injunctions expressed in Zoroastrian tradition ( 4244: 6651: 2073:

would note: "Whether I am a Hindu, a Mohammedan, a Parsi, a Christian, or of any other creed, I am above all an Indian. Our country is India; our nationality is Indian". While having an outsized role in the

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We estimate Our Empire's resources to be even greater than those of America, and in tapping them you can take your proper part. We do not want you to come all bag and baggage; just wait a little and watch.

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This section contains information specific to the Parsi calendar. For information on the calendar used by the Zoroastrians for religious purposes, including details on its history and its variations, see

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An oft-quoted legal definition of Parsi is based on a 1909 ruling (since nullified) that not only stipulated that a person could not become a Parsi by converting to the Zoroastrian faith but also noted:

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but finding themselves still persecuted they set sail for India, arriving in the 8th century. The migration may, in fact, have taken place as late as the 10th century, or in both. They settled first at

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prayers contain references to the names of the months, and some other prayers are used only at specific times of the year, the issue of which calendar is "correct" also has theological ramifications.

1558:, the only existing account of the early years of Zoroastrian refugees in India composed at least six centuries after their tentative date of arrival, the first group of immigrants originated from 2049:

Nonetheless, the legacy of the 19th century was a sense of self-awareness as a community. The typically Parsi cultural symbols of the 17th and 18th centuries such as language (a Parsi variant of

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could be attributed to the assimilation of local females during the initial settlement or may be representative of mitochondrial lineages that have become extinct in Iran. That would make the

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that the community desperately sought. By the mid-19th century, the Parsis were keenly aware that their numbers were declining and saw education as a possible solution to the problem. In 1842

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restrictions expressed in the third clause. The second clause was contested and overturned in 1948. On appeal in 1950, the 1948 ruling was upheld and the entire 1909 definition was deemed an

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Qamar, R.; Ayub, Q.; Mohyuddin, A.; Helgason, A.; Mazhar, Kehkashan; Mansoor, Atika; Zerjal, Tatiana; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Mehdi, S. Qasim (2002), "Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistan",

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marriage customs, and not carry any weapons. After showing the many similarities between their faith and local beliefs, the early community was granted a plot of land on which to build a

6471: 903:, since they are not Hindus, they form a well-defined community. The exact date of the Parsi migration is unknown. According to tradition, the Parsis initially settled at Hormuz on the 5341: 1619:, modern Turkmenistan). This first group was followed by a second group from Greater Khorasan within five years of the first, and this time having religious implements with them (the 1432:, there are a "variety of causes that are responsible for this steady decline in the population of the community", the most significant of which were childlessness and migration. 6511: 1662:

conclusion that the chronicle based on verbal transmission is not more than a legend, it still remains without doubt an extremely informative document for Parsee historiography."

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has little to say about the events that followed the establishment of Sanjan, and restricts itself to a brief note on the establishment of the "Fire of Victory" (Middle Persian:

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Reza Shah was also sympathetic to Indian Zoroastrians (Parsis) and actively encouraged their return to Iran to invest and help develop the country's economy. In 1932, he invited

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and its commentaries began to be prepared. From these translations Dhalla infers that "religious studies were prosecuted with great zeal at this period" and that the command of

2703:. Nevertheless, the majority of Parsis still use the traditional method of disposing of their loved ones and consider this as the last act of charity by the deceased on earth. 2020:

At about the same time as the role of the Panchayat was declining, a number of other institutions arose that would replace the Panchayat's role in contributing to the sense of

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The definition of who is, and is not, a Parsi is a matter of great contention within the Zoroastrian community in India. It is generally accepted that a Parsi is a person who:

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proposed raising funds in Bombay for this purpose, with support from the Iranian government and Reza Shah. Some Parsis had already resettled in Iran earlier since the time of

1653:

Although the Sanjan group are believed to have been the first permanent settlers, the precise date of their arrival is a matter of conjecture. All estimates are based on the

1043:(521-486 BC) establishes this fact when he records his Parsi ancestry for posterity, "parsa parsahya puthra ariya ariyachitra", meaning, "a Persian, the son of a Persian, an 3395: 1483:

You Parsis are as much the children of this soil as any other Iranis, and so you are as much entitled to have your proper share in its development as any other nationals.

2440:

226-241 AD). Since that calendar did not compensate for the fractional days that go to make up a full solar year, with time it was no longer accordant with the seasons.

6013: 932:" and hence "ethnic Persian", is not attested in Indian Zoroastrian texts until the 17th century. Until that time, such texts consistently use the Persian-origin terms 4236: 3377: 2737:

have brought mixed results. Some studies supports the Parsi contention that they have maintained their Persian roots by avoiding intermarriage with local populations.

1814:

have preserved the old-time tradition more faithfully than they themselves did". These transmissions and their replies – assiduously preserved by the community as the

4299: 1802:

and the Kanheri inscriptions, there is little evidence of the Parsis until the 12th and 13th century, when "masterly" Sanskrit translations and transcriptions of the

1101:) were opposite forces and the battle between them is more or less evenly matched. A person should always be vigilant to align with forces of light. According to the 2563:

The calendar disputes were not always purely academic, either. In the 1780s, emotions over the controversy ran so high that violence occasionally erupted. In 1783 a

726:. Representing the eldest of the Indian subcontinent's two Zoroastrian communities, the Parsi people are culturally, linguistically, and socially distinct from the 2472:

calendar on the recommendation of their priests who were convinced that the calendar in use in the ancient homeland must be correct. Moreover, they denigrated the

5591: 4984: 4285: 6536: 2432:

Until about the 12th century, all Zoroastrians followed the same 365-day religious calendar, which had remained largely unmodified since the calendar reforms of

7603: 3200:

was killed in action in the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war and was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military award for gallantry in action.

2165:

descendants of Parsi wanting to join the faith), the Iranian Zoroastrian equivalent, the sedreh-pushti can be done at any age for those wanting to convert.

3742:"What sets Zoroastrian Iranis apart - Persian Journal Culture Archaeological History Art Archaeology cultural history news & Iranian culture newspaper" 2552:

and linguistics attribute the difference in pronunciation to a vowel-shift that occurred only in Iran and that the Iranian pronunciation as adopted by the

1940: 1690:

and there were extensive trade relations between the two regions. The contact between Iranians and Indians was already well established even prior to the

1435:

If Demographic trends project that by 2020 the Parsis will number only 23,000. The Parsis will then cease to be called a community and will be labeled a '

4510:

Desai, Usha & Ramsay-Brijball, M. (2004). Tracing Gujarati Language development: philologically and sociolinguistically. Alternation, 11(2), 308-324.

2935:

The Parsis have made considerable contributions to the history and development of India, all the more remarkable considering their small numbers. As the

2691:. As a result, the bodies of the deceased are taking much longer to decompose. Solar panels have been installed in the Towers of Silence to speed up the 2176:, and a small cap. Following introductory prayers, the child is given the sacred items that are associated with Zoroastrianism: a sacred shirt and cord, 1510: 6451: 1771:) before Zoroastrianism "gained a real foothold in India and secured for its adherents some means of livelihood in this new country of their adoption". 8467: 5281:"The First complete Zoroastrian-Parsi Mitochondria Reference Genome: Implications of mitochondrial signatures in an endogamous, non-smoking population" 3414:"Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts" 6360: 2895:, "Education was a common thread that bound together this pan-Indian elite"; almost all of the members of these communities could read and write in 654: 6176: 1631:

s "mountain folk", as the two initial groups are said to have been initially called, at least one other group is said to have come overland from

3203:

The Parsi community has produced several notable sports figures who have made significant contributions to their respective fields. In cricket,

2954:

Although their people's name Parsi comes from the Persian-language word for a Persian person, in Sanskrit the term means "one who gives alms".

826:

for almost 200 years after the collapse of the Sasanian Empire. Nevertheless, Zoroastrianism continued to decline, and most Iranians had become

6296: 5819: 954: 369: 5332: 2831:

and were traditionally "urban and professional" (following professions such as doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers, etc.) immediately after

2539:

To further complicate matters, in the late 18th century (or early 19th century) a highly influential head-priest and staunch proponent of the

1779:

s (districts), each under the jurisdiction of one priestly family and their descendants. (Continuing disputes regarding jurisdiction over the

1844:

Nonetheless, "the precarious condition in which they lived for a considerable period made it impracticable for them to keep up their former

1824:) – span the years 1478–1766 and deal with both religious and social subjects. From a superficial 21st century point of view, some of these 1541:. In the Greater Mumbai area, where the density of Parsis is highest, about 13% of Parsi females and about 24% of Parsi males do not marry. 1493:

If you find the proposition beneficial both to yourselves and to this land, then do come and We shall greet you with open arms, as We might.

9554: 9378: 3741: 2824: 2802: 2160:. Children are initiated into the faith when they are old enough to recite some required prayers along with the priest at the time of the 1533:; as of 2001, the literacy rate is 99.1%, the highest of any Indian community (the national average was 78.5%). 97.1% of Parsis reside in 6124: 1252: 850: 731: 7596: 5629:

Mehdi, Syed Qasim; Singh, Lalji; Metspalu, Mait; Kivisild, Toomas; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Villems, Richard; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (2017).

2964:

stock, in numbers beneath contempt, but in charity and philanthropy perhaps unequaled and certainly unsurpassed." Several landmarks in

1853:

that they had brought with them was unsustainable in the small community – did away with all but the hereditary priesthood (called the

4522: 9549: 7075: 6446:

Marashi, Afshin. "Exile and the Nation: The Parsi Community of India and the Making of Modern Iran". University of Texas Press, 2020.

6587: 5110: 9544: 5438: 4970: 4380:"Afshin Marashi talks about the role of the exiled Zoroastrian Parsi community of India in shaping Iranian nationalism when they" 3338: 3137: 1681:, the Iranians continued to play a major role in the trade links between the east and west. The 9th-century Arab historiographer 8460: 4465:

The Shah's missive is reproduced in Sir Jehangir C. Coyajee, "A brief Life-Sketch of the Late Mr. Dinshah Jeejeebhoy Irani" in

1161:

standing: they are mostly Indians in terms of national affiliation, language and history, but not typically Indian in terms of

2479:

In 1906 attempts to bring the two factions together resulted in the introduction of a third calendar based on an 11th-century

9524: 7589: 6486: 6260: 6193: 6063: 6043: 6023: 5908: 5877: 5795: 5766: 5701: 5619: 5601: 5542: 5401: 5374: 4495: 4429: 3881: 3656: 3539: 3509: 1062:

In Outlines of Persian History, Dasturji Hormazdyar Dastur Kayoji Mirza, Bombay 1987, pp. 3–4 writes, "According to the

6222: 5948:

Luhrmann, Tanya M. (August 2002), "Evil in the Sands of Time: Theology and Identity Politics among the Zoroastrian Parsis",

4155: 4038: 2079: 647: 7005: 3716: 3438: 1725:

suggests – the first Parsis originally came from the north-east (i.e. Central Asia) and had previously been dependent on

1016: 576: 2104:

s to the angels of Christianity. In this scheme, the Amesha Spentas are the arch-angel retinue of Ahura Mazda, with the

9488: 2778: 2699:

a Parsi graveyard was established in the late 19th century, which still exists; this cemetery is unique as there is no

2665: 2146:

within their body as God created them. A Zoroastrian priest spends his entire life dedicated to following a holy life.

