Zoroaster - Knowledge

2719: 2382: 1304: 3528: 59: 2662: 4736: 2418:(216–276) was the culmination. Zoroaster's ethical dualism is—to an extent—incorporated in Manichaeism's doctrine which, unlike Mani's thoughts, viewed the world as being locked in an epic battle between opposing forces of good and evil. Manicheanism also incorporated other elements of Zoroastrian tradition, particularly the names of supernatural beings; however, many of these other Zoroastrian elements are either not part of Zoroaster's own teachings or are used quite differently from how they are used in Zoroastrianism. 2360:, among which Al-Shahrastani asserts that only the last of the three were properly followers of Zoroaster. As regards the recognition of a prophet, Zoroaster has said: "They ask you as to how should they recognize a prophet and believe him to be true in what he says; tell them what he knows the others do not, and he shall tell you even what lies hidden in your nature; he shall be able to tell you whatever you ask him and he shall perform such things which others cannot perform." (Namah Shat Vakhshur Zartust, .5–7. 50–54) 3498:. By choosing the name of 'Zarathustra' as prophet of his philosophy, as he has expressed clearly, he followed the paradoxical aim of paying homage to the original Iranian prophet and reversing his teachings at the same time. The original Zoroastrian world view interprets being essentially on a moralistic basis and depicts the world as an arena for the struggle of the two fundamentals of being, Good and Evil, represented in two antagonistic divine figures. On the contrary, Nietzsche wants his philosophy to be 3369:

Zoroaster's head had pulsated so strongly that it repelled the hand when laid upon it, a presage of his future wisdom. The Iranians were however just as familiar with the Greek writers, and the provenance of other descriptions are clear. For instance, Plutarch's description of its dualistic theologies reads thus: "Others call the better of these a god and his rival a daemon, as, for example, Zoroaster the Magus, who lived, so they record, five thousand years before the siege of Troy. He used to call the one

2479: 1923: 8031: 7543: 3581: 638: 3391: 2995: 3567: 2831: 3133:. Its ethos and cultural matrix was likewise Hellenistic, and "the ascription of literature to sources beyond that political, cultural and temporal framework represents a bid for authority and a fount of legitimizing "alien wisdom". Zoroaster and the magi did not compose it, but their names sanctioned it." The attributions to "exotic" names (not restricted to magians) conferred an "authority of a remote and revelatory wisdom." 2933: 2790: 7413: 3595: 1827: 226: 3364:", another prominent magian pseudo-author, is a set of prophecies distinguished from other Zoroastrian pseudepigrapha in that it draws on real Zoroastrian sources. Some allusions are more difficult to assess: in the same text that attributes the invention of magic to Zoroaster, Pliny states that Zoroaster laughed on the day of his birth, although in an earlier place, Pliny had sworn in the name of 4028:"258 years before Alexander" is only superficially precise. It has been suggested that this "traditional date" is an adoption of some date from foreign sources, from the Greeks or the Babylonians for example, which the priesthood then reinterpreted. A simpler explanation is that the priests subtracted 42 (the age at which Zoroaster is said to have converted Vistaspa) from the round figure of 300. 2707:—usually stylized as a steel rod crowned by a bull's head—that priests carry in their installation ceremony. In other depictions he appears with a raised hand and thoughtfully lifted finger, as if to make a point. Alternatively, this could be an Islamic influence, drawing parallels between both religions' conception of the oneness of God. 3211:, to whom most of the pseudepigraphic magical literature was attributed." Although Pliny calls him the inventor of magic, the Roman does not provide a "magician's persona" for him. Moreover, the little "magical" teaching that is ascribed to Zoroaster is actually very late, with the very earliest example being from the 14th century. 3353:), of which nothing is known other than its extent (one volume) and that pseudo-Zoroaster 'sang' it (from which Cumont and Bidez conclude that it was in verse). Numerous other fragments preserved in the works of other authors are attributed to "Zoroaster", but the titles of those books are not mentioned. 3701:

Most scholars believe this dating to be way too recent based on linguistic and socio-cultural evidence, instead placing Zoroaster's life sometime in the 2nd millenium or early 1st millenium BC, with some suggesting dates as early as the 18th century BC, or as late as the 6th century BC, the latter of

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that refer to the Zoroastrian doctrine do not match the sources that appeared after the collapse of the state, such as the Pahlavi source and others. The reason is that because of the fall of the Sasanian state, the Zoroastrian clerics tried to save their religion from extinction through modifying it

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that cover the core of Zoroastrian thinking. Little is known about Zoroaster; most of his life is known only from these scant texts. By any modern standard of historiography, no evidence can place him into a fixed period and the historicization surrounding him may be a part of a trend from before the

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indicates that the stories of Zoroaster's life were distorted by quoting stories from Christianity and Judaism and attributing them to Zoroaster, but the most quotations were from Islam after the entry of Muslims into Persia, as it was a means for the Zoroastrian clergy to strengthen their religion.

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some even identified Cyrus with Vishtaspa) counting back the length of successive generations, until they concluded that Zoroaster must have lived "258 years before Alexander". This estimate then re-appeared in the 9th- to 12th-century Arabic and Pahlavi texts of Zoroastrian tradition, like the 10th

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in 1945. A three-line cryptogram in the colophones following the 131-page treatise identify the work as "words of truth of Zostrianos. God of Truth . Words of Zoroaster." Invoking a "God of Truth" might seem Zoroastrian, but there is otherwise "nothing noticeably Zoroastrian" about the text and "in

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According to the tradition, he lived for many years after Vishtaspa's conversion, managed to establish a faithful community, and married three times. His first two wives bore him three sons, Isat Vâstra, Urvatat Nara, and Hvare Chithra, and three daughters, Freni, Thriti, and Pouruchista. His third

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that no child had ever done so before the 40th day from his birth. This notion of Zoroaster's laughter also appears in the 9th– to 11th-century texts of genuine Zoroastrian tradition, and for a time it was assumed that the origin of those myths lay with indigenous sources. Pliny also records that

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Zoroaster's training for priesthood probably started very early around seven years of age. He became a priest probably around the age of 15, and according to Gathas, gaining knowledge from other teachers and personal experience from traveling when he left his parents at age 20. By the age of 30,

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Apart from these indications in Middle Persian sources that are open to interpretations, there are a number of other sources. The Greek and Latin sources are divided on the birthplace of Zoroaster. There are many Greek accounts of Zoroaster, referred usually as Persian or Perso-Median Zoroaster;

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rulers who gained power following Alexander's death instituted an "Age of Alexander" as the new calendrical epoch. This did not appeal to the Zoroastrian priesthood who then attempted to establish an "Age of Zoroaster". To do so, they needed to establish when Zoroaster had lived, which they

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After the Islamic conquest of Persia and the migration of many Zoroastrians to India and after being exposed to Islamic and Christian propaganda, the Zoroastrians, especially the Parsis in India, went so far as to deny dualism and consider themselves completely monotheists. After several

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Although a few recent depictions of Zoroaster show him performing some deed of legend, in general the portrayals merely present him in white vestments (which are also worn by present-day Zoroastrian priests). He often is seen holding a collection of unbound rods or twigs, known as a

4235: 4233: 1279:('wrong, unjust, idle'), which therefore means that "the name must have been reinterpreted in an anti-Zoroastrian sense by the Armenian Christians". Furthermore, Schmitt adds: "it cannot be excluded, that the (Parthian or) Middle Persian form, which the Armenians took over ( 776:, though most scholars, using linguistic and socio-cultural evidence, suggest a dating to somewhere in the second millennium BC. Zoroastrianism eventually became Iran's most prominent religion from around the 6th century BC, enjoying official sanction during the time of the 1413:. According to Pliny the Elder, there were two Zoroasters. The first lived thousands of years ago, while the second accompanied Xerxes I in the invasion of Greece in 480 BC. Some scholars propose that the chronological calculation for Zoroaster was developed by Persian 1615:

The birthplace of Zoroaster is also unknown, and the language of the Gathas is not similar to the proposed north-western and north-eastern regional dialects of Persia. It is also suggested that he was born in one of the two areas and later lived in the other area.

1689:). In the 9th- to 12th-century Middle Persian texts of Zoroastrian tradition, this 'Ragha' and with many other places appear as locations in Western Iran. While the land of Media does not figure at all in the Avesta (the westernmost location noted in scripture is 3493:

uses the native Iranian name Zarathustra, which has a significant meaning as he had used the familiar Greek-Latin name in his earlier works. It is believed that Nietzsche invents a characterization of Zarathustra as the mouthpiece for Nietzsche's own ideas about

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is now lost, and of the attested texts—with only one exception—only fragments have survived. Pliny's 2nd- or 3rd-century attribution of "two million lines" to Zoroaster suggest that (even if exaggeration and duplicates are taken into consideration) a formidable

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that saw him, at the core, to be the "prophet and founder of the religion of the Iranian peoples," Beck notes that "the rest was mostly fantasy". Zoroaster was set in the ancient past, six to seven millennia before the Common Era, and was described as a king of

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Zoroaster is rarely depicted as looking directly at the viewer; instead, he appears to be looking slightly upwards, as if beseeching. Zoroaster is almost always depicted with a beard along with other factors bearing similarities to 19th-century portraits of

1524:(who dated Zoroaster to somewhere between 1700 and 1000 BC) used linguistic and socio-cultural evidence to place Zoroaster between 1500 and 1000 BC (or 1200 and 900 BC). The basis of this theory is primarily proposed on linguistic similarities between the 2322:(I, 681–683) recounts that Zaradusht accompanied a Jewish prophet to Bishtasb/Vishtaspa. Upon their arrival, Zaradusht translated the sage's Hebrew teachings for the king and so convinced him to convert (Tabari also notes that they had previously been 1834:

Zoroaster is recorded as the son of Pourushaspa of the Spitama family, and Dugdōw, while his great-grandfather was Haēčataspa. All the names appear appropriate to the nomadic tradition. His father's name means 'possessing gray horses' (with the word

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In modern scholarship, two main approaches can be distinguished: a late dating to the 7th and 6th centuries BC, based on the indigenous Zoroastrian tradition, and an early dating, which places his life more generally in the 15th to 9th centuries BC.

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article on the history of Zoroastrianism summarizes the issue with "while there is general agreement that he did not live in western Iran, attempts to locate him in specific regions of eastern Iran, including Central Asia, remain tentative".

2030:. Before, he wanted the tree to be reconstructed before his eyes. This was done in spite of protests by the Iranians, who offered a very great sum of money to save the tree. Al-Mutawakkil never saw the cypress, because he was murdered by a 1772:

homelands, some of which then decided that Zoroaster must then have then been buried in their regions or composed his Gathas there or preached there. Arabic sources of the same period and the same region of historical Persia also consider

4149:, pp. 149–150: "At present, the majority opinion among scholars probably inclines toward the end of the second millennium or the beginning of the first, although there are still those who hold for a date in the seventh century." 3105:

Zoroaster has also been described as a sorcerer-astrologer – the creator of both magic and astrology. Deriving from that image, and reinforcing it, was a "mass of literature" attributed to him and that circulated the

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30.2.3). "However, a principle of the division of labor appears to have spared Zoroaster most of the responsibility for introducing the dark arts to the Greek and Roman worlds." That "dubious honor" went to the "fabulous magus,

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in Greek). However, if this was true, it seems unlikely that the Avesta would not mention that Vishtaspa's son became the ruler of the Persian Empire, or that this key fact about Darius's father would not be mentioned in the

3343:), and which ran to five volumes (i.e. papyrus rolls). The title and fragments suggest that it was an astrological handbook, "albeit a very varied one, for the making of predictions." A third text attributed to Zoroaster is 1600:

Traditions favoring a late date for Zoroaster's life have fallen out of vogue with some Zoroastian communities, who see the prospect of their faith having more ancient roots than previously thought as a welcome development.

