1022:
738:
810:
1229:
1041:
1190:
1144:
1071:
1175:
1129:
33:
1163:
483:
1056:
1090:
22:
1109:
1782:
71:
991:, which was part of Iran's original national flag, was banned by the government from public places. Nevertheless, faravahar icons were not removed and as a result, the faravahar icon became a national symbol for Iranians, and it became tolerated by the government as opposed to the Lion and Sun. The winged disc has a long history in the art, religion, and culture of the
1021:
971:
to represent the
Iranian nation. In modern Zoroastrianism, one of the interpretations of the faravahar is that it is a representation of the human soul and its development along with a visual guide of good conduct. Another popular interpretation is that it is a visual representation of a
931:
that followed did not use the image. It was not until the 20th century, over 2000 years later, that the symbol re-emerged thanks to the work of Parsi scholar, Jamshedji
Maneckji Unvala, who published two articles in 1925 and 1930.
1228:
1189:
980:, the divine power and royal glory. Although there are a number of interpretations of the individual elements of the symbol, most are recent interpretations and there is still debate as to its meaning.
967:. The sovereign would be seated in the middle of the throne, which is shaped like a platform or bed that is raised from the ground. This religious-cultural symbol was adapted by the
976:, though Fravashis are described in Zoroastrian literature as being feminine. One of the most prevalent views in academia as to the meaning of the faravahar is that it represents
885:. These are remnants of Zoroastrian traditions. From the start of the 20th century, the faravahar icon found itself in public places and became a known icon among Iranians. The
1143:
904:
Whilst being used by both modern day
Zoroastrians and Persians, it is important to note the symbol is neither Zoroastrian nor Persian in its origin. It originates as a
1108:
1324:
1814:
570:. There is no universal consensus on what it means or stands for, as a variety of interpretations exist. The most common belief is that it depicts the
943:
or royal glory to reflect the perceived divine empowerment of kings, and, therefore, has no true spiritual meaning. This view was later supported by
1040:
511:
1916:
1524:
226:
1174:
1624:
1070:
1668:
1807:
935:
Unvala's work was discredited by Irach
Jehangir Sorabji Taraporewala, who refuted the idea that the winged figure represented
1940:
1609:
1574:
1196:
504:
433:
1128:
1976:
590:
1162:
612:
More recently, the
Faravahar and other aspects of the Zoroastrian religion were at the forefront of a campaign by the
1971:
1945:
1800:
1707:
1400:
1089:
601:. Although it is originally religious in nature, it has become a secular and cultural symbol among non-Zoroastrian
1055:
497:
894:
1981:
1417:
901:(built early 1930), which is visited by numerous Iranians every year, contains the faravahar icon as well.
737:
463:
443:
1966:
1786:
809:
1626:
Shahbazi, A. S. 1974 An
Achaemenid Symbol, I A Farewell To ' Fravahr' And ' Ahuramazda.' AMI 7 135 144
1149:
928:
606:
1823:
944:
1896:
865:
continued to be part of
Iranian culture. Throughout the year, festivities are celebrated such as
598:
418:
54:
1640:
181:
1599:
1200:
1181:
1115:
878:
858:
468:
371:
1350:
1541:
Farohar / Fravahar motif: what does it represent? use of icons & symbols in
Zoroastrism
1388:
1077:
882:
423:
366:
1676:
1418:"The Assyrian Tree of Life: Tracing the Origins of Jewish Monotheism and Greek Philosophy"
893:
is Iran's national epic and contains stories (partly historical and partly mythical) from
8:
1135:
790:
705:
679:
393:
1906:
1518:
1153:
984:
939:. Taraporewala suggested that the figures used in Persian reliefs were meant to depict
621:
306:
236:
1886:
1703:
1605:
1580:
1570:
1545:
1506:
1474:
1396:
1370:
1220:
1216:
919:, the image of the farohar was no longer present in Persian art or architecture. The
916:
874:
778:
663:
594:
44:
1362:
1212:
1096:
1081:
898:
826:
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221:
216:
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32:
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321:
316:
266:
206:
62:
26:
1366:
1960:
1584:
1549:
1510:
1374:
1028:
782:
438:
231:
136:
1853:
1839:
1792:
1204:
1047:
988:
794:
701:
675:
613:
326:
311:
271:
201:
196:
161:
1761:"The Sacral Kingship of the early Arsacids. I. Fire Cult and Kingly Glory"
1498:
1208:
1000:
996:
936:
912:
905:
814:
798:
786:
742:
709:
637:
356:
211:
86:
1502:
The winged disk and the winged human figure on ancient
Persian monuments
1727:
1062:
960:
948:
774:
746:
301:
191:
101:
40:
1641:"ZOROASTRIANS OF 19TH-CENTURY YAZD AND KERMAN – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
789:. The Zoroastrian adoption of the symbol comes from its prevalence in
1564:
1539:
1500:
992:
977:
940:
886:
849:
825:
The faravahar was depicted on the tombs of
Achaemenid kings, such as
351:
346:
91:
70:
1760:
999:, being about 4000 years old in usage and noted as also symbolizing
1745:
1351:""Zoroaster was a Kurd!": Neo-Zoroastrianism among the Iraqi Kurds"
1235:
973:
890:
870:
573:
482:
256:
251:
156:
1601:
A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under the Achaemenians
1926:
1247:
1100:
908:
376:
296:
276:
116:
21:
1781:
1119:
1032:
866:
854:
818:
754:
687:
428:
386:
381:
241:
186:
141:
36:
1475:"FERDOWSI, ABU'L-QĀSEM iii. MAUSOLEUM – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
586:), which is the Zoroastrian concept of one's personal spirit.