1429: 1416: 5152: 9519: 8453: 2759: 2334: 2245: 2119:

accepted; both in publications intended for a general audience as well as in (non-philological) academic literature.

6543: 6348: 4521:

Dodiya, J. (2006). Parsi English Novel. Sarup & Sons.|Dodiya, J. (2006). Parsi English Novel. Sarup & Sons.|

2316: 2227: 853:. Notably, no substantial differences exist between Parsi and Irani religious principles, convictions, and customs. 6304:

White, D. (May 1991), "From Crisis to Community Definition:The Dynamics of Eighteenth-Century Parsi Philanthropy",

2070: 9539: 9529: 7455: 2057:, literature, newspapers, magazines, and schools. The Parsis now ran community medical centres, ambulance corps, 1741:" but simultaneously arrived as "merchantmen bound for the shores of India, in course of trade and merchandise." 951:

text in praise of the Parsis, is the earliest attested use of the term as an identifier for Indian Zoroastrians.

640: 1442:

One-fifth of the decrease in population is attributed to migration. There are sizeable Parsi communities in the

3672:

Ganesh, Kamala (2008). "Intra-community Dissent and Dialogue: The Bombay Parsis and the Zoroastrian Diaspora".

2786:

and Gujaratis (their putative parental populations), it contrasted Y-DNA data. Parsis have a high frequency of

2747: 2491:, calendar had leap days intercalated every four years and it had a New Year's day that fell on the day of the 2386: 2312: 2223: 4913: 1000:, below), Justices Davar and Beaman asserted (1909:540) that "Parsi" was also a term used in Iran to refer to 7626: 7068: 7026: 6459: 5900:

State and government in medieval Islam: an introduction to the study of Islamic political theory: the jurists

5095: 2960:

would note in a much misquoted statement, "I am proud of my country, India, for having produced the splendid

2902: 2868: 1969:

and 1730s that resulted from troubles between the (remnant) Mughal authorities and the increasingly dominant

1783:

led to the fire being moved to Udvada in 1742, where today jurisdiction is shared in rotation among the five

1067: 1084:, the two great historians who lived in the third and fourth centuries BC, referred to Iranians as Persians. 7021: 6968: 6580: 2977: 2075: 1841:

s (non-Zoroastrians) to Zoroastrianism, to which the reply (R237, R238) was: acceptable, even meritorious.

916:

but soon moved to South Gujarāt, where they remained for about 800 years as a small agricultural community.

6250: 5847:

Persia past and present: a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map

3634: 2168:

The initiation begins with a ritual bath, then a spiritual cleansing prayer; the child changes into white

9559: 9534: 7510: 6958: 6422: 6411: 6368: 2516:

calendar does not have a significant following among Parsis, but, by virtue of being compatible with the

2091: 1925: 775:

continued between the 8th century and the 10th century. The earliest of these migrants settled among the

723: 606: 586: 3459: 1673:, the easternmost periphery of the Iranian world, too had once been under coastal administration of the 7000: 3941: 3224: 3182: 3171: 2856: 2616:('Masters of the Heart') who are said to live in complete isolation in the mountainous recesses of the 2012:

noted that the Panchayat was utterly without the moral or legal authority to enforce its statutes (the

5475: 5220: 1798:

was still the literary language of the hereditary Zoroastrian priesthood. Nonetheless, aside from the

1206:

is an ethno-religious designator, whose definition is of contention among its members, similar to the

863: 19:

This article is about a Zoroastrian community in the Indian subcontinent. For the Persian people, see

7975: 6963: 1647: 846: 719: 6214:

The Legacy of Zarathushtra: An Introduction to the Religion, History and Culture of the Zarathushtis

5317: 7515: 7061: 5219:

Kumar, Lomous; Ahlawat, Bhavna; Kumar, Sachin; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Rai, Niraj (July 1, 2023).

3413: 2297: 2208: 6995: 2631:

There are few obvious indications that a Parsi might be a follower of the Kshnoom. Although their

8573: 7043: 6973: 6922: 6573: 6424:

History of the Parsis – Including their manners, customs, religion and present position. (Vol. 2)

6413:

History of the Parsis – Including their manners, customs, religion and present position. (Vol. 1)

2777:

The genetic studies of Parsis of Pakistan show sharp contrast between genetic data obtained from

2308: 2301: 2219: 2212: 1910: 842: 561: 197: 6650: 6125:"Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor" 4154:(Supplement to Commerce Reports ed.). Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. p. 46. 3749: 8905: 8885: 8540: 8202: 8177: 7955: 6990: 6407: 6388: 3055: 2806: 2035: 2030: 1998: 1514: 1152: 324: 24: 6516: 5364: 5280: 9514: 9509: 8641: 7985: 7753: 7388: 7119: 6932: 5835: 5432: 5391: 5304: 4964: 4923: 3529: 3318: 3051: 2888: 2734: 2688: 1920:

Where literacy had previously been the exclusive domain of the priesthood, in the era of the

1914: 1850: 1738: 1509:

In the 1930s, Parsis discussed the idea of buying land in Iran to create a Parsi colony. Sir

1232: 611: 514: 5898: 5867: 5845: 5532: 8636: 8342: 7476: 6927: 4511: 2787: 2461:(imperial), presumably because none were aware that the calendars were no longer the same. 2433: 2426: 1965:

of the city, and for their various educational, industrial, and charitable enterprises.").

1425: 968:

The first reference to the Parsis in a European language is from 1322, when a French monk,

871:

Parsi, also spelled Parsee, member of a group of followers in India of the Persian prophet

811: 707: 566: 509: 7530: 6162: 5153:

Cellular and humoral immunodepression in vultures feeding upon medicated livestock carrion

3771: 2755:

Iranians than to modern Iranians who had recently received some genes from the Near East.

2362:

brought to the room and prayers are begun. The body is washed and inserted clean within a

1869:(artisans and labourers) – were folded into an all-comprehensive class today known as the 1022:

In addition to above, the term "Parsi" (Persian) existed even before they moved to India:

830:

by the 10th century, shifting the concentration of the religion's followers away from the

8: 8417: 7318: 6937: 6741: 5995:

The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity, and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India

3942:

Waterfield, Henry; Great Britain India Office Statistics AND Commerce Department (1872).

3107: 3075: 3032: 2771: 2723: 2480: 2259: 2025: 2021: 1961: 1878: 815: 711: 536: 144: 9399: 9318: 9258: 8915: 8412: 7612: 7233: 7108: 6825: 6759: 6551: 6433: 6329: 6321: 6149: 5981: 5973: 5937: 5858:

History of the Parsis: Including Their Manners, Customs, Religion, and Present Position

5735: 5727: 5657: 5630: 5579: 5571: 5292: 4211: 4181: 4123: 4094: 4064: 4006: 3976: 3947: 3697: 3689: 3298: 3263: 3194: 3190: 2936: 2832: 2660: 2640:

conservative in their ideology and prefer isolation even with respect to other Parsis.

2617: 2512:

calendar does have its adherents among the Parsi communities of Surat and Bharuch. The

2124: 2008: 1901: 1734: 1665:

The Sanjan Zoroastrians were certainly not the first Zoroastrians on the subcontinent.

807: 449: 379: 6106: 3439:

https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf

2567:

resident of Bharuch named Homaji Jamshedji was sentenced to death for kicking a young

1978:

miserable, leave no man destitute of relief, nor suffer a beggar in all their tribe".

9348: 8500: 8400: 7945: 7899: 7555: 7502: 7492: 7393: 6482: 6333: 6290: 6256: 6241: 6189: 6170: 6154: 6111: 6059: 6039: 6019: 5985: 5965: 5904: 5873: 5813: 5791: 5762: 5739: 5697: 5662: 5615: 5597: 5583: 5538: 5397: 5370: 5296: 5248: 5240: 5129: 4491: 4425: 3877: 3701: 3652: 3535: 3505: 3446: 3259: 3251: 3197: 3175: 2981: 2050: 1944: 1612: 1598: 1567: 1538: 989: 838: 799: 156: 140: 5920:(June 1994), "The Good Parsi: The Postcolonial 'Feminization' of a Colonial Elite", 5500: 5010: 3973:"Report on the census of British India, taken on the 17th February 1881 ..., Vol. 2" 2995:

Particularly notable Parsis in the fields of science and industry include physicist

2695:

process, but this has been only partially successful especially during monsoons. In

1981: 1677:(226-651), which consequently maintained outposts there. Even following the loss of 1074:

king, and the founder of the Empire) as khvatay parsikan 'the king of the Persians'.

9263: 9131: 8755: 8550: 8535: 7677: 7360: 7223: 7179: 7127: 6942: 6746: 6736: 6384: 6313: 6144: 6136: 6101: 6093: 5957: 5929: 5719: 5710:

Dobbin, C. (1970), "The Parsi Panchayat in Bombay City in the Nineteenth Century",

5652: 5642: 5563: 5284: 5232: 4417: 3681: 3473: 3322: 3306: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3219:

were renowned for their exceptional skills and leadership. In music, rock musician

3119: 2985: 2896: 2836: 2700: 2676: 2549: 2453: 2066: 1933: 1833: 1608: 1559: 1123: 743: 680: 541: 364: 359: 148: 67: 5631:""Like sugar in milk": Reconstructing the genetic history of the Parsi population" 4817: 4003:"Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states" 2353: 9388: 9338: 9333: 9323: 9273: 8955: 8847: 8588: 8568: 8545: 8530: 8510: 8505: 8476: 8422: 8347: 8337: 8297: 8285: 8076: 7970: 7737: 7732: 7631: 7084: 6531: 6506: 6228: 6074: 6053: 6033: 5993: 5887: 5856: 5829: 5785: 5756: 5164: 4215: 4207: 4185: 4177: 4149: 4127: 4119: 4098: 4090: 4068: 4060: 4032: 4010: 4002: 3980: 3972: 3951: 3943: 3896: 3499: 3310: 3235: 3220: 3212: 3204: 3178: 3144:, the architect of India's victory in the 1971 war, was the first officer of the 3111: 3083: 3028: 3012: 2906: 2548:

calendar as the more ancient (and thus presumably correct). However, scholars of

2002: 1760: 1674: 1643: 1420:

The geographical distribution of modern and ancient Parsis in India and Pakistan.

1215: 1071: 1063: 1027: 831: 803: 788: 630: 4488:

Exile and the Nation: The Parsi Community of India and the Making of Modern Iran

1881:(such as when a clerk from one caste would not deal with a clerk from another). 1113:

or the wickedness, the person has chosen in his life they will be judged at the

818:

or flee, though a number of Iranian figures stayed in active revolt against the

9358: 9288: 9230: 9195: 9027: 9005: 8792: 8666: 8631: 8357: 8317: 8137: 8081: 8061: 8056: 7854: 7636: 7570: 7368: 7332: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7202: 7158: 7147: 6840: 6835: 6784: 6726: 6596: 5917: 5236: 5177: 3294: 3255: 3247: 3141: 3087: 3067: 3024: 3000: 2996: 2957: 2884: 2818: 2798: 2742: 2625: 2608: 2601: 2157: 1897: 1807: 1795: 1555: 1443: 1236: 1207: 1135: 1127: 1114: 1048: 1026:

The earliest reference to the Persians is found in the Assyrian inscription of

1001: 981: 795: 767: 727: 704: 464: 459: 409: 349: 205: 185: 173: 152: 6560: 6317: 5723: 5647: 5567: 5288: 3926: 3911: 1947:

were almost all in Parsi hands. As James Forbes, the Collector of Broach (now

9503: 9452: 9429: 9328: 9308: 9278: 9238: 9225: 9170: 9150: 8945: 8870: 8852: 8842: 8745: 8714: 8525: 8495: 8302: 8046: 8006: 7919: 7799: 7727: 7471: 7424: 7383: 7346: 7216: 7113: 7098: 6978: 6754: 6665: 6501: 5969: 5259: 5244: 5221:"Maternal ancestry of first Parsi settlers of India using ancient mitogenome" 4421: 3685: 3314: 3239: 3216: 3167: 3149: 3134: 3133:

The Parsi community has given India several distinguished military officers.

