Parsis - Knowledge

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Consequently, when social reform started happening in India, the Parsi community discontinued the practice. There are, however, rising problems over the availability of brides. More and more women in the Parsi community are becoming well educated and are therefore either delaying marriage or not partaking at all. Women within the Parsi community in India are 97% literate; 42% have completed high school or college and 29% have an occupation in which they earn a substantial amount of money. The wedding ceremony begins much like the initiation with a cleansing bath. The bride and groom then travel to the wedding in florally decorated cars. The priests from both families facilitate the wedding. The couple begin by facing one another with a sheet to block their view of each another. Wool is passed over the two seven times to bind them together. The two are then supposed to throw rice to their partner symbolizing dominance. The religious element comes in next when the two sit side by side to face the priest.

5419:...its main adherents came from those in government service, qualified professionals such as doctors, engineers and lawyers, business entrepreneurs, teachers in schools in the bigger cities and in the institutes of higher education, journalists ...The upper castes dominated the Indian middle class. Prominent among its members were Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits and South Indian brahmins. Then there were the 'traditional urban-oriented professional castes such as the Nagars of Gujarat, the Chitpawans and the Ckps (Chandrasenya Kayastha Prabhus)s of Maharashtra and the Kayasthas of North India. Also included were the old elite groups that emerged during the colonial rule: the Probasi and the Bhadralok Bengalis, the Parsis and the upper crusts of Muslim and Christian communities. Education was a common thread that bound together this pan Indian elite... But almost all its members spoke and wrote English and had had some education beyond school 2777:, it was determined that Parsis are genetically closer to Iranians than to their neighbours. A 2023 study was the first to delve deeply into maternal ancestry with high-resolution mitochondrial markers. They conducted a detailed phylogenetic analysis to infer their maternal genetic affinity. This revealed the Parsi mitogenomes, characterized by the mtDNA haplogroup M3a1 + 204, share a clade with both Middle Eastern and South Asian modern individuals in both the Maximum Likelihood tree and Bayesian phylogenetic tree. This haplogroup was also prevalent among the medieval Swat valley population and was observed in two Roopkund A individuals. In the phylogenetic network, these samples share a haplotype with both South Asian and Middle Eastern samples. Thus, the maternal ancestry of the first Parsi settlers includes genetic components similar to South Asian and Middle Eastern populations. 966: 1428: 2398: 2914: 1935:, the British schools in India provided the new Parsi youth with the means not only to learn to read and write but also to be educated in the greater sense of the term and become familiar with the quirks of the British establishment. These capabilities were enormously useful to Parsis since they allowed them to "represent themselves as being like the British," which they did "more diligently and effectively than perhaps any other South Asian community". While the colonial authorities often saw the other Indians "as passive, ignorant, irrational, outwardly submissive but inwardly guileful", the Parsis were seen to have the traits that the authorities tended to ascribe to themselves. 1164: 1528:. The Iran League Quarterly provided information on legal and economic aspects of land purchase. Land near Bandar-e Shapur was suggested as particularly valuable due to government plans for the port. Similar plans were considered for other Parsi colonies in Iran, including Yazd and Kerman. Textile manufacturing was seen as a potential area for Parsi investment, leading to the establishment of the Khorsovi Textile Mill in Mashhad (based on joint Parsi and Iranian ownership agreements). There was also discussion of combining industrial and agricultural ventures in such colonies. 2801:(55%), similar to Indians, which is just 1.7% in combined Iranian sample. According to the research findings, there is a noticeable contrast between the maternal and paternal components of the Parsi population. Despite their small population size, the high diversity observed in both the Y-DNA and mtDNA lineages suggests that a strong drift effect is improbable. The studies suggest a male-mediated migration of Parsi ancestors from Iran to Gujarat where they admixed with the local female population during initial settlements, which ultimately resulted in loss of Iranian mtDNA. 2381:. The ceremony then begins, and a circle is drawn around the body into which only the bearers may enter. As they proceed to the cemetery they walk in pairs and are connected by white fabric. A dog is essential in the funeral process because it is able to see death. The body is taken to the tower of death where the vultures feed on it. Once the bones are bleached by the sun they are pushed into the circular opening in the center. The mourning process is four days long, and rather than creating graves for the dead, charities are established in honor of the person. 2672: 1993: 1015:. notes that in much the same way as the word "Hindu" was used by Iranians to refer to anyone from the Indian subcontinent, "Parsi" was used by the Indians to refer to anyone from Greater Iran, irrespective of whether they were actually ethnic Persian people. In any case, the term "Parsi" itself is "not necessarily an indication of their Iranian or 'Persian' origin, but rather as indicator – manifest as several properties – of ethnic identity". Moreover, if heredity were the only factor in a determination of ethnicity, the Parsis would count as 2126:(i.e. Indian Zoroastrian) community was under intense pressure from English and American missionaries, who severely criticized the Zoroastrians for—as John Wilson portrayed it in 1843—"polytheism", which the missionaries argued was much less worth than their own "monotheism". At the time, Zoroastrianism lacked theologians of its own, and so the Zoroastrians were poorly equipped to make their own case. In this situation, Haug's counter-interpretation came as a welcome relief, and was (by-and-large) gratefully accepted as legitimate. 4969:

the rest of India. Muslims in provinces where they are in a majority have been less influenced by it; naturally, for they can stand on their own feet and have no reason to fear other groups. It is least evident in the Northwest Frontier Province (95 per cent Muslim) where the Pathans are brave and self-reliant and have no fear complex. Thus, oddly enough, the Muslim League's proposal to partition India finds far less response in the Muslim areas sought to be partitioned than in the Muslim minority areas which are unaffected by it.

2365: 1728:"Parsi legends regarding their ancestors' migration to India depict a beleaguered band of religious refugees escaping the new rule post the Muslim conquests in order to preserve their ancient faith." However, while Parsi settlements definitely arose along the western coast of the Indian subcontinent following the Arab conquest of Iran, it is not possible to state with certainty that these migrations occurred as a result of religious persecution against Zoroastrians. If the "traditional" 8th century date (as deduced from the 4550: 1888:", for which "good religion" is one translation). This change would have far reaching consequences. For one, it opened the gene pool to some extent since until that time inter-class marriages were exceedingly rare (this would continue to be a problem for the priesthood until the 20th century). For another, it did away with the boundaries along occupational lines, a factor that would endear the Parsis to the 18th- and 19th-century colonial authorities who had little patience for the unpredictable complications of the 113: 2410:

differences for the types of fire for the different temples. The first type of temple is the Atash Behram, which is the highest level of fire. The fire is prepared for an entire year before it can be installed, and once it is, it is cared for to the highest possible degree. There are only eight such temples located within India. The second type of fire temple is called a Dar-i Mihr, and the preparation process is not as intense. There are about 160 of these located throughout India.

2385: 2419: 1650: 1185: 7050: 2276: 637: 2694:. The reason given for this practice is that earth, fire, and water are considered sacred elements which should not be defiled by the dead. Therefore, burial and cremation have always been prohibited in Parsi culture. However, in modern day Mumbai and Karachi the population of vultures has drastically reduced due to extensive urbanization and the unintended consequence of treating humans and livestock with antibiotics, and the anti-inflammatory 131: 2298: 2209: 2932: 1668:, which is vague or contradictory with respect to some elapsed periods. Consequently, three possible dates – 716, 765, and 936 – have been proposed as the year of landing, and the disagreement has been the cause of "many an intense battle ... amongst Parsis". Since dates are not specifically mentioned in Parsi texts prior to the 18th century, any date of arrival is perforce a matter of speculation. The importance of the 95: 1478:

Parsis played a significant role in the modernization of Iran, particularly in the 20th century. They served as a reminder of Iran's ancient heritage, which was crucial to Iranians. The Parsis also demonstrated to Iranians that it was possible to be both modern and culturally authentic, and that the revival of Zoroastrianism could be a way of modernizing Iranian culture while retaining its original identity.

225: 1954:. In 1702, Maneck, who had probably already amassed a fortune under the Dutch and Portuguese, was appointed the first broker to the East India Company (acquiring the name "Seth" in the process), and in the following years "he and his Parsi associates widened the occupational and financial horizons of the larger Parsi community". Thus, by the mid-18th century, the brokerage houses of the 2076:. They had their own charitable foundations, housing estates, legal institutions, courts, and governance. They were no longer weavers and petty merchants, but now were established and ran banks, mills, heavy industry, shipyards, and shipping companies. Moreover, even while maintaining their own cultural identity they did not fail to recognize themselves as nationally Indian, as 59: 1947:, Recorder of Bombay from 1804 to 1811, who noted that "the Parsees are a small remnant of one of the mightiest nations of the ancient world, who, flying from persecution into India, were for many ages lost in obscurity and poverty, till at length they met a just government under which they speedily rose to be one of the most popular mercantile bodies in Asia". 1469:. A slower birthrate than deathrate accounts for the rest: as of 2001, Parsis over the age of 60 make up for 31% of the community. Only 4.7% of the Parsi community are under 6 years of age, which translates to 7 births per year per 1000 individuals. Concerns have been raised in recent years over the rapidly declining population of the Parsi community in India. 1984:, a number of Parsi families from Surat migrated to the new city. While in 1700 "fewer than a handful of individuals appear as merchants in any records; by mid-century, Parsis engaged in commerce constituted one of important commercial groups in Bombay". Maneck's generosity is incidentally also the first documented instance of Parsi philanthropy. In 1689, 1482:

blurred. This was exemplified by Reza Shah's adoption of Zoroastrian calendar names and placement of the Fravahar symbol on prominent government buildings. Additionally, he maintained a close relationship with the Zoroastrian parliamentary representative, Keikhosrow Shahrokh, who was entrusted by him with important governmental tasks.