1239:
847:). The symbol was also used on some of the coin mints of the
261:
246:
151:
146:
963:, the imperial seat of Iran, has visual implications of the
1827:
857:
in the late 3rd and early 2nd BC centuries. Even after the
106:
96:
1325:"Europe | The Identity Necklace: Being Iranian in Britain"
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1004:
773:
The pre-Zoroastrian use of the symbol originates as the
1273:
1270:
book_rahnamaye_TakhteJamshid. Author: Shahpoor Shahbazi
793:
iconography. This Assyrian image often includes their
1669:"What Does the Winged Symbol of Zoroastrianism Mean?"
1455:
1443:
605:, having been popularized in this capacity after the
571:
813:
Engraved coin depicting the Faravahar, minted under
691:
624:
in 1979, it has remained a popular symbol among the
1499:Unvala, Jamshedji Maneckji (1888-1961). (c. 1900).
1759:
1744:
25:Rendition of the Faravahar, as imagined since the
1958:
1746:"Religious iconography on ancient Iranian coins"
1700:Gender and sexual anxieties of Iranian Modernity
768:
696:; it is a later form of the previous form), and
593:, the Faravahar was especially prevalent in the
43:, which served as the ceremonial capital of the
1168:Stone-carved artifact in the city of Persepolis
1537:
1808:
1563:Taraporewala, Irach Jehangir Sorabji (2006).
724:
641:
597:, correspondingly appearing in many works of
579:
561:
551:
505:
1822:
1562:
1523:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
954:
566:), is one of the most prominent symbols of
1815:
1801:
1150:Coat of Arms of the Imperial State of Iran
512:
498:
69:
1738:. Vol. X, Fasc. 2. pp. 195–199.
1697:
1591:
1387:
692:
1757:
1461:
1449:
808:
804:
736:
31:
20:
1766:Anabasis. Studia Classica et Orientalia
1415:
39:depicting the Faravahar in the city of
1959:
1742:
1348:
749:, located at the North-West Palace of
1796:
1726:
1673:About.com Religion & Spirituality
1663:
1661:
1597:
1286:
1946:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Iran
1395:. London: Oxford University Press.
1061:Stone-carved pillar in the city of
725:
642:
580:
562:
552:
543:
533:
434:Zoroastrianism in the United States
13:
1719:
1702:. University of California Press.
1658:
708:: frwrd), which was directly from
14:
1993:
1774:
1300:"FRAVAŠI – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1207:, written by Darius the Great in
1780:
1227:
1188:
1173:
1161:
1142:
1127:
1107:
1088:
1069:
1054:
1046:Zoroastrian tomb in the city of
1039:
1020:
481:
1743:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007).
1691:
1633:
1617:
1556:
1531:
1492:
1467:
1425:The University of Chicago Press
842:
831:
1409:
1381:
1342:
1317:
1292:
1264:
1180:Museum of Zoroastrians at the
777:used by various powers of the
591:ancient Near Eastern tradition
1:
1349:Szanto, Edith (15 May 2018).
769:Ancient Near Eastern religion
758:
1941:World Heritage Sites in Iran
1758:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016).