3123: 3115: 3099: 3063: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2989: 2969: 2924: 2840: 2795: 2719: 2692: 2492: 2062: 2054: 1890: 1845: 1791: 1530: 1475: 1455: 1240: 1231:

This definition was overturned several times. The equality principles of the

1162: 969: 929: 819: 581: 374: 279: 4365: 3357:

Total population of Zoroastrian religion respondents of South Asian descent.

1767:. According to Dhalla, the next several centuries were "full of hardships" ( 9253: 9248: 9145: 9062: 8960: 8910: 8875: 8770: 8699: 8611: 8593: 8327: 8240: 8142: 8127: 8071: 8036: 7889: 7773: 7672: 7662: 7434: 7311: 7244: 7103: 6845: 6830: 6799: 6789: 6721: 6716: 6685: 6158: 6115: 5775:

Gray, Louis H. (1927), "Jews in Zoroastrianism", in Hastings, James (ed.),

5666: 5252: 5200: 4409: 4088: 3326: 3325:, also hails from this community, as does Naxalite leader and intellectual 3243: 3186: 3156: 3103: 3047: 3036: 2973: 2948: 2914: 2828: 2782: 2711: 2112: 1755: 1579: 1563: 1098: 904: 772: 469: 454: 414: 344: 339: 304: 5869:

The fire, the star and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early

2976:

in Mumbai, is a home to several prominent Parsis. Parsis prominent in the

2407: 2373: 1194:(b) has been formally admitted into the Zoroastrian religion, through the 771:, the immigration of Zoroastrian Persians to the Indian subcontinent from 9467: 9419: 9373: 9368: 9313: 9293: 9140: 9115: 9067: 9000: 8832: 8775: 8661: 8578: 8395: 8122: 8031: 8011: 7894: 7839: 7814: 7722: 7717: 7697: 7540: 7535: 7419: 7267: 7251: 6917: 6731: 6610: 6397: 4467:

Dinshah Irani Memorial Volume: Papers on Zoroastrian and Iranian Subjects

4453:

Dinshah Irani Memorial Volume: Papers on Zoroastrian and Iranian Subjects

3302: 3271: 3267: 3228: 3164: 3160: 3145: 3095: 3091: 3071: 3020: 2961: 2940: 2892: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2575: 2097: 1974: 1921: 1711: 1700: 1670: 1571: 1141: 1044: 499: 354: 229: 4768: 4766: 3693: 1928:(1638) saw them as "diligent", "conscientious", and "skillful" in their 1638: 1173: 841:-speaking Parsi community accounts for the oldest sustained presence of 9383: 9298: 9175: 9165: 8935: 8788: 8765: 8704: 8621: 8377: 7804: 7712: 7707: 7195: 6855: 6820: 6711: 6625: 6216:, Hinsdale: Federation of the Zoroastrian Associations of North America 5977: 5941: 5551: 3557: 3396:

India's dwindling Parsi population to be boosted with fertility clinics

3275: 3059: 3043: 3011:, regarded as the "Father of Indian Industry", and construction tycoon 2928: 2910: 2684: 2520:

calendar (an Iranian development with the same salient features as the

2504:

Today the majority of Parsis are adherents of the Parsi version of the

2100:

interpreted Zoroastrian scripture in Christian terms, and compared the

1929: 1832:

376: whether ink prepared by a non-Zoroastrian is suitable for copying

1691: 1632: 1583: 1575: 1534: 1243:– a collateral opinion and not legally binding (re-affirmed in 1966).) 1052: 909: 814:, which prompted much of the Zoroastrian-majority population to either 735: 444: 334: 244: 6325: 5731: 5575: 2652:, where the sect was founded in the last decades of the 19th century. 2264: 1607:). The refugees accepted the conditions and founded the settlement of 9472: 9363: 9210: 8676: 8372: 8212: 8187: 8182: 7940: 7560: 7550: 7520: 7398: 7302: 7238: 7209: 6912: 6907: 6635: 6615: 6478: 5746:

Edwards, E. (1927), "Sacrifice (Iranian)", in Hastings, James (ed.),

4763: 4379: 3208: 2880: 2864: 2752: 2391: 1956: 1726: 1687: 1682: 1594: 1593:, the immigrants were granted permission to stay by the local ruler, 1447: 1077: 913: 896: 888: 872: 823: 784: 494: 489: 254: 234: 213: 7525: 5961: 5933: 4469:(Dinshah J. Irani Memorial Fund Committee, Bombay: 1948), pp i-xiii. 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4147: 3874:

Abraham's Children: Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People

3159:

was the first Parsi to be appointed Chief of the Naval Staff of the

2286: 2197: 9343: 9243: 9220: 9205: 9180: 9100: 9095: 9087: 8950: 8925: 8656: 8515: 8322: 8290: 8265: 8260: 7950: 7758: 7565: 7340: 7326: 7137: 6850: 6774: 6769: 6555: 6402:

Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsis

6140: 6097: 5596:(2nd ed.), New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, p. 252, 4414:

Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective

4286:"Where we belong: The fight of Parsi women in interfaith marriages" 3802:, p. 8 incorrectly attributes the text to a Zoroastrian priest 3079: 2920: 2876: 2763: 2696: 2680: 2058: 1893: 1730: 1706: 1611:, which is said to have been named after the city of their origin ( 1218:

and may be a remnant of an old legal definition of the term Parsi.

1081: 1040: 985: 948: 715: 625: 399: 394: 299: 125: 20: 8445: 7053: 1889:

Following the commercial treaty in the early 17th century between

9185: 9155: 9072: 9057: 9047: 8986: 8920: 8890: 8816: 8784: 8718: 8616: 8485: 8362: 8312: 8307: 8250: 8230: 8207: 8147: 8107: 8051: 8016: 7924: 7879: 7864: 7834: 7682: 7646: 7581: 7429: 7373: 7353: 7275: 7165: 6881: 6815: 6794: 6640: 6565: 5526:(4th ed.). New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors. 5218: 4408:

Ringer, Monica M. (2012), Amanat, Abbas; Vejdani, Farzin (eds.),

4259: 3153: 3127: 2844: 2715: 2672: 2556:

s is actually more recent than the pronunciation used by the non-

2497: 2169: 2161: 1970: 1948: 1821: 1816: 1764: 1695: 1195: 1191:(a) is directly descended from the original Persian refugees, and 1179: 1094: 1005: 993: 984:

observed in 1563 that "there are merchants ... in the kingdom of

977: 925: 892: 880: 876: 827: 780: 519: 439: 419: 259: 160: 1997:

In 1728 Rustom's eldest son Naoroz (later Naorojee) founded the

1794:

near Mumbai suggest that at least until the early 11th century,

9457: 9408: 9190: 9160: 9110: 9105: 9082: 9077: 9037: 9032: 9010: 8995: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8940: 8930: 8900: 8895: 8880: 8821: 8760: 8750: 8709: 8681: 8671: 8651: 8646: 8606: 8601: 8583: 8367: 8352: 8332: 8255: 8197: 8192: 8117: 8112: 8086: 8041: 8026: 8021: 7980: 7965: 7904: 7874: 7869: 7859: 7849: 7844: 7809: 7789: 7763: 7692: 7641: 7545: 7439: 7378: 7186: 7142: 7132: 6860: 6706: 6701: 6670: 6520: 6266: 5610:

Boyce, M. (July 2002), "The Parthians", in Godrej, P.J. (ed.),

4527: 4300:"Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001-2011: study" 4237:"Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001–2011: study" 4001:

Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891).

4000: 3378:"Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001-2011: Study" 2965: 2944: 2852: 2707: 2621: 2533: 2367: 2363: 2348: 2181: 2177: 1986: 1904:

obtained the exclusive rights to reside and build factories in

1803: 1451: 943: 776: 529: 524: 384: 329: 284: 107: 31: 4310: 3852: 3850: 1165:

or ethnicity, cultural, behavioural and religious practices.

9462: 9353: 9303: 9283: 9268: 9215: 9200: 9120: 9052: 9042: 9022: 8780: 8722: 8626: 8434: 8405: 8245: 8235: 8157: 8152: 8132: 8091: 8066: 7960: 7909: 7884: 7829: 7819: 7768: 7702: 7687: 7403: 7258: 7152: 6902: 6876: 6779: 6764: 6680: 6675: 6121: 5828: 5265: 4178:"Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables" 4093:. Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. pp. 37–42. 3810: 3808: 2649: 2524:

calendar), it is predominant among the Zoroastrians of Iran.

2173: 2039: 1905: 1678: 1666: 1566:

is in part in northeastern Iran, where it constitutes modern

1436: 973: 900: 718:

who migrated to the Indian subcontinent during and after the

404: 389: 294: 289: 89: 47: 6527:"Govt launches scheme to arrest decline in Parsi population" 6227:, Mumbai: National Commission for Minorities, archived from 6055:

The Parsis of India: preservation of identity in Bombay City

5277: 3412:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022).

2718:, the Tower of Silence is located in Parsi Colony, near the 689: 9017: 8811: 8726: 8520: 8001: 7914: 7824: 7794: 7667: 7173: 6886: 6630: 6620: 5167:. The Peregrine Fund (2012-08-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-28. 5155:. Rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-28. 4889: 4877: 4346: 4334: 4089:

Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911).

3856: 3847: 3835: 3262:. The film industry features screenwriter and photographer 1616: 1603: 1109: 1103: 1056: 884: 695: 249: 239: 6083: 5889:

The Parsees in India: A Minority as Agent of Social Change

5206: 4599: 4037:. The story of nations. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 355. 3897:

Sir Dinsha Manekji Petit v. Sir Jamsetji Jijibhai (1909),

3805: 3637:. Iranicaonline.org (2008-07-20). Retrieved on 2013-07-28. 3635:

PARSI COMMUNITIES i. EARLY HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica

1810:

and Sanskrit among the clerics "was of a superior order".

1686:

lay on the maritime routes that complemented the overland

8223: 6438: 4865: 4853: 4793: 4727: 4703: 4322: 4205: 3796: 3717:"Parsi And Irani Zoroastrians – A Historical Perspective" 3615: 3613: 3600: 3598: 3570: 3568: 3566: 2445: 1537:(the national average is 27.8%). Parsis mother tongue is 6552:"Falling Indian minority hopes romance can stop decline" 5188: 4985:"Parsis have made immense contributions to India: envoy" 4681: 4679: 4640: 4575: 2899:

and were educated beyond regular schooling institutions.

