449:
37:
628:
The main difference is to whom the worship is addressed. In the Gathic verse, the first line can be translated as "At whose sacrifice Ahura Mazda knows the best for me according to righteousness." In the Yenghe hatam, however, this is changed to "At whose of-the-beings and of whom therefore Ahura
840:
649:. The language in these texts is considered to be more archaic and is therefore referred to as Old Avestan vis-a-vis the Younger Avestan of the other texts. However, among these texts, the language of the Yenghe hatam has been labelled pseudo-Old-Avestan, due to a number of idiosyncracies.
849:, p. 34: "Doch sind einige zusammenhängende jav. Textstücke vor allem durch die Durchführung auslautender Langvokale (§5,2) dem Aav. oberflächlich angeglichen; man kann die Sprache dieser Stücke pseudo-altavestisch (=pseudo-aav) nennen.".
688:
Like the other mantras, the Yenghe hatam can be diffucult to translate due to its brevity, complex grammatical forms and poetic ambiguity. As a result, a number of different translations exist. For examples,
664:
as used in Y. 51.22. Such changes have been interpreted such that the mantra originated during the early Young
Avestan period but was composed to make it appear more ancient.
1033:
606:. However, some scholars have opined that it may refer to living men and women. The latter interpretation has become more influencal in modern interpretations of the mantra.
680:
have pointed to the linguistic idiosyncracies of the mantra and concluded that it was composed by his early followers, who used the Gathic verse Y 51.22 as a model.
614:
The Yenghe hatam is generally considered to have been derived from Yasna 51.22, i.e., the 22nd verse of the
Vohukhshathra Gatha. It reads as follows:
547:. It is furthermore found throughout many other parts of the Avesta, where it often marks the transition from one portion of the text to the next.
477:
192:
672:
There is no consensus on the authorship of the Yenghe hatam. Tradition identifies
Zarathustra as its authors and scholars like
1085:
470:
1020:
Kotwal, Firoze M.; Kreyenbroek, Philip G. (2015). "Prayer". In
Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (eds.).
399:
1063:
987:
938:
1001:
463:
637:
The Yenghe hatam is part of a series of texts, which are linguistically distinct from the other parts of the
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20:
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8:
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272:
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who Mazda Ahura knows as better according to righteousness from the female beings also
1081:
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1006:(in German). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.
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That one (masculine or neuter singular) of the beings indeed is for worship
519:
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have affirmed that identification. On the other hand, some scholars like
322:
177:
52:
1038:. Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-Aegyptischen Gesellschaft. Hinrichs.
924:
677:
525:
267:
157:
67:
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57:
36:
602:(hātąm) in the first line are generally interpreted to refer to the
1043:
448:
222:
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122:
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Mazda knows the better for worship according to righteousness."
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in return for whose sacrifice the better good is to be given,
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These ones (masculine) and these ones (feminine) we worship.
540:
227:
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117:
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1112:
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765:
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Starting with the early exegesis of the Yenghe hatam in the
792:
724:
535:; the Yenghe hatam forms the four mantras that enclose the
72:
62:
900:
506:. It is interpreted as a call to pray specifically to the
1118:
https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yenhe-hatam-prayer
1013:
The Gathas of
Zarathustra and the Other Old Avestan Texts
828:
864:
804:
1108:
http://www.zoroastrian.org/GathaSongs/supplements2.htm
816:
656:(whose), which seems closer to the Young Avestan form
755:
753:
751:
749:
698:
Thus, he among those that are, as well as the women,
1054:(2009). "Old Iranian". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.).
746:
1019:
976:(2003). "The Avestan language and its problems".
786:
1124:
711:Vazquez's liturgically inclined translation is:
1022:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism
543:and form the linguistically oldest part of the
641:. These texts are the four major mantras, the
930:A History Of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period
471:
623:tą yazāi xvāiš nāmə̄nīš pairicā jasāi vaṇtā
960:
882:
774:
706:to those men and those women we sacrifice.
619:yehiiā mōi aṣ̌āt̰ hacā vahištəm yesnē paitī
1102:Other texts on the religion of Ahura Mazda
550:
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35:
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621:vaēdā mazdā̊ ahurō yōi ā̊ŋharəcā həṇticā
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652:One example is the relative pronoun
560:yeŋ́hē hātąm āat̰ yesnē paitī vaŋhō
400:Zoroastrianism in the United States
13:
1003:Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre
979:Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples
555:The Yenghe hatam reads as follows
510:, or generally to all Zoroastrian
14:
1144:
1096:
1015:. Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
702:him (and them) Ahura Mazdā knows
948:Brunner, Christopher J. (2015).
