Zoroastrianism - Knowledge

1611:, which refers to the description of the structure of the cosmos in Zoroastrian literature and theology, involves a primary division of the cosmos into heaven and earth. The heaven is composed of three parts: the lower-most part, which is where the fixed stars may be found; the middle part, where the domain of the moon is located, and the upper part, which is the domain of the sun and unreachable by Ahirman. Further above the highest level of the heaven/sky includes regions described as the Endless Lights, as well as the Thrones of Amahraspandān and Ohrmazd. Although this is the basic framework which occurs in Avestan texts, later Zoroastrian literature would elaborate on this picture by further subdividing the lowest part of heaven to achieve a total of six or seven layers. The Earth itself was described as possessing three primary mountains: Mount Hukairiia, whose peak was the focal point of the revolution of the star Sadwēs; Mount Haraitī, whose peak was the focal point of the revolution of the sun and the moon, and the greatest of them all, the Harā Bərəz whose peak was located at the center of the Earth and which was the first in a chain of 2,244 mountains which, together, encircled the Earth. Although the planets are not described in early Zoroastrian sources, they entered Zoroastrian thought in the Middle Persian period: they were demonized and took on the names 2402: 1718:, will be born to a virgin impregnated by the seed of Zoroaster while bathing in a lake. The Saoshyant will raise the dead—including those in all afterworlds—for final judgment, returning the wicked to hell to be purged of bodily sin. Next, all will wade through a river of molten metal in which the righteous will not burn but through which the impure will be completely purified. The forces of good will ultimately triumph over evil, rendering it forever impotent but not destroyed. The Saoshyant and Ahura Mazda will offer a bull as a final sacrifice for all time and all humans will become immortal. Mountains will again flatten and valleys will rise; the House of Song will descend to the moon, and the earth will rise to meet them both. Humanity will require two judgments because there are as many aspects to our being: spiritual ( 1814: 2695: 2610: 1735: 3035: 2873: 3203: 3803:, "Zoroaster was thus the first to teach the doctrines of an individual judgement, Heaven and Hell, the future resurrection of the body, the general last judgement, and life everlasting for the reunited soul and body. These doctrines were to become familiar articles of faith to much of mankind, through borrowing by Judaism Christianity and Islam; yet it is in Zoroastrianism itself that they have their fullest logical coherence. Since Zoroaster insisted both on the goodness of material creation, and hence of the physical body, and on the unwavering impartiality of divine justice." 3671: 954:, and is unrivaled, has no equals and presides over all creation. In Avesta, Ahura Mazda is the only true God, and the representation of goodness, light, and truth. He is in conflict with the evil spirit Angra Mainyu, the representation of evil, darkness, and deceit. Angru Mainyu's goal is to tempt humans away from Ahura Mazda. Notably, Angra Mainyu is not a creation of Ahura Mazda but an independent entity. The belief in Ahura Mazda, the "Lord of Wisdom" who is considered an all-encompassing Deity and the only existing one, is the foundation of Zoroastrianism. 38: 17043: 2950: 100: 848:

the source of evil as well as good. Haug's thinking was subsequently disseminated as a Parsi interpretation, thus corroborating Haug's theory, and the idea became so popular that it is now almost universally accepted as doctrine (though being reevaluated in modern Zoroastrianism and academia). It has been argued by Almut Hintze that this designation of monotheism is not wholly perfect and that Zoroastrianism instead has its "own form of monotheism" which combines elements of dualism and polytheism.

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straightforward monotheism, meaning that the question in the title of this paper poses a false dichotomy. The dichotomy arises, we contend, from a failure to take seriously enough the central role played by time in Zoroastrian theology. Zoroastrianism proclaims a movement through time from dualism toward monotheism, i.e., a dualism which is being made false by the dynamics of time, and a monotheism which is being made true by those same dynamics of time. The meaning of the

2347: 2724:(despite doubts of the validity of this identification that persisted down the centuries), which made them eligible for protection. Islamic jurists took the stance that only Muslims could be perfectly moral, but "unbelievers might as well be left to their iniquities, so long as these did not vex their overlords." In the main, once the conquest was over and "local terms were agreed on", the Arab governors protected the local populations in exchange for tribute. 3249: 3089: 16995: 11701: 11211: 2430: 3131:

examples are getting traction including Neo-Zoroastrians/Revivalists, which are usually reinterpretations of Zoroastrianism appealing towards Western concerns, and centering the idea of Zoroastrianism as a living religion and advocate the revival and maintenance of old rituals and prayers while supporting ethical and social progressive reforms. Both of these latter schools tend to center the Gathas without outright rejecting other texts except the

17031: 12024: 11199: 1287: 17005: 1989:. Here, two copies were created, one which was put in the house of archives and the other put in the Imperial treasury. During Alexander's conquest of Persia, the Avesta (written on 1200 ox-hides) was burned, and the scientific sections that the Greeks could use were dispersed among themselves. However, there is no strong historical evidence for this and they remain contested despite affirmations from the Zoroastrian tradition, whether it be the 3867:, among others. Other scholars diminish or reject such influences, noting that "Zoroastrianism has a unique theistic doctrine which combines dualism, polytheism and pantheism", rather than being a monotheistic religion. Others say "there is little concrete evidence about the precise origin and development of" Zoroastrianism, and that "Zoroastrianism does not compare with the Jewish belief in the sovereignty of God over the whole of creation." 17055: 1570:) such as snakes, ants, and flies. Angra Mainyu created an opposite, evil being for each good being, except for humans, which he found he could not match. Angra Mainyu invaded the universe through the base of the sky, inflicting Gayomard and the bull with suffering and death. However, the evil forces were trapped in the universe and could not retreat. The dying primordial man and bovine emitted seeds, which were protect by 2936: 1169: 1578:. Humans thus struggle in a two-fold universe of the material and spiritual trapped and in long combat with evil. The evils of this physical world are not products of an inherent weakness but are the fault of Angra Mainyu's assault on creation. This assault turned the perfectly flat, peaceful, and daily illuminated world into a mountainous, violent place that is half night. According to Zoroastrian 1669:("bridge of judgement" or "bridge of choice"), which each human must cross, facing a spiritual judgment, though modern belief is split as to whether it is representative of a mental decision during life to choose between good and evil or an afterworld location. Humans' actions under their free will through choice determine the outcome. According to tradition, the soul is judged by the Yazatas 3874:, have said "there is general agreement that Persian religion and tradition had its influence on Judaism over the centuries" and the "question is where this influence was and which of the developments in Judaism can be ascribed to the Iranian side as opposed to the effect of the Greek or other cultures". There exist distinctions but also similarities between Zoroastrian and 1358:, the fravashi participates in the maintenance of creation led by Ahura Mazda. During the life of a given individual, the fravashi acts as a source of inspiration to perform good actions and as a spiritual protector. The fravashis of ancestors cultural, spiritual, and heroic, associated with illustrious bloodlines, are venerated and can be called upon to aid the living. 3101: 2789:"extinguished and ruined in every possible way all those who knew how to write and read the Khawarizmi writing, who knew the history of the country and who studied their sciences." As a result, "these things are involved in so much obscurity that it is impossible to obtain an accurate knowledge of the history of the country since the time of Islam..." 1392:

limited to natural forces held as emanations of asha by the fact that early Zoroastrians had a duty to exterminate "evil" species, a dictate no longer followed in modern Zoroastrianism. Although there have been various theological statements supporting vegetarianism in Zoroastrianism's history and those who believe that Zoroaster was vegetarian.

1511:, (also referred to in later texts as "Ahriman"), the destructive spirit/mentality, existed in darkness and ignorance below. They have existed independently of each other for all time, and manifest contrary substances. In the Gathas, Ahura Mazda is noted as working through emanations known as the Amesha Spenta and with the help of "other 3820:(1906), there exist many similarities between Zoroastrianism and Judaism. This has led some to propose that key Zoroastrian concepts influenced Judaism. However, other scholars disagree, finding that the general social influence of Zoroastrianism was much more limited, and that no link can be found in Jewish or Christian texts. 2593:, observing in the first century BCE, records (XV.3.15) that these "fire kindlers" possessed many "holy places of the Persian Gods", as well as fire temples. Strabo further states that these were "noteworthy enclosures; and in their midst there is an altar, on which there is a large quantity of ashes and where the magi keep the 7060: 1933:, are conducted usually with hands outstretched in imitation of Zoroaster's prayer style described in the Gathas and are of a reflectionary and supplicant nature believed to be endowed with the ability to banish evil. Devout Zoroastrians are known to cover their heads during prayer, either with traditional 2202:. After this, Vohu Manah took him to the other six Amesha Spentas, where he received the completion of his vision. This vision radically transformed his view of the world, and he tried to teach this view to others. Zoroaster believed in one supreme creator deity and acknowledged this creator's emanations ( 1707:, a 3,000-year struggle between good and evil will be fought, punctuated by evil's final assault. During the final assault, the sun and moon will darken, and humankind will lose its reverence for religion, family, and elders. The world will fall into winter, and Angra Mainyu's most fearsome miscreant, 3154:

For a variety of social and political factors the Zoroastrians of the Indian subcontinent, namely the Parsis and Iranis, have not engaged in conversion since at least the 18th century. Zoroastrian high priests have historically opined there is no reason to not allow conversion which is also supported

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religious system dating back to the early 2nd millennium BCE. The prophet Zoroaster himself, though traditionally dated to the 6th century BCE, is thought by many modern historians to have been a reformer of the polytheistic Iranian religion who lived much earlier during the second half of the second

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and the excessive ritual use of intoxicants. His life was influenced profoundly by the attempts of his people to find peace and stability in the face of constant threats of raiding and conflict. Zoroaster's birth and early life are little documented but speculated upon heavily in later texts. What is

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was the course of everything observable—the motion of the planets and astral bodies; the progression of the seasons; and the pattern of daily nomadic herdsman life, governed by regular metronomic events such as sunrise and sunset, and was strengthened through truth-telling and following the Threefold

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Controversy over Zaraθuštra's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so, though reputable scholars have proposed dates as widely apart as ca.1750 BCE and "258 years

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In brief, the interpretation we favor is that Zoroastrianism combines cosmogonic dualism and eschatological monotheism in a manner unique to itself among the major religions of the world. This combination results in a religious outlook which cannot be categorized as either straightforward dualism or

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In addition to this, Zoroastrian dualistic concepts, had influenced middle eastern religions such as Judeo-Christian beliefs, since Achaemenid period to the early centuries of present era. The dualistic ideas of Jewish eschatology such as the belief in savior, the final battle between good and evil,

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declared 2003 a year to celebrate the "3000th anniversary of Zoroastrian culture", with special events throughout the world. In 2011, the Tehran Mobeds Anjuman announced that for the first time in the history of modern Iran and of the modern Zoroastrian communities worldwide, women had been ordained

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affected by their actions in life. The maiden leads the dead safely across the bridge, which widens and becomes pleasant for the righteous, towards the House of Song. The hag leads the dead down a bridge that narrows to a razor's edge and is full of stench until the departed falls off into the abyss

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concept is more systemic and less personal, representing, for instance, chaos (that opposes order); or "uncreation", evident as natural decay (that opposes creation); or more simply "the lie" (that opposes truth and goodness). Moreover, in the role as the one uncreated creator of all, Ahura Mazda is

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Recent research, however, has cast considerable doubt on this dating and geographical setting. The similarity of the language and metrical system of the Gathas to those of the Vedas, the simplicity of the society depicted throughout the Avesta, and the lack of awareness of great cities, historical

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The interactions between Judaism and Zoroastrianism resulted in transfer of religious ideas between the two religions and as a result, It is believed that Jews, during Achaemenid rule were influenced by Zoroastrian angelology, demonology, eschatology, as well as Zoroastrian ideas about compensatory

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and, through it, on later monotheistic religions such as early Christianity and Islam. There are clear commonalities and similarities between Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity, such as: monotheism, dualism (i.e., a robust notion of a Devil—but with a positive appraisal of material creation),

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to varying degrees. Some historians believe that Zoroastrianism, along with similar philosophical revolutions in South Asia were interconnected strings of reformation against a common Indo-Aryan thread. Many traits of Zoroastrianism can be traced back to the culture and beliefs of the prehistorical

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to convert his province four times. The first three times the citizens reverted to their old religion. Finally, the governor made their religion "difficult for them in every way", turned the local fire temple into a mosque, and encouraged the local population to attend Friday prayers by paying each

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making it, in effect, an ecological religion: "It is not surprising that Mazdaism...is called the first ecological religion. The reverence for Yazatas (divine spirits) emphasizes the preservation of nature (Avesta: Yasnas 1.19, 3.4, 16.9; Yashts 6.3–4, 10.13)." However, this particular assertion is

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but historically has allowed for moderate expressions of these concepts. On the fourth day after death, the urvan is reunited with its fravashi, whereupon the experiences of life in the material world are collected for use in the continuing battle for good in the spiritual world. For the most part,

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led to a rallied defense of the faith through Haug's reinterpretation of the Avesta through Christianized and European orientalist lens. Haug postulated that Zoroastrianism was solely monotheistic with all other divinities reduced to the status of angels while Ahura Mazda became both omnipotent and

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It is noteworthy that Mani, who was brought up and spent most of his life in a province of the Persian empire, and whose mother belonged to a famous Parthian family, did not make any use of the Iranian mythological tradition. There can no longer be any doubt that the Iranian names of Sām, Narīmān,

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to the faith and, as such, for someone to be a Zoroastrian they must be born of Zoroastrian parents. Some traditionalists recognize the children of mixed marriages as Zoroastrians, though usually only if the father is a born Zoroastrian. Not all Zoroastrians identify with either school and notable

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with varying degrees of authority, with the current version of the Avesta dating at oldest from the times of the Sasanian Empire. The Avesta was "composed at different times, providing a series of snapshots of the religion that allow historians to see how it changed over time". According to Middle

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Humata, Huxta, Huvarshta (Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds), the Threefold Path of Asha, is considered the core maxim of Zoroastrianism especially by modern practitioners. In Zoroastrianism, good transpires for those who do righteous deeds for its own sake, not for the search of reward. Those

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have been the focus of worship and pilgrimage for adherents of the religion. Early Zoroastrians were recorded as worshiping in the 5th century BCE on mounds and hills where fires were lit below the open skies. In the wake of Achaemenid expansion, shrines were constructed throughout the empire and

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is rejected in Zoroastrian teaching and the absolute free will of all conscious beings is core, with even divine beings having the ability to choose. Humans bear responsibility for all situations they are in, and in the way they act toward one another. Reward, punishment, happiness, and grief all

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symbolism of the divine, heaven(s) and hell(s), angels and demons, eschatology and final judgment, a messianic figure and the idea of a savior, a holy spirit, concern with ritual purity, an idealization of wisdom and righteousness, and other doctrines, symbols, practices, and religious features.

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Zoroastrianism is not entirely uniform in theological and philosophical thought, especially with historical and modern influences having a significant impact on individual and local beliefs, practices, values, and vocabulary, sometimes merging with tradition and in other cases displacing it. The

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From the 19th century onward, the Parsis gained a reputation for their education and widespread influence in all aspects of society. They played an instrumental role in the economic development of the region over many decades; several of the best-known business conglomerates of India are run by

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Though subject to a new leadership and harassment, the Zoroastrians were able to continue their former ways, although there was a slow but steady social and economic pressure to convert, with the nobility and city-dwellers being the first to do so, while Islam was accepted more slowly among the

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and other scripture though later priests have condemned these judgements. Within Iran, many of the beleaguered Zoroastrians have been also historically opposed or not practically concerned with the matter of conversion. Currently though, The Council of Tehran Mobeds (the highest ecclesiastical

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who do evil are said to be attacked and confused by the druj and are responsible for aligning themselves back to Asha by following this path. There is also a heavy emphasis on spreading happiness, mostly through charity, and respecting the spiritual equality and duty of both men and women.

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inscription and appear to have continued the model of coexistence with other religions. Whether Darius was a follower of the teachings of Zoroaster has not been conclusively established as there is no indication of note that worship of Ahura Mazda was exclusively a Zoroastrian practice.

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Zoroastrianism was founded by Zoroaster in ancient Iran. The precise date of the founding of the religion is uncertain and estimates vary wildly from 2000 BCE to "200 years before Alexander". Zoroaster was born – in either Northeast Iran or Southwest Afghanistan – into a culture with a

3288:. In Iran, emigration, out-marriage and low birth rates are likewise leading to a decline in the Zoroastrian population. Zoroastrian groups in Iran say their number is approximately 60,000. According to the Iranian census data from 2011 the number of Zoroastrians in Iran was 25,271. 1782:, alongside other traditional Yazata who all have hymns within the Avesta and also local deities and culture-heroes. Today, enclosed and covered fire temples tend to be the focus of community worship where fires of varying grades are maintained by the clergy assigned to the temples. 1699:

The House of Lies is considered temporary and reformative; punishments fit the crimes, and souls do not rest in eternal damnation. Hell contains foul smells and evil food, a smothering darkness, and souls are packed tightly together although they believe they are in total isolation.

1312:, mortal beings (both humans and animals) play a critical role, for they too are created. Here, in their lives, they are active participants in the conflict, and it is their spiritual duty to defend Asha, which is under constant assault and would decay in strength without counter 4050:

in Zoroastrianism is thus the triumph of monotheism, the good God Ahura Mazdä having at last won his way through to complete and final ascendancy. But in the meantime there is vital truth to dualism, the neglect of which can only lead to a distortion of the religion's essential

7068: 1851:. Consequently, scripture enjoins the safe disposal of the dead in a manner such that a corpse does not pollute the good creation. These injunctions are the doctrinal basis of the fast-fading traditional practice of ritual exposure, most commonly identified with the so-called 1539:, falsehood and disorder, that comes from Angra Mainyu. The resulting cosmic conflict involves all of creation, mental/spiritual and material, including humanity at its core, which has an active role to play in the conflict. The main representative of Asha in this conflict is 1886:

sacrificial ceremonies and animal sacrifice of varying degrees are mentioned in the Avesta and are still practiced in Zoroastrianism albeit through reduced forms such as the sacrifice of fat before meals. High rituals such as the Yasna are considered to be the purview of the

1937:, scarves, other headwear, or even just their hands. However, full coverage and veiling which is traditional in Islamic practice is not a part of Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrian women in Iran wear their head coverings displaying hair and their faces to defy mandates by the 1785:

The incorporation of cultural and local rituals is quite common and traditions have been passed down in historically Zoroastrian communities such as herbal healing practices, wedding ceremonies, and the like. Traditionally, Zoroastrian rituals have also included

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The religion states that active and ethical participation in life through good deeds formed from good thoughts and good words is necessary to ensure happiness and to keep chaos at bay. This active participation is a central element in Zoroaster's concept of

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Yazatas are further divided into Amesha Spentas, their "ham-kar" or "Collaborators" who are Lower Ranking divinities, and also certain healing plants, primordial creatures, the fravashis of the dead, and certain prayers that are themselves considered holy.

546:), which are recited in many prayers and ceremonies. Many of the practices and beliefs of ancient Iranian religion can still be seen in Zoroastrianism, such as reverence for nature and its elements. Fire is held to be particularly sacred as a symbol of 1001:

is derived from 'Yazdan', the Old Persian word for 'god', and literally means "divinity worthy of worship or veneration". As a concept, it also contains a wide range of other meanings; though generally signifying (or used as an epithet of) a divinity.

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According to scholars, Ahura Mazda is an uncreated, omniscient, omnipotent and benevolent God who has created the spiritual and material existences out of infinite light, and maintains the cosmic law of Asha. He is the first and most invoked spirit in

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The 9th century came to define the great number of Zoroastrian texts that were composed or re-written during the 8th to 10th centuries (excluding copying and lesser amendments, which continued for some time thereafter). All of these works are in the

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Middle Persian and Pahlavi works created in the 9th and 10th century contain many religious Zoroastrian books, as most of the writers and copyists were part of the Zoroastrian clergy. The most significant and important books of this era include the

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justice in life and after death. It is also postulated that the Jewish high monotheistic concept of God developed during and after the period of the Babylonian captivity, when the Jews had a prolonged exposure to sophisticated Zoroastrian beliefs.

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who founded in Kashmar and planted a cypress tree in front of the fire temple and made it a symbol of accepting the Bahi religion And he sent priests all over the world, and commanded all the famous men and women to come to that place of worship.

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Since the evidence of Young Avestan place names so clearly points to a more eastern location, the Avesta is again understood, nowadays, as an East Iranian text, whose area of composition comprised -- at least -- Sīstån/Arachosia, Herat, Merw and

3939:, not least because Zoroastrianism was a dominant influence on the people of the cultural continent for a thousand years. Even after the rise of Islam and the loss of direct influence, Zoroastrianism remained part of the cultural heritage of the 3661:

with the aim of providing information about buildings that Zoroastrians use in England so that HE can work with communities to enhance and protect those buildings now and in the future. The scoping survey identified four buildings in England.