1183:

ceremony (rites of admission into the Zoroastrian faith)

6184:

Ralhan, Om Prakash (2002), "Indian National Congress",

5673: 4841: 4783: 4781: 4772: 4751: 4739: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4611: 3927:

Merwan Rashid Yezdiar v. Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar (1950),

3912:

Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar v. Merwan Rashid Yezdiar (1948),

3825: 3823: 3585: 3583: 2751:

It is also found that Parsis are genetically closer to

2464:

In 1745 the Parsis in and around Surat switched to the

1597:, on the condition that they adopt the local language ( 5556:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4929: 4551: 4141: 3944:"Memorandum on the census of British India of 1871-72" 3610: 3595: 3563: 2827:(CSDS), lists Indian communities that constituted the 1574:, and in part in three Central-Asian republics namely 6252:

Zoroastrians of India. Parsis: A Photographic Journey

5754: 5627: 5554:(1970), "On the Calendar of the Zoroastrian Feasts", 5478:. Parsi Khabar (2010-01-06). Retrieved on 2013-07-28. 4901: 4715: 4691: 4676: 4652: 4563: 4416:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 267–277, 4272: 4061:"Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 2053:), arts, crafts, and sartorial habits developed into 1828:("questions") are remarkably trivial – for instance, 1549: 1428:, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. According to the 1015:

The term "Parseeism" or "Parsiism", is attributed to

757: 692: 6015:

The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research

5481: 5043: 4829: 4778: 4623: 4120:"Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 3820: 3580: 3411: 3289:

Educational and legal achievements include educator

2648:). There is a smaller concentration of adherents in 686: 6449: 6434:"Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing?" 5593:

Zoroastrians, their religious beliefs and practices

5028: 4664: 4587: 3647:Akram, A. I.; al-Mehri, A. B. (September 1, 2009). 3528:Hinnells, John; Williams, Alan (October 22, 2007). 2883:, the Parsis, as well as the upper echelons of the 2544:course came to be accepted by all adherents of the 1729:trade. Even so, in the 17th century, Henry Lord, a 683: 5839:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 5333:"High rate of cancer puts Parsis under microscope" 5331: 4451:Committee, Dinshah J. Irani Memorial Fund (1943). 2679:where the corpses are quickly eaten by the city's 2655: 2527: 2038:were instrumental in obtaining a remission of the 5058: 3234:In literature and journalism, they boast authors 2891:communities throughout the country. According to 2574:Of the eight Atash-Behrams (the highest grade of 9501: 5787:The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration 5530: 5463: 4805: 3527: 2402: 2085: 1932:pursuits. Similar observations would be made by 16:Zoroastrian community in the Indian subcontinent 6431: 6018:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press, p. 154, 5362: 5073: 4091:"Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables" 3558:Parsee, n. and adj. - Oxford English Dictionary 3301:, Pakistan's first Parsi Supreme Court Justice 2947:to, their most prominent contribution is their 2582:pronunciation and calendar, the other five are 1857:in Sassanid Iran). The remaining estates – the 1837:century. So also the question of conversion of 1737:, noted that the Parsis came to India seeking " 1520: 1093:In ancient Persia, Zoroaster taught that good ( 5755:Eliade, M.; Couliano, I.; Wiesner, H. (1991), 5389: 5108: 4410:"Iranian Nationalism and Zoroastrian Identity" 4229: 4024: 3795:Parsi legend attributes it to a Hindu author; 3313:, along with former Attorney-General of India 3189:RF Contractor served as the 17th Chief of the 2635:prayers are very similar to those used by the 1646:and its surrounding regions on the eve of the 1601:) and that their women adopt local dress (the 1070:, the Indian astrologer refers to Artakhshir ( 996:." In an early 20th-century legal ruling (see 992:call them Jews, but they are not so. They are 899:. Although they are not, strictly speaking, a 8461: 7597: 7069: 6581: 6220: 5872:(reprint ed.), I.B.Tauris, p. 268, 5534:Historia Religionum: Religions of the present 5531:Bleeker, Claas Jouco; Widengren, Geo (1971), 5501:"Jamshedji Tata - Founder of TATA Industries" 4533: 4352: 4340: 4316: 4148:United States Department of Commerce (1924). 3646: 3042:Other notable Parsi business persons include 2675:at least, for dead Parsis to be taken to the 2111:At the time Haug wrote his translations, the 1939:One of these was an enterprising agent named 1271: 751: 648: 6248: 6202: 6032:Ovington, J. (1929), Rawlinson, H.G. (ed.), 5903:(reprint ed.), Routledge, p. 364, 5844:Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams (1906), 5366:Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent 4581: 4328: 2825:Centre for the Study of Developing Societies 2803:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 2774:of Parsis about 3/4 Iranian and 1/4 Indian. 6175:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5892:(2nd ed.), New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House 5779:, vol. VII, Edinburgh: T & T Clark 4455:. Dinshah J. Irani Memorial Fund Committee. 2315:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2226:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1253:List of countries by Zoroastrian population 883:. There is a sizeable Parsee population in 722:in the 7th century, when Zoroastrians were 8468: 8454: 7604: 7590: 7076: 7062: 6649: 6588: 6574: 6468:Chennai Brew- Some Voices Some Communities 6295:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5818:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5750:, vol. XI, Edinburgh: T & T Clark 5356: 4826:, pp. 37–45, 62–64, 128–140, 334–135. 4199: 4170: 4112: 4082: 4053: 3994: 3965: 3935: 3351: 2687:, which harm vultures and have led to the 2419: 2069:, the first Asian to occupy a seat in the 1861:(nobility, soldiers, and civil servants), 1461: 856: 730:, whose Zoroastrian ancestors migrated to 655: 641: 212: 46: 6450:Editorial Viewpoint (February 21, 2006), 6280: 6235: 6148: 6105: 6072: 6002: 5865: 5674:Darukhanawala, H.; Jeejeebhoy, J (1938), 5656: 5646: 5457: 5369:. Springer Science & Business Media. 5194: 4646: 4605: 4569: 4557: 4450: 4151:Trade and Economic Review for 1922 No. 34 3901:, Justices Dinshaw Davar and Frank Beaman 3876:. Grand Central Publishing. p. 236. 3841: 3814: 3799: 3714: 3405: 3074:—all of them related through marriage to 3039:are important industrial Parsi families. 2415:ceremony (in this case, a house blessing) 2335:Learn how and when to remove this message 2246:Learn how and when to remove this message 2108:as the supporting host of lesser angels. 1147: 845:, and is legally differentiated from the 765:According to the 16th-century Parsi epic 6510:) is being considered for deletion. See 6361:"A brief introduction to Zoroastrianism" 6221:Roy, T.K.; Unisa, S.; Bhatt, M. (2004), 6051: 6031: 6011: 5947: 5916: 5803: 5783: 5131:The complete text of the Pahlavi Dinkard 5067: 4895: 4883: 4847: 4823: 4799: 4757: 4745: 4733: 4617: 4545: 3619: 3574: 3321:, India's first female photojournalist, 3293:, suffragist, cultural studies theorist 2919: 2901: 2823:D. L. Sheth, the former director of the 2659: 2406: 2385: 2372: 2352: 2263: 2080:opposed the partition of undivided India 1980: 1637: 1415: 1258:Historical population of Parsis in India 1227:and properly admitted into the religion. 1172: 1151: 953: 834:for the first time in recorded history. 6420: 6406: 6383: 6349:"Parsi-Religion and Expressive Culture" 6224:Growth of the Parsi population in India 6211: 5896: 5861:, vol. 1, London: Macmillan and Co 5843: 5745: 5487: 5451: 5178:"Tower of Silence - Clifton Cantonment" 5052: 4485: 3715:Dadrawala, Noshir H. (April 13, 2019). 3604: 3497: 3339:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 3138:Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw 3114:. The husband of Indian Prime Minister 2812: 2671:It has been traditional, in Mumbai and 2452:, p. 537), the Parsis inserted an 2140: 940:" the good religion". The 12th-century 891:. A few Parsee families also reside in 9502: 6474:These Communities Call Chennai 'home'" 6207:(2nd ed.), New York: Random House 6183: 5998:, Bombay: K.R. Cama Oriental Institute 5991: 5854: 5709: 5691: 5682: 5363:Dhavendra Kumar (September 15, 2012). 5128:Madan, Dhanjishah Meherjibhai (1911). 5082: 5011:"HAUG, MARTIN – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 4991:. Press Trust of India. April 26, 2016 4935: 4919: 4907: 4871: 4859: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4685: 4658: 4634: 4407: 4208:"Census of India, 1941. Vol. 1, India" 4030: 3871: 3671: 3501:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 3126:, was a Parsi with ancestral roots in 2590:s do not have their own Atash-Behram. 2571:woman and so causing her to miscarry. 2135: 972:, briefly refers to their presence in 851:world's largest Zoroastrian population 8449: 7585: 7057: 6569: 6303: 6079:, Bombay: Zarthoshti Dharam Sambandhi 6076:Early History of the Parsees in India 5885: 5696:, New York: Oxford University Press, 5683:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusserwanji (1914), 5609: 5589: 5550: 5521: 5445: 5127: 4835: 4787: 4670: 4593: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4403: 4401: 3829: 3630: 3628: 3589: 2449: 2096:In the 1860s and 1870s, the linguist 1884: 1504:derive benefit from her developments. 997: 924:, which in the Persian language is a 6466:Uberoi, Anuradha (January 6, 2020), 6012:Nigosian, Solomon Alexander (1993), 5850:, The Macmillan Company, p. 471 5826: 5774: 5537:, vol. II, Brill, p. 715, 5427:. Indian Social Institute: 72. 2000. 5037: 4811: 4247:from the original on January 6, 2019 3931:, Justices Chagla and Gajendragadkar 3857:Jamshed Irani v. Banu Irani (1966), 3553: 3551: 3523: 3521: 3106:. Other notable businessmen include 2313:adding citations to reliable sources 2280: 2224:adding citations to reliable sources 2191: 1710:to refer to the peoples west of the 794:Zoroastrianism had served as Iran's 76:Regions with significant populations 9555:Pakistani people of Iranian descent 8475: 7083: 6432:Karkaria, Bachi (January 9, 2016). 5777:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics 5758:The Eliade Guide to World Religions 5748:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics 5676:Parsi Lustre on Indian Soil, Vol. I 5437:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ( 4969:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ( 4773:Darukhanawala & Jeejeebhoy 1938 3748:. December 19, 2007. Archived from 3560:. oed.com. Retrieved on 2015-03-03. 3282:, and Thailand's cinematic pioneer 3098:was married to Parsi industrialist 2762:(patrilineal) DNA of the Parsis of 2042:for their co-religionists in 1882. 2001:(in the sense of an instrument for 1168: 1047:, of Aryan family" (Inscription at 1017:Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron 752: 577:Zoroastrianism in the United States 13: 9489:Genetic studies on Gujarati people 7611: 6595: 6421:Karaka, Dosabhai Framjee (1884b), 6341: 6205:Random House Unabridged Dictionary 6186:Encyclopaedia of Political Parties 6129:American Journal of Human Genetics 6086:American Journal of Human Genetics 6035:A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689 5476:Can Zoroastrians save their faith? 4472: 4398: 4206:India Census Commissioner (1941). 3625: 3498:Skutsch, Carl (November 7, 2013). 2968:are named after Parsis, including 2729: 2156:Zoroastrians are not initiated by 1550:Arrival in the Indian subcontinent 1430:National Commission for Minorities 1266: 14: 9571: 6514:to help reach a consensus. › 6493: 6188:, New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 5344:from the original on May 25, 2022 4158:from the original on May 13, 2023 3548: 3518: 3086:, was born into two of the Parsi 2593: 9550:Indian people of Iranian descent 7038: 7037: 6281:Vimadalal, Jal Rustamji (1979), 6007:, New Delhi: National Book Trust 5833:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5493: 5469: 5413: 5383: 5324: 5271: 5212: 5170: 5109:Bachi Karkaria (July 11, 2005). 4486:Marashi, Afshin (June 8, 2020). 4041:from the original on May 8, 2023 3872:Entine, Jon (October 24, 2007). 3531:Parsis in India and the Diaspora 3250:, and investigative journalists 2443:Sometime between 1125 and 1250 ( 2285: 2196: 679: 624: 118: 100: 82: 6545:Parsis – a photographic journey 6535:. July 27, 2010. Archived from 5158: 5146: 5121: 5111:"How Konstantin became Farrokh" 5102: 5088: 5003: 4977: 4941: 4515: 4504: 4459: 4444: 4372: 4358: 4292: 4278: 3920: 3905: 3890: 3865: 3789: 3764: 3734: 3708: 3665: 3640: 2656:Issues relating to the deceased 2528:Effect of the calendar disputes 2357:Parsi Tower of Silence, Bombay. 1068:Karnamak i Artakhshir i Papakan 802:. However, the conquest of the 798:since at least the time of the 724:persecuted by the early Muslims 9545:Ethnoreligious groups in India 6203:Random House (1993), "Parsi", 5827:Hull, Ernest Reginald (1911). 3491: 3466: 3431: 3388: 3370: 2666:St Mary's Cemetery, Wandsworth 2476:calendar as being "royalist". 1744: 1498:Our dear brothers and sisters. 1126:, which is closely related to 783:after being granted refuge by 746:, and literally translates to 1: 7627:Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu 6561:The Story of Parsi Enterprise 6499: 6458:, no. 48, archived from 6427:, London: Macmillan & Co. 6416:, London: Macmillan & Co. 6212:Rivetna, Roshan, ed. (2002), 5992:Maneck, Susan Stiles (1997), 5396:. Penguin Books. p. 28. 5393:The Great Indian Middle class 4490:. University of Texas Press. 3649:The Muslim Conquest of Persia 3364: 3305:, and constitutional experts 3297:, and first female barrister 3094:families, and their daughter 3082:. Mohammad Ali Jinnah's wife 2710:is located at Doongerwadi at 2578:) in India, three follow the 2403:Factions within the community 2086:Change in religious education 1246: 1031: 959: 57: 9525:Social groups of Maharashtra 6353:Countries and their Cultures 6123:McElreavey, Ken (May 2004), 6038:, London: Humphrey Milford, 5950:The Journal of Asian Studies 5464:Bleeker & Widengren 1971 3317:, and Supreme Court Justice 2978:Indian independence movement 2076:Indian independence movement 1562:. This historical region of 1521:Other demographic statistics 1208:identity question among Jews 810:marked the beginning of the 7: 7511:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 6052:Palsetia, Jesse S. (2001), 5897:Lambton, Ann K. S. (1981), 5790:, Oxford University Press, 5761:, New York: HarperCollins, 4534:Roy, Unisa & Bhatt 2004 4353:Roy, Unisa & Bhatt 2004 4341:Roy, Unisa & Bhatt 2004 4317:Roy, Unisa & Bhatt 2004 3332: 2276: 2187: 2092:Criticism of Zoroastrianism 1926:Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo 1763:and its subsequent move to 1570:, part of western/northern 758: 607:Criticism of Zoroastrianism 587:Persecution of Zoroastrians 10: 9576: 8224:Immigrant Jain communities 6238:Die Religion Zarathushtras 5784:Hinnells, John R. (2005), 5514: 5266:Quintana-Murci et al. 2004 5237:10.1016/j.mito.2023.06.004 4180:. 1931. pp. 513–519. 3504:. Routledge. p. 953. 