1928:. The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent, and in 1687 they transferred their headquarters from Surat to the fledgling settlement. The Parsis followed and soon began to occupy posts of trust in connection with government and public works. 2623:('science of ecstasy', or 'science of bliss') is a school of Parsi-Zoroastrian philosophy based on a mystic and esoteric, rather than literal, interpretation of religious texts. According to adherents of the sect, they are followers of the Zoroastrian faith as preserved by a clan of 2000 individuals called the 5639:

Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Ayub, Qasim; Rai, Niraj; Prakash, Satya; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Pathak, Ajai Kumar; Tamang, Rakesh; Firasat, Sadaf; Reidla, Maere; Karmin, Monika; Rani, Deepa Selvi; Reddy, Alla G.; Parik, Jüri; Metspalu, Ene; Rootsi, Siiri; Dalal, Kurush; Khaliq, Shagufta;

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In 2017, a research study discovered that Parsis exhibit a stronger genetic affinity with Neolithic Iranians than with modern Iranians, who have experienced more recent admixture from the Near East. The study also identified 48% of South-Asian-specific mitochondrial lineages in ancient samples, which

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data has shown that the Parsis are genetically closer to Iranian populations than to their South Asian neighbours. They also share the highest number of haplotypes with present-day Iranians; the admixture of the Parsis with Indian populations was estimated have occurred approximately 1,200 years ago.

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calendar, Phiroze Kaus Dastur of the Dadyseth Atash-Behram in Bombay, became convinced that the pronunciation of prayers as recited by visitors from Iran was correct, while the pronunciation as used by the Parsis was not. He accordingly went on to alter some (but not all) of the prayers, which in due

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Over the centuries since the first Zoroastrians arrived in India, the Parsis have integrated themselves into Indian society while simultaneously maintaining or developing their own distinct customs and traditions (and thus ethnic identity). This in turn has given the Parsi community a rather peculiar

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is a tale of the journey of the Parsis to India from Iran. It says they fled for reasons of religious freedom and they were allowed to settle in India thanks to the goodwill of a local prince. However, the Parsi community had to abide by three rules: they had to speak the local language, follow local

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or codes of conduct) and the council soon ceased to be considered representative of the community. In the wake of a July 1856 ruling by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council that it had no jurisdiction over the Parsis in matters of marriage and divorce, the Panchayat was reduced to little more

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Through his largesse, Maneck helped establish the infrastructure that was necessary for the Parsis to set themselves up in Bombay and in doing so "established Bombay as the primary centre of Parsi habitation and work in the 1720s". Following the political and economic isolation of Surat in the 1720s

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zeal. The instinctive fear of disintegration and absorption in the vast multitudes among whom they lived created in them a spirit of exclusiveness and a strong desire to preserve the racial characteristics and distinctive features of their community. Living in an atmosphere surcharged with the Hindu

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briefly notes Zoroastrians with fire temples in al-Hind and in al-Sindh. There is evidence of individual Parsis residing in Sindh in the tenth and twelfth centuries, but the current modern community is thought to date from British arrival in Sindh. Moreover, for the Iranians, the harbours of Gujarat

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the Parsi community consists of: a) Parsis who are descended from the original Persian emigrants and who are born of both Zoroastrian parents and who profess the Zoroastrian religion; b) Iranis professing the Zoroastrian religion; c) the children of Parsi fathers by alien mothers who have been duly

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Quintana-Murci, Lluís; Chaix, Raphaëlle; Wells, R. Spencer; Behar, Doron M.; Sayar, Hamid; Scozzari, Rosaria; Rengo, Chiara; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Coppa8, Alfredo; Ayub, Qasim; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Mehdi, S. Qasim; Torroni, Antonio;

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Many Muslim organizations are opposed to it. Every non-Muslim, whether he is a Hindu or Sikh or Christian or Parsi, is opposed to it. Essentially the sentiment in favor of partition has grown in the areas where Muslims are in a small minority, areas which, in any event, would remain undetached from