836:" and "polytheism" and as having unnecessary rituals while declaring the Avesta to not be "divinely inspired". This caused mass dismay in the relatively uneducated Parsi community, which blamed its priests and led to some conversions towards 2280:. Before, he wanted the tree to be reconstructed before his eyes. This was done in spite of protests by the Iranians, who offered a very great sum of money to save the tree. Al-Mutawakkil never saw the cypress, because he was murdered by a 2304:, the story of finding Zarathustra and accepting Vishtaspa's religion is regulated that after accepting Zoroastrian religion, Vishtaspa sends priests all over the universe And Azar enters the fire temples (domes) and the first of them is 2911:. The cities where Arab governors resided were particularly vulnerable to such pressures, and in these cases the Zoroastrians were left with no choice but to either conform or migrate to regions that had a more amicable administration. 8686: 1902:/Sedreh Pushi ceremony, which is traditionally conducted during the later childhood or pre-teen years of the aspirant, though there is no defined age limit for the ritual. After the ceremony, Zoroastrians are encouraged to wear their 3344:

The number of Kurdish Zoroastrians, along with those of non-ethnic converts, has been estimated differently. The Zoroastrian Representative of the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq has reported that as many as 100,000 people in

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curtailed the powers of the Magi after they had attempted to sow dissent following their loss of influence. In 522 BCE, the Magi revolted and set up a rival claimant to the throne. The usurper, pretending to be Cyrus' younger son

4068:, p. 14–15: Ahura Mazdâ's companions include the six 'Life-giving Immortals' and great gods, such as Mithra, the sun god, and others . The forces of evil comprise, notably, Angra Manyu, the Evil Spirit, the bad, old, gods ( 1199:, the most sacred texts of Zoroastrianism thought to have been composed by Zoroaster himself, Zoroaster acknowledged the highest devotion to Ahura Mazda, with worship and adoration also given to Ahura Mazda's manifestations ( 7258:

rulers, or empires all suggest a different time frame. All in all, it seems likely that Zoroaster and the Avestan people flourished in eastern Iran at a much earlier date (anywhere from 1500 to 900 B.C.) than once thought.

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have converted to Zoroastrianism recently, with some community leaders speculating that even more Zoroastrians in the region are practicing their faith secretly. However, this has not been confirmed by independent sources.

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The fact that the oldest Young Avestan texts apparently contain no reference to western Iran, including Media, would seem to indicate that they were composed in eastern Iran before the Median domination reached the

9637:"Kuehn, S., "The Dragon Fighter: The Influence of Zoroastrian Ideas on Judaeo-Christian and Islamic Iconography," in: Zoroastrianism in the Levant, ARAM Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies 26, 1/2 (2014), 65–101" 2860:. This mitigated the antagonism between Arabs and Iranians but sharpened the distinction between Muslims and non-Muslims. The Abbasids zealously persecuted heretics, and although this was directed mainly at Muslim 3183:

The current Zoroastrian population is said be around 100,000 to 200,000 and reportedly declining. However, further studies are needed to confirm this, as numbers have also been rising in some areas, such as Iran.

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Zoroastrianism's emphasis on the protection and veneration of nature and its elements has led some to proclaim it as the "world's first proponent of ecology." The Avesta and other texts call for the protection of

5758: 10102:(note to catalogue searchers: the spine of this edition misprints the title "Zoroastrians" as "Zoroastians", and this may lead to catalogue errors; there is a second edition published in 2001 with the same ISBN) 9069: 6215: 1343:

In Zoroastrian tradition, life is a temporary state in which a mortal is expected to participate actively in the continuing battle between Asha and Druj. Prior to its incarnation at the birth of the child, the

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and meaning "that which is seen") is representative of the sum of one's spiritual conscience and attributes, which through one's choice Asha is either strengthened or weakened in the Daena. Traditionally, the

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and other important hymns, prayers, and rituals. The rest of the materials from the Avesta are called "Avestan fragments" in that they are written in Avestan, incomplete, and generally of unknown provenance.

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Though the Armenians share a rich history affiliated with Zoroastrianism (that eventually declined with the advent of Christianity), reports indicate that there were Zoroastrians in Armenia until the 1920s.

3924:, says that "we can assert that Manichaeism has its roots in the Iranian religious tradition and that its relationship to Mazdaism, or Zoroastrianism, is more or less like that of Christianity to Judaism". 2764:(which Parthian-era legend supposed had been planted by Zoroaster himself) was felled for the construction of a palace in Baghdad, 2,000 miles (3,200 km) away. In the 10th century, on the day that a 1594:

and limited time will end. In the final renovation, all of creation—even the souls of the dead that were initially banished to or chose to descend into "darkness"—will be reunited with Ahura Mazda in the

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in his battle against the evil spirit, and are hypostases of moral or physical aspects of creation. The yazatas collectively are "the good powers under Ahura Mazda", who is "the greatest of the yazatas".

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overthrew the Umayyads in 750, and in the subsequent caliphate government—that nominally lasted until 1258—Muslim Iranians received marked favor in the new government, both in Iran and at the capital in

7747: 2923:(hence the adoption of the term "Pahlavi" as the name of the variant of the language, and of the genre, of those Zoroastrian books). If read aloud, these books would still have been intelligible to the 1543:, the creative spirit/mentality. Ahura Mazda then created the material and visible world itself in order to ensnare evil. He created the floating, egg-shaped universe in two parts: first the spiritual ( 9400: 2055:

is correct. The later manuscripts all date from after the fall of the Sasanian Empire, the latest being from 1288, 590 years after the fall of the Sasanian Empire. The texts that remain today are the

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the triumph of good and the resurrection of the dead, have been influenced by Zoroastrian beliefs. These ideas later passed on to Christianity, from Zoroastrian-inspired texts of the Old Testament.

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of Cambyses and his long absence in Egypt, "the whole people, Persians, Medes and all the other nations" acknowledged the usurper, especially as he granted a remission of taxes for three years.

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at between 110,000–200,000, with the majority residing in India (50,000–60,000), Iran (15,000–25,000), and North America (21,000). The religion is thought to be declining due to restrictions on

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peasantry and landed gentry. "Power and worldly-advantage" now lay with followers of Islam, and although the "official policy was one of aloof contempt, there were individual Muslims eager to

2589:, whose territory was formerly an Achaemenid possession, Persian colonists, cut off from their co-religionists in Iran proper, continued to practice the faith of their forefathers; and there 2756:

rule, Muslim Iranians (who by then were in the majority) in many instances showed severe disregard for and mistreated local Zoroastrians. For example, in the 9th century, a deeply venerated

9431: 6075: 2573:, though the religion continued to be practiced many centuries following the demise of the Achaemenids in mainland Persia and the core regions of the former Achaemenid Empire, most notably 1331:

Central to Zoroastrianism is the emphasis on moral choice, to choose the responsibility and duty for which one is in the mortal world, or to give up this duty and so facilitate the work of

822:

Brian Arthur Brown states that this is unclear, because historic texts present a conflicting picture, ranging from Zoroastrianism's belief in "one god, two gods, or a best god henotheism".

9884: 4076:), which probably embodies the dark night sky itself. Zoroastrianism is therefore a dualistic and polytheistic religion, but with one supreme god, who is the father of the ordered cosmos." 8479: 2741:). In time, this poll-tax came to be used as a means to humble the non-Muslims, and a number of laws and restrictions evolved to emphasize their inferior status. Under the early orthodox 6639: 2260: 9099: 5552: 2718:, in the beginning "there was little serious pressure" exerted on newly subjected people to adopt Islam. Because of their sheer numbers, the conquered Zoroastrians had to be treated as 7869: 1840:, water and fire are respectively the second and last primordial elements to have been created, and scripture considers fire to have its origin in the waters (re. which conception see 9306: 6821: 8009: 10789: 8282: 7717: 2894:

Despite economic and social incentives to convert, Zoroastrianism remained strong in some regions, particularly in those furthest away from the Caliphate capital at Baghdad. In

7489: 6245: 3609:). As of 2012, the population of Zoroastrians in US was 15,000, making it the third-largest Zoroastrian population in the world after those of India and Iran. According to the 859:

entities, describing Zoroastrianism as having a belief in an immanent self-creating universe with consciousness as its special attribute, thereby putting Zoroastrianism in the

9556: 2680:) saw the Zoroastrian religion there slowly but surely decline, but as late the 5th century CE, it was still widely practised as something like a second established religion. 7038: 3549:. In India's 2001 census, the Parsi population numbered at 69,601, representing about 0.006% of the total population of India, with a concentration in and around the city of 3013:

rule, when the "best hope for survival was to be inconspicuous." Crucial to the present-day survival of Zoroastrianism was a migration from the northeastern Iranian town of

1507:

yet sometimes combines them into one form. Zoroaster also proclaims that Ahura Mazda is omniscient but not omnipotent. Ahura Mazda existed in light and goodness above, while

7780: 5016: 5750: 3046:

The struggle between Zoroastrianism and Islam declined in the 10th and 11th centuries. Local Iranian dynasties, "all vigorously Muslim," had emerged as largely independent

10478: 8193: 1914:(ritual girdle) daily as a spiritual reminder and for mystical protection, though reformist Zoroastrians tend to only wear them during festivals, ceremonies, and prayers. 975:, was originally an Indo-Iranian god of "covenant, agreement, treaty, alliance, promise." Mitra is considered a being worthy of worship and is "characterized by riches". 8742: 8598: 534:(falsehood, deceit), the essential nature of Angra Mainyu that expresses itself as greed, wrath, and envy. The central moral precepts of the religion are good thoughts ( 3353:

The surge in Kurdish Muslims converting to Zoroastrianism is largely attributed to disillusionment with Islam after experiencing violence and oppression perpetrated by

475:; the former are to be revered, and the latter rejected. Zoroaster proclaimed that Ahura Mazda was the supreme creator and sustaining force of the universe, working in 390:

of the second millennium BCE, but was first recorded in the mid sixth century BCE. For the following one thousand years it was the official religion of successive

9061: 7456: 6207: 6006: 5465: 828:

In the 19th century, through contact with Western academics and missionaries, Zoroastrianism experienced a massive theological change that still affects it today. The

4905: 3823:

Proponents of a link cite similarities between the two: such as dualism (good and evil, divine twins Ahura Mazda "God" and Angra Mainyu "Satan"), image of the deity,

3268:

revealed 21,400 Zoroastrians. Some 10,000 adherents remain in the Central Asian regions that were once considered the traditional stronghold of Zoroastrianism, i.e.,

2169:, in which the Kavis and Karapans (princes and priests) controlled the ordinary people. He also opposed cruel animal sacrifices and the excessive use of the possibly 10272:

Panaino, Antonio (2015). "The Classification of Astral Bodies in the framework of an Historical Survey of Iranian traditions". In Bläsing, U.; Arakelova, V. (eds.).

760:

Some scholars believe Zoroastrianism started as an Indo-Iranian polytheistic religion: according to Yujin Nagasawa, "like the rest of the Zoroastrian texts, the Old

8222: 3791:

Zoroastrianism is sometimes credited with being the first monotheistic religion in history,antedating the Israelites and leaving a lasting and profound imprint on

1681:, where depending on the verdict one is either greeted at the bridge by a beautiful, sweet-smelling maiden or by an ugly, foul-smelling old hag representing their 6609: 2492:, all Iranians were referred to as "Mede" or "Mada" by the peoples of the Ancient World) and wielded considerable influence at the courts of the Median emperors. 1523:

in humankind and interacts with creation through these bounteous/holy divinities. In addition to these, He is assisted by a league of countless divinities called

9221: 3589: 3231: 1246:, believed to be the cosmic order which governs and permeates all existence, and the concept of which governed the life of the ancient Indo-Iranians. For these, 1855:

for which there is no standard technical term in either scripture or tradition. Ritual exposure is currently mainly practiced by Zoroastrian communities of the

10008:

etc., that appear in the Persian and Sogdian versions of the Book of the Giants, did not figure in the original edition, written by Mani in the Syriac language

8357: 7742: 10293: 9392: 1402:(a master of Asha) and to bring happiness into the world, which contributes to the cosmic battle against evil. The core teachings of Zoroastrianism include: 3645:. The remaining 49% of English Zoroastrians were scattered relatively evenly throughout the country, with the second and third largest concentrations being 1270:

should not be confused with Western and especially Christian notions of good versus evil, for although both forms of opposition express moral conflict, the

8567: 2994:. It became enormously popular among both Zoroastrians and Muslims, and also served to propagate the Sassanid justification for overthrowing the Arsacids. 6036: 3115:

Zoroastrianism has survived into the modern period, particularly in India, where the Parsis are thought to have been present since about the 9th century.

2071:, of which the latter's inclusion is disputed within the faith. Along with these texts is the individual, communal, and ceremonial prayer book called the 10261:

Panaino, Antonio (1995). "Uranographia Iranica I. The Three Heavens in the Zoroastrian Tradition and the Mesopotamian Background". In Gyselen, R. (ed.).

8620: 4444: 3180:(Zoroastrian clergy). The women hold official certificates and can perform the lower-rung religious functions and can initiate people into the religion. 445:, purported to be the direct teachings of Zoroaster and his account of conversations with Ahura Mazda. These writings are part of a major section of the 2972:

in northeastern Iran, a 10th-century Iranian nobleman brought together four Zoroastrian priests to transcribe a Sassanid-era Middle Persian work titled

1195:

is the beginning and the end, the creator of everything that can and cannot be seen, the eternal and uncreated, the all-good and source of Asha. In the

13462: 9338:"Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts" 9131: 8133: 819:

states Zoroastrianism is henotheistic, and "a dualistic and polytheistic religion, but with one supreme god, who is the father of the ordered cosmos".

7166: 5975: 5725: 3906:. Nominally an Iranian religion, Manichaeism was heavily inspired by Zoroastrianism because of Mani's Iranian origin, and it was also rooted in prior 8103: 5695: 3234:, the number of Zoroastrians worldwide was estimated to be between 111,691 and 121,962. The number is imprecise because of diverging counts in Iran. 9160: 2927:. Many of these texts are responses to the tribulations of the time, and all of them include exhortations to stand fast in their religious beliefs. 2242:

The Cypress of Kashmar is a mythical cypress tree of legendary beauty and gargantuan dimensions. It is said to have sprung from a branch brought by

15948: 11849: 11134: 10992: 9423: 6059: 3160:

authority within Iran) endorses conversion but conversion from Islam to Zoroastrianism is illegal under the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

1574:, the Moon. From the bull's seed grew all beneficial plants and animals of the world and from the man's seed grew a plant whose leaves became the 15797: 10997: 10526: 3050:

of the Caliphs. In the 16th century, in one of the early letters between Iranian Zoroastrians and their co-religionists in India, the priests of

2363:

as the home of Zarathustra and the birthplace of the religion. No consensus exists as to the localiazation of Airyanem Vaejah, but the region of

8471: 7348: 7197: 2844:, "it was no longer the Zoroastrians alone who stood for patriotism and loyalty to the past." The "damning indictment" that becoming Muslim was 2367:

has been considered by modern scholars as a candidate. Zoroastrianism as a religion was not firmly established until centuries later during the

2350:

Geographical horizon of the Avestan people during the Young Avestan period. Sources for the different localizations are in the file description.

764:

does not teach monotheism". By contrast, Md. Sayem characterizes Zoroastrianism as being one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world.

16854: 11737: 11154: 10825: 8449: 6631: 2641:

form of Zoroastrianism, often building fire temples in captured territories to promote the religion. During the period of their centuries-long

2562:

bear traces of having been burned. Whether a vast collection of (semi-)religious texts "written on parchment in gold ink", as suggested by the

9845: 9669: 9345: 9091: 5541: 5152: 11149: 7877: 5617: 5319: 4405: 4374: 3572:(NADRA) of Pakistan reported that there were 3,650 Parsi voters during the elections in Pakistan in 2013 and 4,235 in 2018. According to the 1531:

of a moral or physical aspect of creation. Asha, is the main spiritual force which comes from Ahura Mazda. It is the cosmic order and is the

9314: 7136: 6813: 16806: 14159: 11139: 9507:

Diószegi, Vilmos (1998) . A sámánhit emlékei a magyar népi műveltségben (in Hungarian) (1. reprint kiadás ed.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.

8510: 7614: 6974: 3569: 2324:, and the Sasanians worked hard to revive the ancient religion. It still remains a few kilometers above the ancient city of Kashmar in the 8001: 5286: 3553:. By 2008, the birth-to-death ratio was 1:5; 200 births per year to 1,000 deaths. India's 2011 census recorded 57,264 Parsi Zoroastrians. 2401: 2051:

The compilation of the Avesta can be authoritatively traced, however, to the Sasanian Empire, of which only fraction survive today if the

1017:

religions. In modern Zoroastrianism, the Yazata are considered holy emanations of the creator, always devoted to him and obey the will of

3193: 825:

Economist Mario Ferrero suggests that Zoroastrianism transitioned from polytheism to monotheism due to political and economic pressures.

423: 10285:

A Walk through the Iranian Heavens: Spherical and Non-Spherical Cosmographic Models in the Imagination of Ancient Iran and Its Neighbors

7591: 7448: 7315:

The land of Airyanem Vaejah, which is described in the text as a land of extreme cold, has often been identified with ancient Choresmia.

4320: 15842: 15769: 12987: 12088: 7712: 6730: 5113: 1586:

formula, Ahura Mazda made the ultimate triumph of good against Angra Mainyu evident. Ahura Mazda will ultimately prevail over the evil

10952: 8088:

Stausberg, Michael (2007). "Para-Zoroastrianisms: Memetic transmissions and appropriations". In Hinnels, John; Williams, John (eds.).

7481: 6579: 4820: 17090: 15647: 12066: 11169: 6237: 4572:

Four Testaments: Tao Te Ching, Analects, Dhammapada, Bhagavad Gita: Sacred Scriptures of Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Hinduism

2113:. All Middle Persian texts written on Zoroastrianism during this time period are considered secondary works on the religion, and not 16093: 9305:

NIAC inSight, Washington insights for the Iranian-American community from the National Iranian American Council (16 December 2016).

8734: 8386: 7280: 6675: 2672:, making them officially break with the Roman Church. But the Sassanids tolerated or even sometimes favored the Christianity of the 17110: 15933: 15807: 15792: 11249: 11058: 10962: 10922: 10887: 7034: 6902: 6363: 5352: 3747:

Zoroastrianism itself inherited ideas from other belief systems and, like other "practiced" religions, accommodates some degree of

2805:

In time, a tradition evolved by which Islam was made to appear as a partly Iranian religion. One example of this was a legend that

1236:) prayer formulas, are believed to be of immense power and the vehicles of Asha and creation used to maintain good and fight evil. 8066: 7775: 6426: 5920: 1836:) are agents of ritual purity, and the associated purification ceremonies are considered the basis of ritual life. In Zoroastrian 10671: 6155: 10498: 8533: 8416: 8188: 7012: 5586: 5187: 4879: 3545:

India is considered to be home to a large Zoroastrian population – the descendants of migrants from Iran and today known as the

1283:, which is "nothing", anti-creation, and thus (likewise) uncreated and developed as the antithesis of existence through choice. 6791: 6549: 6396: 4854: 4203: 4116: 3118:

Today Zoroastrianism can be divided in two main schools of thought: reformists and traditionalists. Traditionalists are mostly

8712: 8660: 8590: 8304: 8252: 5788: 3779:

mythologies have also been noted, all of which bearing extensive light-dark dualisms and possible sun god theonyms related to

1519:, support him and are representative and guardians of different aspects of creation and the ideal personality. Ahura Mazda is 15953: 10745: 10718: 10700: 10681: 10660: 10641: 10614: 10595: 10576: 10515: 10446: 10427: 10408: 10380: 10361: 10331: 10201: 10170: 10115: 10096: 10078: 9878: 9839: 8172: 6854: 5998: 5818: 4730: 4652: 4580: 4483: 1562:

While Ahura Mazda created the universe and humankind, Angra Mainyu, whose very nature is to destroy, miscreated demons, evil

9923: 9782: 8977: 8860: 7543: 6860: 6333: 5650: 5457: 5423: 4736: 3878:

regarding marriage and procreation. While Mary Boyce says that, besides Abrahamic religions, its influence also extended to

2980:) from Pahlavi script into Arabic script. This transcription, which remained in Middle Persian prose (an Arabic version, by 2194:

According to later Zoroastrian tradition, when Zoroaster was 30 years old, he went into the Daiti river to draw water for a

875:

Zoroastrianism contains multiple classes of divine beings, who are typically organised into tiers and spheres of influence.