3225:Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji 3198:Ardeshir Burjorji Tarapore 2816: 2758:In that 2002 study of the 2599: 2423: 2381: 2346: 2257: 2149: 2089: 1735:English East India Company 1544: 1250: 988:... known as Esparcis. We 714:. They are descended from 29: 18: 9481: 9443: 9417: 9397: 9129: 8984: 8861: 8830: 8802: 8736: 8690: 8559: 8483: 8388: 8278: 8170: 8100: 7994: 7933: 7782: 7746: 7655: 7619: 7501: 7485: 7464: 7448: 7412: 7091: 7035: 7014: 6951: 6895: 6869: 6808: 6694: 6658: 6647: 6603: 6318:10.1017/S0026749X00010696 6283:What a Parsee Should Know 6249:Taraporevala, S. (2000), 5866:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006), 5724:10.1017/S0026749X00005102 5694:History of Zoroastrianism 5648:10.1186/s13059-017-1244-9 5568:10.1017/S0041977X00126540 5289:10.1101/2020.06.05.124891 4955:. Asia Press: 212. 1946. 3651:. Maktabah Publications. 3174:, post-independence, and 3170:served as India's second 2835:. This list included the 2664:Parsi funerary monument, 2457:still had the same name, 2078:, the majority of Parsis 1648:Muslim conquest of Persia 1409: 1284:— 1107:or the righteousness and 1088: 708:ethno-religious community 184: 179: 172: 167: 139: 134: 116: 98: 80: 75: 45: 9520:Social groups of Gujarat 8738:Agricultural communities 7656:Agricultural communities 7516:Ancient Iranian religion 6737:101 Names of Ahura Mazda 6512:templates for discussion 6408:Karaka, Dosabhai Framjee 6240:(in German). Stuttgart: 5806:Studies in Parsi History 5524:Religion in Modern India 4422:10.1057/9781137013408_13 4122:. 1921. pp. 39–44. 4063:. 1901. pp. 57–62. 3899:33 ILR 509 and 11 BLR 85 3686:10.1177/0038022920080301 3344: 3311:Nani Ardeshir Palkhivala 2833:Indian partition in 1947 2706:The Tower of Silence in 1865:(farmers and herdsmen), 1623:). In addition to these 360:101 Names of Ahura Mazda 30:Not to be confused with 7456:Ancient Iranian peoples 6923:Three Persian religions 5390:Pavan K. Varma (2007). 4989:Business Standard India 4366:"Saving India's Parsis" 3975:. 1881. pp. 9–18. 3914:Parsi Matrimonial Court 3776:Encyclopædia Britannica 3478:www.merriam-webster.com 2620:(alternatively, in the 2420:Calendrical differences 2377:Parsi Fire Temple Delhi 1911:Seven Islands of Bombay 1462:Ties to modern-day Iran 928:meaning "inhabitant of 864:Encyclopædia Britannica 857:Definition and identity 843:Zoroastrianism in India 9540:Ethnic groups in Sindh 9530:Ethnic groups in India 8906:Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya 8886:Gurjar Kshatriya Kadia 8692:Mercantile communities 8541:Sidhra-Rudhra Brahmins 7956:Gomantak Maratha Samaj 7747:Mercantile communities 6393:, University of London 6255:, Bombay: Good Books, 6236:Stausberg, M. (2002). 6073:Paymaster, R. (1954), 6003:Nanavutty, P. (1970), 5855:Karaka, D. F. (1884), 5612:A Zoroastrian Tapestry 5522:Baird, Robert (2009). 5312:Cite journal requires 5096:"BBC - Zoroastrianism" 3056:Dinshaw Maneckji Petit 2932: 2917: 2746:based on high density 2735:Genealogical DNA tests 2668: 2508:calendar although the 2416: 2395: 2378: 2358: 2269: 2036:Maneckji Limji Hataria 2031:Dinshaw Maneckji Petit 1999:Bombay Parsi Panchayet 1994: 1650: 1507: 1421: 1229: 1184: 1157: 1156:Wedding portrait, 1948 1148:As an ethnic community 965: 918: 325:Zoroastrian literature 25:Parsi (disambiguation) 23:. For other uses, see 8298:Maharashtrian Muslims 7754:Gaud Saraswat Brahmin 7413:Related ethnic groups 7027:Fire temples in India 6695:Scripture and worship 6539:on December 25, 2011. 5836:Catholic Encyclopedia 5804:Hodivala, S. (1920), 5678:, Bombay: G. Claridge 5283:: 2020.06.05.124891. 5015:www.iranicaonline.org 4949:Asia and the Americas 4031:Frazer, R.W. (1897). 3674:Sociological Bulletin 3474:"Definition of PARSI" 3052:Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata 2923: 2909:, lead singer of the 2905: 2740:A study published in 2689:Indian vulture crisis 2663: 2410: 2390:Parsi Fire Temple of 2389: 2376: 2356: 2267: 1984: 1951:), would note in his 1915:Charles II of England 1851:social stratification 1739:liberty of conscience 1641: 1480: 1419: 1224: 1176: 1155: 1122:, was written in the 957: 869: 720:Arab conquest of Iran 612:Zoroastrian cosmology 562:Zoroastrians in India 318:Scripture and worship 180:Related ethnic groups 68:Mahadev V. Dhurandhar 8804:Pastoral communities 7477:Proto-Indo-Europeans 7389:Tats of the Caucasus 7022:Fire temples in Iran 6809:Accounts and legends 6306:Modern Asian Studies 6269:on February 14, 2006 5712:Modern Asian Studies 5685:Zoroastrian Theology 5590:Boyce, Mary (2001), 3752:on December 19, 2007 2999:, nuclear scientist 2819:List of Parsi people 2813:Notable Parsi people 2427:Zoroastrian calendar 2309:improve this section 2220:improve this section 2141:Purity and pollution 1989:" a wood engraving, 1790:Inscriptions at the 1511:Hormusji C. Adenwala 1426:2011 Census of India 812:Islamisation of Iran 742:is derived from the 567:Zoroastrians in Iran 433:Accounts and legends 8863:Artisan communities 8561:Warrior communities 8418:Bombay East Indians 8101:Nomadic communities 7783:Artisan communities 6896:History and culture 6742:Udvada Atash Behram 6452:"How trust-worthy?" 6390:The Parsee Religion 6231:on November 8, 2006 5692:Dhalla, M. (1938), 5614:, New York: Mapin, 4898:, pp. 135–139. 4886:, pp. 223–225. 4874:, pp. 150–151. 4862:, pp. 215–217. 4712:, pp. 474–475. 4288:. October 24, 2017. 4273:Chaubey et al. 2017 4210:. pp. 97–101. 3418:www12.statcan.gc.ca 3319:Rohinton F. Nariman 3181:served as the 18th 3102:, the scion of the 3076:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2807:Parkinson's disease 2772:population genetics 2268:Parsi wedding 1905. 2260:Zoroastrian wedding 2136:Religious practices 2061:troops, clubs, and 2026:Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy 2022:social cohesiveness 1962:Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy 1529:Parsis have a high 1259: 1233:Indian Constitution 958:Parsis from India, 732:British-ruled India 712:Indian subcontinent 631:Religion portal 483:History and culture 42: 9560:Neo-Zoroastrianism 9535:Religious identity 9339:Shaikhs of Gujarat 9319:Pathans of Gujarat 9132:Muslim communities 8987:Tribal communities 8901:Kumhar (Prajapati) 8413:Marathi Christians 8343:Muslim Chhaparband 8279:Muslim communities 7995:Tribal communities 7934:Priest communities 6826:Book of Arda Viraf 6760:Cypress of Kashmar 5886:Kulke, E. (1978), 5115:The Times of India 4536:, pp. 18, 19. 4005:. pp. 87–95. 3946:. pp. 50–54. 3299:Mithan Jamshed Lam 3264:Sooni Taraporevala 3195:Lieutenant Colonel 3191:Indian Coast Guard 3183:Chief of Air Staff 3172:Chief of Air Staff 3148:to be appointed a 3118:and son-in-law of 2933: 2918: 2843:from Gujarat, the 2669: 2532:Since some of the 2417: 2396: 2379: 2359: 2270: 2125:Arthur Christensen 2071:British Parliament 1995: 1902:East India Company 1885:Age of opportunity 1879:Hindu caste system 1651: 1422: 1257: 1185: 1158: 966: 824:Islamic caliphates 808:Rashidun Caliphate 450:Book of Arda Viraf 380:Cypress of Kashmar 40: 9497: 9496: 9445:Other communities 9349:Sayyid of Gujarat 8501:Audichya Brahmins 8443: 8442: 8401:Marathi Buddhists 8389:Other communities 8274: 8273: 8166: 8165: 7620:Hindu Communities 7579: 7578: 7503:Iranian religions 7493:Iranian languages 7363: 7356: 7349: 7335: 7321: 7314: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7270: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7189: 7182: 7168: 7161: 7122: 7051: 7050: 6487:978-93-5351-676-5 6385:Naoroji, Dadabhai 6262:978-81-901216-0-6 6242:Kohlhammer Verlag 6195:978-81-7488-865-5 6065:978-90-04-12114-0 6058:, Leiden: Brill, 6045:978-81-206-0945-7 6025:978-0-7735-1144-6 5910:978-0-19-713600-3 5879:978-1-84511-056-7 5797:978-0-19-826759-1 5768:978-0-06-062145-2 5703:978-0-404-12806-7 5621:978-1-890206-22-2 5603:978-0-415-23902-8 5544:978-90-04-02598-1 5403:978-0-14-310325-7 5376:978-1-4020-2231-9 5207:Qamar et al. 2002 4802:, pp. 53–56. 4736:, pp. 47–57. 4582:Taraporevala 2000 4497:978-1-4773-2079-2 4431:978-1-137-01340-8 4329:Taraporevala 2000 4319:, pp. 8, 21. 4243:. July 26, 2016. 4216:saoa.crl.28215532 4186:saoa.crl.25793234 4128:saoa.crl.25394121 4099:saoa.crl.25393779 4069:saoa.crl.25352838 4011:saoa.crl.25318666 3981:saoa.crl.25057654 3952:saoa.crl.25057647 3883:978-0-446-40839-4 3844:, p. I. 373. 3658:978-0-9548665-3-2 3541:978-1-134-06751-0 3511:978-1-135-19388-1 3454:Missing or empty 3260:Behram Contractor 3252:Ardeshir Cowasjee 3176:Air Chief Marshal 3078:, the founder of 3019:, Mistry family, 3003:, industrialists 2982:Pherozeshah Mehta 2779:mitochondrial DNA 2677:Towers of Silence 2345: 2344: 2337: 2256: 2255: 2248: 1945:Bombay Presidency 1589:According to the 1568:Khorasan Province 1554:According to the 1424:According to the 1414: 1413: 1008:according to the 936:"Zoroastrian" or 861:According to the 800:Achaemenid Empire 665: 664: 191: 190: 157:Pakistani dialect 9567: 9400:Jain communities 8756:Anjana Chaudhari 8551:Tapodhan Brahmin 8546:Sompura Brahmins 8536:Shrimali Brahmin 8531:Sachora Brahmins 8516:Khedaval Brahmin 8470: 8463: 8456: 8447: 8446: 8221: 8220: 8171:Jain communities 7653: 7652: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7583: 7582: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7331: 7317: 7310: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7266: 7257: 7250: 7243: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7185: 7178: 7164: 7157: 7118: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7055: 7054: 7041: 7040: 7006:in United States 6747:Adur Burzen-Mihr 6653: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6567: 6566: 6540: 6463: 6462:on July 15, 2011 6443: 6428: 6417: 6394: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6367:. Archived from 6356: 6336: 6300: 6294: 6286: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6265:, archived from 6245: 6232: 6217: 6208: 6198: 6180: 6174: 6166: 6161:, archived from 6152: 6118: 6109: 6092:(5): 1107–1124, 6080: 6068: 6048: 6028: 6008: 5999: 5988: 5944: 5913: 5893: 5882: 5862: 5851: 5840: 5832: 5823: 5817: 5809: 5800: 5780: 5771: 5751: 5742: 5706: 5688: 5679: 5670: 5660: 5650: 5624: 5606: 5586: 5547: 5527: 5509: 5508: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5436: 5428: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5335: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5315: 5310: 5308: 5300: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5092: 5086: 5077: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5047: 5041: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4968: 4960: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4776: 4770: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4608:, p. I.374. 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4483: 4470: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4306:. July 25, 2016. 4296: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3916:, Justice Coyaji 3909: 3903: 3902: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3854: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3818: 3817:, p. I.373. 3812: 3803: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3772:"Parsi (people)" 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3608: 3602: 3593: 3587: 3578: 3572: 3561: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3409: 3403: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3384:. July 25, 2016. 3374: 3358: 3355: 3323:Homai Vyarawalla 3291:Jamshed Bharucha 3284:Rattana Pestonji 3280:Persis Khambatta 3120:Jawaharlal Nehru 3108:Cyrus Poonawalla 2986:Dadabhai Naoroji 2889:Indian Christian 2877:Bengali Probasis 2837:Kashmiri Pandits 2701:Tower of Silence 2550:Avestan language 2454:embolismic month 2340: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2289: 2281: 2251: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2200: 2192: 2067:Dadabhai Naoroji 1953:Oriental Memoirs 1934:James Mackintosh 1900:of England, the 1834:Avestan language 1560:Greater Khorasan 1526:to 933 females. 1515:Maneckji Hataria 1273: 1268: 1260: 1256: 1169:Self-perceptions 1124:Avestan language 1041:Darius the Great 1036: 1033: 998:self-perceptions 964: 961: 816:convert to Islam 761: 755: 754: 744:Persian language 702: 701: 698: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 657: 650: 643: 629: 628: 365:Adur Burzen-Mihr 216: 193: 192: 124: 122: 121: 106: 104: 103: 88: 86: 85: 70: 64: 62: 59: 50: 43: 39: 9575: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9500: 9499: 9498: 9493: 9477: 9439: 9413: 9393: 9364:Sulaymani Bohra 9334:Sandhai Muslims 9324:Salaat (Muslim) 9125: 8980: 8956:Salaat (Muslim) 8857: 8826: 8798: 8732: 8686: 8555: 8511:Girnara Brahmin 8506:Bardai Brahmins 8479: 8477:Gujarati people 8474: 8444: 8439: 8423:Koli Christians 8384: 8348:Muslim Raj Gond 8323:Deccani Muslims 8286:Konkani Muslims 8270: 8219: 8162: 8096: 7990: 7929: 7778: 7742: 7651: 7632:Marathi Brahmin 7615: 7610: 7580: 7575: 7497: 7481: 7460: 7449:Ancient peoples 7444: 7408: 7109:'Ajam of Kuwait 7087: 7085:Iranian peoples 7082: 7052: 7047: 7031: 7010: 6947: 6891: 6865: 6836:Story of Sanjan 6804: 6690: 6659:Divine entities 6654: 6645: 6599: 6594: 6532:Hindustan Times 6525: 6515: 6496: 6374: 6372: 6365:Kwintessentials 6359: 6355:. Advameg, Inc. 6347: 6344: 6342:Further reading 6339: 6288: 6287: 6272: 6270: 6263: 6196: 6168: 6167: 6066: 6046: 6026: 5962:10.2307/3096349 5934:10.2307/2804477 5911: 5880: 5811: 5810: 5798: 5769: 5704: 5687:, New York: OUP 5622: 5604: 5545: 5517: 5512: 5505:webindia123.com 5499: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5430: 5429: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5338:The Independent 5330: 5329: 5325: 5313: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5217: 5213: 5209:, p. 1119. 5205: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5126: 5122: 5107: 5103: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5078: 5074: 5063: 5059: 5048: 5044: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4962: 4961: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4938:, p. 1101. 4934: 4930: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4649:, pp. 2–3. 