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DNA (Y-DNA), different from most populations. Historical records suggests that they had moved from Iran to India, first to Gujarat and then to Mumbai and Karachi. According to Y-DNA, they resemble the Iranian population, which supports historical records. When the mtDNA pool is compared to Iranians

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The pollution that is associated with death has to be handled carefully. A separate part of the home is designated to house the corpse for funeral proceedings before being taken away. The priest comes to say prayers that are for the cleansing of sins and to affirm the faith of the deceased. Fire is

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In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Parsis had emerged as "the foremost people in India in matters educational, industrial, and social. They came in the vanguard of progress, amassed vast fortunes, and munificently gave away large sums in charity". Near the end of the 19th century, the total number

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and not in the sense of the trust it is today) to assist newly arriving Parsis in religious, social, legal and financial matters. Using their vast resources, the Maneck Seth family gave their time, energy and not inconsiderable financial resources to the Parsi community, with the result that by the

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acquired most of his wealth through trade in cotton and opium Gradually certain families "acquired wealth and prominence (Sorabji, Modi, Cama, Wadia, Jeejeebhoy, Readymoney, Dadyseth, Petit, Patel, Mehta, Allbless, Tata, etc.), many of which would be noted for their participation in the public life

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The gender ratio among Parsis is unusual: as of 2001, the ratio of males to females was 1000 males to 1050 females (up from 1024 in 1991), due primarily to the high median age of the population (elderly women are more common than elderly men). As of 2001 the national average in India was 1000 males

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to grant passage to Paradise, Hammistagan (A limbo area) or Hell by the bridge remaining wide for a righteous soul and turning narrow as a sword for the wicked.. A personified form of the soul that represents the person's deeds takes the adjudged to their destination and they will abide there until

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The absence of lung cancer-related DNA mutational signals among Parsis both point to the community's distinctive non-smoking social practises, which have been practised for millennia. Additionally Parsis have high prevalence of longevity as a genetic feature. Parsis have however been shown to have

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Zoroastrian festivals were originally held outside in the open air; temples were not common until later. Most of the temples were built by wealthy Parsis who needed centers that housed purity. As stated before, fire is considered to represent the presence of Ahura Mazda, and there are two distinct

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The balance between good and evil is correlated to the idea of purity and pollution. Purity is held to be of the very essence of godliness. Pollution's very point is to destroy purity through the death of a human. In order to adhere to purity it is the duty of Parsis to continue to preserve purity

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chaplain John Ovington reported that in Surat the family "assist the poor and are ready to provide for the sustenance and comfort of such as want it. Their universal kindness, either employing such as are ready and able to work, or bestowing a seasonable bounteous charity to such as are infirm and

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Both Reza Shah and Muhammad Reza Shah played an active role in encouraging Parsis to invest in Iran and contribute to its economic development by inviting them to return to their homeland. During the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran, the relationship between Zoroastrianism and Iranian national identity was

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to level out the accumulating fractional days. However, the Parsis were the only Zoroastrians to do so (and did it only once), with the result that, from then on, the calendar in use by the Parsis and the calendar in use by Zoroastrians elsewhere diverged by a matter of thirty days. The calendars

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From the 13th century to the late 16th century, the Zoroastrian priests of Gujarat sent (in all) twenty-two requests for religious guidance to their co-religionists in Iran, presumably because they considered the Iranian Zoroastrians "better informed on religious matters than themselves, and must

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Parsis have also been migrating to the traditional homeland of Iran and while the number of Parsis who have returned to Iran is small compared to the overall Zoroastrian community in Iran, their presence has helped to strengthen the ties between the Iranian and Indian Zoroastrian communities. The

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and several Arab historians, the Zoroastrian doctrine changed after the fall of the Sassanid state because the Zoroastrian clerics tried to save their religion from extinction by modifying it to resemble the religion of the Muslims. So that the Zoroastrians would not have a reason to convert to

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Iran is a vast country pregnant with many advantages and fresh fields waiting for development. We suggest that the Parsis, who are still the sons of Iran, though separated from her, should look upon this country of to-day as their own, and differentiate it from its immediate past, and strive to

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s, like the rest of the Parsi community the followers of Kshnoom are divided with respect to which calendar they observe. There are also other minor differences in their recitation of the liturgy, such as repetition of some sections of the longer prayers. Nonetheless, the Kshnoom are extremely

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ceremony, ideally before they reach puberty. Though there is no actual age by which a child must be initiated into the faith (preferably after seven years), Navjote cannot be performed on an adult. While the Parsi traditionally do not do adult Navjote (except in cases where it is performed for