498:, and one of the most important
447:
916:
683:
564:yåŋhąmcā tąscā tåsca yazamaidē
562:mazdå ahurō vaēθā aṣ̌āt̰ hacā
1:
1035:Die Religionen des alten Iran
968:. Cambridge University Press.
787:Kotwal & Kreyenbroek 2015
734:
729:Thus we offer them worship!.
727:of their glorious sacrifices
667:
1078:The Spirit of Zoroastrianism
739:
7:
982:. Oxford: Oxford Academic.
632:
430:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
410:Persecution of Zoroastrians
10:
1149:
966:The Avestan Hymn to Mithra
693:translates it as follows:
1113:http://www.zoroaster.com/
1080:. Yale University Press.
704:to be according to Order
609:
494:is one of the four major
1011:Humbach, Helmut (1991).
183:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
551:Text and interpretation
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718:Who are of any gender,
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580:translation would be:
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148:Zoroastrian literature
1056:The Iranian Languages
1030:Nyberg, Henrik Samuel
956:. Iranica Foundation.
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695:
660:than the Old Avestan
616:
582:
557:
435:Zoroastrian cosmology
385:Zoroastrians in India
141:Scripture and worship
954:Encyclopædia Iranica
596:Young Avestan period
390:Zoroastrians in Iran
256:Accounts and legends
454:Religion portal
306:History and culture
1133:Zoroastrian prayer
1074:Skjaervø, P. Oktor
1052:Skjaervø, P. Oktor
1024:. Wiley Blackwell.
647:Yasna Haptanghaiti
273:Book of Arda Viraf
203:Cypress of Kashmar
1087:978-0-300-17035-1
962:Gershevitch, Ilya
517:Jointly with the
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1097:External links
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998:Hoffmann, Karl
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950:"YEŊ́HĒ HĀTĄM"
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604:Amesha Spentas
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508:Amesha Spentas
504:Zoroastrianism
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917:Bibliography
902:
890:
878:
871:Humbach 1991
866:
859:Gippert 2003
854:
842:
830:
818:
806:
801:, pp. 13-15.
799:Humbach 1991
794:
782:
760:Brunner 2015
715:
710:
697:
687:
684:Translations
671:
661:
657:
653:
651:
636:
627:
618:
613:
599:
593:
584:
568:
559:
554:
530:
524:
520:Ahuna vairya
518:
516:
492:Yenghe hatam
491:
489:
293:Frashokereti
238:The Rivayats
193:Adur Farnbag
178:Fire Temples
168:Yenghe hatam
167:
163:Ahuna Vairya
128:Angra Mainyu
925:Boyce, Mary
811:Nyberg 1938
721:Ahura Mazda
674:Gershevitch
323:Khurramites
73:Persia/Iran
58:Zarathustra
53:Ahura Mazda
895:Boyce 1996
823:Boyce 1996
735:References
668:Authorship
529:, and the
526:Ashem vohu
512:divinities
343:Initiation
158:Ashem Vohu
68:Vohu Manah
933:. Brill.
909:, p. 219.
885:, p. 163.
825:, p. 262.
813:, p. 270.
789:, p. 337.
777:, p. 164.
740:Citations
378:Adherents
338:Festivals
318:Mazdakism
313:Zurvanism
268:Bundahišn
78:Faravahar
1127:Category
1076:(2012).
1032:(1938).
1000:(1996).
964:(1967).
927:(1996).
837:, p. 46.
691:Skjaervo
645:and the
633:Language
360:Marriage
333:Calendar
223:Visperad
218:Vendidad
123:Fravashi
21:a series
19:Part of
873:, p. 7.
578:Avestan
571:Pahlavi
539:in the
500:prayers
496:mantras
263:Dēnkard
243:Ab-Zohr
108:Yazatas
83:Avestan
1084:
1062:
986:
937:
662:yehiiā
658:yeŋ́he
654:yeŋ́hē
643:Gathas
639:Avesta
610:Source
600:beings
598:, the
545:Avesta
537:Gathas
523:, the
405:Iranis
395:Parsis
365:Burial
353:Sedreh
348:Kushti
228:Yashts
208:Gathas
153:Avesta
118:Daevas
113:Ahuras
678:Boyce
575:Parsi
541:Yasna
213:Yasna
1082:ISBN
1060:ISBN
984:ISBN
935:ISBN
725:Asha
573:and
490:The
63:Asha
1040:doi
502:in
1129::
952:.
767:^
748:^
569:A
514:.
23:on
1090:.
1068:.
1046:.
1042::
992:.
943:.
762:.
479:e
472:t
465:v
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