1808:. The medieval "from Media" hypothesis is no longer taken seriously, and Zaehner has even suggested that this was a Magi-mediated issue to garner legitimacy, but this has been likewise rejected by Gershevitch and others. 4242:, : "Controversy over Zaraθuštra's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so ". 1567:

could have been composed more than a few centuries apart. These scholars suggest that Zoroaster lived in an isolated tribe or composed the Gathas before the 1200–1000 BC migration by the Iranians from the steppe to the

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Zoroastrian tradition from no later than the 10th century AD holds that Zoroaster's revelation happened at 30 years old "258 years before the time of Alexander" (almost certainly based on faulty reasoning, see

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views Zoroaster as a Prophet and describe the expressions of the all-good Ahura Mazda and evil Ahriman as merely referring to the coexistence of forces of good and evil enabling humans to exercise free will.

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In 2005, the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy ranked Zoroaster as first in the chronology of philosophers. Zoroaster's impact lingers today due in part to the system of religious ethics he founded called

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The Cypress of Kashmar is a mythical cypress tree of legendary beauty and gargantuan dimensions. It is said to have sprung from a branch brought by Zoroaster from Paradise and to have stood in today's

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and from a 6th-century commentator on Aristotle it is known that the acquisition policies of well-endowed royal libraries created a market for fabricating manuscripts of famous and ancient authors.

1334:, while others use internal evidence. While many scholars today consider a date around 1000 BC to be the most likely, others still consider a range of dates between 1500 and 500 BC to be possible. 1326:

There is no consensus on the dating of Zoroaster. The Avesta gives no direct information about it, while historical sources are conflicting. Some scholars base their date reconstruction on the

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wife, Hvōvi, was childless. Zoroaster died when he was 77 years and 40 days old. There are conflicting traditions on Zoroaster's manner of death. The most common is that he was murdered by a

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was linguistically an actual form is shown by later attestations reflecting the same basis. All present-day Iranian-language variants of his name derive from the Middle Iranian variants of

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the doctrines of Zoroastrianism to have been". The assembled fragments do not even show noticeable commonality of outlook and teaching among the several authors who wrote under each name.

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in the 4th century BC, and as the early Greeks learned about him from the Achaemenids, this indicates they did not regard him as a contemporary of Cyrus the Great, but as a remote figure.

2013: 7516: 7470: 2466:, the head of the Bahá'í Faith in the first half of the 20th century, saw Bahá'u'lláh as the fulfillment of a post-Sassanid Zoroastrian prophecy that saw a return of Sassanid emperor 7486: 2701:), which is generally considered to be another symbol of priesthood, or with a book in hand, which may be interpreted to be the Avesta. Alternatively, he appears with a mace, the 4250: 4248: 2718: 4332: 2726: 8095: 3162:

has the Sun in middle position, which was how it was understood in the 3rd century. In contrast, Plato's 4th-century BC version had the Sun in second place above the Moon.

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place them at around March 26 and December 26 respectively, which contradict the traditional account. It is likely the dates are symbolic at best and conjectural at worst.

2621:. For Zoroaster, by thinking good thoughts, saying good words, and doing good deeds (e.g. assisting the needy, doing good works, or conducting good rituals) one increases 2182:

This provides an explanation of why a number of parallels have been drawn between Zoroastrian teachings and Islam. Such parallels include the evident similarities between

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around his head. Until the 1920s, this figure was commonly thought to be a depiction of Zoroaster, but in recent years is more commonly interpreted to be a depiction of

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meaning 'horse'), while his mother's means 'milkmaid'. According to the tradition, he had four brothers, two older and two younger, whose names are given in much later

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Ibn Kathir has quoted the original narrative was borrowed from Tabari's record of the "History of Jerusalem". He also mentioned that Zoroastrian was synonymous with

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transformations and developments, one of the distinctive features of the Zoroastrian religion gradually faded away and almost disappeared from modern Zoroastrianism

4061:, with the latter specifically stating (in 943/944 AD) that "the Magians count a period of two hundred and fifty-eight years between their prophet and Alexander." 3302:. This corpus can safely be assumed to be pseudepigrapha because no one before Pliny refers to literature by "Zoroaster", and on the authority of the 2nd-century 7531: 3278:

While the division along the lines of Zoroaster/astrology and Ostanes/magic is an "oversimplification, the descriptions do at least indicate what the works are

1491:. This date gains credence mainly from attempts to connect figures in Zoroastrian texts to historical personages; thus some have postulated that the mythical 1459:

who cited a prophecy from a lost Avestan book in which Zoroaster foretold the Empire's destruction in 300 years, but the religion would last for 1,000 years.

2641:, but can make a personal choice to be co-workers, thereby perfecting the world as saoshyants ("world-perfecters") and eventually achieving the status of an 2434:", one of a line of prophets who have progressively revealed the Word of God to a gradually maturing humanity. Zoroaster thus shares an exalted station with 2603:

Zoroaster emphasized the freedom of the individual to choose right or wrong and individual responsibility for one's deeds. This personal choice to accept

1263:. Based on this assumption, Andreas even went so far to form conclusions from this also for the Avestan form of the name. However, the modern Iranologist 7478: 7461: 7517: 2852: 2845: 2255:"of the Book" cannot apply in light of the Zoroastrian assertion that their books were destroyed by Alexander. Citing the authority of the 8th-century 7480: 2557:. For humankind, this occurs through active ethical participation in life, ritual, and the exercise of constructive/good thoughts, words, and deeds. 1547:–1100 BC), a collection of early Vedic hymns. Both texts are considered to have a common archaic Indo-Iranian origin. The Gathas portray an ancient 7489: 6211: 666: 3540: 2295:), governor of Nebuchadnezzar, and spread his teaching of Zoroastrianism there. Bashtaasib then followed his teaching, forces the inhabitants of 7477: 6308:

Beck, Roger (1991), "Thus Spake Not Zarathushtra: Zoroastrian Pseudepigrapha of the Greco-Roman World", in Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (eds.),

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Like the Greeks of classical antiquity, Islamic tradition understands Zoroaster to be the founding prophet of the Magians (via Aramaic, Arabic

381: 1768:. Coming from a reputed scholar of religions, this was a serious blow to the various regions which all claimed that Zoroaster originated from 939:

root for 'camel', with the entire name meaning 'he who can manage camels'. Reconstructions from later Iranian languages—particularly from the

7514: 6422: 7504: 1572:. The shortfall of the argument is the vague comparison, and the archaic language of Gathas does not necessarily indicate time difference. 7507: 7487: 7512: 7508: 7473: 7440: 6228: 1797: 7468: 7467: 7004:

Nock, A. D. (1929), "(Book Review) Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland by R. Reitzenstein & H. H. Schaeder",

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sage, i.e. having a mission preceded by ascetic withdrawal and enlightenment. However, at first mentioned in the context of dualism, in

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refers to some Iranian peoples that are unknown in the Greek and Achaemenid sources about the 6th and 5th century BC Eastern Iran. The

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soldier named Baraturish, potentially a spin on the same figure, while other traditions combine both accounts or hold that he died of

1362:), which is a possible misunderstanding of the Zoroastrian four cycles of 3,000 years (i.e. 12,000 years). This belief is recorded by 7509: 4529: 2167:

The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies comments that the Islamic conquest of Persia caused a huge impact on the Zoroastrian doctrine.

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Gronke, Monika (1993), "Derwische im Vorhof der Macht. Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Nordwestirans im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert",

1508:. It is also possible that Darius I's father was named in honor of the Zoroastrian patron, indicating possible Zoroastrian faith by 1433:, which references a date "258 years before Alexander") place Zoroaster in the 6th century BC, which coincided with the accounts by 7579: 7518: 6676: 5263: 3608: 7522: 3457:

I believe, besides Zoroaster, there were divers that writ before Moses, who notwithstanding have suffered the common fate of time.

7498: 7497: 2283:, Zoroaster came into conflict with Jeremiah which resulted in angry Jeremiah cast a curse upon Zoroaster, causing him to suffer 1865:(Wise Lord) and five other radiant figures. Zoroaster soon became aware of the existence of two primal spirits, the second being 7513: 7463: 2568:

and have been identified as one of the key early events in the development of philosophy. Among the classic Greek philosophers,

2346:(an otherwise undocumented sect that – per Sharastani – seems to have had a stronger doctrine of Ahriman's "non-reality"), the 1849:

Zoroaster experienced a revelation during a spring festival; on the river bank he saw a shining being, who revealed himself as

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6, reports deciding to journey to Babylon "to ask one of the magi, Zoroaster's disciples and successors," for their opinion.

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From a letter of the Universal House of Justice, Department of the Secretariat, May 13, 1979, to Gayle Woolson published in

7496: 7495: 7483: 5680: 4257:, : "In the last ten years a general consensus has gradually emerged in favor of placing the Gāthās around 1000 BCE ". 3146:), which appears to have originally constituted four volumes (i.e. papyrus rolls). The framework is a retelling of Plato's 1788:(though in a much wider scope than the present-day province) as the homeland of Zoroastrianism; Frye voted for Bactria and 1366:, and variant readings could place it 600 years before Xerxes I, somewhere before 1000 BC. However, Diogenes also mentions 659: 7997: 7527: 2026:) caused the mighty cypress to be felled, and then transported it across Iran, to be used for beams in his new palace at 588: 7494: 5669:

Frankfort, H., Frankfort, H. A. G., Wilson, J. A., & Jacobsen, T. (1964). Before Philosophy. Penguin, Harmondsworth.

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The exception to the fragmentary evidence (i.e. reiteration of passages in works of other authors) is a complete Coptic

3098:, Plutarch presents Zoroaster as "Zaratras," not realizing the two to be the same, and he is described as a "teacher of 2895: 2522:—which is highly nuanced and difficult to translate—is at the foundation of all Zoroastrian doctrine, including that of 1745:

suggest west of Iran as his birthplace. Moreover, they have the suggestion that there has been more than one Zoroaster.

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adaptation of "Zarathushtra Spitama") was an inhabitant of Israel and a servant of one of the disciples of the prophet

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itself means "abundant strength", and is thought to have been a clan or family name taken from an eponymous ancestor.