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Haug's interpretations were subsequently disseminated as Zoroastrian ones, which then eventually reached the west where they were seen to corroborate Haug. Like most of Haug's interpretations, this comparison is today so well entrenched that a gloss of 'yazata' as 'angel' is almost universally

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established the Parsi Benevolent Fund with the aim of improving, through education, the condition of the impoverished Parsis still living in Surat and its environs. In 1849 the Parsis established their first school (co-educational, which was a novelty at the time, but would soon be split into

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texts – but they provide a discerning insight into the fears and anxieties of the early modern Zoroastrians. Thus, the question of the ink is symptomatic of the fear of assimilation and the loss of identity, a theme that dominates the questions posed and continues to be an issue into the 21st

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lies in any case not so much in its reconstruction of events than in its depiction of the Parsis – in the way they have come to view themselves – and in their relationship to the dominant culture. As such, the text plays a crucial role in shaping Parsi identity. But, "even if one comes to the

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founded the Persian Zoroastrian Amelioration Fund with the aim of improving conditions for his less fortunate co-religionists in Iran. The fund succeeded in convincing a number of Iranian Zoroastrians to emigrate to India (where they are known today as Iranis) and the efforts of its emissary

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Marriage is very important to the members of the Parsi community, believing that in order to continue the expansion of God's kingdom they must procreate. Up until the mid-19th century child marriages were common even though the idea of child marriage was not part of the religious doctrine.

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separate schools for boys and girls) and the education movement quickened. The number of Parsi schools multiplied, but other schools and colleges were also freely attended. Accompanied by better education and social cohesiveness, the community's sense of distinctiveness grew, and in 1854

886:. The Parsis, whose name means "Persians", are descended from Persian Zoroastrians who emigrated to India to avoid religious persecution by the Muslims. They live chiefly in Mumbai and in a few towns and villages mostly to the south of Mumbai, but also a few minorities nearby in 2057:

of Parsis in colonial India was 85,397, of which 48,507 lived in Bombay, constituting around 6.7% of the total population of the city, according to the 1881 census. This would be the last time that the Parsis would be considered a numerically significant minority in the city.

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mid-18th century, the Panchayat was the accepted means for Parsis to cope with the exigencies of urban life and the recognized instrument for regulating the affairs of the community. Nonetheless, by 1838 the Panchayat was under attack for impropriety and nepotism. In 1855 the

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The main components of Zoroastrianism as practiced by the Parsi community are the concepts of purity and pollution (nasu), initiation (navjot), daily prayers, worship at Fire Temples, marriage, funerals, and general worship via practicing good thoughts, words and deeds.

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The migration of Parsis to India caused a lack of religious knowledge, which led to doubts in several matters, which made them send men to Iran during the Muslim rule in order to learn the religion from the Zoroastrians in Iran. However, according to the orientalist

1732:) is considered valid, it must be assumed "that the migration began while Zoroastrianism was still the predominant religion in Iran and economic factors predominated the initial decision to migrate." This would have been particularly the case if – as the 1489:, a Parsi leader and founder of the Iranian Zoroastrian Anjoman and the Iran League in India, to visit Iran as part of a Parsi delegation. Irani was awarded honors by Reza Shah and entrusted with a message to take back to the Parsi community in India. 1785:

Two centuries after their landing, the Parsis began to settle in other parts of Gujarat, which led to "difficulties in defining the limits of priestly jurisdiction". These problems were resolved by 1290 through the division of Gujarat into five

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the final apocalypse. After the final battle between good and evil, every soul's walk through a river of fire ordeal for burning of their dross and together they receive a post resurrection paradise. The Zoroastrian holy book, called the

860:-speaking Irani community on the basis of the era of their migration to the country. Despite this legal distinction, the terms "Parsi" and "Zoroastrian" are commonly utilised interchangeably to denote both communities, which make up the 1030:, who in the 1750s, when the word "Zoroastrianism" had yet to be coined, made the first detailed report of the Parsis and of Zoroastrianism, therein mistakenly assuming that the Parsis were the only remaining followers of the religion. 2139:

Islam, but this did not succeed in preventing the Zoroastrians from converting to Islam, and it also caused the emergence of a new version of Zoroastrianism that resembled Islam and differed from Zoroastrianism in the Sassanid era..

