1146:
2010:
452:
1800:
40:
906:
opens with the praise of Ahura Mazda, enumerating his divine titles as the
Creator, "radiant, glorious, the greatest, the best, the most beautiful, the most firm, the most wise, of the most perfect form, the highest in righteousness, possessed of great joy, creator, fashioner, nourisher, and the Most
604:
texts constitute 72 chapters altogether, composed at different times and by different authors. The middle chapters include the (linguistically) oldest texts of the
Zoroastrian canon. These very ancient texts, in the very archaic and linguistically difficult
698:
ceremony, which is understood to have a direct, immediate effect: "ar from being a symbolic act, the proper performance of the yasna is what prevents the cosmos from falling into chaos." The culminating act of the
690:." Zoroastrianism's cosmological/eschatological perception of the purpose of humankind is to strengthen the orderly spiritual and material creations of Mazda against the assault of the destructive forces of
787:
language. The middle 27 chapters include the (linguistically) oldest texts of the
Zoroastrian canon. The inner chapters/sections (excepting chapters 42.1β4,52.5β8) are in the more archaic
1028:, the Zoroastrian creed and declaration of faith. It is in "Artificial" Gathic Avestan, that is, it is stylistically and linguistically aligned with the language of the
783:
From a literary point of view, the 72 chapters consist of two nested inner cores, and an outer envelope. The outer chapters/sections (the "envelope") are in the
1835:
480:
1584:
195:
1184:", #35β41), which is as old as the Gathas but in prose, b) two short chapters (#42 and #52) that are not as old as the Gathas and
1828:
791:
language, with the four sacred formulae bracketing the innermost core. This innermost core includes the 17 chapters of the
473:
1371:, the hymn to the divinity of religious discipline. It is closely related to, and appears to have sections borrowed from
402:
1051:
1β8 in that they too are a collection of invocations to the divinities. Chapters 14β18 serve as an introduction to the
2045:
1778:
1665:
838:
From a ritual point of view, the liturgy can be broken into 4 major sections, each having its own internal prelude:
1821:
466:
1034:, but imperfectly. The last strophe of verse 7 as well as all of verses 8 and 9 are incorporated into the
432:
412:
609:
language, include the four most sacred
Zoroastrian prayers, and also 17 chapters consisting of the five
2050:
1168:
include the (linguistically) oldest texts of the
Zoroastrian canon. 17 of the 26 chapters make up the
1525:
563:
ceremony is, very roughly described, to strengthen the orderly spiritual and material creations of
16:
Primary liturgical collection of
Zoroastrian texts, and principal act of worship in Zoroastrianism
2019:
1120:
803:
597:
ceremony, without extensions, takes about two hours when it is recited by an experienced priest.
387:
23:
639:
literally means 'oblation' or 'worship'. The word is linguistically and functionally related to
947:, "by means of this sacrifice, I call β¦", followed by the name of the divinity being invoked.
150:
1958:
437:
340:
737:
in about two hours. With extensions, it takes about an hour longer. In its normal form, the
679:
392:
335:
1808:
8:
543:'s principal act of worship. It is also the name of the primary liturgical collection of
362:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1913:
1720:
1214:
931:(a bundle of 23 twigs bound together, symbolizing sanctity) to the invited divinities.
816:
581:, the "offering to the waters." The ceremony may also be extended by recitation of the
275:
205:
1905:
1774:
1770:
1661:
809:
666:, that is, the ceremony aims to strengthen that which is right/true (one meaning of
1984:
1933:
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1712:
1553:
784:
526:
499:
367:
190:
185:
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2014:
456:
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1901:
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1321:
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himself. The Gathas are in verse. These are structurally interrupted by a) the
1172:, the most sacred hymns of Zoroastrianism and thought to have been composed by
640:
540:
290:
285:
235:
175:
31:
1752:
2034:
1928:
1145:
777:β the sacred girdle worn around the waist β represent the 72 chapters of the
686:
ceremony as "the maintenance of the cosmic integrity of the good creation of
407:
200:
105:
694:. In that conflict, theologically speaking, mankind's primary weapon is the
1989:
1979:
1601:
1136:
1111:
691:
568:
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130:
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1813:
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325:
180:
55:
1533:
1355:
is again an invocation to the divinities, appealing for their attention.