3519: 3430: 3052: 3034: 2976: 2914: 2817: 7526: 7510: 7465: 7464: 3282:"; they were not expressions of Zoroastrian doctrine, they were not even expressions of what the Greeks and Romans " 2958: 714:, which he is believed to have authored, he is described as a preacher and a poet-prophet. He also had an impact on 8090: 2048: 871:. The Greek form of the name appears to be based on a phonetic transliteration or semantic substitution of Avestan 7466: 3248:) which he himself had invoked, and even, that the stars killed him in revenge for having been restrained by him. 2627:

in the world and in themselves, celebrating the divine order, and coming a step closer on the everlasting road to

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Die arischen Personennamen und ihre Träger bei den Alexanderhistorikern (Studien zur iranischen Anthroponomastik)

3230:, even as the 'living' star. Later, an even more elaborate mythoetymology evolved: Zoroaster died by the living ( 2874: 652: 6322: 8085: 8060: 7529: 7490: 6151: 5784: 3547:. A sculpture of Zoroaster appears with other prominent religious figures on the south side of the exterior of 3412: 3264: 3016: 2943: 1500: 7524: 772:

His life is traditionally dated to sometime around the 7th and 6th centuries BC, making him a contemporary of

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An early reference to Zoroaster in English literature occur in the writings of the physician-philosopher Sir

2271:. According to this tale, Zaradusht defrauded his master, who cursed him, causing him to become leprous (cf. 1583:'s writings on the topic. Mair himself guessed that Zoroaster could have been born in the 2nd millennium BC. 6430: 8013: 7960: 7572: 7515: 7511: 6888: 2881: 2764: 2260: 2107: 2056: 1638:(both Old and Younger portions) does not mention the Achaemenids or of any West Iranian tribes such as the 890: 27: 3951: 1088: 1050:

Mayrhofer (1977) proposed an etymology of 'who is desiring camels' or 'longing for camels' and related to

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The History of Philosophy from the Earliest Periods: Drawn Up from Brucker's Historia Critica Philosophia

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By the late 20th century, most scholars had settled on an origin in eastern Greater Iran. Gnoli proposed

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from the 4th century AD. The traditional Zoroastrian date originates in the period immediately following

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based on his perception of "Zoroastrian" philosophy, in order to express his disagreement with Plato on

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Eventually, at the age of about 42, Zoroaster received the patronage of queen Hutaosa and a ruler named

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region as "the native land of the Zoroastrians and, probably, of Zoroaster himself." Boyce includes the

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or 559–522 BC. The latest possible date is the mid 6th century BC, at the time of Achaemenid Empire's

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soldier (possibly in the employ of his son) on the night when it arrived on the banks of the Tigris.

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These pseudepigraphic texts aside, some authors did draw on a few genuinely Zoroastrian ideas. The

3263:, attributes the creation of the seven-day week to "the Babylonians in the circle of Zoroaster and 3256: 2072: 1956: 1556: 746: 695: 7987: 2600:, used a similar term, philosophy, or "love of wisdom" to describe the search for ultimate truth. 949:, which is the form that the name took in the 9th- to 12th-century Zoroastrian texts—suggest that 8105: 8035: 7965: 7914: 7565: 7383: 6439: 6339: 3618: 3401: 3005: 2954: 2841: 2593: 2381: 1981: 838: 573: 209: 7642: 7488: 7471: 7377: 7227: 6509:

Mute Dreams, Blind Owls, and Dispersed Knowledges: Persian Poesis in the Transnational Circuitry

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In Search of Zarathustra – Across Iran and Central Asia to Find the World's First Prophet

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content, style, ethos and intention, its affinities are entirely with the congeners among the

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The purpose of humankind, like that of all other creation, is to sustain and align itself to

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Classical scholarship in the 6th to 4th century BC believed he existed 6,000 years before

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Watkins, Alison (2006), "Where Got I That Truth? Psychic Junk in a Modernist Landscape",

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Sieber, John (July 1973), "An Introduction to the Tractate Zostrianos from Nag Hammadi",

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in northeastern Iran and to have been planted by Zoroaster in honor of the conversion of

1438: 1347: 832: 727: 548: 64: 7262:, Vienna: n.p. (Institut für Südasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde der Universität Wien) 7034:

International Association for the Study of Cultures of Central Asia Information Bulletin

6646: 2678:, an alchemy manuscript published in Germany in the late 17th or early 18th century and 7817: 7751: 7189: 7062: 7021: 6921: 6875: 6867: 6758: 6693: 6577: 6301: 5962: 3718:

Zoroastrian tradition usually places Zoroaster's death at 77 years and 40 days of age.

3696: 3548: 3310: 3187: 3186:

only two facts are known: that it was crammed with astrological speculations, and that

3179: 2888: 2145: 2061: 2018:('The Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation'), he further describes how the 1993: 1842: 1734: 1552: 1214: 787: 461: 391: 6720: 4097:

quotations are per the Ludovici translation. Paraphrases follow the original passage (

2312:

instead stated that some older narration said that Zoroaster was a former disciple of

1264: 7450: 7339: 7318: 7300: 7277: 7233: 7210: 7200: 7193: 7167: 7151: 7135: 7119: 7066: 6991: 6952: 6879: 6859: 6826: 6808: 6762: 6741:

Kingsley, Peter (1990), "The Greek Origin of the Sixth-Century Dating of Zoroaster",

6652: 6631: 6581: 6534: 6513: 6490: 6408: 6385: 6362: 5780: 5738: 5031: 4859: 4663: 4538: 3471: 3074: 2733:

in South-Western Iran. The original is now believed to be either a representation of

2309: 2164:

to resemble the religion of Muslims to retain followers in the Zoroastrian religion.

2010:, King Vishtaspa had been a patron of Zoroaster who planted the tree himself. In his 1774: 1667: 1442: 1351: 1238: 1171: 1131:

has not yet been determined. Notwithstanding the phonetic irregularity, that Avestan

1014: 703: 7418: 5779:. Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava . Leiden, NDL: Brill Archive. p. 129. 4655:

Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire

2745:

Many modern depictions of Zoroaster derive from a Sassanid-era rock-face carving at

1041:'who is driving camels' or 'who is fostering/cherishing camels': related to Avestan 780:, until the 7th century AD, when the religion itself began to decline following the 7934: 7738: 7728: 7398: 7181: 7108: 7054: 7013: 6851: 6778: 6750: 6685: 6569: 6313: 6297: 6258: 5776:

In Mist Apparelled: Religious Themes in Plutarch's Moralia and Lives, Volumes 48–50

5644: 5639: 4849: 3973: 3928: 3854: 3779: 3735: 3723: 3539:, representing ancient Persian judicial wisdom and dating to 1896, towers over the 3118: 2950: 2099: 1722: 1525: 1195: 1110: 993: 849: 553: 376: 371: 58: 7273:

The Hymns of Zoroaster: A New Translation of the Most Ancient Sacred Texts of Iran

7032:

Sarianidi, V. (1987), "South-West Asia: Migrations, the Aryans and Zoroastrians",

5025: 3480:(1819), the mage Prosper Alpanus states that Professor Zoroaster was his teacher. 2190:, praying five times a day, covering one's head during prayer, and the mention of 7333: 7294: 7271: 7223: 7204: 7172: 6985: 6946: 6802: 6507: 6402: 6379: 6356: 5774: 5447: 4853: 4653: 4053:

xxxiv.9). That '258 years' was the generally accepted figure is however noted by

3586: 3531:

Zoroaster statue (left) atop the Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State.

3513: 3218:

origin, and Zoroaster's Greek name was identified at first with star-worshiping (

3197: 3126: 3122: 2672: 2156: 1753: 1738: 1625: 1610: 1590: 1569: 1488: 1446: 1379: 1229:). The most important of these testimonies were provided by the Armenian authors 1069: 777: 773: 691: 642: 6103: 5684: 3251:

The alternate Greek name for Zoroaster was Zaratras or Zaratas/Zaradas/Zaratos.

1267:

rejects Andreas's assumption, and states that the older form which started with

7832: 7827: 7776: 7718: 7588: 6839: 6769:

Khlopin, I.N. (1992), "Zoroastrianism – Location and Time of its Origin",

5452:. Translated by Dar Al Kalam Staff. دار القلم للطباعة و النشر و التوزيع - بيروت 3684: 3600: 3449: 3295: 3290: 3252: 3114: 3091: 2809: 2749:. In this depiction, a figure is seen to preside over the coronation of either 2738: 2679: 2560:

Elements of Zoroastrian philosophy entered the West through their influence on

2463: 2415: 2392: 2337: 2075: 2031: 1977: 1749: 1685:, or supreme head of the Zoroastrian priesthood, is said to reside in 'Ragha' ( 1643: 1580: 1579:

or before was suggested by Silk Road Seattle, using its own interpretations of

1576: 1533: 1051: 940: 816: 699: 476: 471: 421: 361: 217: 184: 7058: 6855: 6754: 5315:"ZOROASTRIANISM II. HISTORICAL REVIEW: FROM THE ARAB CONQUEST TO MODERN TIMES" 4574: 2478: 1941:, an early adherent of Zoroastrianism (possibly from Bactria according to the 8049: 7970: 7746: 7657: 7322: 7185: 7045:

Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1977), "The 'Traditional Date of Zoroaster' Explained",

6863: 6798: 6526: 4845: 3572: 3476: 3444: 3107: 3066: 2183: 2019: 1922: 1898: 1709:). However, in Avestan, Ragha is simply a toponym meaning 'plain, hillside.' 1230: 593: 386: 291: 7112: 6782: 5497: 2592:

and is translated as 'Worship of Wisdom/Mazda' in English. The encyclopedia

2470:; Effendi also stated that Zoroaster lived roughly 1000 years before Jesus. 1476:

Some scholars propose a period between 7th and 6th century BC, for example,

7837: 7822: 7791: 7781: 7713: 7708: 7677: 6977: 6716: 6080: 5423: 4961: 3374: 3255:

considered the mathematicians to have studied with Zoroaster in Babylonia.

2746: 2730: 2630: 2214: 2129: 1868: 1793: 1757: 1597:

have dated Zoroaster to roughly 3,500 years ago, in the 2nd millennium BC.

1586: 1320: 1312: 758: 735: 707: 481: 466: 426: 356: 351: 316: 90: 7296:

Hellenica: Volume III: Philosophy, Music and Metre, Literary Byways, Varia

6547:

Frye, Richard N. (1992), "Zoroastrians in Central Asia in Ancient Times",

6484: 815:. His translated name, "Zoroaster", derives from a later (5th century BC) 7909: 7723: 7602: 4386: 3910: 3719: 3370: 2754: 2525: 2411: 2334: 2160: 2065: 1860: 1805: 1560: 1390: 793: 762: 511: 366: 241: 6871: 6186: 6155: 4172: 4170: 7847: 7812: 7703: 7617: 6398: 6375: 5711: 5368: 4040: 3415: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3155: 3147: 3099: 3019: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2750: 2597: 2569: 2288: 2280: 1889:(deception). Thus he decided to spend his life teaching people to seek 1852: 1761: 1696: 1686: 1521: 1451: 1428: 1398: 1371: 1367: 1180: 766: 723: 715: 456: 346: 256: 7025: 6697: 3214:

Association with astrology according to Roger Beck, were based on his

2596:

claims that Zoroastrians later educated the Greeks who, starting with

1960: 1555:

bipartite society of warrior-herdsmen and priests (compared to Bronze

992:

is the original form, it may mean 'with old/aging camels', related to

7904: 7899: 7627: 7170:(2008), "On the State and Prospects of the Study of Zoroastrianism", 6842:(1990). "Old Sinitic *Myag, Old Persian Maguš and English Magician". 6619: 4167: 4058: 4054: 3645: 3544: 3361: 3348: 3338: 3332: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3141: 3087: 2774: 2565: 2490:, 1509, showing what may be Zoroaster (left, with star-studded globe) 2349: 2319: 2292: 2226: 2210: 2003: 1968: 1942: 1938: 1789: 1765: 1706: 1690: 1548: 1492: 1456: 1410: 1359: 1355: 836: 820: 784:. Zoroaster is credited with authorship of the Gathas as well as the 506: 501: 266: 225: 193: 3390: 3117:, though at one stage or another various parts of it passed through 2994: 2961:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2830: 2500:, Zoroaster sees the human condition as the mental struggle between 2006:

to Zoroastrianism. According to the Iranian physicist and historian

7842: 7766: 7761: 7407: 7403: 7017: 6689: 6573: 5936: 5742: 5730: 5699: 3947: 3675:), where "time of Alexander" is vague, and could either begin with 3580: 3495: 3365: 3078: 3070: 2467: 2451: 2414:

considered Zoroaster to be a figure in a line of prophets of which

2268: 2246: 2069: 1929: 1661: 1653: 1496: 1484: 1343: 1308: 637: 411: 406: 311: 3709:, give or take a few centuries, is the most conservative estimate. 3628:, a philosophical novel by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. 3110:

world from the 3rd century BC to the end of antiquity and beyond.