1566:The religion of Zarathushtra
1393:A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary
1258:
1234:Stone-carved wall depicting
911:depiction of the wing deity
631:
618:pre-Islamic Iranian identity
7:
1698:Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2005).
1416:Parpola, Simo (July 1993).
1246:under the Faravahar at the
572:
464:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
444:Persecution of Zoroastrians
10:
1998:
1010:
732:
1977:Persian words and phrases
1936:
1878:
1846:
1834:
1751:Journal of Late Antiquity
1367:10.1163/1573384X-20180108
1329:FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau
1250:in the city of Persepolis
797:, which includes the god
1972:National symbols of Iran
1604:, BRILL, pp. 104–,
1598:Boyce (1 January 1982),
955:Modern pan-Iranian usage
945:Alireza Shapour Shahbazi
217:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
1538:Eduljee, K. E. (2013).
897:Zoroastrian times. The
599:Achaemenid architecture
845: 358–338 BC
834: 522–486 BC
822:
765:
182:Zoroastrian literature
47:
29:
1736:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1645:www.iranicaonline.org
1479:www.iranicaonline.org
1389:MacKenzie, David Neil
1355:Iran and the Caucasus
1304:www.iranicaonline.org
1201:Canal of the Pharaohs
1182:Fire Temple of Kerman
1116:National Bank of Iran
1007:, and other deities.
879:Zoroastrian festivals
859:Arab conquest of Iran
812:
805:Zoroastrian tradition
781:, primarily those of
740:
607:Arab conquest of Iran
469:Zoroastrian cosmology
419:Zoroastrians in India
175:Scripture and worship
35:
24:
1840:The Three-Color Flag
1789:at Wikimedia Commons
1078:Behistun Inscription
535:𐬟𐬀𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀
424:Zoroastrians in Iran
290:Accounts and legends
1982:Zoroastrian symbols
1897:The Imperial Anthem
1289:, pp. 195–199.
1136:Fire Temple of Yazd
917:Achaemenian dynasty
546:), also called the
488:Religion portal
340:History and culture
1753:. London: 413–434.
1154:Islamic Revolution
985:Islamic Revolution
823:
801:on a winged disk.
766:
762: 865–850 BCE
622:Islamic Revolution
307:Book of Arda Viraf
237:Cypress of Kashmar
48:
30:
16:Zoroastrian symbol
1967:Kurdish mythology
1954:
1953:
1785:Media related to
1611:978-90-04-29390-8
1576:978-0-87573-092-9
1197:Suez Inscriptions
1031:from the city of
875:Chaharshanbe Suri
821:(2nd century BCE)
779:Ancient Near East
741:Relief depicting
664:Classical Persian
595:Achaemenid Empire
522:
521:
45:Achaemenid Empire
1989:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1892:
1887:The Royal Salute
1866:
1858:
1824:National symbols
1817:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1784:
1769:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1714:
1713:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1679:on 19 April 2016
1675:. Archived from
1665:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1569:. Jain Pub. Co.
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1271:
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1231:
1192:
1177:
1165:
1146:
1131:
1114:Entrance of the
1111:
1097:Tomb of Ferdowsi
1092:
1082:Darius the Great
1073:
1058:
1043:
1024:
899:tomb of Ferdowsi
877:which relate to
846:
844:
835:
833:
827:Darius the Great
763:
760:
751:Ashurnasirpal II
728:
727:
726:𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬴𐬌
717:Avestan language
695:
694:
645:
644:
626:Iranian diaspora
585:
584:
583:
582:𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬴𐬌
577:
565:
564:
555:
554:
545:
537:
536:
514:
507:
500:
486:
485:
222:Adur Burzen-Mihr
73:
50:
49:
1997:
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1992:
1991:
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1890:
1874:
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1821:
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1717:
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1244:Achaemenid army
1232:
1223:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1152:, prior to the
1147:
1138:
1132:
1123:
1118:in the city of
1112:
1103:
1099:in the city of
1093:
1084:
1074:
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1044:
1035:
1025:
1013:
969:Pahlavi dynasty
957:
841:
830:
807:
771:
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753:in the city of
735:
654:(pronounced as
634:
614:Pahlavi dynasty
603:Iranian peoples
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1907:Long Live Iran
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1464:, p. 94.
1463:
1462:Olbrycht 2016
1458:
1452:, p. 93.