991:. Subsequently, the term appears in the journals of many European travelers, first French and Portuguese, later English, all of whom used a Europeanized version of an apparently local language term. For example, Portuguese physician 2654:

The largest community of followers of the Kshnoom lives in Jogeshwari, a suburb of Bombay, where they have their own fire temple (Behramshah Nowroji Shroff Daremeher), their own housing colony (Behram Baug) and their own newspaper

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Patell, Villoo Morawala; Pasha, Naseer; Krishnasamy, Kashyap; Mittal, Bharti; Gopalakrishnan, Chellappa; Mugasimangalam, Raja; Sharma, Naveen; Gupta, Arati-Khanna; Bhote-Patell, Perviz; Rao, Sudha; Jain, Renuka (June 8, 2020).

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where they are highly esteemed".In the 18th century, Parsis with their skills in ship building and trade greatly benefited with trade between India and China. The trade was mainly in timber, silk, cotton and opium. For example

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Some members of the community additionally contend that a child must have a Parsi father to be eligible for introduction into the faith, but this assertion is considered by most to be a violation of the Zoroastrian tenets of

1966:(1770): "many of the principal merchants and owners of ships at Bombay and Surat are Parsees." "Active, robust, prudent and persevering, they now form a very valuable part of the Company's subjects on the western shores of 1919:

and other areas. Many Parsis, who until then had been living in farming communities throughout Gujarat, moved to the English-run settlements to take the new jobs offered. In 1668 the English East India Company leased the

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caste system, they felt that their own safety lay in encircling their fold by rigid caste barriers". Even so, at some point (possibly shortly after their arrival in India), the Zoroastrians – perhaps determining that the

2195:. The child then faces the main priest and fire is brought in to represent God. Once the priest finishes with the prayers, the child's initiation is complete and he or she has become part of the community and religion. 2028:

than a Government-recognized "Parsi Matrimonial Court". Although the Panchayat would eventually be reestablished as the administrator of community property, it ultimately ceased to be an instrument for self-governance.

2506:. Although it was the only calendar always in harmony with the seasons, most members of the Parsi community rejected it on the grounds that it was not in accord with the injunctions expressed in Zoroastrian tradition ( 4255: 6662: 2084:

would note: "Whether I am a Hindu, a Mohammedan, a Parsi, a Christian, or of any other creed, I am above all an Indian. Our country is India; our nationality is Indian". While having an outsized role in the

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We estimate Our Empire's resources to be even greater than those of America, and in tapping them you can take your proper part. We do not want you to come all bag and baggage; just wait a little and watch.

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This section contains information specific to the Parsi calendar. For information on the calendar used by the Zoroastrians for religious purposes, including details on its history and its variations, see

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An oft-quoted legal definition of Parsi is based on a 1909 ruling (since nullified) that not only stipulated that a person could not become a Parsi by converting to the Zoroastrian faith but also noted:

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but finding themselves still persecuted they set sail for India, arriving in the 8th century. The migration may, in fact, have taken place as late as the 10th century, or in both. They settled first at

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prayers contain references to the names of the months, and some other prayers are used only at specific times of the year, the issue of which calendar is "correct" also has theological ramifications.

1569:, the only existing account of the early years of Zoroastrian refugees in India composed at least six centuries after their tentative date of arrival, the first group of immigrants originated from 2060:

Nonetheless, the legacy of the 19th century was a sense of self-awareness as a community. The typically Parsi cultural symbols of the 17th and 18th centuries such as language (a Parsi variant of

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could be attributed to the assimilation of local females during the initial settlement or may be representative of mitochondrial lineages that have become extinct in Iran. That would make the

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that the community desperately sought. By the mid-19th century, the Parsis were keenly aware that their numbers were declining and saw education as a possible solution to the problem. In 1842

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restrictions expressed in the third clause. The second clause was contested and overturned in 1948. On appeal in 1950, the 1948 ruling was upheld and the entire 1909 definition was deemed an

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Qamar, R.; Ayub, Q.; Mohyuddin, A.; Helgason, A.; Mazhar, Kehkashan; Mansoor, Atika; Zerjal, Tatiana; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Mehdi, S. Qasim (2002), "Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistan",

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marriage customs, and not carry any weapons. After showing the many similarities between their faith and local beliefs, the early community was granted a plot of land on which to build a

6482: 914:, since they are not Hindus, they form a well-defined community. The exact date of the Parsi migration is unknown. According to tradition, the Parsis initially settled at Hormuz on the 5352: 1630:, modern Turkmenistan). This first group was followed by a second group from Greater Khorasan within five years of the first, and this time having religious implements with them (the 1443:, there are a "variety of causes that are responsible for this steady decline in the population of the community", the most significant of which were childlessness and migration. 6522: 1673:

conclusion that the chronicle based on verbal transmission is not more than a legend, it still remains without doubt an extremely informative document for Parsee historiography."