2287:, and exiling him. Zoroaster later moved to a place of modern-day 7873: 7807: 7786: 7632: 7557: 6916:, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4474:

Paul Horn, Grundriß der neupersischen Etymologie, Strassburg 1893

3692: 3325: 3215: 3208: 3163: 3095: 3083: 2589: 2561: 2487: 2443: 2435: 2325: 2284: 2206: 2187: 2027: 1999: 1718: 1714: 1647: 1634:) as Zoroaster's home and the scene of his first appearance. The 1564: 1537: 1509: 1402: 1394: 806: 750: 731: 694:

religious reformer who challenged the tenets of the contemporary

531: 451: 431: 271: 3702:

which would seemingly match with the tradition. Sometime around

3566: 2725:

depiction of Zoroaster from a 1906 travel guide. Derived from a

1895:. He received further revelations and saw a vision of the seven 7975: 7852: 7698: 7693: 7662: 5990: 5858: 5026:

William Enfield; Johann Jakob Brucker; Knud Haakonssen (2001).

4019:

For refutation of these and other proposals, see Humbach, 1991.

3331:

Another work circulating under the name of "Zoroaster" was the

3268: 3090:(or teacher of Babylonians), and with a biography typical of a 2768: 2734: 2722: 2690: 2296: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2191: 1914: 1906: 1801: 1781: 1742: 1726: 1670:, most of which are located in north-eastern and eastern Iran. 1635: 1529: 1382:

cited Eudoxus which placed his death 6,000 years before Plato,

1234: 1005: 754: 711: 583: 541: 536: 396: 341: 296: 180: 179:

Spiritual founder, central figure, prophet and composer of the

7460: 6948:

Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology

6381:

A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume II: Under the Achaemenians

6229:"Rockefeller Memorial Chapel | the University of Chicago" 3863: 3836: 3806: 3507: 3150:, with Zoroaster taking the place of the original hero. While 3136:

Among the named works attributed to "Zoroaster" is a treatise

3069:

of the term—had an understanding of Zoroaster as expressed by

2503: 2455: 1830:

19th century painting depicting the events of Zoroaster's life

1826: 1257:(1846–1930) used as evidence for a Middle Persian spoken form 755:

corpus of Zoroastrian religious texts written in that language

7894: 7868: 7771: 7756: 7672: 7667: 6804:

Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology & Practice

5449:

Stories of the Prophets (Peace be upon them): Qasas Al-Anbiya

5314: 4157: 4155: 3997: 3875: 3818: 3788: 3303: 3167: 3130: 2712: 2447: 2439: 2313: 2303: 2234: 2199: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2087: 1702: 1639: 1406: 1374:, which would mean he lived around 6200 BC. The 10th-century 1316: 1097:

was for a time itself subjected to heated debate because the

844: 826: 739: 719: 416: 401: 306: 301: 197: 6674:

Jackson, A. V. Williams (1896), "On the Date of Zoroaster",

5381: 4038: 3872: 2696: 1961: 1701:, or "Primordial Creation", (20.32 and 24.15) puts Ragha in 1629: 1426: 1258: 1165: 1144: 1059:, 'to like', and perhaps (though ambiguous) also to Avestan 1023: 944: 7878: 7622: 7612: 7156:"Zoroaster, as perceived in Western Europe after antiquity" 6684:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 17: 1–22, 6624:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages

5870: 3956: 3887: 3866: 3821: 3791: 2299:

to convert to Zoroastrianism and killed those who refused.

2117: 2079: 1884: 1876: 1414: 1375: 911: 905: 884: 866: 261: 251: 39: 6721:"AVESTA i. Survey of the history and contents of the book" 6667:

The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the other Old Avestan texts

6560:

Gershevitch, Ilya (1964), "Zoroaster's Own Contribution",

4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4152: 2572:

is often referred to as inspired by Zoroaster's thinking.

1425:

Some later pseudo-historical and Zoroastrian sources (the

1290: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1248: 1242: 1224: 1218: 6823:

The Dying God: The Hidden History of Western Civilization

6189:ایرون دات کام: عکس ها: مجسّمهٔ تمام قّدِ زرتشت در نیویورک 5651: 5615: 4403: 4401: 3827: 3797: 2155:

mentioned that the sources dating back to the era of the

2023: 7229:

The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853–63

7203:; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna (2015), 7199: 7073:

Schlerath, Bernfried (1977), "Noch einmal Zarathustra",

5768: 5766: 5636:

Herakleitos Und Zoroaster: Eine Historische Untersuchung

5390:"The Reconstruction of Jerusalem In the Era of Jeremiah" 4769: 4612: 4392: 4260: 4176: 6358:

A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume I: The Early Period

4482: 4480: 4294: 3672: 1563:), and that it is thus implausible that the Gathas and 16:

Iranian prophet and spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism

7162:, vol. OT9, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 7047:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

6743:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

5007: 4799: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4398: 1370:'s belief that Zoroaster lived 5,000 years before the 1174: 1054: 1017: 893: 7448: 5763: 5567: 5555: 4576:

Dictionary Of Manichean Middle Persian & Parthian

4344: 4342: 3986: 3941: 3914: 3904: 3878: 3860: 3857: 3830: 3815: 3812: 3800: 3794: 3785: 3763: 3756: 3748: 2758: 2702: 2688: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2583: 2577: 2552: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2523: 2517: 2509: 2501: 2495: 1971: 1950: 1927: 1912: 1904: 1896: 1890: 1882: 1874: 1866: 1858: 1850: 1836: 1694: 1680: 1674: 1659: 1651: 1619: 1420: 1389:. Other pseudo-historical constructions are those of 1205: 1189: 1150: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1104: 1098: 1092: 1082: 1072: 1060: 1042: 1033: 996: 987: 978: 972: 966: 960: 950: 930: 924: 918: 872: 853:(122a1). This form appears subsequently in the Latin 810: 797:

10th century AD that historicizes legends and myths.

785: 8096:

Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints

6987:

The Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research

6976:, translated by Ludovici, Anthony Mario, Edinburgh: 5846: 5413: 5086: 5059: 4477: 4313: 3884: 3881: 3833: 3803: 3562: 3319:(after the first-person narrator) discovered in the 3314: 3267:," and who did so because there were seven planets. 2355: 2347: 2341: 2323: 2250: 2240: 2232: 2011: 1378:

provides a date of 500 years before the Trojan War.

1247:

was formed through an older form which started with

1159: 1008: 923:

is generally accepted to derive from an Old Iranian

6404:

Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices

5887: 5885: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5772: 4787: 4724: 4572: 4413: 3869: 3824: 3782: 3685: 3194:was mentioned by name and that she was in the air. 1959:) named Brādrēs, while performing at an altar. The 1792:; Khlopin suggests the Tedzen Delta in present-day 899: 878: 860: 5591: 5256: 5044: 4937: 4339: 4123: 4121: 4119: 3634:, author of a Persian epic biography on Zoroaster. 3113:The language of that literature was predominantly 2775:Western references to Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism 2635:. Thus, mankind are not the slaves or servants of 2078:thought that Zoroaster, the Chinese cultural hero 1756:writer originally from Shahristān, in present-day 1495:who appears in an account of Zoroaster's life was 1149:, which, in turn, all reflect Avestan's fricative 26:"Zarathustra" redirects here. For other uses, see 6531:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present 5534: 5222: 5220: 5098: 4700: 4504: 4492: 4333:"How Zoroastrianism influenced the Western world" 4001:), describing an enlightened poet of Vedic hymns. 3683:, or, more likely, with the establishment of the 3673:the section on Zoroastrian and Muslim scholarship 1125:as a development from it. Why this is not so for 8047: 6588:Gnoli, Gherardo (2000), "Zoroaster in History", 5882: 5827: 5627: 5579: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4712: 4456: 2385:The four primary prophets of Manichaeism in the 2263:(I, 648) reports that Zaradusht bin Isfiman (an 1873:(Destructive Spirit), with opposing concepts of 7206:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism 6467:, Baháʼí Publications Australia, archived from 6350:(2nd ed.), London: Oxford University Press 5961:I.15, Diodorus of Eritrea and Aristoxenus apud 4858:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 310–311, 653, 4537:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 98. 4444: 4284: 4282: 4116: 3625:Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None 3541:Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State 6622:(2004). "Avestan". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.). 5294: 5217: 4816: 4814: 4376: 4374: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 983:, several interpretations have been proposed. 63:Modern depiction of Zoroaster featured at the 7573: 7434: 7253:, Worcester: University College, pp. 3–4 6123: 6121: 5122: 4976: 4647: 4645: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 2340:describes the Majusiya into three sects, the 1199: 660: 6549:Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute 6334:Blackburn, Simon, ed. (1994), "Philosophy", 6278:The Book of Zoroaster, or The Zartusht-Nāmah 6020: 6018: 6005: 6003: 5914: 5912: 5805: 5803: 5753: 5751: 5278: 5110: 4844: 4279: 4271:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTavernier2007 ( 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4098: 3643: 3517: 2757:. The figure is standing on a lotus, with a 2259:, the 9th- and 10th-century Sunni historian 2014:ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt 1760:, proposed that Zoroaster's father was from 710:; in the oldest Zoroastrian scriptures, the 7124:Die Religion Zarathushtras, Vol. I & II 6820: 6648:Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File 6559: 5876: 5864: 5347: 5338: 5074: 5013: 4811: 4371: 4354: 4182: 3508:Notable influence on modern Western culture 3182:. With respect to substance and content in 2818:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2729:that appears in a 4th-century sculpture at 2615:is one's own decision and not a dictate of 1748:On the other hand, in post-Islamic sources 1450:accomplished by (erroneously, according to 854: 7641: 7580: 7566: 7441: 7427: 7222: 6731: 6263:"Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, and Persia" 6118: 5603: 5597: 5445: 4642: 4583: 3543:at East 25th Street and Madison Avenue in 3200:names Zoroaster as the inventor of magic ( 2220: 1903:, and his teachings were collected in the 1032:'with angry/furious camels': from Avestan 769:), but his exact birthplace is uncertain. 667: 653: 224: 57: 7312: 7166: 7150: 7134: 7118: 7072: 7031: 6911: 6788: 6590:Biennial Yarshater Lecture Series, Vol. 2 6465:The Compilation of Compilations, Volume I 6345: 6333: 6015: 6000: 5909: 5800: 5748: 5717: 5705: 5657: 5643: 5621: 5573: 5561: 5540: 5362: 5104: 4901: 4527: 4486: 4407: 4266: 4209: 3524:(1896) was inspired by Nietzsche's book. 3431:Learn how and when to remove this message 3053:Learn how and when to remove this message 3035:Learn how and when to remove this message 2977:Learn how and when to remove this message 2915:Learn how and when to remove this message 2779: 2217:, are also mentioned in the Quran 22:17. 1285:or the like), was merely metathesized to 805:Zoroaster's name in his native language, 7146:] (in German), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 7130:] (in German), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 7044: 6983: 6951:, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 6941: 6899: 6886: 6740: 6677:Journal of the American Oriental Society 6290:Transactions of the Philological Society 6081:"DIVERS Definition & Usage Examples" 5957:12, Alexander Polyhistor apud Clement's 5633: 5300: 5288: 5284: 5128: 4989: 4793: 4718: 4706: 4510: 4239: 4224: 4203: 4127: 3609:List of founders of religious traditions 3526: 2717: 2660: 2477: 2380: 1921: 1825: 1764:(also in Medea) and his mother was from 1337: 1302: 1103:is an irregular development: as a rule, 859:, and, in later Greek orthographies, as 7351: 7328: 7248:Writing Junk: Culture, Landscape, Body 7245: 7094:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 7085: 6932: 6920: 6895:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 6797: 6768: 6715: 6703: 6673: 6664: 6605:, Venice: Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina 6502: 6482: 6458: 6449: 6329:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 6323:"Zoroaster, as perceived by the Greeks" 6271:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 6257: 6187:"Tall Statue of Zoroaster in New York" 6127: 5681:"Pliny Natural History Vol 8; Book XXX" 5585: 5552:Amin Maalouf 1991, The Gardens of Light 5092: 4832: 4805: 4730: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4254: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 2548:), and as the condition for free will. 2458:, and the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, 1798:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 1405:, or lived at the time of mythological 8048: 7098: 6706:Zoroaster, the prophet of ancient Iran 6651:, New Delhi: Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 6644: 6609: 6284: 6275: 6036: 5470: 5387: 5353: 5312: 5264:"The Cypress of Kashmar and Zoroaster" 5068: 4770:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4651: 4613:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4498: 4393:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4177:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4071: 2851:Please improve this section by adding 2421: 2177:IRANIAN COSMOGONY & DUALISM | CAIS 1559:; some conjecture that it depicts the 1253:, a fact which the German Iranologist 7561: 7422: 7257: 6902:Das erste Kapitel der Gatha Uštavati 6596: 6587: 6525: 6489:, Wilmette: Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 6397: 6374: 6354: 5678: 5250: 5226: 5199: 5163: 5151: 5139: 5116: 5053: 5001: 4877: 4855:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 4781: 4742: 4694: 4636: 4624: 4573:Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004). 4380: 4348: 4319: 4161: 2086:were actually the Biblical patriarch 1987: 1737:suggest east of greater Iran whereas 1462: 800: 7289: 7266: 7140:Die Religion Zarathushtras, Vol. III 7003: 6984:Nigosian, Solomon Alexander (1993), 6907:, Rome: Pontificio Instituto Biblico 6838: 6727:. Vol. III. Iranica Foundation. 6618: 6599:"Agathias and the Date of Zoroaster" 6546: 6423:"Bahá'u'lláh as Zoroastrian saviour" 6420: 6320: 6307: 6024: 6009: 5918: 5903: 5891: 5852: 5840: 5821: 5809: 5757: 5609: 5421:[Was Zoroaster a prophet?]. 5238: 5211: 5187: 5175: 5080: 4943: 4889: 4820: 4682: 4600: 4516: 4365: 4307: 4288: 4133: 3413:adding citations to reliable sources 3384: 3380: 3158:listening to Zoroaster's discourse, 3017:adding citations to reliable sources 2988: 2926: 2824: 2783: 1857:(Good Purpose) and taught him about 1499:'s father, also named Vishtaspa (or 1286: 1160: 698:, becoming the spiritual founder of 7317:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 6889:"Zoroastrianism: Historical Review" 6793:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 6734:Zarathustra: Myth, Message, History 6603:Eran ud Aneran, Festschrift Marshak 6348:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 6336:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 5498:"هل بوذا" أو "زرادشت" من الأنبياء؟" 5313:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. 4957:"An introduction to Zoroastrianism" 4754: 4103:3), available in the public domain. 3977: 3932: 3741:𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 𐬯𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬁𐬨𐬀 3739: 3224:, 'star sacrificer") and, with the 2279:in Jewish scripture). According to 1200: 589:Zoroastrianism in the United States 51:𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 𐬯𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬁𐬨𐬀 13: 7587: 6302:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1953.tb00268.x 5356:The Penguin Dictionary of Religion 4835:, chap. "The date of Zarathustra". 2388:Manichaean Diagram of the Universe 2042: 1777:as the birthplace of Zarathustra. 1421:Zoroastrian and Muslim scholarship 1068:'with yellow camels': parallel to 14: 8117: 7366: 6928:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 6614:, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 6533:, London: Oneworld publications, 6452:Commentaire sur le Yaçna, Vol. I 5377:The Story of the Prophet Jeremiah 5341:Book Iran During The Sassanid Era 3991:, cognate with the Sanskrit term 3720:Celebrations of Zoroaster's birth 2799:This section has multiple issues. 2376: 2363: 1624:9 and 17 cite the Ditya River in 1346:'s invasion of Greece in 480 BC ( 8030: 8029: 7542: 7541: 7411: 7352:Zaehner, Robert Charles (1958), 6732:Khamneipur, Abolghassem (2015), 6704:Jackson, A. V. Williams (1899), 6288:(1953), "Indo-Iranian Studies", 6221: 6204: 6179: 6161: 6145: 6133: 6096: 6093:Religio Medici Part 1 Section 23 6087: 6073: 6060: 6051: 6042: 6030: 5984: 5968: 5965:VI32.2, for the primary sources. 5943: 5924: 5897: 5815: 5723: 5672: 5663: 5546: 4086: 4077: 4064: 3853: 3778: 3593: 3579: 3565: 3389: 2993: 2931: 2829: 2788: 2049:Christianity and other religions 1311:depiction of Zoroaster found in 1273:was just influenced by Armenian 1109:(a first element that ends in a 929:; The element half of the name ( 889:(literally 'undiluted') and the 792:, a series of hymns composed in 636: 7006:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 6807:, University of Chicago Press, 6592:, New York: Bibliotheca Persica 6562:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6250: 6104:"Klein Zaches Genannt Zinnober" 5516: 5490: 5464: 5439: 5407: 5332: 5306: 5244: 5232: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5157: 5145: 5133: 5019: 4995: 4949: 4907: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4838: 4775: 4763: 4748: 4688: 4676: 4630: 4618: 4606: 4566: 4468: 4325: 4045:computes "200 and some years" ( 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3967: 3922: 3897: 3846: 3771: 3729: 3712: 3400:needs additional citations for 3170:of plagiarizing Zoroaster, and 3004:needs additional citations for 2807:or discuss these issues on the 1575:Another possible date from the 1179:, in Manichaean Middle Persian 1158:In Middle Persian, the name is 7338:, New York: Biblo and Tannen, 6937:, London: Williams and Norgate 6821:Livingstone, David N. (2002), 6346:Blackburn, Simon, ed. (2005), 6175:. The New York Public Library. 4010:Originally proposed by Burnouf 3664: 3477:Klein Zaches, genannt Zinnober 2656: 2249:(Zahiri school) contends that 2150:Iran During The Sassanid Era'' 1725:placed him among Ariaspai (in 1: 7358:. Cf. especially Chapter IV: 7335:Zurvan: A Zoroastrian Dilemma 6964: 6887:Malandra, William W. (2005), 6139: 5030:. Thoemmes. pp. 18, 22. 4110: 3703: 2853:secondary or tertiary sources 2473: 2245:). The 11th-century Cordoban 2037: 1541: 1515: 1477: 1383: 102: 82: 8056:Ancient Iranian philosophers 6966:Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 6933:Moulton, James Hope (1913), 6736:, Voctoria, BC: FriesenPress 6461:"Buddha, Krishna, Zoroaster" 5773:Brenk, Frederick E. (1977). 5339:Christensen, Arthur (1936). 4652:Tuplin, Christopher (2007). 