1451:
1450:Olbrycht 2016
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1402:0-19-713559-5
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839:
828:
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783:Ancient Egypt
780:
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748:
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1869:
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1854:Lion and Sun
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1693:
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1677:the original
1672:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:
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1558:
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1533:
1501:
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1433:. Retrieved
1431:(3): 161–208
1428:
1424:
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1392:
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1354:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1266:
1248:Apadana Hall
1205:Wadi Tumilat
1048:Sulaymaniyah
993:ancient Near
989:Lion and Sun
982:
964:
958:
934:
915:. After the
906:Mesopotamian
903:
848:
824:
795:Tree of Life
791:Neo-Assyrian
772:
745:inside of a
720:
712:
702:Book Pahlavi
697:
693:𐬟𐬭𐬋𐬵𐬀𐬭
683:
676:Book Pahlavi
671:
659:
655:
651:
647:
635:
620:. Since the
611:
588:
558:Fārre Kiyâni
557:
547:
525:
523:
327:Frashokereti
272:The Rivayats
227:Adur Farnbag
212:Fire Temples
202:Yenghe hatam
197:Ahuna Vairya
162:Angra Mainyu
111:
18:
1911:(1980–1990)
1901:(1933–1979)
1891:(1873–1909)
1857:(1846–1979)
1134:Top of the
1095:Top of the
1027:Achaemenid
997:Middle East
937:Ahura Mazda
895:pre-Islamic
815:Vadfradad I
787:Mesopotamia
747:winged disk
710:Old Persian
670:forms were
646:is read as
638:New Persian
357:Khurramites
107:Persia/Iran
92:Zarathustra
87:Ahura Mazda
1961:Categories
1683:26 January
1435:4 November
1287:Boyce 2000
1063:Persepolis
983:After the
961:Sun Throne
949:Mary Boyce
925:Sassanians
775:winged sun
713:*fravarti-
706:Manichaean
704:: plwlt',
682:: prwhr),
680:Manichaean
678:: plwʾhl,
589:Rooted in
377:Initiation
192:Ashem Vohu
102:Vohu Manah
41:Persepolis
1870:Faravahar
1787:Faravahar
1768:: 91–106.
1732:"Fravaši"
1728:Boyce, M.
1585:154674597
1550:891516152
1519:cite book
1511:982616419
1375:1573-384X
1259:Citations
978:Khvarenah
965:Farahavar
941:khvarenah
921:Parthians
887:Shahnameh
850:frataraka
719:form was
652:faravahar
632:Etymology
556:) or the
544:فَرْوَهَر
526:Farāvahār
412:Adherents
372:Festivals
352:Mazdakism
347:Zurvanism
302:Bundahišn
112:Faravahar
1730:(2000).
1391:(1986).
1236:Persians
1221:Egyptian
1217:Akkadian
974:Fravashi
909:Assyrian
891:Ferdowsi
883:calendar
871:Mehregan
721:fravaṣ̌i
574:fravaṣ̌i
563:فر کیانی
394:Marriage
367:Calendar
257:Visperad
252:Vendidad
157:Fravashi
55:a series
53:Part of
1927:Ey Iran
1879:Anthems
1847:Emblems
1650:14 July
1505:. s.n.
1484:14 July
1334:4 April
1309:4 April
1242:of the
1213:Elamite
1209:Persian
1199:at the
1156:of 1979
1101:Mashhad
1011:Gallery
1005:Shamash
733:History
698:fraward
672:frawahr
666:). The
660:furūhar
656:furōhar
648:foruhar
548:Foruhār
540:Persian
530:Avestan
297:Dēnkard
277:Ab-Zohr
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117:Avestan
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1573:
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1219:, and
1122:(1946)
1120:Tehran
1033:Hillah
873:, and
867:Nowruz
855:Persis
836:) and
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755:Nimrud
715:. The
688:Pazend
684:frōhar
439:Iranis
429:Parsis
399:Burial
387:Sedreh
382:Kushti
262:Yashts
242:Gathas
187:Avesta
152:Daevas
147:Ahuras
37:Relief
1421:(PDF)
1240:Medes
1001:Ashur
913:Ashur
799:Ashur
743:Ashur
643:فروهر
640:word
553:فروهر
247:Yasna
1835:Flag
1828:Iran
1704:ISBN
1685:2017
1652:2019
1606:ISBN
1581:OCLC
1571:ISBN
1546:OCLC
1544:. .
1525:link
1507:OCLC
1486:2019
1437:2020
1397:ISBN
1371:ISSN
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