16418: 13457: 11842: 3031:, from long tradition, called anyone from Iran"—who today represent the larger of the two groups of Zoroastrians in India. 2694: 2558:, appears to substantiate this Zoroastrian legend. According to one archaeological examination, the ruins of the palace of 1749:

man wearing a distinctive cap and face veil, possibly a camel rider or even a Zoroastrian priest engaging in a ritual at a

1528: 10040: 9274: 6303: 6185: 5253: 5046: 3126:

and like the reformists mostly developed in their modern form from 19th century developments. They generally do not allow

16536: 15817: 15418: 11667: 9243: 6932: 5220: 3601:

is thought to be home to 18,000–25,000 Zoroastrians of both South Asian and Iranian backgrounds. A further 3,500 live in

3593: 2276:) caused the mighty cypress to be felled, and then transported it across Iran, to be used for beams in his new palace at 235: 217: 9529: 8274: 8218: 7512: 2396: 2150:, forming the core of the Avesta, which contain hymns thought to have been composed by Zoroaster himself. Born into the 622:, an adherent of the faith is commonly called a Zoroastrian or a Zarathustrian. An older expression still used today is 339:

that predicts the ultimate triumph of Ahura Mazda over evil. Opinions vary among scholars as to whether the religion is

297:

Zoroastrians exalt an uncreated and benevolent deity of wisdom as the universe's supreme being, commonly referred to as

16746: 16476: 16358: 15812: 14397: 12351: 11730: 10818: 10223: 10133: 10068: 7697: 7660: 7250: 6601: 6489: 6276: 5400: 5076: 2840:

of the Umayyads, and the Iranian national association with a Zoroastrian past was disarmed. Thus, according to scholar

530:(truth, cosmic order), the principle of righteousness or "rightness" that is promoted and embodied by Ahura Mazda, and 9213: 3009:, which remain centers of Iranian Zoroastrianism to this day. Yazd became the seat of the Iranian high priests during 1813: 1354:(personal/higher spirit), which has existed since Ahura Mazda created the universe. Prior to the splitting off of the 16796: 15622: 12872: 10557: 9917: 9776: 9741: 9512: 9489:Š. Kulišić; P.Ž. Petrović; N. Pantelić. "Бели бог". Српски митолошки речник (in Serbian). Belgrade: Nolit. pp. 21–22. 9474: 9376: 7389: 6706: 4784: 829: 77: 8346: 6519: 3759:, Armenia, China, and other places incorporating local and foreign practices and deities. Zoroastrian influences on 3621:. Stewart, Hinze & Williams write that 3,000 Kurds have converted to Zoroastrianism in Sweden. According to the 3327:, literally "of the Good Religion". Sometimes their language is named for the cities in which it is spoken, such as 993:(Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬀) are divine beings worshiped by song and sacrifice in Zoroastrianism, in accordance with the 16849: 14407: 9613: 7714:

The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature

6125: 4697: 2657: 2609: 2040:

sent priests to locate the scientific text portions of the Avesta that were in the possession of the Greeks. Under

10304: 6459: 17115: 16811: 16706: 15832: 15827: 15783: 15413: 14257: 13516: 12506: 11835: 7690:

An Introduction to the History of the Assyrian Church, or, The Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire, 100–640 A.D

3034: 1820:

with reliefs of Zoroastrian priests attending a fire, Mullakurgan (near Samarkand), Uzbekistan, 7–8th century CE.

8559: 7297:

Vogelsang, Willhelm (2000). "The sixteen lands of Videvdat – Airyanem Vaejah and the homeland of the Iranians".

1734: 17105: 16666: 16491: 15764: 14783: 14724: 14611: 14490: 14422: 12850: 12488: 12407: 9191: 8205: 7762: 7729: 6761: 6028: 2768:

had been completed at much trouble and expense, a Muslim official contrived to get up onto it, and to call the

2630: 1754: 1383:

in India, among other currently non-traditional opinions, believe in reincarnation and practice vegetarianism.

14903: 14778: 8631: 7409:

Litvinskij, B. A.; Pichikian, I. R. (1994). "The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus".

4436: 1985:

Persian tradition, Ahura Mazda created the twenty-one Nasks of the original Avesta which Zoroaster brought to

327:), who is personified as a destructive spirit and the adversary of all things good. Zoroastrianism combines a 16816: 16231: 15968: 15632: 15481: 15403: 14825: 13867: 13420: 12059: 11723: 11688: 11121: 10811: 9282: 9251: 9122: 8326: 5950: 3980: 2822: 2703: 1258:) was thus determined to run according to a master plan—inherent to Ahura Mazda—and violations of the order ( 893:

are a class of divine beings "inherited by Zoroastrianism from the prehistoric Indo-Iranian religion. In the

4985: 771:

as the supreme god, but believe in lesser divinities known as Yazatas, who share some similarities with the

16874: 16676: 13889: 12639: 11683: 11630: 11242: 9698:"Zoroastrian Influence on Old Testament Monotheism and Eschatology? A Scriptural and Sociological Analysis" 7158: 5972: 5717: 4902:"(PDF) Zoroastrianism and the Bible: Monotheism by Coincidence? | Erhard Gerstenberger - Academia.edu" 2228:

Zoroaster's ideas were not taken up quickly; he originally only had one convert: his cousin Maidhyoimanha.

17: 14913: 10144: 4277: 2495:

Following the unification of the Median and Persian empires in 550 BCE, Cyrus the Great and later his son

2225:), appeared to delight in war and strife and were condemned as evil workers of Angra Mainyu by Zoroaster. 650:, this term is used as a title for a lay individual who has been formally inducted into the religion in a 16884: 16596: 16591: 16363: 14886: 14847: 14402: 14316: 13884: 12256: 11620: 9702:

Zoroastrian Influence on Old Testament Monotheism and Eschatology? A Scriptural and Sociological Analysis

9152: 5687: 3741: 3688: 2689: 832:

led various missionary campaigns in India against the Parsi community, disparaging the Parsis for their "

460: 407: 198: 14918: 14908: 9662:"Zoroastrianism ("Resemblances Between Zoroastrianism and Judaism" and "Causes of Analogies Uncertain")" 4103:: "The religion thus seems to involve monotheistic, polytheistic and dualistic features simultaneously." 3202: 2158:. He had a wife, three sons, and three daughters, the numbers of which are gathered from various texts. 926:, also known as Oromasdes, Ohrmazd, Ormazd, Ormusd, Hoormazd, Harzoo, Hormazd, Hormaz and Hurmz, is the 441:, a compendium of texts assembled over several centuries. Its oldest and most central component are the 17095: 17085: 17021: 15662: 15607: 15303: 14043: 13560: 12251: 12193: 11662: 9870:

A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (vol. 1): The Persian Period (539-331BCE)

9768:

A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (vol. 1): The Persian Period (539-331BCE)

8763: 2829: 1976:

is a collection of the central religious texts of Zoroastrianism written in the old Iranian dialect of

855:

Lenorant and Chevallier assert that Zoroastrianism's concept of divinity covers both being and mind as

13641: 10794: 10532: 3556:

The Zoroastrian population in Pakistan was estimated to number 1,675 people in 2012, mostly living in

1870:, which is a recitation of the eponymous book of the Avesta and sacrificial ritual ceremony involving 17100: 17080: 16909: 16698: 16556: 16008: 14896: 14675: 14306: 13936: 13501: 12633: 12385: 12222: 12177: 11625: 7331: 5311: 3707: 3694: 3123: 2711: 2284:

soldier (possibly in the employ of his son) on the night when it arrived on the banks of the Tigris.

2052: 512: 403: 231: 15014: 8439: 2836:

had wrongfully wrested it from him. The alleged descent from the Sassanid house counterbalanced the

2375:. Although no consensus exists on the chronology of the Avestan period, the lack of any discernable 550:

serving as a focal point of many ceremonies and rituals. Zoroastrian places of worship are known as

422:. Once numbering millions of adherents at its height, the world's current Zoroastrian population is 16413: 16373: 16328: 16118: 16108: 15913: 15667: 15492: 15428: 15398: 15288: 15053: 14962: 14930: 14891: 14803: 13710: 12967: 12903: 12373: 12358: 12052: 10633: 9661: 9337: 7754: 7514:

Resumen de la Historia Universal: escrito con su conocimiento, y aprobado ... – Joan Cortada i Sala

5144: 4466:

Nagasawa, Yujin (10 December 2019), "Panpsychism Versus Pantheism, Polytheism, and Cosmopsychism",

3638: 3634: 1938: 1480: 816: 383: 48: 13410: 11657: 5609: 4397: 2774:(the Muslim call to prayer) from its walls. This was turned into a pretext to annex the building. 17075: 16864: 16801: 16751: 16711: 16656: 16291: 16286: 16176: 16123: 16013: 15943: 15739: 15550: 15465: 14670: 14648: 14447: 14269: 13794: 13452: 13379: 13063: 12434: 12234: 12143: 12033: 11705: 11635: 11584: 11235: 11215: 10626: 10508:

An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion: Readings from the Avesta and Achaemenid Inscriptions

7189: 5984: 4366: 3824: 3816: 3083: 2981: 1704: 256: 52: 11312: 8976:(Supplement to Commerce Reports ed.). Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. p. 46. 8502: 7132: 4177: 2872: 2515:

acknowledged their devotion to Ahura Mazda in inscriptions, as attested to several times in the

1882:, but such an extended ritual is rare in modern Zoroastrianism. The Yasna itself descended from 16731: 16626: 16586: 16566: 16423: 16398: 16303: 16276: 16226: 16196: 16186: 16103: 16068: 16053: 16038: 15993: 15928: 15602: 15533: 15438: 15433: 15174: 15097: 14859: 14741: 14665: 14462: 14452: 14311: 14279: 14217: 14188: 13705: 13700: 13397: 13357: 13142: 12483: 12478: 12458: 12454: 11652: 9657: 8245:"A group of 8 Zartoshti women received their Mobedyar Certificate from Anjoman Mobedan in Iran" 7606: 7380:(1995). "The Avesta as source for the early history of the Iranians". In Erdosy, George (ed.). 6966: 3957:, which is pivotal to Iranian identity. One notable example is the incorporation of the Yazata 2422: 2021: 1950: 9526:"Zoroastrianism | Definition, Beliefs, Founder, Holy Book, & Facts | Britannica" 6103: 5278: 4995: 4812: 4570: 16972: 16917: 16834: 16786: 16761: 16561: 16383: 16378: 16246: 16236: 16058: 15734: 15677: 15497: 15443: 14864: 14842: 14761: 14702: 14368: 13807: 13668: 12830: 12429: 12341: 11972: 11788: 11773: 11594: 9868: 4774: 4758: 4312: 4167:

The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies | IRANIAN COSMOGONY & DUALISM | By: Gherardo Gnoli.

3864: 3828: 3792: 3614: 3573: 2955: 2661: 2586: 2455: 1465: 1262:) were violations against creation, and thus violations against Ahura Mazda. This concept of 1010: 13688: 13636: 9424:"A Survey of Zoroastrianism Buildings in England. Historic England Research Report 203/2020" 6722: 5105: 3935:

Many aspects of Zoroastrianism are present in the culture and mythologies of the peoples of

2832:, who insisted that the caliphate rightly belonged to him and his descendants, and that the 2749:

laws, administrators were enjoined to leave non-Muslims "in their religion and their land".

2470:

society with what may be recognizably Zoroastrian features, including exposure of the dead.

16962: 16952: 16937: 16844: 16771: 16741: 16716: 16681: 16641: 16636: 16611: 16481: 16403: 16353: 16333: 16323: 16211: 16158: 16133: 15983: 15978: 15958: 15923: 15908: 15852: 15627: 15560: 15528: 15408: 15343: 15209: 15087: 14940: 14820: 14719: 14631: 14599: 14594: 14442: 14174: 13469: 13053: 12813: 12424: 12368: 12319: 12304: 12157: 11763: 11589: 10834: 10765:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, Farrokh Vajifdar & Alan Williams ( 7377: 6571: 3618: 3610: 3243: 3227: 3222:

Zoroastrian communities internationally tend to comprise mostly two main groups of people:

3197: 3127: 3079: 2649:, the Sassanids made attempts to promote Zoroastrianism there with considerable successes. 2570: 1922: 427: 148: 12666: 10738:

Zoroastrian Scholasticism in Late Antiquity: The Pahlavi Version of the Yasna HaptaA Haiti

7585: 4011:

Boyd, James W.; Crosby, Donald A. (1979). "Is Zoroastrianism Dualistic or Monotheistic?".

2727:

The Arabs adopted the Sasanian tax-system, both the land-tax levied on landowners and the

2714:. Although the administration of the state was rapidly Islamicized and subsumed under the 8: 16967: 16942: 16922: 16899: 16826: 16776: 16756: 16671: 16661: 16616: 16576: 16531: 16526: 16516: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16486: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16428: 16338: 16313: 16191: 16181: 16143: 16113: 16098: 16083: 16073: 16063: 16028: 16023: 15973: 15918: 15893: 15837: 15694: 15682: 15570: 15565: 15555: 15423: 15224: 15137: 15082: 15058: 14945: 14830: 14788: 14583: 14432: 14060: 13852: 13737: 13533: 13335: 13220: 13148: 13038: 12959: 12786: 12439: 12263: 12109: 11768: 11599: 11403: 8764:

Waterfield, Henry; Great Britain India Office Statistics AND Commerce Department (1872).

8382: 7275: 6667: 6147: 4142: 3844: 3760: 2941: 2782: 2536: 2313: 2255: 2250:

in northeastern Iran and to have been planted by Zoroaster in honor of the conversion of

2044:, Arderbad Mahrespandand revised the canon to ensure its orthodox character, while under 1856: 1771: 1753:, since face veils were used to avoid contaminating the holy fire with breath or saliva; 1575: 833: 415: 364: 328: 104: 6894: 6355: 5487:

Foltz, Richard; Saadi-Nejad, Manya (2008). "Is Zoroastrianism an Ecological Religion?".

5344: 5179: 16947: 16927: 16894: 16791: 16781: 16726: 16721: 16651: 16631: 16621: 16606: 16601: 16581: 16551: 16546: 16521: 16511: 16443: 16408: 16393: 16298: 16271: 16261: 16221: 16206: 16201: 16153: 16148: 16088: 16043: 16003: 15898: 15885: 15672: 15597: 15470: 15293: 14967: 14925: 14766: 14734: 14709: 14636: 14616: 14437: 14385: 14373: 14351: 13943: 13901: 13774: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13430: 13214: 13190: 12569: 12493: 12241: 12187: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11927: 11798: 11793: 11778: 11487: 11421: 10159: 9033: 9003: 8945: 8916: 8886: 8828: 8798: 8769: 8058: 7430: 6418: 6091: 5912: 4689: 4036: 3975: 3891: 3768: 3565: 3312: 3265: 3055: 2903: 2786: 2673: 2626: 2531: 2512: 2237: 2013: 2001: 1437: 360: 14055: 13614: 13242: 12972: 8537: 4760:

The Student's Manual of Oriental History: Medes and Persians, Phœnicians, and Arabians

3670: 3058:, had been more grievous or troublesome for the faithful than 'this millennium of the 2601:(247 BCE – 224 CE) that Zoroastrianism would receive renewed interest. 852:

asserts that Zoroastrianism is principally monotheistic with some dualistic elements.

524:

Zoroastrianism holds that within this cosmic dichotomy humans have the choice between

17004: 16998: 16932: 16889: 16879: 16869: 16859: 16766: 16686: 16646: 16571: 16541: 16433: 16388: 16368: 16343: 16318: 16281: 16266: 16241: 16216: 16128: 16078: 16033: 16018: 15998: 15988: 15963: 15903: 15847: 15612: 15388: 14984: 14955: 14879: 14874: 14835: 14773: 14729: 14714: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14626: 14361: 14247: 14013: 13983: 13963: 13784: 13589: 13570: 13565: 13511: 13474: 13195: 13110: 13033: 12931: 12921: 12889: 12877: 12845: 12822: 12804: 12700: 12555: 12463: 12449: 12412: 12400: 12229: 12148: 12100: 11919: 11816: 11783: 10741: 10724: 10714: 10696: 10677: 10656: 10637: 10610: 10591: 10572: 10553: 10511: 10490: 10442: 10423: 10404: 10376: 10357: 10327: 10197: 10166: 10129: 10111: 10092: 10074: 9913: 9906:

Weisberg, Dvora E. (2000). "The Babylonian Talmud's Treatment of Levirate Marriage".

9874: 9835: 9772: 9737: 9508: 9470: 9372: 8408: 8320: 8201: 8168: 7758: 7725: 7693: 7656: 7422: 7385: 7246: 7008: 6850: 6702: 6272: 6067: 5578: 5396: 4875: 4780: 4726: 4681: 4648: 4576: 4502: 4479: 4028: 3879: 3626: 3613:, the Zoroastrian Canadian population stood at 7,285, of which 3,630 were Parsis (of 3576:, there were 2,348 Parsis across the nation, with 1,656 (70.5%) being located in the 3264:

Iran's figures of Zoroastrians have ranged widely; the last census (1974) before the

3014: 2715: 2669: 2594: 2376: 2371:. At this time, the Zoroastrian community was concentrated in the eastern portion of 1852: 1388: 1022: 864: 601: 499:(the Holy or Bountiful Spirit), the source of life and goodness, which is opposed by 490: 398:, which formalized and institutionalized many of its tenets and rituals, through the 395: 278:. Among the world's oldest organized faiths, it is based on the teachings of Iranian 126: 14467: 14065: 13725: 13479: 10525:

Malandra, William W. "ZOROASTRIANISM i. HISTORICAL REVIEW UP TO THE ARAB CONQUEST".

8795:"Report on the census of British India, taken on the 17th February 1881 ..., Vol. 2" 8190:

Religious Minorities in the Middle East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation

7535: 6541: 6388: 4846: 2710:

Over the course of 16 years during the 7th century, most of the Sasanian Empire was

2186:), but did not condemn either practice outright, providing moderation was observed. 16957: 16839: 16736: 16348: 16308: 16256: 16251: 16168: 16138: 16048: 15938: 15802: 15754: 15749: 15313: 15278: 15251: 15009: 14994: 14869: 14793: 14643: 14621: 14529: 14390: 14169: 14132: 13988: 13973: 13921: 13715: 13695: 13663: 13658: 13629: 13624: 13548: 13538: 13367: 13331: 13323: 13294: 13207: 13127: 13122: 13085: 13075: 13001: 12939: 12781: 12618: 12468: 12126: 11998: 11947: 11937: 11604: 11408: 11398: 11106: 10838: 10238: 9762: 8683:"Kurdistan, the only government in Middle East that recognizes religious diversity" 8244: 7340: 7306: 6783: 5523: 5496: 4612: 4537: 4471: 4020: 3940: 3871: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3654: 3577: 3308: 2969: 2877: 2837: 2765: 2761: 2677: 2544: 2321: 2305: 2258:

King Vishtaspa had been a patron of Zoroaster who planted the tree himself. In his

2142: 2110: 1742: 1692: 1624: 1301: 1220: 702: 685:

The first surviving reference to Zoroaster in English scholarship is attributed to

619: 593: 304: 275: 247: 14606: 9525: 8825:"Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states" 5780: 4928: 3710:

that also has its origins in that era. Some examples include cognates between the

2949: 1175:, one of the primary symbols of Zoroastrianism, believed to be the depiction of a 99: 17042: 17035: 17008: 15637: 15617: 15107: 14999: 14989: 14658: 14326: 14117: 14097: 14028: 13993: 13926: 13646: 13619: 13594: 13543: 13521: 13314: 13257: 13028: 12545: 12346: 12272: 12212: 12167: 12136: 12028: 11203: 11038: 10867: 10784: 9907: 9829: 9766: 9731: 9653: 9037: 9029: 9007: 8999: 8971: 8949: 8941: 8920: 8912: 8890: 8882: 8854: 8832: 8824: 8802: 8794: 8773: 8765: 8444: 8197: 7784: 7751: 7721: 7284: 6844: 6325: 5979: 5810: 5415: 5390: 4720: 4228: 4024: 3736: 3346: 3207: 2665: 2622: 2598: 2489: 2360: 2341: 2325: 2317: 2221: 2182: 2177: 2029: 2025: 1981: 1117:

The Amesha Spentas and their "ham-kar" or "collaborator" Yazatas are as follows:

804: 493:

of the universe as well as the highest moral good. Emanating from Ahura Mazda is

399: 391: 356: 352: 186: 116: 9960: 5642: 4722:

The Zoroastrian Tradition: An Introduction to the Ancient Wisdom of Zarathushtra

3706:

becoming distinct peoples. Zoroastrianism consequently shares elements with the

3698:

Indo-Iranian period, that is, to the time before the migrations that led to the

2664:, sometimes persecuted it. In 451 CE, The Sassanid authority clashed with their 1320:, Zoroaster emphasizes deeds and actions within society and accordingly extreme 15759: 15652: 15592: 15308: 15283: 15068: 14972: 14854: 14798: 14751: 14164: 14112: 14008: 13978: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13931: 13827: 13747: 13730: 13683: 13673: 12717: 12380: 12363: 12182: 12162: 12131: 12008: 11915: 11875: 11502: 11497: 11446: 11388: 11182: 11068: 11033: 10902: 10872: 10803: 10249: 10032: 8708: 8656: 8536:. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affair. Archived from 7418: 7327: 6481: 6177: 5245: 5038: 4617: 4600: 4542: 4525: 3863:, angelology and demonology, cosmology of six days or periods of creation, and 3780: 3622: 3316: 2920: 2916: 2806: 2477: 2368: 2337: 2281: 2170: 2072: 1892: 1799: 1666: 1596: 1336: 1139: 1133: 691: 573: 387: 287: 133: 59: 13720: 12982: 10242: 9498:

Juha Pentikäinen, Walter de Gruyter, Shamanism and Northern Ecology 11/07/2011

6924: 6295: 3629:, of which 4,043 were in England. The majority (51%) of these (2,050) were in 1089:, one of the three judges who pass judgment on the souls of people after death 17069: 15687: 15241: 15122: 14514: 14509: 14457: 14294: 14232: 14127: 14018: 13916: 13847: 13779: 13769: 13742: 13678: 13575: 13553: 13491: 13387: 13350: 13269: 13177: 12628: 12579: 12284: 11942: 11640: 11416: 11327: 10972: 10779: 10728: 10494: 10465: 10392:

Zoroastrianism: A Shadowy but Powerful Presence in the Judaeo-Christian World

10189: 7580: 7426: 6071: 5527: 5212: 4685: 4475: 4032: 3953: 3756: 3684: 3598: 3370: 3144: 3075: 2998: 2656:, Persia's arch-rival since Parthian times, the Sassanids were suspicious of 2434: 2414: 2380: 2355: 2269: 2203: 2098: 2028:), an attempt was made to restore what was considered the Avesta. During the 1891:

with a corpus of individual and communal rituals and prayers included in the

1883: 1795: 1540: 1484: 1476: 1380: 1376: 1200: 1127: 1034: 927: 800: 686: 495: 484: 411: 332: 14356: 11715: 10762: 10161:

Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period: An Essay in Quantitative History

7344: 6511: 6117: 5068: 1925:, which can differ from community to community. Zoroastrian prayers, called 402:, which revitalized the faith and standardized its teachings. Following the 15822: 15724: 15585: 15273: 15268: 15246: 15236: 15117: 14549: 14484: 14427: 14412: 14378: 14003: 13911: 12949: 12840: 12835: 12686: 12656: 12530: 12498: 12246: 12217: 12204: 12003: 11993: 11746: 11507: 11492: 11461: 11451: 11383: 11378: 11347: 10219: 9515:. The title means: "Remnants of shamanistic beliefs in Hungarian folklore". 9275:"TABLE 9 : POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS - 2023" 9244:"TABLE 9 : POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS - 2023" 8910: 8305:"گزارش تصویری-موبدیاران بانوی زرتشتی، به جرگه موبدیاران پیوستند (بخش نخست)" 6451: 5500: 4503:"A Brief Historical Survey Of The Monotheistic Concept In Religious Belief" 4253: 4204:"Heard of Zoroastrianism? The ancient religion still has fervent followers" 4117:"Heard of Zoroastrianism? The ancient religion still has fervent followers" 3936: 3852: 3285: 3252: 3223: 2984:, also exists), was completed in 957 and subsequently became the basis for 2919:

dialect of that period (free of Arabic words) and written in the difficult

2757: 2653: 2467: 2372: 2166: 2138: 2102: 1739: 1660: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1508: 1503:

keeps the two attributes separate as two different concepts in most of the

1292: 849: 837: 551: 501: 372: 348: 344: 340: 14050: 12737: 8621:"Hamazor Issue #2 2017: "Kurdistan reclaims its ancient Zoroastrian Faith" 7310: 2346: 17059: 17047: 15744: 15719: 15543: 15511: 15502: 15448: 15378: 15363: 15256: 15147: 14808: 14756: 14544: 14262: 14242: 14082: 14023: 13761: 13757: 13580: 13100: 13048: 13018: 12855: 12709: 12601: 12525: 12390: 12326: 12277: 11858: 11827: 11579: 11393: 11272: 11129: 11101: 10947: 10917: 10852: 4229:"Spenta Mainyu | Ahura Mazda, Supreme Being, Zoroastrianism | Britannica" 3907: 3903: 3699: 3642: 3093: 3021:, in western India. The descendants of that group are today known as the 2799: 2578: 2496: 2387:

makes a time frame in the first half of the first millennium BCE likely.