4531:A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary 4039: 3535:A sculpture of Zoroaster by 3349: 3339: 3333: 3315: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3142: 2697: 2108:Cyrus the Great in the Quran 2057:Cyrus the Great in the Bible 1962: 1630: 1471: 1427: 1291: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1259: 1249: 1243: 1225: 1219: 1181: 1175: 1166: 1145: 1024: 945: 906: 885: 867: 837: 821: 782:Arab-Muslim conquest of Iran 28:Zarathustra (disambiguation) 7: 7410:(public domain audiobooks) 7395:Works by or about Zoroaster 6968:(1911), Levy, Oscar (ed.), 6912:Mayrhofer, Manfred (1977), 6645:Hornby, Helen, ed. (1983), 6450:Burnouf, M. Eugène (1833), 6310:A History of Zoroastrianism 6156:the Project Gutenberg EBook 5683:. Heinemann. Archived from 5504:(in Arabic). Islamweb. 2020 4100:Warum ich ein Schicksal bin 3987: 3942: 3915: 3905: 3764: 3757: 3749: 3686: 3614:Criticism of Zoroastrianism 3558: 3549:Rockefeller Memorial Chapel 3298:corpus once existed at the 2957:the claims made and adding 2759: 2703: 2689: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2584: 2578: 2553: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2524: 2518: 2510: 2502: 2496: 2356: 2348: 2342: 2324: 2291:which ruled by Bashtaasib ( 2251: 2241: 2233: 2093: 2012: 1972: 1951: 1928: 1913: 1905: 1897: 1891: 1883: 1875: 1867: 1859: 1851: 1837: 1796:. Sarianidi considered the 1695: 1681: 1675: 1660: 1652: 1620: 1332:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 1328:Proto-Indo-Iranian language 1206: 1190: 1151: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1083: 1073: 1061: 1055: 1043: 1034: 1018: 1009: 997: 988: 979: 973: 967: 961: 951: 931: 925: 919: 894: 873: 811: 786: 702:. Variously described as a 619:Criticism of Zoroastrianism 599:Persecution of Zoroastrians 10: 8122: 6628:Cambridge University Press 6612:Freiburger Islamstudien 15 6454:, Paris: Imprimatur Royale 6421:Buck, Christopher (1998), 3919:, meaning "good religion". 3903:Known by its adherents as 3691:following the conquest of 2665:Depiction of Zoroaster in 2516:. The cardinal concept of 2330:) to the Magian religion. 2224: 2111: 2097: 2073:Jesuit missionary to China 2064:identified Zoroaster with 2046: 1991: 1608: 1081:The interpretation of the 965:. Subject then to whether 900: 879: 861: 827: 25: 21:Zoroaster (disambiguation) 18: 8071:Iranian religious leaders 8027: 8006: 7943: 7887: 7861: 7800: 7686: 7650: 7639: 7595: 7537: 7457: 7356:, London: Faber and Faber 7354:A Comparison of Religions 7232:, Oxford: George Ronald, 7209:, John Wiley & Sons, 7086:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2002), 7059:10.1017/S0041977X00040386 6900:Markwart, Joseph (1930), 6856:10.1017/S0362502800004995 6755:10.1017/S0041977X00026069 6710:Columbia University Press 6512:, Duke University Press, 6276:Bahram, Zartusht (2010), 5634:Gladisch, August (1859), 5473:"Stories Of The Prophets" 5427:(in Arabic). islamqa.info 4049:xxxvi.9) or "284 years" ( 3516:'s large-scale tone-poem 3242:) of fire from the star ( 2695:(Avestan; Middle Persian 2426:Zoroaster appears in the 1976:, ascribe his death to a 1595:European Research Council 1393:who recorded Zaratas the 175: 158: 129: 112: 97: 77: 72: 56: 49: 37: 7729:101 Names of Ahura Mazda 7258:Werba, Chlodwig (1982), 7250:(Conference Proceedings) 7186:10.1163/156852708X310536 6990:, McGill-Queen's Press, 6972:, The Complete Works of 6926:The Treasure of the Magi 6789:Kriwaczek, Paul (2002), 6665:Humbach, Helmut (1991), 6597:Gnoli, Gherardo (2003), 6483:Effendi, Shoghi (1944), 6459:Effendi, Shoghi (1991), 6188: 5930:Cf. Agathias 2.23–5 and 5266:. www.zoroastrian.org.uk 4923:University of Washington 4528:MacKenvie, D.N. (1971). 3657: 3632:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo 3489:(1885), the philosopher 1604: 1223:(often with the variant 1213:The name is attested in 1022:, 'old'; Middle Persian 747:Eastern Iranian language 696:Ancient Iranian religion 372:101 Names of Ahura Mazda 8091:Simple living advocates 7915:Three Persian religions 7389:Encyclopædia Britannica 7360:Prophets Outside Israel 7330:Zaehner, Robert Charles 7313:Widengren, Geo (1961), 7291:West, Martin Litchfield 7268:West, Martin Litchfield 7113:10.1163/156853673X00079 6914:Zum Namengut des Avesta 6783:10.2143/IA.27.0.2002124 6340:Oxford University Press 6312:, vol. 3, Leiden: 6192:(in Persian). Iroon.com 6173:New York Public Library 6140:Nietzsche/Ludovici 1911 5645:2027/hvd.32044085119394 5373:Stories of the Prophets 3619:List of unsolved deaths 3520:Also sprach Zarathustra 3289:Almost all Zoroastrian 2682:attributed to Zoroaster 2594:Natural History (Pliny) 2221:Muslim scholastic views 1821: 1298: 935:) is thought to be the 761:(perhaps in modern-day 682:more commonly known as 101:Unknown, traditionally 81:Unknown, traditionally 6825:, Writers Club Press, 6504:Fischer, Michael M. J. 5679:Jones, W.H.S. (1963). 5419:"هل زاردشت كان نبيا ؟" 4164:, pp. 3, 189–191. 4099: 3644: 3532: 3518: 3486:Thus Spoke Zarathustra 3468: 2840:relies excessively on 2780:In classical antiquity 2742: 2683: 2542:), existence (that is 2491: 2408: 2391:, from left to right: 2180: 1934: 1831: 1323: 1255:Friedrich Carl Andreas 1113:) should have Avestan 855: 753:by scholars after the 337:Zoroastrian literature 8086:Prophets in Ahmadiyya 8061:Founders of religions 8019:Fire temples in India 7687:Scripture and worship 7160:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7092:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7088:"Zoroaster, the name" 6893:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6431:Baháʼí Studies Review 6355:Boyce, Mary (1996) , 6327:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6286:Bailey, Harold Walter 6268:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6169:"Edward Clark Potter" 3553:University of Chicago 3551:on the campus of the 3530: 3455: 3300:Library of Alexandria 2721: 2664: 2536:), creation (that is 2481: 2384: 2169: 2112:Further information: 2104:Names of God in Islam 2053:Second Temple Judaism 1925: 1829: 1804:to the west from the 1487:, or his predecessor 1338:Classical scholarship 1306: 1194:, and in modern (New 843:(Fragment 32) and in 624:Zoroastrian cosmology 574:Zoroastrians in India 330:Scripture and worship 8014:Fire temples in Iran 7801:Accounts and legends 7378:Encyclopædia Iranica 7315:Mani and Manichaeism 7144:Zoroaster's religion 7128:Zoroaster's religion 6943:Mungello, David Emil 6935:Early Zoroastrianism 6725:Encyclopædia Iranica 6669:, Heidelberg: Winter 6471:on 20 September 2020 6407:, Psychology Press, 6321:Beck, Roger (2003), 6106:. Michaelhaldane.com 5720:, vol. I, pp. 58–59. 5415:Muhammad Al-Munajjid 3681:his conquest of Iran 3652:Jean-Philippe Rameau 3512:The German composer 3501:Beyond Good and Evil 3483:In his seminal work 3465:, Part 1, Section 23 3447:who asserted in his 3409:improve this article 3358:Oracles of Hystaspes 3174:wrote a text titled 3013:improve this article 2680:pseudoepigraphically 2484:The School of Athens 2432:Manifestation of God 2137:Encyclopædia Iranica 1814:Encyclopedia Iranica 1526:Old Avestan language 1506:Behistun Inscription 1435:Ammianus Marcellinus 680:Zarathushtra Spitama 579:Zoroastrians in Iran 445:Accounts and legends 44:Zarathushtra Spitama 19:For other uses, see 7888:History and culture 7734:Udvada Atash Behram 6974:Friedrich Nietzsche 6922:Moulton, James Hope 5867:, pp. 144–145. 5446:Ibn Kathir (2018). 5095:, pp. 107–110. 4709:, pp. 245–265. 4658:. ISD LLC. p. 3946:, cognate with the 3537:Edward Clark Potter 3491:Friedrich Nietzsche 3345:On Virtue of Stones 3321:Nag Hammadi library 3172:Heraclides Ponticus 2763:in hand and with a 2422:In the Bahá'í Faith 2370:Ahmadiyya Community 2196:Iram of the Pillars 2084:Hermes Trismegistus 2008:Zakariya al-Qazwini 1528:of the Zoroastrian 1441:'s conquest of the 1439:Alexander the Great 1038:, 'angry, furious'. 728:Abrahamic religions 643:Religion portal 495:History and culture 65:Fire Temple of Yazd 7818:Book of Arda Viraf 7752:Cypress of Kashmar 7404:Works by Zoroaster 7201:Stausberg, Michael 7168:Stausberg, Michael 7152:Stausberg, Michael 7136:Stausberg, Michael 7120:Stausberg, Michael 6316:, pp. 491–565 6235:on 11 January 2014 5991:Lucian of Samosata 5955:Life of Pythagoras 5358:, Penguin Books UK 5354:Hinnel, J (1997), 5142:, pp. 182–183 5004:, pp. 190–191 4639:, pp. 285–292 4554:on 3 December 2012 4410:, pp. 133–135 3758:Spitāma Zaraθuštra 3750:Zaraθuštra Spitāma 3697:Seleucus I Nicator 3637:Zoroaster and the 3533: 3350:Peri lithon timion 3269:Lucian of Samosata 3180:natural philosophy 3065:The Greeks—in the 2942:possibly contains 2743: 2723:Indian Zoroastrian 2684: 2492: 2409: 2209:, who believed in 2186:and the archangel 2146:Arthur Christensen 2062:Athanasius Kircher 1994:Cypress of Kashmar 1988:Cypress of Kashmar 1935: 1832: 1557:tripartite society 1463:Modern scholarship 1324: 1215:Classical Armenian 801:Name and etymology 788:Yasna Haptanghaiti 462:Book of Arda Viraf 392:Cypress of Kashmar 8081:People from Balkh 8043: 8042: 7555: 7554: 7451:Ancient Near East 7345:978-0-8196-0280-0 7306:978-0-19-960503-3 7283:978-0-85773-156-2 7216:978-1-4443-3135-6 7101:Novum Testamentum 6997:978-0-7735-1144-6 6814:978-0-226-48200-2 6540:978-1-78074-308-0 6414:978-0-415-23902-8 6259:Ashouri, Daryoush 6083:. Dictionary.com. 5739:Diogenes Laertius 5687:on 1 January 2017 5576:, pp. 44–45. 5564:, pp. 43–45. 5319:iranicaonline.org 5071:, pp. 59–60. 5016:, pp. 36–37. 4919:Silk Road Seattle 4865:978-1-884964-98-5 4850:Adams, Douglas Q. 4721:, pp. 32–33. 4603:, pp. 89–109 4501:, pp. 40–42. 4489:, pp. 43–53. 4395:, pp. 60–61. 4083:meaning "various" 3985: 3940: 3754:Also attested as 3747: 3472:E. T. A. Hoffmann 3441: 3440: 3433: 3381:In the modern era 3304:Galen of Pergamon 3075:Diogenes Laertius 3067:Hellenistic sense 3063: 3062: 3055: 3045: 3044: 3037: 2987: 2986: 2979: 2944:original research 2925: 2924: 2917: 2899: 2822: 2333:The 12th-century 2310:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi 1926:The rings of the 1668:17 regional names 1520:Scholars such as 1481: 650–600 BC 1443:Achaemenid Empire 1364:Diogenes Laërtius 1239:Movses Khorenatsi 1187:Early New Persian 1091:) in the Avestan 677: 676: 203: 202: 119:Two unnamed wives 106: 547–522 BC 86: 624–599 BC 8113: 8066:Iranian prophets 8033: 8032: 7998:in United States 7739:Adur Burzen-Mihr 7645: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7545: 7544: 7449:Timeline of the 7443: 7436: 7429: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7399:Internet Archive 7357: 7348: 7325: 7309: 7286: 7263: 7254: 7242: 7224:Taherzadeh, Adib 7219: 7196: 7163: 7147: 7131: 7115: 7095: 7082: 7069: 7041: 7028: 7000: 6980: 6961: 6938: 6929: 6917: 6908: 6896: 6883: 6835: 6817: 6794: 6785: 6765: 6737: 6728: 6712: 6700: 6670: 6661: 6641: 6615: 6606: 6593: 6584: 6556: 6543: 6522: 6499: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6455: 6446: 6444: 6438:, archived from 6427: 6417: 6394: 6371: 6351: 6342: 6330: 6317: 6314:Brill Publishers 6304: 6281: 6272: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6231:. Archived from 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6165: 6159: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6013: 6007: 5998: 5988: 5982: 5972: 5966: 5947: 5941: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5880: 5877:Livingstone 2002 5874: 5868: 5865:Livingstone 2002 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5770: 5761: 5755: 5746: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5708:, vol. I, p. 58. 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5524:"Zoroastrianism" 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5385: 5379: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5178:, pp. 19–20 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5063: 5057: 5056:, pp. 2–26. 