4645: 4641: 4633: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4484: 4473: 4464: 4460: 4449: 4445: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4406: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4386:. June 27, 2020 4378: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3940: 3936: 3925: 3921: 3910: 3906: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3870: 3866: 3855: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3806: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3713: 3709: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3564: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3455: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3410: 3406: 3393: 3389: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3335: 3307:Fali S. Nariman 3236:Rohinton Mistry 3221:Freddie Mercury 3213:Farokh Engineer 3205:Nari Contractor 3179:Fali Homi Major 3112:Adar Poonawalla 3084:Rattanbai Petit 3015:. The families 3013:Pallonji Mistry 2907:Freddie Mercury 2853:Punjabi Khatris 2821: 2815: 2732: 2730:Archaeogenetics 2658: 2604: 2598: 2530: 2430: 2422: 2405: 2384: 2351: 2341: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2306: 2290: 2279: 2262: 2252: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2217: 2201: 2190: 2154: 2143: 2138: 2094: 2088: 2003:self-governance 1887: 1873:("followers of 1747: 1694:, and both the 1675:Sasanian Empire 1644:Sasanian Empire 1552: 1547: 1523: 1464: 1255: 1249: 1216:gender equality 1202:In this sense, 1171: 1150: 1091: 1034: 1028:Shalmaneser III 962: 879:(Pakistan) and 859: 832:Iranian plateau 804:Sasanian Empire 779:of present-day 682: 678: 661: 623: 618: 617: 616: 601: 593: 592: 591: 556: 548: 547: 546: 505: 504: 484: 476: 475: 474: 460:Story of Sanjan 434: 426: 425: 424: 319: 311: 310: 309: 274: 273:Divine entities 266: 265: 264: 224: 119: 117: 101: 99: 83: 81: 71: 66: 65: 60: 52: 38: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9573: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9491: 9485: 9483: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9449: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9426: 9424: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9405: 9403: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9233: 9231:Makwana Muslim 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9137: 9135: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9008: 9006:Dungri Garasia 8998: 8992: 8990: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8951:Sathwara Salat 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8839: 8837: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8808: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8742: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8730: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8696: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8565: 8563: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8492: 8490: 8481: 8480: 8473: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8450: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8398: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8227: 8225: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7659: 7657: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7637:Pathare Prabhu 7634: 7629: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7613:Marathi people 7609: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7586: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7571:Zoroastrianism 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7333:Pashtun tribes 7324: 7323: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7299: 7285: 7282:Chinese Tajiks 7273: 7272: 7271: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7248: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7162: 7159:Kurdish tribes 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7081: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7058: 7049: 7048: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6841:Chinvat Bridge 6838: 6833: 6831:Book of Jamasp 6828: 6823: 6818: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6785:Khordeh Avesta 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6727:Airyaman ishya 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6666:Amesha Spentas 6662: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6607: 6605: 6604:Primary topics 6601: 6600: 6597:Zoroastrianism 6593: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6549: 6541: 6523: 6495: 6494:External links 6492: 6491: 6490: 6464: 6447: 6444: 6429: 6418: 6404: 6395: 6381: 6371:on May 1, 2016 6357: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6312:(2): 303–320, 6301: 6278: 6261: 6246: 6233: 6218: 6209: 6200: 6194: 6181: 6165:on May 9, 2008 6141:10.1086/383236 6135:(5): 827–845, 6119: 6098:10.1086/339929 6081: 6070: 6064: 6049: 6044: 6029: 6024: 6009: 6000: 5989: 5956:(3): 861–889, 5945: 5928:(2): 333–357, 5918:Luhrmann, T.M. 5914: 5909: 5894: 5883: 5878: 5863: 5852: 5841: 5830:"Parsis" 5824: 5801: 5796: 5781: 5772: 5767: 5752: 5743: 5718:(2): 149–164, 5707: 5702: 5689: 5680: 5671: 5635:Genome Biology 5625: 5620: 5607: 5602: 5587: 5562:(3): 513–539, 5548: 5543: 5528: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5492: 5480: 5468: 5456: 5444: 5412: 5402: 5382: 5375: 5355: 5323: 5314:|journal= 5270: 5268:, p. 840. 5258: 5211: 5199: 5195:Nanavutty 1970 5187: 5169: 5157: 5145: 5120: 5101: 5087: 5085:, p. 135. 5072: 5070:, p. 871. 5057: 5042: 5040:, p. 562. 5027: 5002: 4976: 4940: 4928: 4912: 4910:, p. 483. 4900: 4888: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4850:, p. 216. 4840: 4838:, p. 312. 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4790:, p. 304. 4777: 4762: 4760:, p. 333. 4750: 4748:, p. 861. 4738: 4726: 4724:, p. 474. 4714: 4702: 4700:, p. 457. 4690: 4688:, p. 448. 4675: 4663: 4661:, p. 447. 4651: 4647:Paymaster 1954 4639: 4622: 4620:, p. 199. 4610: 4606:Stausberg 2002 4598: 4586: 4574: 4570:Paymaster 1954 4562: 4558:Vimadalal 1979 4550: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4503: 4496: 4471: 4458: 4443: 4430: 4397: 4371: 4357: 4345: 4333: 4321: 4309: 4291: 4277: 4258: 4228: 4198: 4169: 4140: 4111: 4081: 4052: 4023: 3993: 3964: 3934: 3919: 3904: 3889: 3882: 3864: 3861:, Justice Mody 3846: 3842:Stausberg 2002 3834: 3832:, p. 105. 3819: 3815:Stausberg 2002 3804: 3800:Paymaster 1954 3788: 3763: 3746:www.iranian.ws 3733: 3707: 3680:(3): 315–336. 3664: 3657: 3639: 3624: 3609: 3607:, p. 205. 3594: 3592:, p. 148. 3579: 3562: 3547: 3540: 3517: 3510: 3490: 3465: 3430: 3404: 3394:Dean Nelson. " 3387: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3334: 3331: 3295:Homi K. Bhabha 3256:Russi Karanjia 3248:Ardashir Vakil 3142:Military Cross 3068:Jehangir Wadia 3001:Homi N. Sethna 2997:Homi J. Bhabha 2958:Mahatma Gandhi 2893:Pavan K. Varma 2861:northern India 2849:Southern India 2841:Nagar Brahmins 2817:Main article: 2814: 2811: 2799:bladder cancer 2794:high rates of 2743:Genome Biology 2731: 2728: 2657: 2654: 2626:Mount Damavand 2624:range, around 2602:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 2600:Main article: 2597: 2595:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 2592: 2529: 2526: 2493:vernal equinox 2421: 2418: 2404: 2401: 2383: 2380: 2347:Main article: 2343: 2342: 2293: 2291: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2258:Main article: 2254: 2253: 2204: 2202: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2158:infant baptism 2153: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2090:Main article: 2087: 2084: 2063:Masonic Lodges 1891:Mughal emperor 1886: 1883: 1859:(r)atheshtarih 1808:Middle Persian 1796:Middle Persian 1746: 1743: 1556:Qissa-i Sanjan 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1522: 1519: 1463: 1460: 1444:United Kingdom 1412: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1248: 1245: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1170: 1167: 1149: 1146: 1136:Qissa-i Sanjan 1128:Vedic Sanskrit 1115:Chinvat bridge 1090: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1075: 1060: 1049:Naqsh-i-Rustam 1038: 1010:Qissa-i Sanjan 982:Garcia de Orta 858: 855: 822:and the later 796:state religion 787:, the king of 768:Qissa-i Sanjan 736:Qajar-era Iran 663: 662: 660: 659: 652: 645: 637: 634: 633: 620: 619: 615: 614: 609: 603: 602: 600:Related topics 599: 598: 595: 594: 590: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 545: 544: 539: 534: 533: 532: 527: 517: 512: 506: 503: 502: 497: 492: 486: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 473: 472: 467: 465:Chinvat Bridge 462: 457: 455:Book of Jamasp 452: 447: 442: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 423: 422: 417: 412: 410:Khordeh Avesta 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 350:Airyaman ishya 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 312: 308: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 280:Amesha Spentas 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 263: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 226: 225: 223:Primary topics 222: 221: 218: 217: 209: 208: 206:Zoroastrianism 202: 201: 189: 188: 182: 181: 177: 176: 174:Zoroastrianism 170: 169: 165: 164: 153:Indian dialect 137: 136: 132: 131: 128: 114: 113: 110: 96: 95: 92: 78: 77: 73: 72: 51: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9572: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9480: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9416: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9396: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9279:Multani Lohar 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9171:Dawoodi Bohra 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8946:Sompura Salat 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8931:Gurjar Suthar 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8871:Bhambi Khalpa 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8860: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8829: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8746:Aboti Brahmin 8744: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8526:Nagar Brahmin 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8496:Aboti Brahmin 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8471: 8466: 8464: 8459: 8457: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8178:Marathi Jains 8176: 8175: 8173: 8169: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7920:Twashta Kasar 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7820:Dhobi (Parit) 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7602: 7600: 7595: 7593: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7472:Indo-Iranians 7470: 7469: 7467: 7463: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7425:Bukharan Jews 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7347:Arab-Persians 7344: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217:Southern Lurs 7214: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7121: 7120:Baloch tribes 7117: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092:Ethnic groups 7090: 7086: 7079: 7074: 7072: 7067: 7065: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7046: 7045: 7034: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6969:in Azerbaijan 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6755:Adur Gushnasp 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6586: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6497: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6382: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6284: 6279: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6050: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5807: 5802: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5605: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5466:, p. 212 5465: 5460: 5453: 5448: 5440: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5421:Social Action 5416: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5386: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5359: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5319: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5225:Mitochondrion 5222: 5215: 5208: 5203: 5197:, p. 13. 5196: 5191: 5183: 5182:wikimapia.org 5179: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5154: 5149: 5133: 5132: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5091: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5068:Luhrmann 2002 5066: 5061: 5055:, p. 21. 5054: 5051: 5046: 5039: 5036: 5031: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4972: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4896:Palsetia 2001 4892: 4885: 4884:Palsetia 2001 4880: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4849: 4848:Ovington 1929 4844: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4824:Palsetia 2001 4820: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4800:Palsetia 2001 4796: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4775:, p. 33. 4774: 4769: 4767: 4759: 4758:Luhrmann 1994 4754: 4747: 4746:Luhrmann 2002 4742: 4735: 4734:Palsetia 2001 4730: 4723: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4694: 4687: 4682: 4680: 4673:, p. 29. 4672: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4637:, p. 15. 4636: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4619: 4618:Hinnells 2005 4614: 4607: 4602: 4596:, p. 25. 4595: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4546:Hodivala 1920 4542: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4507: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4462: 4454: 4447: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4402: 4385: 4384:Zamaneh Media 4381: 4375: 4367: 4361: 4355:, p. 14. 4354: 4349: 4343:, p. 21. 