2020:

As tradition continues, under the reign of King Valax (identified with a

1775: 1762: 1750: 1608: 1556: 1396:

ultimate purpose in the life of a practicing Zoroastrian is to become an

1371: 1324:

is frowned upon in Zoroastrianism but moderate forms are allowed within.

1192: 1098: 1063: 1050: 1018: 931: 923: 860: 844: 768: 745: 437:

The central beliefs and practices of Zoroastrianism are contained in the

336: 299: 15063: 15004: 14107: 13528: 13362: 12911: 9991:, ed. Mircea Eliade (NY: MacMillan Library Reference USA, 1987), 9: 165. 9609: 7595:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 186. 7434: 7159:"ZOROASTRIANISM i. HISTORY TO THE ARAB CONQUEST – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 6058:

Ajiri, Denise Hassanzade; correspondent, Tehran Bureau (11 April 2016).

4693: 4669: 3248: 3088: 15710: 15705: 15580: 15575: 15538: 15516: 15373: 15353: 15348: 15189: 15179: 15142: 14746: 14524: 14472: 14212: 13857: 13837: 13415: 13340: 13279: 13043: 13023: 12944: 12596: 12564: 12535: 12314: 12309: 12294: 11932: 11517: 11482: 11373: 11287: 11177: 10857: 10349: 9965: 7223: 4853:, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687, 4084: 4082: 4040: 3962: 3875: 3836: 3832: 3800: 3748: 3650: 3646: 3304: 3168: 3140: 2899: 2861: 2841: 2642: 2540: 2438: 2429: 2418: 2354:

The roots of Zoroastrianism are thought to lie in a common prehistoric

2199: 2162: 2094: 2007: 1860: 1841: 1708: 1687: 1686:

towards the House of Lies. Those with a balance of good and evil go to

1532: 1451: 1440:

to keep one's soul aligned with Asha and thus with spreading happiness.

1367: 1321: 1121: 918: 740:) is an alternative form in English used as well for the faith, taking 368: 14554: 13435: 1286: 15657: 15453: 15368: 15358: 15229: 15184: 15169: 15102: 14950: 14417: 14339: 14299: 14289: 14252: 14227: 14207: 14102: 13968: 13822: 13812: 13584: 13442: 13252: 13237: 13202: 13185: 13167: 13080: 12860: 12776: 12755: 12750: 12727: 12722: 12681: 12676: 12613: 12550: 12473: 12444: 12395: 12336: 12289: 11574: 11569: 11297: 11277: 10957: 10479:"Zoroastrian tradition at Mangyshlak: underground mosque Shakpak-Ata" 9652: 9307:"An Old Faith in the New World – Zoroastrianism in the United States" 8657:"Zoroastrian faith returns to Kurdistan in response to ISIS violence" 7870:"Kamar Oniah Kamaruzzaman, Al-Biruni: Father of Comparative Religion" 4644: 3602: 3307:, where many still speak an Iranian language distinct from the usual 3028: 3010: 2990: 2818: 2778: 2699: 2638: 2634: 2505: 2450: 2406: 2301: 2293: 2251: 2243: 2131: 2114: 2045: 2041: 1986: 1837: 1715: 1579: 1500: 1363: 1183: 1172: 1145: 972: 963: 906: 507: 459:. Zoroaster's religious philosophy divided the early Iranian gods of 283: 168: 13132: 12661: 10693:

The Other God: Dualist Religions from Antiquity to the Cathar Heresy

10273: 10262: 9697: 9636: 9552: 9183: 8969: 6753: 5012: 4901: 4079: 3943:-speaking world, in part as festivals and customs, but also because 2997:

Among migrations were those to cities in (or on the margins of) the

2254:

to Zoroastrianism. According to the Iranian physicist and historian

1863:

poisoning has not led to the virtual extinction of scavenger birds.

17030: 15460: 15204: 15194: 15049: 14539: 14519: 14346: 14222: 14077: 13651: 13405: 13345: 13264: 13172: 13159: 13137: 13117: 13095: 13090: 13070: 13010: 12977: 12916: 12760: 12745: 12623: 12584: 12540: 12331: 12268: 12172: 12075: 12023: 11900: 11890: 11885: 11512: 11436: 11431: 11198: 11164: 11159: 11086: 11078: 11028: 11013: 10942: 10912: 10882: 7840: 7607:"ALEXANDER THE GREAT ii. In Zoroastrianism – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 6723:"ALEXANDER THE GREAT ii. In Zoroastrianism – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 6674:. Vol. 3. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 35–44. 4601:"From Polytheism to Monotheism: Zoroaster and Some Economic Theory" 4526:"From Polytheism to Monotheism: Zoroaster and Some Economic Theory" 4278:

The Moral and Ethical Teachings of the Ancient Zoroastrian Religion

4047: 3944: 3848: 3719: 3281: 3277: 3156: 3132: 2985: 2852: 2826: 2814: 2728: 2646: 2582: 2574: 2559: 2516: 2449:

Zoroastrianism enters recorded history in the mid-5th century BCE.

2364: 2297: 2292:

Kashmar Fire Temple was the first Zoroastrian fire temple built by

2217: 2068: 2064: 2037: 1879: 1875: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1552: 1520: 1446: 1350: 1177: 1151: 856: 796: 431: 8709:"Zoroastrian faith returns to Kurdistan in response to ISIL viole" 7330:(2000). "The Home of the Aryans". In Hinze, A.; Tichy, E. (eds.). 6699:

The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity to the Present

5942: 2480:(648–330 BCE), in particular with respect to the role of the 1447:

Being good for the sake of goodness and without the hope of reward

909:, who originally ruled over the primeval undifferentiated Chaos." 15729: 15333: 15298: 15219: 15132: 15073: 14977: 14680: 14534: 14284: 14237: 14122: 13998: 13817: 13284: 13247: 13058: 12608: 12574: 12417: 12118: 11988: 11952: 11867: 11543: 11477: 11456: 11302: 11227: 11144: 11023: 10877: 10673:

The Inconceivable Polytheism: Studies in Religious Historiography

9553:"Zoroastrian Influence on Post-Exilic Jewish Belief and Practice" 9184:"Number of non-Muslim voters in Pakistan shows rise of over 30pc" 7584: 6452:"Zoroastrian rituals: Navjote/Sudre-Pooshi (initiation) ceremony" 3958: 3910: 3711: 3703: 3561: 3269: 3256: 3047: 3018: 2908: 2895: 2857: 2833: 2753: 2745:, as long as the non-Muslims paid their taxes and adhered to the 2742: 2614: 2525: 2501: 2410: 2277: 2265: 2247: 2155: 2151: 2106: 2090: 1991: 1977: 1967: 1917:

Historically, Zoroastrians are encouraged to pray the five daily

1899: 1874:. Extensions to the Yasna ritual are possible through use of the 1817: 1714:

According to legend, the final savior of the world, known as the

1674: 1640: 1590:, at which point reality will undergo a cosmic renovation called 1496: 1398: 1092: 1077: 998: 984: 943: 812: 784: 780: 776: 652: 647: 577: 456: 314: 279: 225: 158: 10773:

FEZANA – Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America

9369:

The Zoroastrian Flame: Exploring Religion, History and Tradition

5013:"The Amesha spentas and their helpers: The Zoroastrian ham-kars" 3176:

in Iran and North America as mobedyars, meaning women assistant

2821:. This "wholly fictitious figure" was said to have borne Husayn 1921:

and to maintain and celebrate the various holy festivals of the

15642: 15521: 15506: 15325: 15214: 15199: 15157: 14935: 14813: 14087: 13842: 13832: 13486: 13447: 13289: 12897: 12867: 12591: 11895: 11645: 11522: 11368: 11363: 11332: 11096: 11091: 11063: 11043: 10977: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10798: 10264:

Au carrefour des religions. Mélanges offerts à Philippe Gignoux

9648: 9646: 9062:"Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001–2011: study" 8823:

Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891).

8822: 8735:"Iraqi Kurds turn to Zoroastrianism as faith, identity entwine" 6758:

The ZoroastrianFlame. Exploring Religion, History and Tradition

6238:"MAGIC i. MAGICAL ELEMENTS IN THE AVESTA AND NĒRANG LITERATURE" 6060:"Herbal life: traditional medicine gets a modern twist in Iran" 5514:

Foltz, Richard (2010). "Zoroastrian Attitudes toward Animals".

3948: 3917: 3856: 3752: 3630: 3606: 3550: 3366: 3300: 3292: 3172: 3108: 3071: 3059: 3006: 2959: 2902:), resistance to Islam required the 9th-century Arab commander 2845: 2720: 2590: 2484:. According to Herodotus, the Magi were the sixth tribe of the 2384: 2273: 2212: 2207: 2147: 2056: 2033: 1963: 1928: 1910: 1904: 1767: 1746: 1678: 1670: 1648: 1524: 1504: 1317: 1232: 1204: 1196: 1086: 1072: 1046: 1042: 1026: 1006: 994: 990: 902: 808: 792: 788: 772: 761: 678: 419: 359:, while scholars differ on whether it significantly influenced 292: 193: 138: 14033: 10569:

The Image of Zoroaster: The Persian Mage Through European Eyes

9393:"Religion, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics" 2476:

is a primary source of information on the early period of the

1918: 15338: 15112: 15092: 15077: 14653: 14479: 14274: 14137: 14092: 14072: 13274: 12671: 12517: 12299: 11905: 11880: 11755: 11564: 11538: 11441: 11426: 11342: 11337: 11111: 10982: 10967: 10275:

Studies on Iran and The Caucasus in Honour of Garnik Asatrian

9909:

The Annual of Rabbinic Judaism: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern

9000:"Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables" 8915:. Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. pp. 37–42. 3840: 3730: 3724: 3557: 3546: 3273: 3177: 3148: 3119: 3104: 3023: 2935: 2924: 2770: 2733: 2485: 2195: 2173: 2076: 2060: 1888: 1871: 1867: 1807: 1803: 1682: 1616: 1599:(meaning "best dominion"), being resurrected to immortality. 1512: 1211: 1102: 1068: 1030: 968: 951: 939: 890: 884: 732: 672: 666: 614: 567: 471: 465: 451: 376: 9643: 9610:"The impact of Zoroastrianism upon Judaism and Christianity" 8104:"They Helped Build Modern India But Are Shrinking As A Race" 2569:

Alexander's conquests largely displaced Zoroastrianism with

1168: 15263: 15152: 13105: 12044: 11808: 11548: 11292: 11282: 11053: 11048: 11018: 10897: 10892: 10862: 9336:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022).

8911:

Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911).

7476: 7474: 3860: 3665: 3354: 3337: 3296: 3215: 3211: 3051: 3039: 3002: 2881: 2481: 2442: 1934: 1832: 1826: 1632: 1242: 1014: 720: 526: 10550:

The Treasure of the Magi: A Study of Modern Zoroastrianism

9943: 9941: 8859:. The story of nations. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 355. 8591:"The curious rebirth of Zoroastrianism in Iraqi Kurdistan" 6846:

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Volume III: K-P

6668:"AVESTA i. Survey of the history and contents of the book" 5893: 5869: 3947:

incorporated a number of the figures and stories from the

2706:

Burns Zarthust's Chest and Shatters the Urn with his Ashes

1527:, meaning "worthy of worship." Each Yazata is generally a 15162: 15127: 13802: 13181: 10987: 10907: 9027: 7482:"Herodotus, The Histories, Book 3, chapter 67, section 3" 5943:"Dadestan-i Denig ('Religious Decisions'): Chapters 1–41" 5306: 5304: 4575:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 347–349. 4178:"Avesta | Definition, Contents, & Facts | Britannica" 3260:

ceremony (rites of admission into the Zoroastrian faith).

2810: 2781:

found few records left of the belief of for instance the

1571: 1240:

should not be confused with the fundamental principle of

726: 711: 689:(1605–1682), who briefly refers to Zoroaster in his 1643 483:(the invisible spiritual and mental realm) through seven 7471: 6756:. In Alan Williams; Sarah Stewart; Almut Hintze (eds.). 5881: 5273: 5271: 3100: 1798:

to the invisible realm and involving the consumption of

1690:, a purgatorial realm mentioned in the 9th century work 9938: 8963: 7634: 7632: 7113: 6989: 3590:

Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America

3232:

Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America

1980:. The history of the Avesta is speculated upon in many 1443:

The spiritual equality and duty of men and women alike.

505:(the Destructive or Opposing Spirit), who is born from 406:

in the mid seventh century CE, Zoroastrianism declined

351:, or a combination of all three. Zoroastrianism shaped 12087: 10772: 10179:

Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (1988), "Zoroastrianism",

9367:

Stewart, Sarah; Hintze, Almut; Williams, Alan (2016).

8766:"Memorandum on the census of British India of 1871-72" 7790: 5301: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 1366:, and Zoroastrianism as such rejects extreme forms of 901:

denotes the "older gods", such as the "Father Asura",

843:

The arrival of the German orientalist and philologist

511:(evil thought). Angra Mainyu was further developed by 17019: 10571:. Persian Studies Series. Bibliotheca Persica Press. 10212:

Civilization of the Eastern Iranians in Ancient Times

10000:

Contrast with Henning's observations: Henning, W.B.,

9366: 8883:"Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 8531: 5857: 5833: 5489:

Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture

5268: 4772: 2864:, it also created a harsher climate for non-Muslims. 2296:

at the request of Zoroaster in Kashmar. In a part of

1926: 1898:

A Zoroastrian is welcomed into the faith through the

1225: 1009:

are varied, with many also being featured as gods in

729: 714: 261: 9335: 8942:"Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 8534:"Iran – International Religious Freedom Report 2009" 8275:"Sedreh Pooshi by Female Mobedyar in Toronto Canada" 8036: 7669: 7629: 6947: 6875: 6754:"Ancient Iranian Motifs and Zoroastrian Iconography" 5845: 5438: 4550: 4254:"Angra Mainyu | Definition & Facts | Britannica" 2566:, actually existed remains a matter of speculation. 2543:

and subsequently destroyed the royal library there.

717: 516: 10420:

Zoroastrianism: An Introduction to an Ancient Faith

10126:

Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices

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Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices

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Zoroastrians: their religious beliefs and practices

9214:"Over 35,000 Buddhists, Baháʼís call Pakistan home" 8472:"Disenchanted Iranians are turning to other faiths" 8347:"The Zarathushti World, a 2012 Demographic Picture" 7408: 5091: 3674:

Map of the Achaemenid Empire in the 5th century BCE

3122:and accept, beside the Gathas and Avesta, also the 2488:(until the unification of the Persian empire under 2409:head of a Zoroastrian priest wearing a distinctive 2198:ceremony; when he emerged, he received a vision of 708: 705: 10625: 10178: 10158: 9815: 9121: 9056: 9054: 8053: 8051: 6057: 5718:"Zoroastrianism: Holy text, beliefs and practices" 5607: 5458:"What Does Zoroastrianism Teach Us About Ecology?" 5174: 5172: 5170: 4568: 2397:Western references to Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism 2036:, to finish the work that King Valax had started. 1847:A corpse is considered a host for decay, i.e., of 807:worshipped all these figures; especially the gods 418:as refugees and became the progenitors of today's 10713:. Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky. 2008. 10194:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present 9725: 9723: 8409:"Zoroastrians Keep the Faith, and Keep Dwindling" 8307:. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 8219:"The Jury Is Still Out On Women as Parsi Priests" 8165:Contemporary Zoroastrians: An Unstructured Nation 8134:"The journey of India's Parsi business community" 7333:Festschrift für Johanna Narten zum 70. Geburtstag 5579:"Zoroastrians Keep the Faith, and Keep Dwindling" 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 2629:was without a doubt the dominant religion in the 1348:(soul) of an individual is still united with its 17067: 10833: 9831:Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research 9733:Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research 9469:. John Wiley & Sons. 2015. pp. 83–191. 8059:"CONVERSION vii. Zoroastrian faith in mod. per." 7999: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 6784:"Greece iii. Persian Influence on Greek Thought" 5486: 5389:Cavendish, Richard; Ling, Trevor Oswald (1980), 4638: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 3927:The two religions have substantial differences. 3335:. Iranian Zoroastrians were historically called 3038:A special container carrying the holy fire from 2817:, had married a captive Sassanid princess named 2210:). Some of the deities of the old religion, the 2154:clan, he refers to himself as a poet-priest and 656:ceremony, in contrast to the priestly titles of 626:, meaning "of the good religion", deriving from 10373:Textual sources for the study of Zoroastrianism 9987:Gherardo Gnoli, "Manichaeism: An Overview", in 9757: 9755: 9753: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9597:. K.R. Cama Oriental Institute. p. 24,198. 9467:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism 9051: 8913:"Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables" 8846: 8048: 7449:"Herodotus, The Histories, Book 1, chapter 140" 5999:"Herodotus, The Histories, Book 1, chapter 131" 5682: 5680: 5167: 4951: 4949: 4594: 4592: 4306: 4304: 3659:A Survey of Zoroastrianism Buildings in England 2802:and ready to use all sorts of means to do so." 2206:) and other divinities which he called Ahuras ( 463:into emanations of the natural world, known as 10510:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 10464: 9720: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7817: 6383: 6381: 5608:Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (4 January 2024). 5367: 4061: 4059: 2504:, took power shortly thereafter. Owing to the 12060: 11843: 11745: 11731: 11243: 10819: 9736:. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 95–97, 131. 9421: 8970:United States Department of Commerce (1924). 8500: 7976: 7935: 7904: 7724:Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 28 September 2014. 7687: 7228:A History Of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period 6814:"Is The Vandidad a Zarathushtrian Scripture?" 5542:"Interfaith Vegan Coalition: ZoroastrIan KIt" 5388: 4840: 4838: 4625: 4507:International Journal of History and Research 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4296:Zoroastrianism: The Religion of the Good Life 3693:The religion of Zoroastrianism is closest to 3389: 2848:only remained an idiom in Zoroastrian texts. 2683: 2676:. The acceptance of Christianity in Georgia ( 2176:plant (conjectured to have been a species of 371:with other religions and traditions, such as 320: 282:Zarathustra—commonly known by his Greek name 10151:, vol. IV (1st ed.), Leyden: Brill 10067:Black, Matthew; Rowley, H. H., eds. (1982), 9750: 9684: 9304: 8560:"Census: Iran young, urbanised and educated" 8503:"Zoroastrian Demographics & Group Names" 8437: 8167:. University Press of America. p. 146. 5677: 4946: 4589: 4301: 3740:("god") and they both descend from a common 3570:National Database and Registration Authority 3206:The sacred Zoroastrian pilgrimage shrine of 2617:, 7–8th century CE, Hirman Tepe, Uzbekistan. 2359:millennium BCE. Zoroastrian tradition names 2261:ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt 1866:The central ritual of Zoroastrianism is the 1761:Throughout Zoroastrian history, shrines and 1340:depend on how individuals live their lives. 382:Originating from Zoroaster's reforms of the 10375:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 10066: 10004:, BSOAS, Vol. XI, Part 1, 1943, pp. 52–74: 9803: 9771:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 361–364. 9550: 9021: 8992: 8934: 8904: 8875: 8816: 8787: 8757: 8340: 8338: 8336: 7814: 7061:"تاریخچه و نقشه جامع شهر کاشمر در ویکی آنا" 6849:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 124. 6701:. University of Toronto Press. p. 20. 6661: 6659: 6657: 6378: 5339: 5337: 4056: 4013:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 4006: 4004: 4002: 3194:List of countries by Zoroastrian population 2246:from Paradise and to have stood in today's 2161:Zoroaster rejected many of the gods of the 2083: 1859:, in locations where it is not illegal and 1711:, will break free and terrorize the world. 1419: 723: 12067: 12053: 11857: 11850: 11836: 11738: 11724: 11311: 11250: 11236: 10826: 10812: 9153:"The Parsi Community in Karachi, Pakistan" 5745: 5743: 5637: 5635: 4835: 4779:. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. 4776:General Sketch of the History of Pantheism 4335: 4010: 2712:conquered by the emerging Muslim caliphate 2048:, the Avesta was translated into Pahlavi. 604:. The Zoroastrian name of the religion is 10588:Zoroastrianism: A Guide for the Perplexed 8532:U.S. State Department (26 October 2009). 8087: 7296: 7287:, concise edn. (NY: Oxford UP, 2002), 45. 7270: 7268: 7266: 6446: 6444: 5576: 5240: 5238: 4616: 4541: 3920:for its own pantheon. Gherardo Gnoli, in 2737:, a tax levied on non-Muslims (i.e., the 2287: 1375:Zoroastrianism does not have a notion of 78:Learn how and when to remove this message 62:so that sources are clearly identifiable. 14582: 10788:) is being considered for deletion. See 10690: 10505: 9905: 9827: 9729: 9607: 8973:Trade and Economic Review for 1922 No.34 8333: 7579: 7376: 7187: 6842: 6654: 6290: 6288: 5334: 5006: 5004: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4465: 4395: 3999: 3669: 3666:Relation to other religions and cultures 3376:Historical population of Parsis in India 3247: 3237: 3201: 3099: 3087: 3033: 2871: 2693: 2608: 2428: 2400: 2345: 1812: 1733: 1729: 1285: 1167: 238: instead of the intended characters. 15874: 10669: 10650: 10623: 10547: 10324:The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism 10321: 10291: 10282: 10271: 10260: 10248: 10156: 10142: 10019: 8042: 7929: 7898: 7796: 7655:. 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According to a study in 2012 by the 2390: 1406:Following the threefold path of Asha: 455:, which forms the core of Zoroastrian 15873: 15031: 14581: 12086: 12048: 11831: 11719: 11231: 10807: 10735: 10476: 10456:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1938). 10417: 10398: 10389: 10370: 10348: 10301:Iranian Studies at Harvard University 10188: 10147:, in Houtsma, Martijn Theodor (ed.), 10123: 10105: 10086: 9947: 9887:from the original on 26 February 2024 9848:from the original on 26 February 2024 9708:from the original on 25 February 2024 9616:from the original on 26 February 2024 9593:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1985). 9577: 9559:from the original on 25 February 2024 9453: 9403:from the original on 29 November 2022 9102:from the original on 27 November 2021 8588: 8144:from the original on 22 December 2023 8114:from the original on 22 December 2023 8092:. London: Routledge. pp. 236–54. 8069:from the original on 21 February 2018 8030: 7987: 7970: 7958: 7946: 7917: 7856: 7844: 7827: 7808: 7675: 7638: 7459:from the original on 30 December 2022 7382:The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia 7222: 7119: 7011:. www.goldenassay.com. 17 July 2012. 6995: 6953: 6905:from the original on 29 November 2021 6881: 6733:from the original on 18 November 2020 6522:from the original on 10 December 2022 6285: 6009:from the original on 27 February 2021 5671: 5513: 5444: 5355:from the original on 17 November 2017 5010: 5001: 4991: 4967: 4844: 4823:from the original on 2 September 2023 4800: 4757:François Lenormant and E. Chevallier 4556: 4500: 4468:The Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism 4447:from the original on 28 February 2021 4352: 4201: 3890:Zoroastrians are considered to be a " 3276:), which is in Northern Afghanistan; 2231: 2189: 1429:good thoughts, good words, good deeds 1021:. While subject to repression by the 27:Iranian religion founded by Zoroaster 10604: 10585: 10566: 10524: 10460:. New York: Oxford University Press. 10231:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 9926:from the original on 3 February 2022 9828:Nigosian, Solomon Alexander (1993). 9730:Nigosian, Solomon Alexander (1993). 9672:from the original on 7 February 2022 9551:Fredrickson, Nathan (January 2009). 9224:from the original on 2 November 2012 9181: 9163:from the original on 7 February 2015 8570:from the original on 2 December 2014 8419:from the original on 20 October 2023 8225:from the original on 14 October 2013 8002:"What sets Zoroastrian Iranis apart" 7536:"BISOTUN iii. Darius's Inscriptions" 7510: 7354:from the original on 13 October 2022 7169:from the original on 5 December 2018 7139:from the original on 11 October 2016 7091:"ترشیز؛ دروازه ورود اسلام به خراسان" 6552:from the original on 11 January 2012 6462:from the original on 25 October 2010 6399:from the original on 10 October 2017 5728:from the original on 5 December 2018 5620:from the original on 22 January 2012 5589:from the original on 20 October 2023 5202: 4718: 4674:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 4513:(1): 33–44 – via Researchgate. 4491: 4398:"Understanding Our Religious Titles" 4323:from the original on 16 January 2017 4111: 4109: 3167:At the request of the government of 3054:lamented that "no period , not even 2535:), many sacred texts were lost when 1766:particularly influenced the role of 1555:, the archetypical perfect man, and 1158: 1142:+ Ap / Daena / Ashi / Manthra Spenta 517: 31: 10552:. London: Oxford University Press. 10470:The Eliade Guide to World Religions 10422:. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 9072:from the original on 6 January 2019 8715:from the original on 25 August 2017 8663:from the original on 25 August 2017 8482:from the original on 11 August 2023 8363:from the original on 16 August 2017 8344: 8285:from the original on 9 October 2014 8090:Parsis in India and their Diasporas 7564: 6665: 5791:from the original on 5 October 2023 5462:Parliament of the World's Religions 5289:from the original on 5 October 2023 5223:from the original on 5 October 2023 5128: 5079:from the original on 10 August 2019 4927:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. 4377:from the original on 5 October 2023 3930: 3814:According to some sources, such as 3625:, there were 4,105 Zoroastrians in 3594:Zoroastrianism in the United States 2597:." It was not until the end of the 2141:religion, which featured excessive 2017:or the transmitted oral tradition. 1136:+ Khwar / Mithra / Asman / Anaghran 1080:- formerly an Iranian water goddess 321: 308: 251: 24: 15843:Religions and spiritual traditions 12089:Religious groups and denominations 11257: 10651:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor, ed. (2011). 10632:. Harvard Iranian Series. Oxford: 10483:Kulturní studia / Cultural Studies 10341: 10043:from the original on 1 August 2019 9867:Grabbe, Lester L. 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New York: Macmillan, 1968. 3992: 2466:) includes a description of 2125: 1944: 1551:). Ahura Mazda then created 1470: 1459: 1207:) that support Ahura Mazda. 803:has put forth evidence that 752:to suggest a belief system. 557: 7: 15623:National religiosity levels 14848:Nauruan Indigenous religion 14403:Hellenism (modern religion) 10472:. New York: Harper Collins. 10439:Death: An Essay on Finitude 7384:. De Gruyter. p. 166. 4569:Brian Arthur Brown (2016). 3968: 3742:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 3689:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 3311:. They call their language 3284:; and other areas close to 2867: 2809:, son of the fourth caliph 2690:Persecution of Zoroastrians 2032:, Ardeshir ordered Tansar, 1927: 1389:water, earth, fire, and air 1226: 1154:+ Rashnu / Arshtat / Zamyad 1101:- who may be the Vedic god 1033:" to counter accusation of 805:Iranians of pre-Islamic era 755: 461:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 262: 199:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 10: 17132: 15032: 10624:Russell, James R. (1987). 10437:Dastur, Francoise (1996). 10394:. London: William's Trust. 10278:. Brill. pp. 229–244. 9157:Public Radio International 9002:. 1931. pp. 513–519. 7787:Passport Books, 1992 p. 34 7274:Patrick Karl O'Brien, ed. 7037:. www.zoroastrian.org.uk. 6542:"Festivals i. Zoroastrian" 5395:, Rizzoli, pp. 40–5, 4618:10.1007/s41412-021-00113-4 4543:10.1007/s41412-021-00113-4 4025:10.1093/jaarel/XLVII.4.557 3682: 3587: 3364: 3317:Dari spoken in Afghanistan 3241: 3191: 3069: 2851:With Iranian support, the 2704:Hamza ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib 2687: 2684:Decline in the Middle Ages 2637:aggressively promoted the 2394: 2335: 2326:castle complex of Atashgah 2235: 2129: 2120: 2101:, Selections of Zadspram, 1961: 1948: 1824:In Zoroastrianism, water ( 1658: 1479:, there is one universal, 1463: 982: 961: 934:stands for the dual deity 916: 882: 568: 489:, which represent various 361:ancient Western philosophy 16989: 16908: 16825: 16697: 16442: 16167: 15884: 15880: 15869: 15778: 15703: 15479: 15387: 15324: 15042: 15038: 15027: 14590: 14577: 14502: 14325: 14307:Transcendental Meditation 14200: 14187: 14152: 13900: 13877: 13866: 13793: 13756: 13500: 13396: 13378: 13322: 13313: 13230: 13158: 13009: 13000: 12958: 12930: 12888: 12821: 12812: 12803: 12769: 12736: 12708: 12699: 12649: 12516: 12203: 12117: 12108: 12099: 12095: 12082: 12017: 11981: 11914: 11866: 11807: 11754: 11697: 11676: 11613: 11557: 11531: 11470: 11356: 11320: 11309: 11265: 11191: 11120: 11077: 11006: 10845: 10695:. Yale University Press. 10670:Schmidt, Francis (1987). 10655:. Yale University Press. 10628:Zoroastrianism in Armenia 10590:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 10458:History of Zoroastrianism 10326:, London: Phoenix Press, 10243:10.1017/S1356186313000333 10165:, Cambridge: Harvard UP, 9912:. BRILL. pp. 63–65. 9873:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 9595:History of Zoroastrianism 8325:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7524:– via Google Libros 7245:. Greenwood. p. 47. 7241:Daniel, Elton L. (2012). 5345:"WOMEN ii. In the Avesta" 3751:, with Zoroastrianism in 3708:historical Vedic religion 3695:historical Vedic religion 3617:) and a further 2,390 of 3538: 3402:— 3124:Middle Persian literature 3065: 2660:, and after the reign of 2146:known is recorded in the 2053:Middle Persian literature 1955: 1810:, and other ritual aids. 1566:, and noxious creatures ( 1559:, the primordial bovine. 1124:+ Mah / Geush Urvan / Ram 978: 878: 513:Middle Persian literature 404:Muslim conquest of Persia 204: 192: 183: 2nd millennium BCE 175: 164: 154: 144: 132: 122: 112: 97: 92: 15934:Central African Republic 12968:Vietnamese folk religion 12359:Charismatic Christianity 11399:101 Names of Ahura Mazda 10790:templates for discussion 10634:Harvard University Press 10210:Geiger, Wilhelm (1885), 9989:Encyclopedia of Religion 9666:The Jewish Encyclopaedia 9582:. Routledge. p. 50. 8944:. 1921. pp. 39–44. 8885:. 1901. pp. 57–62. 7755:Indiana University Press 6602:"AŠƎM VOHŪ (Ashem vohu)" 5528:10.1163/156853010X524325 5312:"CHARITABLE FOUNDATIONS" 4476:10.4324/9781315717708-22 3885: 2825:, the historical fourth 2627:a form of Zoroastrianism 2109:, Dadestan-i-Denig, and 2105:, Epistles of Manucher, 2084:Middle Persian (Pahlavi) 1939:Islamic Republic of Iran 1203:) and the other ahuras ( 779:("good agents") include 434:, and low birth rates. 384:ancient Iranian religion 15828:New religious movements 15466:Theories about religion 15419:Evolutionary psychology 14448:Modern Finnish paganism 12435:Independent Catholicism 11585:Three Persian religions 10214:, Oxford: OUP/H. Frowde 10143:Büchner, V. F. (1934), 9816:Duchesne-Guillemin 1988 9804:Black & Rowley 1982 8797:. 1881. pp. 9–18. 8163:Writer, Rashna (1994). 7651:Frantz, Grenet (2022). 7592:Encyclopædia Britannica 7486:Perseus Digital Library 7453:Perseus Digital Library 7345:10.11588/xarep.00000114 6267:Frantz, Grenet (2022). 6003:Perseus Digital Library 5985:The Wall Street Journal 5978:5 December 2017 at the 5614:Encyclopedia Britannica 5279:"HUMATA HŪXTA HUVARŠTA" 4599:Ferrero, Mario (2021). 4524:Ferrero, Mario (2021). 4501:Sayem, Md. Abu (2011). 4313:"Zoroaster i. The Name" 3817:The Jewish Encyclopedia 3084:Zoroastrianism in India 2435:Tomb of Cyrus the Great 1705:Zoroastrian eschatology 1254:All physical creation ( 942:holy book known as the 323:𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬀⸱𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎 17116:Monotheistic religions 16477:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14463:Erzyan native religion 14312:Unitarian Universalism 13701:Native American Church 12479:Oneness Pentecostalism 10181:Encyclopedia Americana 10010: 9658:A. V. Williams Jackson 9422:Tomalin, Emma (2020). 9371:. London: I.B Tauris. 8659:. Rudaw. 2 June 2015. 8249:Amordad6485.blogfa.com 7711:Dr Stephen H Rapp Jr. 7688:Wigram, W. A. (2004), 7196:. Iranica Foundation. 5501:10.1558/jsrnc.v1i4.413 4719:Mehr, Farhang (2003). 4668:HINTZE, ALMUT (2014). 4281:University of Chicago, 3675: 3261: 3219: 3151:families, and others. 3112: 3097: 3043: 2956:Museum of Zoroastrians 2891: 2707: 2618: 2551:, which was completed 2446: 2426: 2425:, 3rd–2nd century BCE. 2423:Greco-Bactrian kingdom 2351: 2320:, Kashmar was part of 2288:Fire Temple of Kashmar 1951:Zoroastrian literature 1821: 1758: 1582:, in articulating the 1379:; albeit Followers of 1297: 1188: 1029:were often framed as " 748:and adding the suffix 646:". In the Zoroastrian 612:with the Avestan word 288:primary religious text 17106:Religion in Kurdistan 16797:Saint Kitts and Nevis 16094:São Tomé and Príncipe 15954:Republic of the Congo 14160:Aboriginal Australian 12831:Chinese folk religion 11973:Shikand-gumanig Vizar 11789:Iranshah Atash Behram 11774:Dadiseth Atash Behram 11689:Fire temples in India 11357:Scripture and worship 11130:Fravardigan (Mukhtad) 10691:Stoyanov, Y. (2000). 10528:Encyclopaedia Iranica 10418:Clark, Peter (1998). 10256:, New York: AMS Press 10149:Encyclopedia of Islam 10128:. London: Routledge. 10091:, London: Routledge, 10037:Encyclopaedia Iranica 10005: 8853:Frazer, R.W. (1897). 8507:Heritageinstitute.com 8196:20 April 2023 at the 8063:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7569:. pp. 17.72.2–6. 7567:Bibliotheca Historica 7540:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7311:10.2143/PERS.16.0.511 7283:21 March 2023 at the 6971:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6929:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6899:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6788:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6672:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6636:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6606:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6576:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6546:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6516:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6486:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6423:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6393:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6360:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6330:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6300:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6242:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6212:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6182:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6152:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6033:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5917:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5815:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5785:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5755:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5692:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5647:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5549:In Defense of Animals 5516:Society & Animals 5420:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5349:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5316:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5283:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5250:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5217:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5184:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5149:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5110:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5106:"ZOROASTRIAN RITUALS" 5073:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5043:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5011:Raffaelli, Enrico G. 4851:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4817:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4371:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4317:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3793:Second Temple Judaism 3673: 3574:2023 Pakistani Census 3291:Communities exist in 3251: 3238:Iran and Central Asia 3205: 3192:Further information: 3103: 3092:A modern Zoroastrian 3091: 3070:Further information: 3037: 2875: 2785:because figures like 2697: 2662:Constantine the Great 2612: 2549:Bibliotheca historica 2432: 2404: 2349: 2075:, which contains the 1816: 1743:Chinese clay figurine 1737: 1730:Practices and rituals 1466:Zoroastrian cosmology 1289: 1171: 394:, beginning with the 310:𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬋 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬃 286:—as set forth in the 16419:United Arab Emirates 15210:Religious experience 14584:Historical religions 12988:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 12320:Schwenkfelder Church 11764:Anjuman Atash Behram 11684:Fire temples in Iran 11471:Accounts and legends 10501:on 10 December 2022. 10399:Boyce, Mary (1991). 10390:Boyce, Mary (1987). 10371:Boyce, Mary (1984). 10124:Boyce, Mary (2001). 10106:Boyce, Mary (1982), 10087:Boyce, Mary (1979), 10073:, New York: Nelson, 9578:Boyce, Mary (2000). 9220:. 2 September 2012. 8637:on 30 September 2017 8415:. 6 September 2006. 8140:. 11 November 2020. 8138:www.timesnownews.com 7783:7 April 2023 at the 7750:7 April 2023 at the 7741:Ronald Grigor Suny. 7720:4 April 2023 at the 7611:Encyclopædia Iranica 7194:Encyclopædia Iranica 7163:Encyclopædia Iranica 5722:Encyclopedia Iranica 5145:"AṦA (Asha "Truth")" 4845:Boyce, Mary (1983), 4294:Masani, Sir Rustom. 3679:Indo-Iranian origins 3611:2021 Canadian census 3286:Zoroaster's homeland 3244:Zoroastrians in Iran 3228:Iranian Zoroastrians 3198:List of Zoroastrians 3080:Zoroastrians in Iran 2369:Young Avestan period 1923:Zoroastrian calendar 1495:meaning "Wisdom" in 1041:). According to the 871:Nature of the divine 638:< Middle Persian 630:< Middle Persian 47:needs more complete 16812:Trinidad and Tobago 16707:Antigua and Barbuda 15875:Religion by country 14936:Cult of Magna Mater 13458:Philippine Dayawism 13039:Nimbarka Sampradaya 12787:Chinese Manichaeism 12459:Jehovah's Witnesses 12264:Proto-Protestantism 12029:Religion portal 11769:Banaji Atash Behram 11558:History and culture 11404:Udvada Atash Behram 11204:Religion portal 10310:on 24 December 2021 9342:www12.statcan.gc.ca 9218:The Express Tribune 9032:. pp. 97–101. 