5048: 5042: 5041: 5023: 5017: 5014:Gershevitch 1964 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4992:, pp. 17–18 4987: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4915:"Zoroastrianism" 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4796:, pp. 25–26 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4757:Western Response 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4649: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4581: 4580: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4547:. Archived from 4536: 4525: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4411: 4405: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4369: 4363: 4352: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4292: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4243: 4237: 4228: 4227:, pp. 25–35 4222: 4207: 4206:, pp. 15–16 4201: 4180: 4174: 4165: 4159: 4150: 4144: 4131: 4125: 4104: 4102: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4068: 4062: 4044: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3990: 3984:romanized: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3960:), referring to 3945: 3939:romanized: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3775: 3769: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3746:romanized: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3733: 3727: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3689: 3668: 3649: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3523: 3466: 3436: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3393: 3385: 3352: 3342: 3336: 3318: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3145: 3058: 3051: 3040: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3020: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959:inline citations 2935: 2934: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2857: 2833: 2825: 2814: 2792: 2791: 2784: 2762: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2676: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2587: 2581: 2556: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2521: 2515: 2507: 2499: 2359: 2353: 2345: 2329: 2254: 2244: 2238: 2213:coincident with 2178: 2144:The orientalist 2100:101 Names of God 2017: 1975: 1965: 1954: 1933: 1918: 1910: 1902: 1894: 1888: 1880: 1872: 1864: 1856: 1840: 1752:(1086–1153), an 1723:Diodorus Siculus 1700: 1684: 1678: 1665: 1657: 1633: 1628:(Middle Persian 1623: 1546: 1543: 1482: 1479: 1432: 1388: 1385: 1294: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1262: 1252: 1246: 1228: 1222: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1193: 1184: 1178: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1111:dental consonant 1108: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1086: 1076: 1064: 1058: 1046: 1037: 1027: 1021: 1012: 1000: 991: 982: 976: 970: 964: 954: 948: 934: 928: 922: 909: 903: 902: 897: 888: 882: 881: 876: 870: 864: 863: 858: 850:First Alcibiades 842: 830: 829: 824: 814: 791: 669: 662: 655: 641: 640: 377:Adur Burzen-Mihr 228: 205: 204: 107: 104: 87: 84: 61: 35: 34: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8101:Unsolved deaths 8076:Miracle workers 8046: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8023: 8002: 7939: 7883: 7857: 7828:Story of Sanjan 7796: 7682: 7651:Divine entities 7646: 7637: 7591: 7586: 7556: 7551: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7453: 7447: 7412: 7369: 7364: 7346: 7307: 7284: 7240: 7217: 6998: 6959: 6904:(Orientalia 50) 6840:Mair, Victor H. 6833: 6815: 6771:Iranica Antiqua 6659: 6638: 6541: 6520: 6497: 6474: 6472: 6442: 6425: 6415: 6392: 6369: 6253: 6248: 6238: 6236: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6212:"Pages 9–12 of" 6210: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6068:Isis and Osiris 6065: 6061: 6057:Pliny, VII, XV. 6056: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6016: 6008: 6001: 5989: 5985: 5973: 5969: 5948: 5944: 5929: 5925: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5771: 5764: 5756: 5749: 5735:Isis and Osiris 5728: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5598:Taherzadeh 1976 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5528:www.alislam.org 5522: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5386: 5382: 5367: 5363: 5352: 5348: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5064: 5060: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4584: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4534: 4526: 4517: 4513:, pp. 7ff. 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465:, p. I.18. 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4414: 4406: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4372: 4364: 4355: 4347: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4322:, pp. 3–4. 4318: 4314: 4306: 4295: 4287: 4280: 4270: 4269:, pp. 314. 4265: 4261: 4253: 4246: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4210: 4202: 4183: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4134: 4126: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4069: 4065: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3913:-worship", and 3902: 3898: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3811: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3753: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3700: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3587:Religion portal 3585: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3514:Richard Strauss 3510: 3467: 3461: 3437: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3406: 3394: 3383: 3296:pseudepigraphic 3203:Natural History 3198:Pliny the Elder 3059: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3010: 2998: 2983: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2948: 2936: 2932: 2921: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2858: 2856: 2850: 2846:primary sources 2834: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2670: 2659: 2476: 2424: 2379: 2366: 2229: 2223: 2179: 2176: 2161:ancient Persian 2132: 2110: 2098:Main articles: 2096: 2059: 2047:Main articles: 2045: 2043:In Christianity 2040: 1996: 1990: 1955:(priest of the 1824: 1717:located him in 1654:Farvardin Yasht 1626:Airyanem Vaējah 1613: 1611:Airyanem Vaejah 1607: 1591:British Library 1570:Iranian Plateau 1544: 1518: 1489:Cyrus the Great 1480: 1474: 1465: 1445:in 330 BC. The 1423: 1397:to have taught 1386: 1380:Pliny the Elder 1340: 1301: 1265:Rüdiger Schmitt 1241:. The spelling 1198:), the name is 1070:Younger Avestan 877:with the Greek 819:transcription, 809:, was probably 803: 778:Sassanid Empire 774:Cyrus the Great 673: 635: 630: 629: 628: 613: 605: 604: 603: 568: 560: 559: 558: 517: 516: 496: 488: 487: 486: 472:Story of Sanjan 446: 438: 437: 436: 331: 323: 322: 321: 286: 285:Divine entities 278: 277: 276: 236: 188:Prophet in the 187: 171: 154: 125: 105: 93: 88: 85: 68: 52: 45: 42: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8119: 8109: 8108: 8106:Zoroastrianism 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8041: 8040: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8010: 8008: 8004: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7947: 7945: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7833:Chinvat Bridge 7830: 7825: 7823:Book of Jamasp 7820: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7777:Khordeh Avesta 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7719:Airyaman ishya 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7658:Amesha Spentas 7654: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7599: 7597: 7596:Primary topics 7593: 7592: 7589:Zoroastrianism 7585: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7562: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7446: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7401: 7392: 7381: 7368: 7367:External links 7365: 7363: 7362: 7349: 7344: 7326: 7310: 7305: 7299:, OUP Oxford, 7287: 7282: 7276:, I.B.Tauris, 7264: 7255: 7243: 7238: 7220: 7215: 7197: 7180:(5): 561–600, 7164: 7148: 7132: 7116: 7107:(3): 233–240, 7096: 7083: 7070: 7042: 7029: 7018:10.2307/625011 7012:(1): 111–116, 7001: 6996: 6981: 6962: 6957: 6939: 6930: 6918: 6909: 6897: 6884: 6836: 6831: 6818: 6813: 6799:Lincoln, Bruce 6795: 6786: 6766: 6749:(2): 245–265, 6738: 6729: 6713: 6701: 6690:10.2307/592499 6671: 6662: 6657: 6642: 6636: 6616: 6607: 6594: 6585: 6574:10.1086/371754 6557: 6544: 6539: 6527:Foltz, Richard 6523: 6518: 6500: 6495: 6480: 6456: 6447: 6445:on 24 May 2013 6418: 6413: 6395: 6390: 6372: 6367: 6352: 6343: 6331: 6318: 6305: 6282: 6280:, London: Lulu 6273: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6220: 6203: 6178: 6160: 6144: 6132: 6117: 6095: 6086: 6072: 6059: 6050: 6048:Pliny, VII, I. 6041: 6039:, p. 234. 6029: 6027:, p. 526. 6014: 6012:, p. 495. 5999: 5983: 5967: 5942: 5923: 5921:, p. 523. 5908: 5906:, p. 522. 5896: 5881: 5879:, p. 147. 5869: 5857: 5855:, p. 111. 5845: 5843:, p. 493. 5826: 5814: 5812:, p. 491. 5799: 5785: 5762: 5760:, p. 525. 5747: 5722: 5718:Stausberg 2002 5710: 5706:Stausberg 2002 5698: 5671: 5662: 5660:, p. 409. 5658:Blackburn 2005 5650: 5638:, p. IV, 5626: 5624:, p. 405. 5622:Blackburn 1994 5614: 5602: 5590: 5578: 5574:Widengren 1961 5566: 5562:Widengren 1961 5554: 5545: 5541:Widengren 1961 5533: 5515: 5489: 5463: 5438: 5406: 5394:islamawareness 5380: 5361: 5346: 5343:. p. 421. 5331: 5305: 5293: 5277: 5255: 5253:, pp. 192 5243: 5231: 5229:, pp. 188 5216: 5204: 5202:, pp. 187 5192: 5180: 5168: 5166:, pp. 184 5156: 5154:, pp. 183 5144: 5132: 5121: 5109: 5105:Sarianidi 1987 5097: 5085: 5073: 5058: 5043: 5036: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4975: 4948: 4936: 4906: 4902:Stausberg 2008 4894: 4882: 4880:, pp. 1–7 4870: 4864: 4846:Mallory, J. P. 4837: 4825: 4810: 4808:, p. 162. 4798: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4668: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4605: 4582: 4565: 4543: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4487:Mayrhofer 1977 4476: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4412: 4408:Schlerath 1977 4397: 4385: 4383:, pp. 1–3 4370: 4368:, pp. 4–8 4353: 4338: 4324: 4312: 4293: 4278: 4267:Tavernier 2007 4259: 4244: 4229: 4208: 4181: 4166: 4151: 4132: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4085: 4076: 4074:, p. 501. 4063: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3966: 3921: 3896: 3845: 3770: 3762:. The epiphet 3728: 3711: 3707: 1000 BC 3687:Anno Graecorum 3662: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3650:, an opera by 3641: 3635: 3629: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3601:History portal 3590: 3576: 3560: 3557: 3509: 3506: 3463:Religio Medici 3459: 3450:Religio Medici 3439: 3438: 3397: 3395: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3373:and the other 3340:Apotelesmatika 3291:pseudepigrapha 3285: 3281: 3092:Neopythagorean 3061: 3060: 3043: 3042: 3001: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2984: 2939: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2922: 2837: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2739:Hvare-khshaeta 2658: 2655: 2475: 2472: 2464:Shoghi Effendi 2423: 2420: 2378: 2377:In Manichaeism 2375: 2365: 2364:Ahmadiyya view 2362: 2338:al-Shahrastani 2335:heresiographer 2225:Main article: 2222: 2219: 2174: 2148:in his book '' 2095: 2092: 2076:Joachim Bouvet 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2004:King Vishtaspa 1992:Main article: 1989: 1986: 1823: 1820: 1771: 1682:zaraθuštrotema 1606: 1603: 1581:Victor H. Mair 1577:9th century BC 1517: 1514: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1422: 1419: 1387: 6300 BC 1339: 1336: 1300: 1297: 1079: 1078: 1066: 1052:Vedic Sanskrit 1048: 1039: 941:Middle Persian 891:BMAC substrate 831:), as used in 802: 799: 700:Zoroastrianism 675: 674: 672: 671: 664: 657: 649: 646: 645: 632: 631: 627: 626: 621: 615: 614: 612:Related topics 611: 610: 607: 606: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 557: 556: 551: 546: 545: 544: 539: 529: 524: 518: 515: 514: 509: 504: 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 485: 484: 479: 477:Chinvat Bridge 474: 469: 467:Book of Jamasp 464: 459: 454: 448: 447: 444: 443: 440: 439: 435: 434: 429: 424: 422:Khordeh Avesta 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 362:Airyaman ishya 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 333: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 320: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 292:Amesha Spentas 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 275: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 238: 237: 235:Primary topics 234: 233: 230: 229: 221: 220: 218:Zoroastrianism 214: 213: 201: 200: 185:Zoroastrianism 177: 176:Known for 173: 172: 170: 169: 166: 162: 160: 156: 155: 153: 152: 149: 146: 143: 140: 137: 133: 131: 127: 126: 124: 123: 120: 116: 114: 110: 109: 99: 95: 94: 89: 79: 75: 74: 70: 69: 62: 54: 53: 50: 47: 46: 43: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8118: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8038: 8037: 8026: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8005: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7961:in Azerbaijan 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7747:Adur Gushnasp 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7644: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7578: 7576: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7548: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7456: 7452: 7444: 7439: 7437: 7432: 7430: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7361: 7355: 7350: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7311: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7244: 7241: 7239:0-85398-270-8 7235: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6999: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6958:0-8248-1219-0 6954: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6832:0-595-23199-3 6828: 6824: 6819: 6816: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6717:Kellens, Jean 6714: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6663: 6660: 6658:81-85091-46-3 6654: 6650: 6649: 6643: 6639: 6637:0-521-56256-2 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6519:0-8223-8551-1 6515: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496:0-87743-020-9 6492: 6488: 6487: 6486:God Passes By 6481: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6424: 6419: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6391:90-04-06506-7 6387: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6368:90-04-10474-7 6364: 6360: 6359: 6353: 6349: 6344: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6213: 6207: 6191: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6142:, p. 133 6141: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6105: 6099: 6090: 6082: 6076: 6069: 6063: 6054: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6006: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5980: 5979:On the Months 5976: 5971: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5905: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5886: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5823: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5804: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5769: 5767: 5759: 5754: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5719: 5714: 5707: 5702: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5666: 5659: 5654: 5646: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5588:, p. 21. 