1918:
1804:
1724:
1703:
Drower, Elizabeth
Stephens (1944), "The Role of Fire in Parsi Ritual",
1695:
1687:
1128:
714:
service, that is, the recitation of the Yasna texts, culminates in the
575:
service, that is, the recitation of the Yasna texts, culminates in the
270:
160:
70:
1173:
614:
320:
315:
80:
60:
39:
1716:
887:
from memory is one of the prerequisites for
Zoroastrian priesthood.
857:
Chapter 70β72: Conclusion and thanks to the divinities for attending
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125:
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1938:
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829:
Yasna 54.1: fourth of four of the most sacred
Zoroastrian prayers
704:
577:
536:
345:
265:
245:
85:
1541:
Mills, American
Edition, 1898, with select passages adopted from
1881:
1432:
1396:
1376:
1366:
1303:
1271:
1256:
1241:
1198:
1169:
1153:
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958:
911:
1 then enumerates the divinities, inviting them to the service.
792:
774:
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544:
397:
355:
350:
210:
155:
110:
629:
chapter and verse pointers are traditionally abbreviated with
1891:
1633:
1289:. Verses 52.5 β 52.8, in Younger Avestan, are a duplicate of
1012:
1007:
923:
824:
Yasna 43β51,53: Gathas 2β5 (chapters 43β46, 47β50, 51 and 53)
795:, the oldest and most sacred texts of the Zoroastrian canon.
644:
230:
120:
115:
1471:
1286:
1063:
17, "to the fires, waters, plants", is almost identical to
662:
517:
75:
65:
660:
ceremony, and the proper performance of it, is to further
1745:, Cahiers de Studia Iranica, vol. 8, Leuven: Peeters
844:
Chapter 1β12: Invitation of the divinities to the worship
508:
505:
802:
Yasna 27.13β27.15: three of the four of the most sacred
1759:, vol. online edition, New York: iranicaonline.org
1623:
1621:
613:, hymns that are considered to have been composed by
514:
511:
1735:, vol. 3, Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub, pp. 35β44
979:
4, the offerings are consecrated to the divinities.
1686:
1618:
971:3 draws the attention of the divinities invoked in
733:A well-trained priest is able to recite the entire
502:
1080:, are commentaries on the three 'high prayers' of
850:Chapter 60β69: The culmination of the Yasna (the "
1500:are again a set of invocations to the divinities.
741:ceremony is only to be performed in the morning.
567:against the assault of the destructive forces of
2032:
1093:is another set of invocations to the divinities.
991:6 is almost identical to the first 10 verses of
670:) in the existence/creation (another meaning of
883:15.2, 66.2 and 38.3. The ability to recite the
1705:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
1448:praises the anti-demonic powers imbued in the
722:ceremony may be extended by recitation of the
1829:
749:
474:
1585:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
773:, 'cut'). The 72 threads of the Zoroastrian
1807:has original text related to this article:
854:"), accompanied by intense ritual activity.
1843:
1836:
1822:
1741:Kotwal, Firoze M.; Boyd, James W. (1991),
1740:
1485:constitute the prayers that accompany the
1231:: a 4 verse chapter invoking the elements.
674:) of divine order (yet another meaning of
481:
467:
38:
1764:
1639:
761:are organized into 72 chapters, known as
1750:
1627:
1144:
1730:
1528:, vol. 31, Oxford University Press
1222:", also in Gathic Avestan but in prose.
2033:
1702:
1694:. Oxford University Press – via
1684:
1543:
1817:
1743:The Yasna: A Zoroastrian High Liturgy
1685:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1938).
1674:
1655:
1544:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1908),
1519:
1408:is a repetition of the sections from
707:, the "strengthening of the waters".
1679:, vol. 1, Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub
1596:
1594:
1546:The Nyaishes Or Zoroastrian Litanies
894:
867:occur more than once. For instance,
1767:Die Religion Zarathushtras (Band 3)
1476:, prayers to fire and its divinity.