8741:. 23 October 2019. 7901:, pp. 37, 138. 7565:Siculus, Diodorus. 7243:The History of Iran 7230:. Brill. p. 3. 6818:English Zoroastrian 4208:National Geographic 4121:National Geographic 3827:, resurrection and 3787:Abrahamic religions 3615:South Asian descent 3377: 3001:, in particular to 2942:Fire Temple of Yazd 2587:Cappadocian kingdom 2571:Hellenistic beliefs 2537:Alexander the Great 2513:Achaemenid emperors 2511:Darius I and later 2464: 440 BCE 2391:Classical antiquity 2314:Paikuli inscription 2256:Zakariya al-Qazwini 1908:(ritual shirt) and 1857:Indian subcontinent 1790:elements involving 1772:Aredvi Sura Anahita 1491:meaning "Lord" and 1279:not the creator of 1191:In Zoroastrianism, 817:Prods Oktor Skjærvø 767:Zoroastrians treat 416:Indian subcontinent 365:Abrahamic religions 329:dualistic cosmology 205:Number of followers 105:Fire Temple of Yazd 16747:Dominican Republic 15793:Abrahamic prophets 14887:Proto-Indo-Iranian 13431:Aliran Kepercayaan 12634:Non-denominational 12556:Modernist Salafism 12242:Oriental Orthodoxy 11968:Dana-i Menog Khrat 11963:Frahang-i Oim-evak 11958:Frahang-i Pahlavig 11928:Book of Arda Viraf 11799:Wadia Atash Behram 11794:Vakil Atash Behram 11779:Desai Atash Behram 11488:Book of Arda Viraf 11422:Cypress of Kashmar 10736:Zeini, A. (2020). 10535:on 5 December 2017 10002:The Book of Giants 8827:. pp. 87–95. 8768:. pp. 50–54. 8540:on 29 October 2009 8008:. Times of India. 7586:"Persepolis" 7378:Skjaervø, P. Oktor 7071:on 26 October 2020 6102:has generic name ( 5902:, p. 238–240. 5878:, p. 205–208. 5583:The New York Times 4258:www.britannica.com 4233:www.britannica.com 4182:www.britannica.com 3976:Mandaean cosmology 3892:People of the Book 3676: 3566:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 3375: 3266:revolution of 1979 3262: 3220: 3113: 3098: 3044: 2999:great salt deserts 2892: 2787:Qutayba ibn Muslim 2708: 2674:Church of the East 2658:Roman Christianity 2619: 2556: 60 BCE 2539:'s troops invaded 2532:Book of Arda Viraf 2447: 2427: 2413:-style headdress, 2352: 2238:Cypress of Kashmar 2232:Cypress of Kashmar 2190:Legendary accounts 2014:Zand-i Wahman yasn 1822: 1759: 1576:first human couple 1438:Practicing charity 1298: 1189: 542:) and good deeds ( 17096:Religion in India 17086:Iranian religions 17017: 17016: 16985: 16984: 16981: 16980: 15969:Equatorial Guinea 15865: 15864: 15861: 15860: 15404:Cognitive science 15023: 15022: 14956:Mysteries of Isis 14730:Frankish paganism 14573: 14572: 14569: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14317:White Brotherhood 14183: 14182: 14148: 14147: 13492:Sundanese Wiwitan 13309: 13308: 13305: 13304: 13034:Brahma Sampradaya 12996: 12995: 12799: 12798: 12795: 12794: 12777:Assianism/Uatsdin 12695: 12694: 12464:British Israelism 12450:Nontrinitarianism 12413:Plymouth Brethren 12408:Nondenominational 12342:Congregationalism 12230:Eastern Orthodoxy 12178:Reconstructionist 12042: 12041: 11825: 11824: 11817:Yazd Atash Behram 11784:Modi Atash Behram 11713: 11712: 11225: 11224: 10747:978-1-4744-4291-6 10720:978-1-56852-680-5 10702:978-0-300-19014-4 10683:978-3-7186-0367-1 10662:978-0-300-17035-1 10643:978-0-674-96850-9 10616:978-0-85773-548-5 10605:Rose, J. (2014). 10597:978-1-4411-4950-3 10586:Rose, J. (2011). 10578:978-0-933273-45-0 10567:Rose, J. (2000). 10517:978-0-8166-1114-0 10448:978-0-485-11487-4 10441:. A&C Black. 10429:978-1-898723-78-3 10410:978-90-04-09271-6 10382:978-0-226-06930-2 10363:978-90-04-10474-7 10333:978-1-84212-165-8 10203:978-1-78074-308-0 10172:978-0-674-17035-3 10117:978-90-04-06506-2 10098:978-0-415-23903-5 10080:978-0-415-05147-7 10022:, pp. 53–54. 9880:978-0-567-21617-5 9841:978-0-7735-1133-0 9763:Grabbe, Lester L. 9123:"Doomed by faith" 9098:. 6 August 2020. 9038:saoa.crl.28215532 9008:saoa.crl.25793234 8950:saoa.crl.25394121 8921:saoa.crl.25393779 8891:saoa.crl.25352838 8833:saoa.crl.25318666 8803:saoa.crl.25057654 8774:saoa.crl.25057647 8564:Egypt Independent 8345:Rivetna, Roshan. 8174:978-0-8191-9142-7 7211:before Alexander. 7122:, pp. 10–18. 6856:978-0-8028-3783-7 6727:iranicaonline.org 5180:"GĒTĪG AND MĒNŌG" 4933:iranicaonline.org 4732:978-1-56859-110-0 4654:978-1-134-06752-7 4582:978-1-4422-6578-3 4485:978-1-315-71770-8 3880:Northern Buddhism 3627:England and Wales 3619:West Asian origin 3543: 3542: 3056:that of Alexander 2716:Umayyad Caliphate 2698:A scene from the 2670:Battle of Avarayr 2595:fire ever burning 2405:Painted clay and 2383:influence in the 2312:According to the 2002:Ardāy Wirāz Nāmag 1853:Towers of Silence 1316:. Throughout the 1159:Principal beliefs 1023:Islamic Caliphate 608:, which combines 584:. He is known as 576:rendering of the 396:Achaemenid Empire 266:), also known as 260: 232:rendering support 212: 211: 88: 87: 80: 16:(Redirected from 17123: 17101:Religion in Iran 17081:Indian religions 17058: 17057: 17056: 17046: 17045: 17034: 17033: 17025: 17007: 16997: 16996: 16875:Papua New Guinea 16850:Marshall Islands 16677:Northern Ireland 15882: 15881: 15871: 15870: 15755:Secular theology 15750:Secular humanism 15040: 15039: 15029: 15028: 14904:Ancestral Pueblo 14579: 14578: 14198: 14197: 13875: 13874: 13320: 13319: 13076:Shaiva Siddhanta 13007: 13006: 12940:Korean shamanism 12819: 12818: 12810: 12809: 12706: 12705: 12619:Mahdawi movement 12489:Swedenborgianism 12469:Christadelphians 12115: 12114: 12106: 12105: 12097: 12096: 12084: 12083: 12069: 12062: 12055: 12046: 12045: 12027: 12026: 11999:Dasatir-i-Asmani 11948:Letter of Tansar 11938:Dadestan-i Denig 11852: 11845: 11838: 11829: 11828: 11740: 11733: 11726: 11717: 11716: 11703: 11702: 11668:in United States 11409:Adur Burzen-Mihr 11315: 11252: 11245: 11238: 11229: 11228: 11213: 11212: 11202: 11201: 11122:Jashe/Parab days 11107:Zartosht No-Diso 10839:Iranian calendar 10828: 10821: 10814: 10805: 10804: 10769:, Nov. 11, 2004) 10751: 10732: 10706: 10687: 10666: 10647: 10631: 10620: 10601: 10582: 10563: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10531:. Archived from 10521: 10502: 10497:. 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Archived from 8625: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8566:. 29 July 2012. 8556: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8413:Laurie Goodstein 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8383:"Zoroastrianism" 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8362: 8351: 8342: 8331: 8330: 8324: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8281:. 19 June 2013. 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8215: 8209: 8185: 8179: 8178: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8055: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7876:. Archived from 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7788: 7772: 7766: 7739: 7733: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7588: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7478: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7361: 7359: 7353: 7338: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7294: 7288: 7272: 7261: 7260: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7207: 7205: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7095:khorasan.iqna.ir 7087: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7067:. Archived from 7057: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7005: 6999: 6998:, p. 30–31. 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6666:Kellens, Jeana. 6663: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6448: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6419:"KHORDEH AVESTĀ" 6415: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6385: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6292: 6283: 6282: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6095: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5995: 5989: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5890:, p. 72–73. 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5724:. 1 March 2010. 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5684: 5675: 5674:, pp. 6–12. 5669: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5610:"Zoroastrianism" 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5557: 5546: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5386: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5275: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5209: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5176: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5141: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5102: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5008: 4999: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4842: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4809: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4770: 4764: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4636: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4605:Homo Oeconomicus 4596: 4587: 4586: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4530:Homo Oeconomicus 4521: 4515: 4514: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4441:Oxford Reference 4433: 4427: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4373:. Vol. IV. 4362: 4356: 4350: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4308: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4143:"Zoroastrianism" 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4113: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4077: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4008: 3941:Iranian language 3931:Present-day Iran 3872:Lester L. Grabbe 3870:Others, such as 3847:, three sons of 3655:Historic England 3578:Karachi division 3391: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3295:, as well as in 3096:in Western India 3011:Mongol Ilkhanate 2974:Book of the Lord 2952: 2938: 2890: 2887: 2838:Arab nationalism 2766:Tower of Silence 2678:Caucasian Iberia 2668:subjects in the 2557: 2554: 2545:Diodorus Siculus 2465: 2462: 2322:Greater Khorasan 2306:Adur Burzen-Mihr 2143:animal sacrifice 2111:Arda Viraf Namag 1932: 1794:methods such as 1722:) and physical ( 1693:Dadestan-i Denig 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1229: 830:Rev. John Wilson 739: 738: 735: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 571: 570: 520: 519: 392:Iranian polities 326: 325: 324: 312: 311: 276:Iranian religion 265: 255: 253: 220: 184: 181: 102: 90: 89: 83: 76: 72: 69: 63: 40: 39: 32: 21: 17131: 17130: 17126: 17125: 17124: 17122: 17121: 17120: 17066: 17065: 17064: 17054: 17052: 17040: 17028: 17020: 17018: 17013: 16977: 16904: 16885:Solomon Islands 16821: 16693: 16597:North Macedonia 16438: 16163: 15876: 15857: 15818:Mass gatherings 15786: 15781: 15774: 15713: 15708: 15699: 15638:Religiocentrism 15618:National church 15486: 15483: 15475: 15390: 15383: 15320: 15242:Bodies of water 15034: 15019: 14804:Jamaican Maroon 14586: 14561: 14498: 14328: 14321: 14192: 14190: 14179: 14144: 14118:Trinidad Orisha 13903: 13896: 13869: 13862: 13789: 13752: 13503: 13496: 13392: 13374: 13301: 13275:Srilankan Vedda 13226: 13154: 13029:Sri Vaishnavism 12992: 12954: 12926: 12884: 12791: 12765: 12732: 12691: 12645: 12570:Twelver Shi'ism 12512: 12374:Neo-charismatic 12347:Presbyterianism 12199: 12091: 12078: 12073: 12043: 12038: 12021: 12013: 11977: 11910: 11862: 11856: 11826: 11821: 11803: 11750: 11744: 11714: 11709: 11693: 11672: 11609: 11553: 11527: 11498:Story of Sanjan 11466: 11352: 11321:Divine entities 11316: 11307: 11261: 11256: 11226: 11221: 11196: 11187: 11116: 11073: 11002: 10841: 10832: 10793: 10759: 10754: 10748: 10721: 10709: 10703: 10684: 10663: 10644: 10617: 10609:. I. B.Tauris. 10598: 10579: 10560: 10538: 10536: 10518: 10449: 10430: 10411: 10383: 10364: 10344: 10342:Further reading 10339: 10334: 10313: 10311: 10307: 10296: 10250:Hourani, Albert 10226: 10204: 10173: 10136: 10118: 10099: 10081: 10062: 10057: 10056: 10046: 10044: 10031: 10030: 10026: 10018: 10014: 9999: 9995: 9986: 9982: 9972: 9970: 9959: 9958: 9954: 9946: 9939: 9929: 9927: 9920: 9904: 9900: 9890: 9888: 9881: 9865: 9861: 9851: 9849: 9842: 9826: 9822: 9814: 9810: 9806:, p. 607b. 9802: 9798: 9788: 9786: 9779: 9760: 9751: 9744: 9728: 9721: 9711: 9709: 9694: 9685: 9675: 9673: 9654:Kaufmann Kohler 9651: 9644: 9633: 9629: 9619: 9617: 9606: 9602: 9591: 9587: 9576: 9572: 9562: 9560: 9549: 9545: 9535: 9533: 9524: 9523: 9519: 9506: 9502: 9497: 9493: 9488: 9484: 9477: 9465: 9464: 9460: 9451: 9447: 9437: 9435: 9420: 9416: 9406: 9404: 9391: 9390: 9386: 9379: 9365: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9334: 9330: 9320: 9318: 9303: 9299: 9289: 9287: 9277: 9273: 9272: 9268: 9258: 9256: 9246: 9242: 9241: 9237: 9227: 9225: 9212: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9195: 9180: 9176: 9166: 9164: 9151: 9150: 9146: 9137: 9135: 9128:The Independent 9120: 9119: 9115: 9105: 9103: 9090: 9089: 9085: 9075: 9073: 9060: 9059: 9052: 9042: 9040: 9026: 9022: 9012: 9010: 8998: 8997: 8993: 8983: 8981: 8968: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8940: 8939: 8935: 8925: 8923: 8909: 8905: 8895: 8893: 8881: 8880: 8876: 8866: 8864: 8851: 8847: 8837: 8835: 8821: 8817: 8807: 8805: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8778: 8776: 8762: 8758: 8748: 8746: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8718: 8716: 8707: 8706: 8702: 8692: 8690: 8685:. Kurdistan24. 8681: 8680: 8676: 8666: 8664: 8655: 8654: 8650: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8623: 8619: 8618: 8614: 8604: 8602: 8587: 8583: 8573: 8571: 8558: 8557: 8553: 8543: 8541: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8499: 8495: 8485: 8483: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8455: 8453: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8385:. 5 June 2023. 8381: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8360: 8349: 8343: 8334: 8318: 8317: 8310: 8308: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8288: 8286: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8258: 8256: 8243: 8242: 8238: 8228: 8226: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8198:Wayback Machine 8186: 8182: 8175: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8117: 8115: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8057: 8056: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8015: 8013: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7977: 7969: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7945: 7936: 7928: 7924: 7920:, pp. 147. 7916: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7883: 7881: 7880:on 13 July 2015 7874:Lib.iium.edu.my 7868: 7867: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7847:, p. 146). 7838: 7834: 7826: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7795: 7791: 7785:Wayback Machine 7773: 7769: 7752:Wayback Machine 7740: 7736: 7722:Wayback Machine 7710: 7706: 7700: 7686: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7578: 7574: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7495: 7493: 7480: 7479: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7407: 7403: 7392: 7375: 7371: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7336: 7328:Witzel, Michael 7325: 7321: 7295: 7291: 7285:Wayback Machine 7273: 7264: 7253: 7239: 7235: 7221: 7217: 7203: 7201: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7142: 7140: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7102: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7074: 7072: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7018: 7016: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6938: 6936: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6908: 6906: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6857: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6767: 6765: 6760:. I.B. Tauris. 6750: 6746: 6736: 6734: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6695: 6691: 6681: 6679: 6664: 6655: 6645: 6643: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6585: 6583: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6450: 6449: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6387: 6386: 6379: 6369: 6367: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6294: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6099: 6098: 6089: 6088: 6081: 6079: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5980:Wayback Machine 5970: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5824: 5822: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5686: 5685: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5656: 5654: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5623: 5621: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5512: 5508: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5387: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5310: 5309: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5244: 5243: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5211: 5210: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5178: 5177: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5143: 5142: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5104: 5103: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5009: 5002: 4990: 4986: 4982:, p. xlix. 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4958:, p. 1161. 4954: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4860: 4858: 4843: 4836: 4826: 4824: 4811: 4810: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4733: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4647:. p. 165. 4637: 4626: 4611:(1–4): 77–108. 4597: 4590: 4583: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4536:(1–4): 77–108. 4522: 4518: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4309: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4080: 4064: 4057: 4009: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3971: 3933: 3900: 3888: 3789: 3691: 3681: 3668: 3653:(47). In 2020, 3596: 3586: 3373: 3365:Main articles: 3363: 3347:Iraqi Kurdistan 3246: 3240: 3200: 3190: 3086: 3068: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2953: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2888: 2870: 2795: 2692: 2686: 2621:As late as the 2607: 2599:Parthian Empire 2555: 2490:Cyrus the Great 2468:Greater Iranian 2463: 2399: 2393: 2361:Airyanem Vaejah 2344: 2342:Airyanem Vaejah 2334: 2318:Sasanian Empire 2290: 2240: 2234: 2192: 2183:Peganum harmala 2167:class structure 2134: 2128: 2123: 2086: 2034:his high priest 2030:Sassanid Empire 2026:Arsacid dynasty 1970: 1962:Main articles: 1960: 1953: 1947: 1738:An 8th century 1732: 1663: 1657: 1605: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1166: 1164:Tenets of faith 1161: 1111: 1060: 1005:The origins of 987: 981: 966: 960: 921: 915: 887: 881: 873: 865:Indian Hinduism 758: 704: 700: 560: 538:), good words ( 400:Sasanian Empire 367:, or gradually 353:Iranian culture 322: 309: 263:Din-e Zartoshti 241: 240: 239: 230:Without proper 221: 208:100,000–200,000 187:Iranian Plateau 185: 182: 117:Ethnic religion 108: 84: 73: 67: 64: 57: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17129: 17119: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17076:Zoroastrianism 17063: 17062: 17050: 17038: 17015: 17014: 17012: 17011: 17001: 16990: 16987: 16986: 16983: 16982: 16979: 16978: 16976: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16914: 16912: 16906: 16905: 16903: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16831: 16829: 16823: 16822: 16820: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16703: 16701: 16695: 16694: 16692: 16691: 16690: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16667:United Kingdom 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16448: 16446: 16440: 16439: 16437: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16295: 16294: 16289: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16173: 16171: 16165: 16164: 16162: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15890: 15888: 15878: 15877: 15867: 15866: 15863: 15862: 15859: 15858: 15856: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15789: 15787: 15779: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15760:Secularization 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15740:Deconstruction 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15716: 15714: 15704: 15701: 15700: 15698: 15697: 15692: 15691: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15593:Fundamentalism 15590: 15589: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15547: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15526: 15525: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15500: 15495: 15489: 15487: 15480: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15457: 15456: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15395: 15393: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15330: 15328: 15322: 15321: 15319: 15318: 15317: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15260: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15234: 15233: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15166: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15071: 15069:Call to prayer 15066: 15061: 15056: 15054:Disaffiliation 15046: 15044: 15036: 15035: 15025: 15024: 15021: 15020: 15018: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14981: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14960: 14959: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14928: 14923: 14922: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14901: 14900: 14899: 14894: 14884: 14883: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14857: 14852: 14851: 14850: 14840: 14839: 14838: 14833: 14823: 14818: 14817: 14816: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14770: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14752:Greco-Buddhism 14749: 14739: 14738: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14712: 14707: 14706: 14705: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14684: 14683: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14662: 14661: 14656: 14646: 14641: 14640: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14603: 14602: 14591: 14588: 14587: 14575: 14574: 14571: 14570: 14567: 14566: 14563: 14562: 14560: 14559: 14558: 14557: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14506: 14504: 14500: 14499: 14497: 14496: 14495: 14494: 14482: 14477: 14476: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14394: 14393: 14383: 14382: 14381: 14376: 14366: 14365: 14364: 14359: 14349: 14344: 14343: 14342: 14333: 14331: 14323: 14322: 14320: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14303: 14302: 14297: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14266: 14265: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14204: 14202: 14195: 14185: 14184: 14181: 14180: 14178: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14156: 14154: 14150: 14149: 14146: 14145: 14143: 14142: 14141: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14113:Tambor de Mina 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14069: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14039: 14038: 14037: 14036: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13934: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13908: 13906: 13898: 13897: 13895: 13894: 13893: 13892: 13890:Guanche church 13881: 13879: 13872: 13864: 13863: 13861: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13799: 13797: 13795:Tibeto-Burmese 13791: 13790: 13788: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13766: 13764: 13754: 13753: 13751: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13734: 13733: 13728: 13718: 13713: 13711:Nuu-chah-nulth 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13655: 13654: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13633: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13620:Muscogee Creek 13617: 13612: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13557: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13525: 13524: 13514: 13508: 13506: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13494: 13489: 13487:Sumbese Marapu 13484: 13483: 13482: 13477: 13467: 13466: 13465: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13439: 13438: 13433: 13425: 13424: 13423: 13418: 13408: 13406:Batak Parmalim 13402: 13400: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13390: 13384: 13382: 13376: 13375: 13373: 13372: 13371: 13370: 13365: 13355: 13354: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13328: 13326: 13317: 13311: 13310: 13307: 13306: 13303: 13302: 13300: 13299: 13298: 13297: 13292: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13261: 13260: 13255: 13245: 13240: 13234: 13232: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13224: 13217: 13212: 13211: 13210: 13200: 13199: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13170: 13164: 13162: 