5587: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5549: 5543:, p. 76. 5542: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5451: 5450: 5442: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5335: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5301:Mungello 1989 5297: 5290: 5289:Mungello 1989 5286: 5285:Mungello 1989 5281: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5129:Malandra 2005 5125: 5118: 5113: 5107:, p. 54. 5106: 5101: 5094: 5089: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5052: 5047: 5039: 5037:1-85506-828-1 5033: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4990:Nigosian 1993 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4946:, p. 34. 4945: 4940: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4904:, p. 572 4903: 4898: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4794:Shahbazi 1977 4790: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4766: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4719:Shahbazi 1977 4715: 4708: 4707:Kingsley 1990 4703: 4697:, p. 261 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4671: 4669:9781910589465 4665: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4648: 4646: 4638: 4633: 4627:, p. 260 4626: 4621: 4615:, p. 441 4614: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4569: 4550: 4546: 4544:0-19-713559-5 4540: 4533: 4532: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4512: 4511:Markwart 1930 4507: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4453:, p. 13. 4452: 4447: 4440: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4334: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4241: 4240:Malandra 2005 4236: 4234: 4226: 4225:Shahbazi 1977 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4205: 4204:Nigosian 1993 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4179:, p. 61. 4178: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4130:, p. 26. 4129: 4128:Shahbazi 1977 4124: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4089: 4080: 4073: 4072:Hornby (1983) 4067: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3930: 3925: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3892: 3849: 3841: 3774: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3737: 3732: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3699:(312/311 BC). 3698: 3694: 3690: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3677:his accession 3674: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3639:Mount Savalan 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3573:Poetry portal 3568: 3563: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3445:Thomas Browne 3435: 3432: 3424: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3398:This section 3396: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3334:Asteroskopita 3329: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3261:On the Months 3258: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3108:Mediterranean 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3057: 3054: 3039: 3036: 3028: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3002:This section 3000: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2981: 2978: 2970: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2940:This section 2938: 2929: 2928: 2919: 2916: 2908: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2866: – 2865: 2861: 2860:Find sources: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2838:This section 2836: 2832: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2786: 2785: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2663: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2580: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2374: 2371: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2239:, collective 2237: 2236: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184:Amesha Spenta 2173: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068:. The French 2067: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020:Al-Mutawakkil 2016: 2015: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1931: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1900: 1899:Amesha Spenta 1893: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1870: 1863: 1862: 1855: 1854: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1828: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1469: 1460: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1296: 1293: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231:Eznik of Kolb 1227: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1085: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1004: 999: 995: 990: 984: 981: 975: 974:*Zarantuštra- 971:derives from 969: 963: 962:*Zarantuštra- 958: 953: 947: 942: 938: 933: 927: 921: 915: 913: 908: 896: 892: 887: 875: 869: 857: 852: 851: 846: 841: 840: 834: 823: 818: 813: 808: 798: 795: 790: 789: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 651: 650: 648: 647: 644: 639: 634: 633: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 609: 608: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 571: 564: 563: 555: 552: 550: 547: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 492: 491: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 449: 442: 441: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 387:Adur Gushnasp 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 327: 326: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 282: 281: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 232: 231: 227: 223: 222: 219: 216: 215: 211: 207: 206: 199: 195: 191: 186: 182: 178: 174: 167: 164: 163: 161: 157: 150: 147: 144: 142:Hvare Chithra 141: 138: 135: 134: 132: 128: 121: 118: 117: 115: 111: 100: 96: 92: 80: 76: 71: 66: 60: 55: 48: 41: 36: 33: 29: 22: 8034: 7838:Frashokereti 7792:Atash Behram 7782:The Revayats 7743:Adur Farnbag 7724:Fire Temples 7714:Yenghe hatam 7709:Ahuna Vairya 7678:Angra Mainyu 7607: 7387: 7376: 7359: 7353: 7334: 7314: 7295: 7272: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7228: 7205: 7177: 7171: 7159: 7143: 7139: 7127: 7123: 7104: 7100: 7091: 7081:(2): 127–135 7078: 7074: 7053:(1): 25–35, 7050: 7046: 7037: 7033: 7009: 7005: 6986: 6978:T. N. Foulis 6969: 6947: 6934: 6925: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6892: 6847: 6843: 6822: 6803: 6790: 6774: 6770: 6746: 6742: 6733: 6724: 6708:, New York: 6705: 6681: 6675: 6666: 6647: 6623: 6611: 6602: 6589: 6568:(1): 12–38, 6565: 6561: 6552: 6548: 6530: 6508: 6485: 6473:, retrieved 6469:the original 6464: 6451: 6440:the original 6435: 6429: 6403: 6380: 6357: 6347: 6335: 6326: 6309: 6293: 6289: 6277: 6267: 6251:Bibliography 6237:. Retrieved 6233:the original 6223: 6206: 6194:. Retrieved 6181: 6172: 6163: 6147: 6135: 6128:Ashouri 2003 6108:. Retrieved 6098: 6089: 6075: 6067: 6062: 6053: 6044: 6032: 5994: 5986: 5978: 5970: 5958: 5954: 5945: 5935: 5926: 5899: 5872: 5860: 5848: 5817: 5790:. Retrieved 5775: 5734: 5725: 5713: 5701: 5689:. Retrieved 5685:the original 5674: 5665: 5653: 5635: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5600:, p. 3. 5593: 5586:Zaehner 1972 5581: 5569: 5557: 5548: 5536: 5527: 5518: 5506:. Retrieved 5501: 5492: 5480:. Retrieved 5476: 5471:Ibn Kathir. 5466: 5454:. Retrieved 5448: 5441: 5429:. Retrieved 5424:islamqa.info 5422: 5409: 5397:. Retrieved 5393: 5388:Ibn Kathir. 5383: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5355: 5349: 5340: 5334: 5322:. Retrieved 5318: 5308: 5296: 5280: 5268:. Retrieved 5258: 5246: 5241:, p. 31 5234: 5207: 5195: 5190:, p. 24 5183: 5171: 5159: 5147: 5135: 5124: 5119:, p. 1. 5112: 5100: 5093:Khlopin 1992 5088: 5083:, p. 8. 5076: 5065: 5061: 5050: 5046: 5027: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4966:. Retrieved 4962:Khan Academy 4960: 4951: 4939: 4927:. Retrieved 4925:. 7 May 2002 4918: 4909: 4897: 4892:, p. 18 4885: 4873: 4854: 4840: 4833:Humbach 1991 4828: 4806:Jackson 1899 4801: 4789: 4784:, p. 68 4777: 4765: 4756: 4750: 4738: 4731:Jackson 1896 4726: 4714: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4654: 4632: 4620: 4608: 4575: 4568: 4556:. Retrieved 4549:the original 4530: 4506: 4494: 4470: 4463:Humbach 1991 4458: 4451:Burnouf 1833 4446: 4439:Schmitt 2002 4388: 4327: 4315: 4291:, p. 17 4262: 4255:Kellens 2011 4147:Lincoln 1991 4092: 4088: 4079: 4066: 4050: 4046: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3996: 3979:𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬌𐬱 3969: 3955: 3934:𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬀𐬭 3924: 3899: 3848: 3773: 3755: 3731: 3714: 3666: 3623: 3534: 3511: 3499: 3484: 3482: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3448: 3442: 3427: 3418: 3407:Please help 3402:verification 3399: 3357: 3355: 3344: 3330: 3328:tractates." 3308: 3288: 3277: 3272: 3260: 3253:Pythagoreans 3250: 3213: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3175: 3159: 3143:Peri physeos 3137: 3135: 3112: 3104: 3064: 3049: 3031: 3022: 3011:Please help 3006:verification 3003: 2973: 2964: 2941: 2911: 2902: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2859: 2839: 2815: 2808: 2802: 2801:Please help 2798: 2747:Taq-e Bostan 2744: 2731:Taq-e Bostan 2709: 2685: 2668:Clavis Artis 2666: 2647:("master of 2631:Frashokereti 2602: 2574: 2559: 2550: 2493: 2428:Bahá'í Faith 2425: 2410: 2386: 2367: 2357:Zaradushtiya 2343:Kayumarthiya 2332: 2318: 2308: 2301: 2230: 2215:Zoroastrians 2204: 2181: 2170: 2166: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2135: 2133: 2130:Angra Mainyu 2060: 1997: 1957:old religion 1947: 1936: 1881:(order) and 1869:Angra Mainyu 1847: 1833: 1812: 1810: 1794:Turkmenistan 1779: 1758:Turkmenistan 1747: 1711: 1673:However, in 1672: 1618: 1614: 1599: 1587:Almut Hintze 1585: 1574: 1519: 1475: 1466: 1424: 1341: 1325: 1321:Franz Cumont 1313:Dura Europos 1307:3rd-century 1212: 1161:𐭦𐭫𐭲𐭥𐭱𐭲 1157: 1080: 1047:, 'to drag'. 1002: 985: 980:*Zaratuštra- 952:*Zaratuštra- 937:Indo-Iranian 926:*Zaratuštra- 917:In Avestan, 916: 848: 804: 771: 759:Greater Iran 745:He spoke an 744: 736:Christianity 730:, including 708:wonderworker 687: 683: 679: 678: 482:Frashokereti 427:The Rivayats 382:Adur Farnbag 367:Fire Temples 357:Yenghe hatam 352:Ahuna Vairya 317:Angra Mainyu 246: 190:Baháʼí Faith 139:Urvatat Nara 91:Greater Iran 32: 7993:in Pakistan 7951:Persecution 7910:Khurramites 7623:Persia/Iran 7608:Zarathustra 7603:Ahura Mazda 7075:Die Sprache 6844:Early China 6399:Boyce, Mary 6376:Boyce, Mary 6239:17 December 6196:19 November 6110:19 November 6066:Plutarch's 6037:Sieber 1973 5741:1.6–9, and 5691:28 December 5477:islambasics 5214:, p. 9 5069:Gronke 1993 4823:, p. 6 4772:, p. 9 4745:, p. . 4685:, p. 8 4558:1 September 4499:Bailey 1953 4351:, p. 3 4310:, p. 4 3909:, meaning " 3221:astrothytes 3188:Necessity ( 2864:"Zoroaster" 2671: [ 2657:Iconography 2638:Ahura Mazda 2618:Ahura Mazda 2582:. The word 2526:Ahura Mazda 2460:Bahá'u'lláh 2412:Manichaeism 2275:'s servant 2022:in 247 AH ( 1861:Ahura Mazda 1786:Baluchistan 1750:Shahrastani 1679:59.18, the 1561:Yaz culture 1545: 1700 1391:Aristoxenus 1260:*Zur(a)dušt 1217:sources as 989:Zarantuštra 955:might be a 794:Old Avestan 763:Afghanistan 688:Zarathustra 512:Khurramites 262:Persia/Iran 247:Zarathustra 242:Ahura Mazda 192:and in the 165:Pourushaspa 151:Pouruchista 136:Isat Vâstra 8050:Categories 7956:in Armenia 7848:Hamistagan 7704:Ashem Vohu 7618:Vohu Manah 6777:: 96–116, 6620:Hale, Mark 6338:, Oxford: 5963:Hippolytus 5894:, para. 7. 5824:, para. 4. 5786:9004052410 5369:Ibn Kathir 5270:6 February 5251:Boyce 1996 5227:Boyce 1996 5200:Boyce 1996 5164:Boyce 1996 5152:Boyce 1996 5140:Boyce 1996 5117:Boyce 1996 5054:Boyce 1996 5002:Boyce 1996 4878:Boyce 1982 4782:Boyce 1982 4743:Boyce 1996 4695:Boyce 1982 4637:Boyce 1996 4625:Boyce 1982 4381:Boyce 2001 4349:Boyce 1996 4320:Boyce 1996 4162:Boyce 1996 4111:References 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