1456:and the three principal prayers of
1011:, a collection of accolades to the
530:
403:Zoroastrianism in the United States
13:
1514:liturgy now in the public domain:
1421:is blessing upon the house of the
907:Holy Spirit." (Dhalla, 1936:155).
14:
2062:
1792:
1591:
1520:Mills, Lawrence Heyworth (1887),
847:Chapter 13β59: The Staota Yesniia
617:himself. Several sections of the
2008:
1798:
1731:Kellens, Jean (1989), "Avesta",
1392:, here to the genius of prayer (
718:, the "offering to waters". The
656:The theological function of the
498:
450:
1675:Boyce, Mary (1983), "Δb-ZΕhr",
1648:
1102:has the prayers referred to by
1660:, vol. I, Leiden: Brill,
1602:"YASNA - Encyclopedia Iranica"
1573:
1435:invocation, also known as the
1115:invocation (also known as the
1059:19β59. The first 10 verses of
744:
651:
1:
1562:
879:63 consists of passages from
1567:
963:, presents other offerings (
927:, presents libation and the
7:
1765:Stausberg, Michael (2004),
1548:, Columbia University Press
1504:
943:2β3 begin with the formula
554:
547:texts, recited during that
433:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
413:Persecution of Zoroastrians
10:
2067:
1751:Malandra, William (2006),
1325:, a prayer referred to in
1119:), the most sacred of all
956:known collectively as the
750:Structure and organization
682:summarizes the aim of the
635:The Avestan language word
2003:
1967:
1900:
1852:
1689:History of Zoroastrianism
1658:History of Zoroastrianism
2046:Ancient Iranian religion
1526:Sacred Books of the East
1427:('just' or 'true' man).
186:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
1536:(organized by chapter).
1431:60.2β7 constitute the
1015:plant and its divinity.
1491:, "offering to water".
1160:
151:Zoroastrian literature
1959:Shikand-gumanig Vizar
1757:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1733:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1677:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1642:, pp. 337, n131.
1285:: an 8 verse hymn to
1218:, the "seven-chapter
1148:
863:Some sections of the
438:Zoroastrian cosmology
388:Zoroastrians in India
144:Scripture and worship
1656:Boyce, Mary (1975),
1606:Encyclopædia Iranica
1510:Translations of the
1388:is again a "hidden"
1319:has the text of the
680:Encyclopedia Iranica
559:The function of the
393:Zoroastrians in Iran
259:Accounts and legends
2015:Religion portal
1338:is a praise to the
1121:Zoroastrian prayers
939:1. Most verses in
817:seven-chapter Yasna
804:Zoroastrian prayers
457:Religion portal
309:History and culture
1954:Dana-i Menog Khrat
1949:Frahang-i Oim-evak
1944:Frahang-i Pahlavig
1914:Book of Arda Viraf
1215:Yasna Haptanghaiti
1186:Yasna Haptanghaiti
1178:Yasna Haptanghaiti
1161:
1106:19β21. These are:
1047:are comparable to
815:Yasna 35β41: the "
276:Book of Arda Viraf
206:Cypress of Kashmar
2051:Zoroastrian texts
2028:
2027:
1771:Kohlhammer Verlag
1322:a airiiema ishiio
983:5 is repeated in
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892:
891:
871:5 is repeated as
757:The texts of the
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1450:Afrinagan Dahman
1437:Afrinagan Dahman
1375:10, the hymn to
1180:("seven-chapter
1159:(Bodleian MS J2)
1117:Yatha Ahu Vairyo
1024:constitutes the
945:ayese yeshti ...
769:s (from Avestan
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789:Old Avestan
745:The liturgy
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652:The service
607:Old Avestan
578:apæ zaothra
565:Ahura Mazda
326:Khurramites
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2035:Categories
1919:Bundahishn
1847:literature
1805:Wikisource
1696:Wikisource
1611:2023-07-19
1563:References
1534:avesta.org
1412:17 and 26.
1293:8.5 β 8.8.
1200:Ahunavaiti
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1568:Citations
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1939:Denkard
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1854:Avestan
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