4342: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4287: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4034:British India 4027: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3923: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3893: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3860: 3853: 3851: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3622:, p. 42. 3621: 3620:Nigosian 1993 3616: 3614: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3577:, p. 88. 3576: 3575:Hodivala 1920 3571: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3543: 3537: 3534:. Routledge. 3533: 3532: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3494: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3461: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3401: 3400:The Telegraph 3397: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315:Soli Sorabjee 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240:Firdaus Kanga 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3217:Polly Umrigar 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168:Aspy Engineer 3166: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3150:Field Marshal 3147: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3135:Field Marshal 3131: 3129: 3125: 3124:Feroze Gandhi 3121: 3117: 3116:Indira Gandhi 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100:Neville Wadia 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064:Neville Wadia 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3009:Jamsetji Tata 3006: 3005:J. R. D. Tata 3002: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2990:Bhikaiji Cama 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970:Nariman Point 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2931:of companies. 2930: 2927:, founder of 2926: 2925:Jamsetji Tata 2922: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885:Indian Muslim 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2796:breast cancer 2791: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2720:Chanesar Goth 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693:decomposition 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614:Saheb-e-Dilan 2611: 2610: 2609:Ilm-e-Kshnoom 2603: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2414: 2409: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2350: 2339: 2336: 2328: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2294:This section 2292: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2266: 2261: 2250: 2247: 2239: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2205:This section 2203: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055:Parsi theatre 2052: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:Rustom Maneck 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1846:proselytizing 1842: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792:Kanheri Caves 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1704:use the term 1703: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:literacy rate 1527: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1476:Dinshah Irani 1472: 1468: 1459: 1457: 1456:United States 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1241:obiter dictum 1238: 1234: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1166: 1164: 1163:consanguinity 1154: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 956: 952: 950: 946: 945: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 917: 915: 911: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 868: 866: 865: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 820:Rashidun army 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769: 763: 760: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 706: 700: 676: 672: 667: 658: 653: 651: 646: 644: 639: 638: 636: 635: 632: 627: 622: 621: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 597: 596: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 552: 551: 543: 540: 538: 535: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 480: 479: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 430: 429: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 375:Adur Gushnasp 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 315: 314: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 270: 269: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 220: 219: 215: 211: 210: 207: 204: 203: 199: 195: 194: 187: 183: 178: 175: 171: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 129: 127: 115: 111: 109: 97: 93: 91: 79: 74: 69: 55: 49: 44: 33: 26: 22: 9515:Zoroastrians 9510:Parsi people 9444: 9434: 9418: 9398: 9309:Patani Bohra 9254:Meta Qureshi 9130: 8985: 8876:Bhambi Rohit 8862: 8831: 8803: 8771:Kathi people 8737: 8691: 8594:Kathi Darbar 8560: 8521:Modh Brahmin 8484: 8429: 8241:Jaiswal Jain 8143:Phase Pardhi 7976:Kudaldeshkar 7774:Vaishya Vani 7531:Baháʼí Faith 7435:Persian Jews 7394:Tats of Iran 7319:Yidgha–Munji 7234:Mazanderanis 7042: 6983: 6846:Frashokereti 6800:Atash Behram 6790:The Revayats 6751:Adur Farnbag 6732:Fire Temples 6722:Yenghe hatam 6717:Ahuna Vairya 6686:Angra Mainyu 6548:—online book 6544: 6537:the original 6530: 6505: 6473: 6467: 6460:the original 6455: 6437: 6423: 6412: 6401: 6398:Haug, Martin 6389: 6373:. Retrieved 6369:the original 6364: 6352: 6309: 6305: 6282: 6273:February 21, 6271:, retrieved 6267:the original 6251: 6237: 6229:the original 6223: 6213: 6204: 6185: 6163:the original 6132: 6128: 6089: 6085: 6075: 6054: 6034: 6014: 6004: 5994: 5953: 5949: 5925: 5921: 5899: 5888: 5868: 5857: 5846: 5834: 5805: 5786: 5776: 5757: 5747: 5715: 5711: 5693: 5684: 5675: 5638: 5634: 5611: 5592: 5559: 5555: 5533: 5523: 5504: 5495: 5488:Rivetna 2002 5483: 5471: 5459: 5454:, p. 27 5452:Jackson 1906 5447: 5433:cite journal 5424: 5420: 5415: 5407: 5392: 5385: 5365: 5358: 5346:. Retrieved 5337: 5326: 5305:cite journal 5273: 5261: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5202: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5165:News Release 5160: 5148: 5136:. Retrieved 5130: 5123: 5114: 5104: 5090: 5079: 5075: 5064: 5060: 5053:Edwards 1927 5049: 5045: 5034: 5030: 5018:. Retrieved 5014: 5005: 4993:. Retrieved 4988: 4979: 4965:cite journal 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4931: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4867: 4855: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4613: 4601: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4560:, p. 2. 4553: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4506: 4487: 4466: 4461: 4452: 4446: 4435:, retrieved 4413: 4388:. Retrieved 4383: 4374: 4360: 4348: 4336: 4331:, p. 9. 4324: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4280: 4249:. Retrieved 4240: 4231: 4219:. Retrieved 4201: 4189:. Retrieved 4172: 4160:. Retrieved 4150: 4143: 4131:. Retrieved 4114: 4102:. Retrieved 4084: 4072:. Retrieved 4055: 4043:. Retrieved 4033: 4026: 4014:. Retrieved 3996: 3984:. Retrieved 3967: 3955:. Retrieved 3937: 3928: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3898: 3892: 3873: 3867: 3858: 3837: 3791: 3779:. Retrieved 3775: 3766: 3754:. Retrieved 3750:the original 3745: 3736: 3724:. Retrieved 3720: 3710: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3648: 3642: 3605:Lambton 1981 3530: 3500: 3493: 3481:. Retrieved 3477: 3468: 3456:|title= 3433: 3423:November 26, 3421:. Retrieved 3417: 3407: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3353: 3327:Kobad Ghandy 3288: 3274:, actresses 3244:Bapsi Sidhwa 3233: 3227:; conductor 3202: 3187:Vice Admiral 3157:Jal Cursetji 3132: 3110:and his son 3104:Wadia family 3048:Cyrus Mistry 3041: 2994: 2974:Malabar Hill 2956: 2953: 2949:philanthropy 2934: 2829:middle class 2822: 2792: 2788:haplogroup M 2783:Y-chromosome 2781:(mtDNA) and 2776: 2768: 2760:Y-chromosome 2757: 2741: 2739: 2733: 2726:localities. 2712:Malabar Hill 2705: 2670: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2630: 2613: 2607: 2605: 2594: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2531: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2431: 2412: 2397: 2360: 2331: 2322: 2307:Please help 2295: 2271: 2242: 2233: 2218:Please help 2206: 2167: 2155: 2150: 2144: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2048: 2044: 2019: 2013: 2009:Bombay Times 2007: 1996: 1990: 1967: 1952: 1938: 1919: 1888: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1863:vastaryoshih 1862: 1858: 1854: 1843: 1838: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1812: 1799: 1789: 1784: 1781:Atash Bahram 1780: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1756:Atash Bahram 1754: 1750: 1748: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1705: 1699: 1664: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1602: 1590: 1588: 1580:Turkmenistan 1564:Central Asia 1553: 1528: 1524: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1441: 1434: 1423: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1212: 1203: 1201: 1186: 1178: 1159: 1134: 1132: 1119: 1108: 1102: 1099:Angra Mainyu 1097:) and evil ( 1092: 1021: 1014: 1009: 1002:Zoroastrians 967: 941: 937: 933: 921: 919: 905:Persian Gulf 870: 862: 860: 836: 793: 773:Greater Iran 766: 764: 747: 739: 674: 670: 668: 666: 571: 470:Frashokereti 415:The Rivayats 370:Adur Farnbag 355:Fire Temples 345:Yenghe hatam 340:Ahuna Vairya 305:Angra Mainyu 163:(liturgical) 54:A Parsi Lady 53: 37:Ethnic group 9468:Mahyavanshi 9422:communities 9420:Zoroastrian 9369:Sunni Bohra 9314:Patni Jamat 9141:Alavi Bohra 8835:communities 8833:Genealogist 8579:Dabhi Kolis 8488:communities 8396:Bene Israel 8123:Gav-Paradhi 7815:Chhaparband 7723:Mahyavanshi 7718:Panchkalshi 7698:Koli people 7541:Manichaeism 7536:Khurramites 7420:Armeno-Tats 7001:in Pakistan 6959:Persecution 6918:Khurramites 6631:Persia/Iran 6616:Zarathustra 6611:Ahura Mazda 6500:‹ The 5231:: 104–111. 5083:Dhalla 1914 4936:Ralhan 2002 4922:, pp. 4920:Karaka 1884 4908:Dhalla 1938 4872:Dobbin 1970 4860:Karaka 1884 4722:Dhalla 1938 4710:Dhalla 1938 4698:Dhalla 1938 4686:Dhalla 1938 4659:Dhalla 1938 4635:Maneck 1997 4548:, p. . 4251:November 3, 3721:Parsi Times 3303:Dorab Patel 3272:Erick Avari 3268:Boman Irani 3229:Zubin Mehta 3223:; composer 3165:Air Marshal 3161:Indian Navy 3146:Indian Army 3096:Dina Jinnah 3072:Nusli Wadia 2962:Zoroastrian 2941:thy name is 2873:Maharashtra 2724:Mehmoodabad 2646:Parsi Pukar 2584:Shahenshahi 2576:fire temple 2565:Shahenshahi 2506:Shahenshahi 2483:model: the 2474:Shahenshahi 2459:Shahenshahi 2098:Martin Haug 1985:"Parsis of 1922:British Raj 1787:families.) 1745:Early years 1712:Indus River 1701:Mahabharata 1671:Balochistan 1642:Map of the 1572:Afghanistan 1535:urban areas 1247:Population 1237:patrilineal 1142:fire temple 963: 1870 887:as well in 738:. The word 705:Zoroastrian 500:Khurramites 250:Persia/Iran 235:Zarathustra 230:Ahura Mazda 61: 1928 9504:Categories 9384:Vora Patel 9379:Turk Jamat 9176:Halaypotra 9166:Chundrigar 9092:Patanwadia 8936:Sai Suthar 8766:Bhanushali 8705:Bhanushali 8378:Tadvi Bhil 7850:Kanjarbhat 7805:Chaukalshi 7708:Leva Patil 7196:Feyli Lurs 7180:Bakhtiaris 7128:Bashkardis 6964:in Armenia 6856:Hamistagan 6712:Ashem Vohu 6626:Vohu Manah 6005:The Parsis 5641:(1): 110. 4836:White 1991 4788:White 1991 4671:Kulke 1978 4594:Kulke 1978 3929:52 blr 876 3859:68 blr 794 3830:Boyce 2002 3590:Boyce 2001 3365:References 3276:Nina Wadia 3060:Ness Wadia 3044:Ratan Tata 3033:Poonawalla 2929:Tata Group 2881:Bhadraloks 2865:Chitpavans 2685:diclofenac 2450:Boyce 1970 2434:Ardashir I 2014:Bundobusts 1930:mercantile 1692:Common Era 1633:Sari, Iran 1584:Uzbekistan 1576:Tajikistan 1454:, and the 1251:See also: 1053:Persepolis 1035: 854 990:Portuguese 520:Initiation 335:Ashem Vohu 245:Vohu Manah 145:Hindi–Urdu 9473:Thathagar 9264:Molesalam 9211:Khaskheli 8574:Chudasama 8373:Saiqalgar 8213:Upajjhaya 8188:Chaturtha 8183:Bagherwal 8128:Nath Jogi 7946:Deshastha 7941:Chitpavan 7900:Padmasali 7561:Yarsanism 7551:Mazdaznan 7546:Mazdakism 7521:Assianism 7486:Languages 7399:Yaghnobis 7354:Basseries 7303:Oroshoris 7239:Ossetians 7224:Mamasanis 7210:Hasanvand 6952:Adherents 6933:Festivals 6913:Mazdakism 6908:Zurvanism 6821:Bundahišn 6636:Faravahar 6479:The Hindu 6410:(1884a), 6400:. (1878) 6334:146758927 5986:163092265 5970:0021-9118 5740:143988257 5584:161417703 5552:Boyce, M. 5297:219603800 5245:1567-7249 5138:March 28, 5038:Gray 1927 4812:Hull 1911 4437:March 15, 4390:March 15, 4304:The Hindu 4241:The Hindu 3702:148248437 3483:April 23, 3382:The Hindu 3266:, actors 3209:Rusi Modi 2943:charity" 2753:Neolithic 2392:Ahmedabad 2325:June 2017 2296:does not 2236:June 2017 2207:does not 2172:pants, a 1957:Hindustan 1867:hutokshih 1733:with the 1727:Silk Road 1707:Parasikas 1688:Silk Road 1683:Al-Masudi 1669:touching 1629:Kohistani 1625:Khorasani 1595:Jadi Rana 1448:Australia 1235:void the 1198:ceremony. 1078:Herodotus 1037:-824 BC). 1006:Parthians 934:Zartoshti 920:The term 914:Kathiawar 897:Hyderabad 889:Bangalore 873:Zoroaster 785:Jadi Rana 555:Adherents 515:Festivals 495:Mazdakism 490:Zurvanism 445:Bundahišn 255:Faravahar 135:Languages 9482:See also 9344:Shaikhda 9244:Mansoori 9221:Machiyar 9181:Hingorja 9101:Rathodia 9096:Pateliya 9088:Padharia 8926:Sikligar 8657:Sarvaiya 8589:Karadiya 8291:Nawayath 8266:Shrimali 8261:Sarawagi 8203:Panchama 8017:Binjhwar 7986:Saraswat 7951:Devrukhe 7810:Chambhar 7678:Bhandari 7566:Yazidism 7556:Scythian 7369:Semnanis 7361:Sistanis 7341:Persians 7327:Pashtuns 7296:Badzhuis 7289:Shughnis 7203:Hadavand 7148:Kumzaris 7138:Farsiwan 7133:Dehwaris 7044:Category 6974:in India 6938:Marriage 6928:Calendar 6851:Xrafstar 6775:Visperad 6770:Vendidad 6556:BBC News 6502:template 6456:Parsiana 6387:(1861), 6291:citation 6285:, Bombay 6171:citation 6159:15077202 6116:11898125 5814:citation 5808:, Bombay 5667:28615043 5342:Archived 5253:37379890 5134:. 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