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has little to say about the events that followed the establishment of Sanjan, and restricts itself to a brief note on the establishment of the "Fire of Victory" (Middle Persian:

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Reza Shah was also sympathetic to Indian Zoroastrians (Parsis) and actively encouraged their return to Iran to invest and help develop the country's economy. In 1932, he invited

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and its commentaries began to be prepared. From these translations Dhalla infers that "religious studies were prosecuted with great zeal at this period" and that the command of

2714:. Nevertheless, the majority of Parsis still use the traditional method of disposing of their loved ones and consider this as the last act of charity by the deceased on earth. 2031:

At about the same time as the role of the Panchayat was declining, a number of other institutions arose that would replace the Panchayat's role in contributing to the sense of

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The definition of who is, and is not, a Parsi is a matter of great contention within the Zoroastrian community in India. It is generally accepted that a Parsi is a person who:

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proposed raising funds in Bombay for this purpose, with support from the Iranian government and Reza Shah. Some Parsis had already resettled in Iran earlier since the time of

1664:

Although the Sanjan group are believed to have been the first permanent settlers, the precise date of their arrival is a matter of conjecture. All estimates are based on the

1054:(521-486 BC) establishes this fact when he records his Parsi ancestry for posterity, "parsa parsahya puthra ariya ariyachitra", meaning, "a Persian, the son of a Persian, an 3406: 1494:

You Parsis are as much the children of this soil as any other Iranis, and so you are as much entitled to have your proper share in its development as any other nationals.

2451:

226-241 AD). Since that calendar did not compensate for the fractional days that go to make up a full solar year, with time it was no longer accordant with the seasons.

6024: 943:" and hence "ethnic Persian", is not attested in Indian Zoroastrian texts until the 17th century. Until that time, such texts consistently use the Persian-origin terms 4247: 3388: 2748:

have brought mixed results. Some studies supports the Parsi contention that they have maintained their Persian roots by avoiding intermarriage with local populations.

1825:

have preserved the old-time tradition more faithfully than they themselves did". These transmissions and their replies – assiduously preserved by the community as the

4310: 1813:

and the Kanheri inscriptions, there is little evidence of the Parsis until the 12th and 13th century, when "masterly" Sanskrit translations and transcriptions of the

1112:) were opposite forces and the battle between them is more or less evenly matched. A person should always be vigilant to align with forces of light. According to the 2574:

The calendar disputes were not always purely academic, either. In the 1780s, emotions over the controversy ran so high that violence occasionally erupted. In 1783 a

737:. Representing the eldest of the Indian subcontinent's two Zoroastrian communities, the Parsi people are culturally, linguistically, and socially distinct from the 2483:

calendar on the recommendation of their priests who were convinced that the calendar in use in the ancient homeland must be correct. Moreover, they denigrated the

5602: 4995: 4296: 6547: 2443:

Until about the 12th century, all Zoroastrians followed the same 365-day religious calendar, which had remained largely unmodified since the calendar reforms of

7614: 3211:

was killed in action in the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war and was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military award for gallantry in action.

2176:

descendants of Parsi wanting to join the faith), the Iranian Zoroastrian equivalent, the sedreh-pushti can be done at any age for those wanting to convert.

3753:"What sets Zoroastrian Iranis apart - Persian Journal Culture Archaeological History Art Archaeology cultural history news & Iranian culture newspaper" 2563:

and linguistics attribute the difference in pronunciation to a vowel-shift that occurred only in Iran and that the Iranian pronunciation as adopted by the

1951: 1701:

and there were extensive trade relations between the two regions. The contact between Iranians and Indians was already well established even prior to the

1446:

If Demographic trends project that by 2020 the Parsis will number only 23,000. The Parsis will then cease to be called a community and will be labeled a '

4521:

Desai, Usha & Ramsay-Brijball, M. (2004). Tracing Gujarati Language development: philologically and sociolinguistically. Alternation, 11(2), 308-324.

2946:

The Parsis have made considerable contributions to the history and development of India, all the more remarkable considering their small numbers. As the

2702:. As a result, the bodies of the deceased are taking much longer to decompose. Solar panels have been installed in the Towers of Silence to speed up the 2187:, and a small cap. Following introductory prayers, the child is given the sacred items that are associated with Zoroastrianism: a sacred shirt and cord, 1521: 6462: 1782:) before Zoroastrianism "gained a real foothold in India and secured for its adherents some means of livelihood in this new country of their adoption". 8478: 5292:"The First complete Zoroastrian-Parsi Mitochondria Reference Genome: Implications of mitochondrial signatures in an endogamous, non-smoking population" 3425:"Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts" 6371: 2906:, "Education was a common thread that bound together this pan-Indian elite"; almost all of the members of these communities could read and write in 665: 6187: 1642:

s "mountain folk", as the two initial groups are said to have been initially called, at least one other group is said to have come overland from

3214:

The Parsi community has produced several notable sports figures who have made significant contributions to their respective fields. In cricket,

2965:

Although their people's name Parsi comes from the Persian-language word for a Persian person, in Sanskrit the term means "one who gives alms".