13156: 13155: 13153: 13152: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13114: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13068: 13067: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13015: 13013: 13004: 12998: 12997: 12994: 12993: 12991: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12964: 12962: 12956: 12955: 12953: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12936: 12934: 12928: 12927: 12925: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12908: 12907: 12894: 12892: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12882: 12881: 12880: 12875: 12865: 12864: 12863: 12858: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12827: 12825: 12816: 12807: 12801: 12800: 12797: 12796: 12793: 12792: 12790: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12773: 12771: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12742: 12740: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12718:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 12714: 12712: 12703: 12697: 12696: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12653: 12651: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12643: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12605: 12604: 12594: 12589: 12588: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12562: 12561: 12560: 12559: 12558: 12553: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12522: 12520: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12510: 12503: 12502: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12455:Bible Students 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12425:Restorationism 12422: 12421: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12381:Evangelicalism 12378: 12377: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12323: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12292: 12282: 12281: 12280: 12275: 12261: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12244: 12239: 12238: 12237: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12220: 12209: 12207: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12197: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12152: 12151: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12123: 12121: 12112: 12103: 12093: 12092: 12080: 12079: 12072: 12071: 12064: 12057: 12049: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12018: 12015: 12014: 12012: 12011: 12009:Qissa-i Sanjan 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11985: 11983: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11924: 11922: 11916:Middle Persian 11912: 11911: 11909: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11876:Khordeh Avesta 11872: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11855: 11854: 11847: 11840: 11832: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11819: 11813: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11760: 11758: 11752: 11751: 11743: 11742: 11735: 11728: 11720: 11711: 11710: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11691: 11686: 11680: 11678: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11649: 11648: 11643: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11561: 11559: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11535: 11533: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11503:Chinvat Bridge 11500: 11495: 11493:Book of Jamasp 11490: 11485: 11480: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11447:Khordeh Avesta 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11389:Airyaman ishya 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11360: 11358: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11328:Amesha Spentas 11324: 11322: 11318: 11317: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11269: 11267: 11266:Primary topics 11263: 11262: 11259:Zoroastrianism 11255: 11254: 11247: 11240: 11232: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11219: 11207: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11185: 11183:Sepandarmazgan 11180: 11175: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11135:Ardibeheshtgan 11132: 11126: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11083: 11081: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11010: 11008: 11004: 11003: 11001: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10831: 10830: 10823: 10816: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10795:Zoroastrianism 10775: 10770: 10763:Zoroastrianism 10758: 10757:External links 10755: 10753: 10752: 10746: 10733: 10719: 10707: 10701: 10688: 10682: 10667: 10661: 10648: 10642: 10621: 10615: 10602: 10596: 10583: 10577: 10564: 10558: 10545: 10522: 10516: 10503: 10474: 10466:Eliade, Mircea 10462: 10453: 10447: 10434: 10428: 10415: 10409: 10396: 10387: 10381: 10368: 10362: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10319: 10289: 10280: 10269: 10258: 10246: 10216: 10207: 10202: 10190:Foltz, Richard 10186: 10176: 10171: 10154: 10140: 10135:978-0415239028 10134: 10121: 10116: 10103: 10097: 10084: 10079: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10024: 10012: 9993: 9980: 9961:"Ahl al-Kitāb" 9952: 9937: 9918: 9898: 9879: 9859: 9840: 9820: 9818:, p. 815. 9808: 9796: 9777: 9749: 9742: 9719: 9683: 9642: 9627: 9600: 9585: 9570: 9543: 9517: 9500: 9491: 9482: 9475: 9458: 9456:, p. 202. 9445: 9414: 9397:www.ons.gov.uk 9384: 9377: 9359: 9328: 9297: 9266: 9235: 9205: 9174: 9144: 9113: 9083: 9050: 9020: 8991: 8962: 8933: 8903: 8874: 8845: 8815: 8786: 8756: 8726: 8700: 8674: 8648: 8612: 8595:Projects21.org 8581: 8551: 8524: 8493: 8463: 8430: 8400: 8374: 8332: 8296: 8266: 8236: 8210: 8180: 8173: 8155: 8125: 8095: 8080: 8047: 8035: 8033:, p. 175. 8023: 7992: 7990:, p. 157. 7975: 7973:, p. 163. 7963: 7961:, p. 152. 7951: 7949:, p. 151. 7934: 7922: 7903: 7891: 7861: 7859:, p. 158. 7849: 7832: 7830:, p. 146. 7813: 7811:, p. 150. 7801: 7789: 7767: 7734: 7704: 7699:978-1593331030 7698: 7680: 7668: 7662:978-8412527858 7661: 7643: 7628: 7598: 7583:, ed. (1911). 7581:Chisholm, Hugh 7572: 7557: 7527: 7503: 7470: 7440: 7419:Asia Institute 7401: 7390: 7369: 7319: 7289: 7262: 7252:978-0313375095 7251: 7233: 7215: 7180: 7150: 7124: 7112: 7082: 7052: 7026: 7000: 6988: 6958: 6946: 6916: 6886: 6874: 6855: 6835: 6805: 6775: 6744: 6714: 6707: 6689: 6653: 6623: 6593: 6572:"YEŊ́HĒ HĀTĄM" 6563: 6533: 6503: 6473: 6440: 6410: 6377: 6347: 6317: 6284: 6278:978-8412527858 6277: 6259: 6229: 6199: 6169: 6139: 6109: 6050: 6020: 5990: 5964: 5934: 5904: 5892: 5880: 5868: 5856: 5844: 5832: 5802: 5781:"FRAŠŌ.KƎRƎTI" 5772: 5739: 5709: 5688:"AMƎŠA SPƎNTA" 5676: 5664: 5631: 5600: 5569: 5533: 5506: 5495:(4): 413–430. 5479: 5449: 5447:, p. 205. 5437: 5407: 5402:978-0847802869 5401: 5366: 5333: 5300: 5267: 5234: 5201: 5166: 5127: 5090: 5060: 5030: 5000: 4984: 4972: 4970:, p. xxi. 4960: 4945: 4919: 4893: 4867: 4834: 4799: 4785: 4765: 4750: 4731: 4711: 4660: 4653: 4624: 4588: 4581: 4561: 4559:, p. xiv. 4549: 4516: 4490: 4484: 4458: 4428: 4419: 4388: 4357: 4334: 4300: 4287: 4270: 4245: 4220: 4194: 4169: 4160: 4134: 4105: 4093: 4078: 4072:), and Wrath ( 4055: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3932: 3929: 3908:Middle-Eastern 3899: 3896: 3894:" by Muslims. 3887: 3884: 3829:final judgment 3788: 3785: 3781:Hvare-khshaeta 3734:("demon") and 3680: 3677: 3667: 3664: 3623:2021 UK census 3585: 3582: 3564:) followed by 3541: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3362: 3359: 3242:Main article: 3239: 3236: 3189: 3186: 3067: 3064: 3060:demon of Wrath 2954: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2921:Pahlavi script 2917:Middle Persian 2869: 2866: 2794: 2791: 2685: 2682: 2613:A Zoroastrian 2606: 2605:Late antiquity 2603: 2478:Achaemenid era 2392: 2389: 2338:Avestan period 2333: 2330: 2289: 2286: 2252:King Vishtaspa 2236:Main article: 2233: 2230: 2191: 2188: 2171:hallucinogenic 2130:Main article: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2085: 2082: 2073:Khordeh Avesta 1959: 1954: 1946: 1943: 1893:Khordeh Avesta 1800:fortified wine 1731: 1728: 1667:Chinvat Bridge 1659:Main article: 1656: 1653: 1604: 1601: 1597:Kshatra Vairya 1517:Amesha Spentas 1472: 1469: 1464:Main article: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1337:predestination 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1140:Spenta Armaiti 1137: 1134:Kshatra Vairya 1131: 1125: 1110: 1109:Amesha Spentas 1107: 1106: 1105: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1081: 1075: 1066: 1059: 1058:Notable Yazata 1056: 983:Main article: 980: 977: 971:, also called 962:Main article: 959: 956: 917:Main article: 914: 911: 883:Main article: 880: 877: 872: 869: 757: 754: 744:from the name 692:Religio Medici 559: 556: 515:into Ahriman ( 486:Amesha Spentas 388:Avestan period 244:Zoroastrianism 234:, you may see 222: 215: 214: 213: 210: 209: 206: 202: 201: 196: 194:Separated from 190: 189: 177: 173: 172: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 130: 129: 124: 123:Classification 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 103: 95: 94: 93:Zoroastrianism 86: 85: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17128: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17073: 17071: 17061: 17051: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17026: 17023: 17010: 17006: 17002: 17000: 16992: 16991: 16988: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16915: 16913: 16911: 16910:South America 16907: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16832: 16830: 16828: 16824: 16818: 16817:United States 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16704: 16702: 16700: 16699:North America 16696: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16669: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16557:Liechtenstein 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16445: 16441: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16284: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16174: 16172: 16170: 16166: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16009:Guinea-Bissau 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15891: 15889: 15887: 15883: 15879: 15872: 15868: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15833:Organizations 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15777: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15696: 15693: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15663:Vegetarianism 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15608:Homosexuality 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15568: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15531: 15530: 15527: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15509: 15508: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15478: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15455: 15452: 15451: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15429:Neurotheology 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15396: 15394: 15392: 15386: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15331: 15329: 15327: 15323: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15301: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15239: 15238: 15235: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15217: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15150: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15123:Folk religion 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15051: 15048: 15047: 15045: 15041: 15037: 15030: 15026: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14965: 14964: 14961: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14946:Imperial cult 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14933: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14906: 14905: 14902: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14888: 14885: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14849: 14846: 14845: 14844: 14841: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14828: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14744: 14743: 14740: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14717: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14704: 14701: 14700: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14682: 14679: 14678: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14651: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14624: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14601: 14598: 14597: 14596: 14593: 14592: 14589: 14585: 14580: 14576: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14515:Discordianism 14513: 14511: 14510:Anthroposophy 14508: 14507: 14505: 14501: 14493: 14492: 14488: 14487: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14458:Mari religion 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14440: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14392: 14389: 14388: 14387: 14384: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14371: 14370: 14367: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14341: 14338: 14337: 14335: 14334: 14332: 14330: 14324: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14295:Neo-Theosophy 14293: 14292: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14264: 14261: 14260: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14233:New Acropolis 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14205: 14203: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14186: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14157: 14155: 14151: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14053: 14052: 14049: 14048: 14047: 14045: 14041: 14040: 14035: 14032: 14031: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13929: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13909: 13907: 13905: 13899: 13891: 13888: 13887: 13886: 13883: 13882: 13880: 13878:North African 13876: 13873: 13871: 13865: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13796: 13792: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13763: 13759: 13755: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13653: 13650: 13649: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13642:Kwakwakaʼwakw 13640: 13638: 13635: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13607: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13505: 13499: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13472: 13471: 13468: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13413: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13399: 13395: 13389: 13386: 13385: 13383: 13381: 13380:Austroasiatic 13377: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13360: 13359: 13356: 13352: 13351:Vattisen Yaly 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13338: 13337: 13333: 13330: 13329: 13327: 13325: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13312: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13287: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13270:Kirat Mundhum 13268: 13266: 13263: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13250: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13229: 13223: 13222: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13204: 13201: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13183: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13165: 13163: 13161: 13157: 13151: 13150: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13073: 13072: 13069: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13021: 13020: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13012: 13008: 13005: 13003: 12999: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12961: 12957: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12937: 12935: 12933: 12929: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12906: 12905: 12901: 12900: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12893: 12891: 12887: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12870: 12869: 12866: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12853: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12824: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12802: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12772: 12768: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12739: 12735: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12711: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12698: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12648: 12642: 12641: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12629:Milah Abraham 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12603: 12600: 12599: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12566: 12563: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12548: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12515: 12509: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12357: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12287: 12286: 12285:Protestantism 12283: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12265: 12262: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12249: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12228: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12202: 12196: 12195: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12145: 12142: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12130: 12129: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12120: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12090: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12070: 12065: 12063: 12058: 12056: 12051: 12050: 12047: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12019: 12016: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11980: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11943:Menog-i Khrad 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11869: 11865: 11860: 11853: 11848: 11846: 11841: 11839: 11834: 11833: 11830: 11818: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11806: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11753: 11748: 11741: 11736: 11734: 11729: 11727: 11722: 11721: 11718: 11708: 11707: 11696: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11679: 11675: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11631:in Azerbaijan 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11612: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11556: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11530: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11469: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11417:Adur Gushnasp 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11355: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11319: 11314: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11253: 11248: 11246: 11241: 11239: 11234: 11233: 11230: 11218: 11217: 11208: 11206: 11205: 11200: 11194: 11193: 11190: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11076: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11005: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10829: 10824: 10822: 10817: 10815: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10800: 10796: 10791: 10787: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10749: 10743: 10739: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10698: 10694: 10689: 10685: 10679: 10675: 10674: 10668: 10664: 10658: 10654: 10649: 10645: 10639: 10635: 10630: 10629: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10608: 10603: 10599: 10593: 10589: 10584: 10580: 10574: 10570: 10565: 10561: 10559:1-564-59612-5 10555: 10551: 10546: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10509: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10440: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10402: 10397: 10393: 10388: 10384: 10378: 10374: 10369: 10365: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10346: 10335: 10329: 10325: 10320: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10290: 10286: 10281: 10277: 10276: 10270: 10266: 10265: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10240: 10237:(2): 225–49, 10236: 10232: 10225: 10221: 10220:Hintze, Almut 10217: 10213: 10208: 10205: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10174: 10168: 10163: 10162: 10155: 10150: 10146: 10141: 10137: 10131: 10127: 10122: 10119: 10113: 10109: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10090: 10085: 10082: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10065: 10064: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10028: 10021: 10016: 10009: 10003: 9997: 9990: 9984: 9969:. 2 June 2016 9968: 9967: 9962: 9956: 9949: 9944: 9942: 9925: 9921: 9919:9789004118935 9915: 9911: 9910: 9902: 9886: 9882: 9876: 9872: 9871: 9863: 9847: 9843: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9824: 9817: 9812: 9805: 9800: 9784: 9780: 9778:9780567216175 9774: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9745: 9743:9780773511330 9739: 9735: 9734: 9726: 9724: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9647: 9638: 9635:Kuehn, Sara. 9631: 9615: 9611: 9604: 9596: 9589: 9581: 9574: 9558: 9554: 9547: 9531: 9527: 9521: 9514: 9513:963-05-7542-6 9510: 9504: 9495: 9486: 9478: 9476:9781444331356 9472: 9468: 9462: 9455: 9449: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9418: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9380: 9378:9781784536336 9374: 9370: 9363: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9332: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9301: 9285: 9284: 9276: 9270: 9254: 9253: 9245: 9239: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9209: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9178: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9133: 9129: 9124: 9117: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9057: 9055: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9024: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8995: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8966: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8907: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8878: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8856:British India 8849: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8819: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8760: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8730: 8714: 8710: 8704: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8633: 8629: 8622: 8616: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8585: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8555: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8497: 8481: 8477: 8476:The Economist 8473: 8467: 8451: 8447: 8446: 8441: 8434: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8359: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8328: 8322: 8306: 8300: 8284: 8280: 8279:Parsinews.net 8276: 8270: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8207: 8203: 8200:Brill, 2011, 8199: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8184: 8176: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8091: 8084: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8044: 8039: 8032: 8027: 8011: 8007: 8006:21 March 2004 8003: 7996: 7989: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7972: 7967: 7960: 7955: 7948: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7932:, p. 59. 7931: 7926: 7919: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7900: 7895: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7858: 7853: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7829: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7810: 7805: 7799:, p. 87. 7798: 7793: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7738: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7708: 7701: 7695: 7691: 7684: 7678:, p. 84. 7677: 7672: 7664: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7641:, p. 85. 7640: 7635: 7633: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7594: 7593: 7587: 7582: 7576: 7568: 7561: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7516: 7515: 7507: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7475: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7393: 7391:9783110144475 7387: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7366: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7212: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7121: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7014: 7010: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6956:, p. 19. 6955: 6950: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6920: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6884:, p. 26. 6883: 6878: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6839: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6748: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6710: 6708:9781442601901 6704: 6700: 6693: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6445: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6289: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6105: 6093: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5913:"ČINWAD PUHL" 5908: 5901: 5896: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5872: 5866:, p. 85. 5865: 5860: 5853: 5848: 5842:, p. 58. 5841: 5836: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5744: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5673: 5668: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5522:(4): 367–78. 5521: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5272: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5239: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4881: 4877: 4876:"Ahura Mazdā" 4871: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4847:"Ahura Mazdā" 4841: 4839: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4788: 4786:9781108028011 4782: 4778: 4777: 4769: 4762: 4761: 4754: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4715: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4680:(2): 225–49. 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4593: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4305: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4274: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4164: 4149:. 5 June 2023 4148: 4144: 4138: 4123:. 6 July 2024 4122: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4052: 4049: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4019:(4): 557–88. 4018: 4014: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3802: 3799:According to 3797: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3757:Kushan Empire 3754: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3685:Indo-Iranians 3672: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3599:North America 3595: 3591: 3584:Western world 3581: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3371:Irani (India) 3368: 3358: 3357:in the area. 3356: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224:Indian Parsis 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3076:Irani (India) 3073: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2991:Book of Kings 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978:Khwaday Namag 2975: 2971: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2943: 2937: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2907:attendee two 2905: 2901: 2898:(present-day 2897: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2783:Khawarizmians 2780: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2611: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2506:despotic rule 2503: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474:The Histories 2471: 2469: 2458: 2457: 2456:The Histories 2452: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415:Takhti-Sangin 2412: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2332:Early history 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2316:, during the 2315: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270:Al-Mutawakkil 2267: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2204:Amesha Spenta 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099:Menog-i Khrad 2096: 2092: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1982:Pahlavi texts 1979: 1975: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:spirit travel 1793: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1615:(Pahlavi for 1614: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:Spenta Mainyu 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1485:creator deity 1482: 1478: 1477:creation myth 1467: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1381:Ilm-e-Kshnoom 1378: 1377:reincarnation 1373: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1335:. Similarly, 1334: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1296:Wedding, 1905 1295: 1294: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1201:Amesha Spenta 1198: 1194: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1128:Asha Vahishta 1126: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1000: 996: 992: 986: 976: 974: 970: 965: 955: 953: 947: 945: 941: 937: 936:Mitrāˊ-Váruṇā 933: 929: 928:creator deity 925: 920: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 886: 876: 868: 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 826: 823: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801:Richard Foltz 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 753: 751: 747: 743: 737: 698: 694: 693: 688: 687:Thomas Browne 683: 681: 680: 675: 674: 669: 668: 663: 659: 655: 654: 649: 645: 642:< Avestan 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 565: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528: 522: 514: 510: 509: 504: 503: 498: 497: 496:Spenta Mainyu 492: 488: 487: 482: 478: 474: 473: 468: 467: 462: 458: 454: 453: 448: 444: 440: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412:early Muslims 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 333:good and evil 330: 318: 317: 306: 302: 301: 296: 294: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 258: 249: 245: 237: 233: 229: 227: 219: 207: 203: 200: 197: 195: 191: 188: 178: 174: 171:(traditional) 170: 167: 163: 160: 157: 153: 150: 147: 143: 140: 137: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 82: 79: 71: 61: 55: 54: 50: 45:This article 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 16414:Turkmenistan 16374:Saudi Arabia 16119:South Africa 16109:Sierra Leone 15914:Burkina Faso 15823:Names of God 15770:Unaffiliated 15725:Antireligion 15586:Universalism 15534:Assimilation 15399:Anthropology 15274:Supernatural 15269:Spirituality 15237:Sacred space 15225:Purification 15098:Denomination 15052: / 14860:Paleo-Balkan 14826:Mesopotamian 14666:Cook Islands 14637:Old Prussian 14550:UFO religion 14489: 14485:Zalmoxianism 14413:Neoshamanism 14270:Spiritualism 14153:Other ethnic 14042: 13868:Traditional 13828:Bongthingism 13726:Acoma Pueblo 13669:Mesoamerican 13398:Austronesian 13219: 13215:Neo-Buddhism 13147: 13143:Neo-Hinduism 13064:Swaminarayan 12902: 12851:Salvationist 12836:Confucianism 12687:Samaritanism 12657:Ali-Illahism 12638: 12505: 12499:Unitarianism 12440:Old Catholic 12247:Nestorianism 12205:Christianity 12192: 12158:Conservative 12004:The Rivayats 11994:Jamasp Namag 11749:fire temples 11747:Atash Behram 11704: 11508:Frashokereti 11462:Atash Behram 11452:The Revayats 11413:Adur Farnbag 11394:Fire Temples 11384:Yenghe hatam 11379:Ahuna Vairya 11348:Angra Mainyu 11258: 11214: 11195: 11155:Shahrivargan 10923:Dae-Pa-Meher 10783: 10766: 10737: 10710: 10692: 10672: 10652: 10627: 10606: 10587: 10568: 10549: 10539:17 September 10537:. Retrieved 10533:the original 10527: 10507: 10499:the original 10486: 10482: 10469: 10457: 10438: 10419: 10400: 10391: 10372: 10353: 10323: 10312:, retrieved 10305:the original 10300: 10284: 10274: 10263: 10253: 10234: 10230: 10211: 10193: 10180: 10160: 10148: 10125: 10107: 10088: 10069: 10045:. Retrieved 10036: 10027: 10020:Zaehner 1961 10015: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9988: 9983: 9971:. Retrieved 9964: 9955: 9928:. Retrieved 9908: 9901: 9889:. Retrieved 9869: 9862: 9850:. Retrieved 9830: 9823: 9811: 9799: 9787:. Retrieved 9767: 9732: 9710:. Retrieved 9701: 9674:. Retrieved 9665: 9630: 9618:. Retrieved 9603: 9594: 9588: 9579: 9573: 9561:. Retrieved 9546: 9534:. Retrieved 9520: 9503: 9494: 9485: 9466: 9461: 9448: 9436:. Retrieved 9427: 9417: 9405:. Retrieved 9396: 9387: 9368: 9362: 9350:. Retrieved 9341: 9331: 9319:. Retrieved 9315:the original 9311:NIAC inSight 9310: 9300: 9288:. Retrieved 9281: 9269: 9257:. Retrieved 9250: 9238: 9228:12 September 9226:. 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Retrieved 8213: 8189: 8183: 8164: 8158: 8146:. Retrieved 8137: 8128: 8116:. Retrieved 8108:Forbes India 8107: 8098: 8089: 8083: 8071:. Retrieved 8062: 8043:Skjærvø 2005 8038: 8026: 8014:. Retrieved 8005: 7995: 7966: 7954: 7930:Bulliet 1979 7925: 7899:Bulliet 1979 7894: 7882:. Retrieved 7878:the original 7873: 7864: 7852: 7835: 7804: 7797:Hourani 1947 7792: 7776: 7770: 7743: 7737: 7713: 7707: 7689: 7683: 7671: 7652: 7646: 7619:. Retrieved 7610: 7601: 7590: 7575: 7566: 7560: 7548:. Retrieved 7539: 7530: 7518:, retrieved 7513: 7506: 7494:. Retrieved 7485: 7461:. Retrieved 7452: 7443: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7395: 7381: 7372: 7363: 7356:. Retrieved 7332: 7322: 7314: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7276: 7256: 7242: 7236: 7227: 7218: 7209: 7202:. Retrieved 7193: 7183: 7171:. Retrieved 7162: 7153: 7141:. Retrieved 7127: 7115: 7103:. Retrieved 7094: 7085: 7073:. Retrieved 7069:the original 7064: 7055: 7043:. Retrieved 7029: 7017:. Retrieved 7003: 6991: 6979:. Retrieved 6970: 6961: 6949: 6937:. 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Retrieved 5916: 5907: 5900:Panaino 2015 5895: 5888:Panaino 2019 5883: 5876:Panaino 1995 5871: 5864:Panaino 2019 5859: 5854:, p. 9. 5852:Panaino 2019 5847: 5840:Panaino 2019 5835: 5823:. Retrieved 5814: 5805: 5793:. Retrieved 5784: 5775: 5763:. Retrieved 5754: 5730:. Retrieved 5721: 5712: 5700:. Retrieved 5691: 5667: 5655:. Retrieved 5646: 5622:. Retrieved 5613: 5603: 5591:. Retrieved 5582: 5572: 5560:. Retrieved 5548: 5536: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5470:. Retrieved 5461: 5452: 5440: 5428:. Retrieved 5419: 5410: 5391: 5357:. Retrieved 5348: 5324:. Retrieved 5315: 5291:. Retrieved 5282: 5258:. Retrieved 5249: 5225:. Retrieved 5216: 5192:. Retrieved 5183: 5157:. Retrieved 5148: 5118:. Retrieved 5109: 5081:. Retrieved 5072: 5063: 5051:. Retrieved 5042: 5033: 5021:. Retrieved 4987: 4975: 4963: 4956:Büchner 1934 4936:. Retrieved 4932: 4922: 4910:. Retrieved 4896: 4884:. Retrieved 4870: 4859:, retrieved 4850: 4825:. Retrieved 4816: 4790:. Retrieved 4775: 4768: 4759: 4753: 4741:. 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Retrieved 4120: 4096: 4089:Skjærvø 2005 4073: 4069: 4066:Skjærvø 2005 4044: 4016: 4012: 3952: 3951:in his epic 3937:Greater Iran 3934: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3901: 3889: 3869: 3853:sons of Noah 3822: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3790: 3746: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3715: 3692: 3658: 3597: 3560:(especially 3555: 3544: 3352: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3290: 3263: 3255: 3221: 3188:Demographics 3182: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3137: 3117: 3114: 3045: 3022: 2996: 2989: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2913: 2893: 2850: 2804: 2796: 2776: 2769: 2758:cypress tree 2751: 2746: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2719: 2709: 2654:Roman Empire 2651: 2620: 2568: 2563: 2548: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2510: 2494: 2473: 2472: 2454: 2448: 2373:Greater Iran 2356:Indo-Iranian 2353: 2311: 2291: 2259: 2241: 2227: 2220: 2211: 2193: 2181: 2160: 2139:polytheistic 2135: 2103:Jamasp Namag 2087: 2050: 2019: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1973: 1971: 1956: 1916: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1884:Indo-Iranian 1865: 1848: 1846: 1831: 1830:) and fire ( 1825: 1823: 1784: 1760: 1740:Tang dynasty 1723: 1719: 1713: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1664: 1661:Frashokereti 1644: 1636: 1628: 1620: 1612: 1607:Zoroastrian 1606: 1592:Frashokereti 1588:Angra Mainyu 1584:Ahuna Vairya 1567: 1563: 1561: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1516: 1509:Angra Mainyu 1492: 1488: 1481:transcendent 1474: 1450: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1397: 1394: 1385: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1291: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1190: 1182: 1176: 1116: 1112: 1038: 1004: 997:. The word ' 988: 967: 958:Ahura Mithra 948: 935: 922: 898: 894: 888: 874: 854: 850:Farhang Mehr 842: 838:Christianity 827: 824: 821: 799:. Historian 766: 759: 749: 741: 696: 690: 684: 677: 671: 665: 661: 657: 651: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 613: 609: 605: 597: 589: 585: 581: 563: 561: 552:Fire Temples 548:Ahura Mazda, 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 525: 523: 518:𐭠𐭧𐭫𐭬𐭭𐭩 506: 502:Angra Mainyu 500: 494: 485: 480: 476: 470: 464: 450: 446: 442: 438: 436: 381: 373:Christianity 349:henotheistic 345:polytheistic 341:monotheistic 316:Angra Mainyu 315: 298: 291: 271: 267: 243: 242: 223: 74: 65: 58:Please help 53:verification 46: 29: 18:Zoroastrians 16865:New Zealand 16802:Saint Lucia 16752:El Salvador 16657:Switzerland 16592:Netherlands 16364:Philippines 16292:South Korea 16287:North Korea 16177:Afghanistan 16124:South Sudan 16014:Ivory Coast 15798:Deification 15745:Objectivism 15720:Agnosticism 15678:Persecution 15668:Video games 15633:Populations 15544:Proselytism 15512:Monasticism 15503:Clericalism 15493:Agriculture 15484:and society 15449:Soteriology 15409:Comparative 15379:Transtheism 15364:Panentheism 15148:Monasticism 14941:Gallo-Roman 14843:Micronesian 14809:Manichaeism 14757:Hermeticism 14725:Continental 14720:Anglo-Saxon 14600:Paleolithic 14595:Prehistoric 14545:Scientology 14408:Italo-Roman 14263:Radha Soami 14243:New Thought 14083:Espiritismo 14024:Waaqeffanna 13964:Fon and Ewe 13902:Sub-Saharan 13785:Satsana Phi 13581:Ghost Dance 13539:Californian 13517:Anishinaabe 13448:Karo Pemena 13427:Indonesian 13101:Lingayatism 13049:Mahanubhava 13019:Vaishnavism 12950:Jeungsanism 12873:Folk Taoism 12856:Xiantiandao 12710:Zoroastrian 12369:Charismatic 12364:Pentecostal 12327:Anglicanism 12278:Waldensians 12213:Catholicism 11859:Zoroastrian 11663:in Pakistan 11621:Persecution 11580:Khurramites 11293:Persia/Iran 11278:Zarathustra 11273:Ahura Mazda 11150:Amordadegan 11102:Khordad Sal 11069:Aspandarmad 10973:Ashishvangh 10888:Dae-Pa-Adar 10873:Aspandarmad 10835:Zoroastrian 10778:‹ The 10767:In Our Time 10350:Boyce, Mary 10060:Works cited 9891:26 February 9852:26 February 9712:26 February 9620:26 February 9407:29 December 9352:26 November 9106:16 November 8605:27 February 8148:22 December 8118:22 December 7224:Boyce, Mary 6895:"ZOROASTER" 6632:"ČĀDOR (2)" 4980:Geiger 1885 4402:Parsi Times 4206:. Culture. 4101:Hintze 2014 3904:Manichaeism 3898:Manichaeism 3851:with three 3845:Mount Sinai 3825:eschatology 3700:Indo-Aryans 3643:Westminster 3605:(mainly in 3094:fire temple 2889: 1860 2878:fire temple 2800:proselytize 2633:lands. The 2579:Mesopotamia 2497:Cambyses II 2459:(completed 2272:in 247 AH ( 1997:Tansar-nāma 1776:Verethragna 1751:fire temple 1703:In ancient 1655:Eschatology 1609:cosmography 1603:Cosmography 1557:Gavaevodata 1372:monasticism 1266:versus the 1193:Ahura Mazda 1099:Verethragna 1083:Ātar (Fire) 1064:Ahura Mazda 1051:Ahura Mazda 1019:Ahura Mazda 1013:, or other 932:Ahura Mazda 924:Ahura Mazda 913:Ahura Mazda 861:pantheistic 845:Martin Haug 769:Ahura Mazda 746:Ahura Mazda 695:. The term 582:Zarathustra 449:called the 337:eschatology 300:Ahura Mazda 290:called the 228:characters. 17070:Categories 16855:Micronesia 16732:Costa Rica 16627:San Marino 16587:Montenegro 16567:Luxembourg 16424:Uzbekistan 16399:Tajikistan 16304:Kyrgyzstan 16277:Kazakhstan 16227:East Timor 16197:Bangladesh 16187:Azerbaijan 16104:Seychelles 16069:Mozambique 16054:Mauritania 16039:Madagascar 15929:Cape Verde 15711:irreligion 15706:Secularism 15613:Minorities 15581:Toleration 15576:Syncretism 15561:Fanaticism 15551:Disability 15539:Missionary 15529:Conversion 15517:Ordination 15439:Psychology 15434:Philosophy 15374:Polytheism 15354:Monotheism 15349:Henotheism 15190:Orthopraxy 15180:Ordination 15143:Meditation 15138:Indigenous 15103:Entheogens 15088:Conversion 14914:Pueblo III 14831:Babylonian 14821:Melanesian 14747:Gnosticism 14632:Lithuanian 14525:Fourth Way 14379:Circassian 14357:Dievturība 14280:Tensegrity 14213:Falun Gong 13858:Sanamahism 13838:Donyi-Polo 13470:Polynesian 13416:Kaharingan 13341:Burkhanism 13280:Ravidassia 13258:Śvetāmbara 13044:Pushtimarg 13024:Krishnaism 12960:Vietnamese 12945:Cheondoism 12878:Yao Taoism 12814:East Asian 12580:Isma'ilism 12536:Maturidism 12315:Mennonites 12310:Hutterites 12295:Anabaptism 12188:Humanistic 11933:Bundahishn 11861:literature 11626:in Armenia 11518:Hamistagan 11374:Ashem Vohu 11288:Vohu Manah 11178:Bahmanagan 11140:Khordadgan 11019:Ardibehest 10993:Mahraspand 10963:Dae-Pa-Din 10863:Ardibehest 9966:Britannica 9948:Boyce 2001 9930:3 February 9789:3 February 9676:3 February 9454:Boyce 1982 9167:7 February 9076:3 November 8749:22 October 8544:1 December 8354:Fezana.org 8229:12 October 8206:9004216847 8031:Boyce 1979 8016:12 October 7988:Boyce 1979 7971:Boyce 1979 7959:Boyce 1979 7947:Boyce 1979 7918:Boyce 1979 7857:Boyce 1979 7845:Boyce 1979 7843:, qtd. in 7828:Boyce 1979 7809:Boyce 1979 7763:0253209153 7730:1472425529 7676:Boyce 2001 7639:Boyce 2001 7520:7 November 7120:Foltz 2013 7105:11 October 7075:27 October 7045:6 February 7019:6 February 6996:Boyce 2001 6954:Boyce 2001 6882:Boyce 2001 6867:6 November 6768:30 January 6737:30 January 6356:"VENDĪDĀD" 6326:"VISPERAD" 6029:"ĀTAŠKADA" 5811:"ŠAHREWAR" 5672:Boyce 1979 5445:Boyce 2001 4994:, p. 4992:Boyce 2001 4968:Boyce 2001 4557:Foltz 2013 4437:"Mazdaism" 4412:30 January 4353:Boyce 1983 4284:pp. 58-59. 4051:teachings. 3988:References 3963:Shia Islam 3876:Jewish law 3837:revelation 3833:messianism 3801:Mary Boyce 3749:syncretism 3683:See also: 3657:published 3651:Manchester 3647:Birmingham 3588:See also: 3361:South Asia 3305:Kermanshah 3272:(see also 3169:Tajikistan 3128:conversion 2982:al-Muqaffa 2900:Uzbekistan 2862:sectarians 2846:un-Iranian 2842:Mary Boyce 2793:Conversion 2688:See also: 2643:suzerainty 2581:, and the 2541:Persepolis 2439:Pasargadae 2419:Tajikistan 2395:See also: 2336:See also: 2200:Vohu Manah 2163:Bronze Age 2095:Bundahishn 1949:See also: 1861:diclofenac 1842:Apam Napat 1709:Azi Dahaka 1688:Hamistagan 1533:antithesis 1529:hypostasis 1452:Ashem Vohu 1368:asceticism 1322:asceticism 1219:in modern 1122:Vohu Manah 1035:polytheism 919:Ahuramazda 670:(hirbod), 606:Mazdayasna 428:conversion 369:reconciled 268:Mazdayasna 252:دین زرتشتی 68:April 2024 16973:Venezuela 16918:Argentina 16835:Australia 16787:Nicaragua 16762:Guatemala 16562:Lithuania 16384:Sri Lanka 16379:Singapore 16359:Palestine 16247:Indonesia 16237:Hong Kong 16059:Mauritius 15780:Overviews 15735:Criticism 15683:Terrorism 15658:Theocracy 15603:Happiness 15571:Pluralism 15556:Education 15482:Religion 15454:Salvation 15444:Sociology 15389:Religious 15369:Pantheism 15359:Nontheism 15252:Mountains 15230:Sacrifice 15185:Orthodoxy 15175:Mythology 15170:Mysticism 15059:Behaviour 14968:Canaanite 14951:Mithraism 14919:Pueblo IV 14909:Pueblo II 14814:Mazdakism 14789:Hungarian 14762:Mysteries 14671:Dravidian 14453:Hungarian 14369:Caucasian 14340:Godianism 14300:Agni Yoga 14290:Theosophy 14253:Rastafari 14228:Modekngei 14208:Brahmoism 14201:Syncretic 14193:movements 14191:religious 14103:Quimbanda 14051:Candomblé 14044:Diasporic 13823:Bathouism 13813:Benzhuism 13738:Tsimshian 13689:Purépecha 13610:Longhouse 13585:Sun Dance 13534:Blackfoot 13453:Malaysian 13443:Kapitayan 13253:Digambara 13238:Ayyavazhi 13203:Vajrayana 13168:Theravada 13081:Ganapatya 13054:Ramanandi 12983:Hoahaoism 12861:Yiguandao 12756:Yarsanism 12751:Shabakism 12738:Yazdânism 12728:Zurvanism 12723:Mazdaznan 12682:Rastafari 12677:Mandaeism 12551:Wahhabism 12531:Ash'arism 12494:Tolstoyan 12484:Spiritual 12474:Mormonism 12445:Judaizers 12418:Quakerism 12396:Methodist 12386:Irvingism 12337:Calvinism 12290:Adventism 12273:Moravians 12110:Abrahamic 11614:Adherents 11595:Festivals 11575:Mazdakism 11570:Zurvanism 11483:Bundahišn 11298:Faravahar 11160:Meheragan 11079:Festivals 11039:Shehrevar 11014:Fravardin 10943:Fravardin 10868:Shehrevar 10729:298782520 10495:2336-2766 9321:26 August 9066:The Hindu 8711:. Rudaw. 8311:10 August 7427:0890-4464 7421:: 47–66. 7065:ana.press 6092:cite news 6072:0261-3077 5751:"AHUNWAR" 5643:"AHRIMAN" 5593:3 October 5416:"FRAVAŠI" 4686:1356-1863 4645:Routledge 4033:0002-7189 3993:Citations 3965:in Iran. 3913:beliefs. 3865:free will 3761:Hungarian 3649:(72) and 3603:Australia 3208:Chak Chak 3029:Gujaratis 3027:—"as the 2819:Shahrbanu 2779:Al-Biruni 2700:Hamzanama 2645:over the 2639:Zurvanite 2635:Sassanids 2585:. In the 2451:Herodotus 2407:alabaster 2302:Shahnameh 2294:Vishtaspa 2244:Zoroaster 2132:Zoroaster 2126:Zoroaster 2115:scripture 2046:Khosrow I 2042:Shapur II 2022:Vologases 2008:Bundahsin 1987:Vishtaspa 1945:Scripture 1838:cosmogony 1716:Saoshyant 1580:cosmology 1568:khrafstar 1501:Zoroaster 1471:Cosmogony 1460:Cosmology 1416:Huvarshta 1364:free will 1184:Khvarenah 1173:Faravahar 1146:Haurvatat 964:Mithraism 634:'good' + 598:Zaratosht 569:Ζωροάστηρ 564:Zoroaster 562:The name 558:Etymology 508:Aka Manah 430:, strict 424:estimated 284:Zoroaster 257:romanized 169:Zoroaster 149:Dualistic 134:Scripture 49:citations 17036:Religion 16999:Category 16963:Suriname 16953:Paraguay 16938:Colombia 16845:Kiribati 16772:Honduras 16742:Dominica 16717:Barbados 16682:Scotland 16642:Slovenia 16637:Slovakia 16612:Portugal 16482:Bulgaria 16404:Thailand 16354:Pakistan 16334:Mongolia 16329:Maldives 16324:Malaysia 16212:Cambodia 16159:Zimbabwe 16134:Tanzania 15984:Ethiopia 15979:Eswatini 15959:Djibouti 15924:Cameroon 15909:Botswana 15853:Timeline 15848:Scholars 15808:Founders 15673:Violence 15628:Politics 15498:Business 15461:Theology 15205:Prophecy 15195:Paganism 15083:Covenant 15050:Apostasy 14985:Scythian 14926:Rapa Nui 14880:Thracian 14875:Illyrian 14865:Albanian 14836:Sumerian 14779:Harappan 14715:Germanic 14710:Georgian 14703:Selk'nam 14688:Etruscan 14676:Egyptian 14654:Druidism 14617:Armenian 14540:Satanism 14520:Eckankar 14443:Estonian 14428:Romanian 14418:Ossetian 14398:Germanic 14347:Armenian 14336:African 14329:paganism 14258:Sant Mat 14248:Rajneesh 14223:Meivazhi 14218:Japanese 14175:Siberian 14108:Santería 14078:Convince 13944:Bushongo 13848:Kiratism 13775:Hmongism 13652:Wocekiye 13637:Jivaroan 13605:Iroquois 13600:Ho-Chunk 13561:Cherokee 13504:American 13475:Hawaiian 13388:Sarnaism 13358:Tungusic 13346:Tengrism 13336:Mongolic 13265:Sarnaism 13196:Nichiren 13173:Mahayana 13160:Buddhism 13138:Sant Mat 13128:Sauraism 13123:Smartism 13118:Shaktism 13111:Balinese 13096:Kaumaram 13091:Kapalika 13086:Kashmiri 13071:Shaivism 13011:Hinduism 12978:Caodaism 12922:Ryukyuan 12917:Tenrikyo 12912:Shugendō 12890:Japanese 12761:Yazidism 12746:Ishikism 12624:Quranism 12597:Khawarij 12546:Salafism 12541:Atharism 12430:Esoteric 12401:Holiness 12391:Lutheran 12352:Reformed 12332:Baptists 12305:Brethren 12269:Hussites 12257:Assyrian 12173:Haymanot 12127:Orthodox 12076:Religion 12034:Category 11901:Chihrdad 11891:Vendidad 11886:Visperad 11706:Category 11636:in India 11600:Marriage 11590:Calendar 11513:Xrafstar 11437:Visperad 11432:Vendidad 11216:Category 11165:Abanegan 11087:Gambhars 10903:Khorshed 10780:template 10352:(1975). 10287:. Brill. 10252:(1947), 10222:(2014), 10192:(2013), 10145:"Yazdān" 10041:Archived 10033:"SRAOŠA" 9924:Archived 9885:Archived 9846:Archived 9783:Archived 9765:(2006). 9706:Archived 9670:Archived 9660:(1906). 9614:Archived 9557:Archived 9530:Archived 9432:Archived 9401:Archived 9346:Archived 9290:2 August 9259:2 August 9222:Archived 9192:Archived 9161:Archived 9132:archived 9100:Archived 9070:Archived 8978:Archived 8861:Archived 8743:Archived 8739:France24 8713:Archived 8687:Archived 8661:Archived 8641:3 August 8599:Archived 8568:Archived 8511:Archived 8480:Archived 8450:Archived 8417:Archived 8393:3 August 8387:Archived 8367:2 August 8358:Archived 8321:cite web 8283:Archived 8253:Archived 8223:Archived 8208:, p. 313 8194:Archived 8142:Archived 8112:Archived 8067:Archived 8010:Archived 7841:Abu Bakr 7781:Archived 7757:, 1994, 7748:Archived 7732:, p. 160 7718:Archived 7621:3 August 7615:Archived 7550:3 August 7544:Archived 7496:3 August 7490:Archived 7463:21 March 7457:Archived 7435:24048765 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March 4906:Archived 4880:Archived 4855:archived 4821:Archived 4737:Archived 4698:Archived 4694:43307294 4451:1 August 4445:Archived 4406:Archived 4381:1 August 4375:Archived 4367:"Behdīn" 4327:1 August 4321:Archived 4048:eschaton 3969:See also 3954:Shāhnāme 3945:Ferdowsi 3849:Fereydun 3769:Ossetian 3720:Sanskrit 3539:Sources: 3282:Margiana 3278:Sogdiana 3157:Revayats 3133:Vendidad 2986:Firdausi 2970:Khorasan 2868:Survival 2853:Abbasids 2834:Umayyads 2815:Muhammad 2762:Khorasan 2729:poll-tax 2666:Armenian 2647:Caucasus 2631:Armenian 2625:period, 2623:Parthian 2583:Caucasus 2575:Anatolia 2560:Xerxes I 2529:and the 2517:Behistun 2411:Bactrian 2365:Khwarezm 2298:Ferdowsi 2218:Sanskrit 2107:Rivayats 2069:Vendidad 2067:and the 2065:Visperad 2038:Shapur I 1929:manthras 1880:Vendidad 1876:Visperad 1792:mystical 1788:shamanic 1780:Tishtrya 1757:, Italy. 1553:Gayomard 1521:immanent 1351:fravashi 1300:In this 1227:manthras 1178:Fravashi 1152:Ameretat 1095:or Srōsh 1011:Hinduism 895:Rig Veda 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