837:

for almost 200 years after the collapse of the Sasanian Empire. Nevertheless, Zoroastrianism continued to decline, and most Iranians had become

6307: 5830: 965: 380: 5343: 2842:

and were traditionally "urban and professional" (following professions such as doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers, etc.) immediately after

2550:

To further complicate matters, in the late 18th century (or early 19th century) a highly influential head-priest and staunch proponent of the

1790:

s (districts), each under the jurisdiction of one priestly family and their descendants. (Continuing disputes regarding jurisdiction over the

1855:

Nonetheless, "the precarious condition in which they lived for a considerable period made it impracticable for them to keep up their former

1835:) – span the years 1478–1766 and deal with both religious and social subjects. From a superficial 21st century point of view, some of these 1552:. In the Greater Mumbai area, where the density of Parsis is highest, about 13% of Parsi females and about 24% of Parsi males do not marry. 1504:

If you find the proposition beneficial both to yourselves and to this land, then do come and We shall greet you with open arms, as We might.

9565: 9389: 3752: 2835: 2813: 2171:. Children are initiated into the faith when they are old enough to recite some required prayers along with the priest at the time of the 1544:; as of 2001, the literacy rate is 99.1%, the highest of any Indian community (the national average was 78.5%). 97.1% of Parsis reside in 6135: 1263: 861: 742: 7607: 5640:

Mehdi, Syed Qasim; Singh, Lalji; Metspalu, Mait; Kivisild, Toomas; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Villems, Richard; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (2017).

2975:

stock, in numbers beneath contempt, but in charity and philanthropy perhaps unequaled and certainly unsurpassed." Several landmarks in

1864:

that they had brought with them was unsustainable in the small community – did away with all but the hereditary priesthood (called the

4533: 9560: 7086: 6457:

Marashi, Afshin. "Exile and the Nation: The Parsi Community of India and the Making of Modern Iran". University of Texas Press, 2020.

6598: 5121: 9555: 5449: 4981: 4391:"Afshin Marashi talks about the role of the exiled Zoroastrian Parsi community of India in shaping Iranian nationalism when they" 3349: 3148: 1692:, the Iranians continued to play a major role in the trade links between the east and west. The 9th-century Arab historiographer 8471: 4476:

The Shah's missive is reproduced in Sir Jehangir C. Coyajee, "A brief Life-Sketch of the Late Mr. Dinshah Jeejeebhoy Irani" in

1172:

standing: they are mostly Indians in terms of national affiliation, language and history, but not typically Indian in terms of

2490:

In 1906 attempts to bring the two factions together resulted in the introduction of a third calendar based on an 11th-century

9535: 7600: 6497: 6271: 6204: 6074: 6054: 6034: 5919: 5888: 5806: 5777: 5712: 5630: 5612: 5553: 5412: 5385: 4506: 4440: 3892: 3667: 3550: 3520: 1073:

In Outlines of Persian History, Dasturji Hormazdyar Dastur Kayoji Mirza, Bombay 1987, pp. 3–4 writes, "According to the

6233: 5959:

Luhrmann, Tanya M. (August 2002), "Evil in the Sands of Time: Theology and Identity Politics among the Zoroastrian Parsis",

4166: 4049: 2090: 658: 7016: 3727: 3449: 1736:

suggests – the first Parsis originally came from the north-east (i.e. Central Asia) and had previously been dependent on

1027: 587: 2115:

s to the angels of Christianity. In this scheme, the Amesha Spentas are the arch-angel retinue of Ahura Mazda, with the

9499: 2789: 2710:

a Parsi graveyard was established in the late 19th century, which still exists; this cemetery is unique as there is no

2676: 2157:

within their body as God created them. A Zoroastrian priest spends his entire life dedicated to following a holy life.

1440: 1427: 5163: 9530: 8464: 2770: 2345: 2256: 2130:

accepted; both in publications intended for a general audience as well as in (non-philological) academic literature.

6554: 6359: 4532:

Dodiya, J. (2006). Parsi English Novel. Sarup & Sons.|Dodiya, J. (2006). Parsi English Novel. Sarup & Sons.|

2327: 2238: 864:. Notably, no substantial differences exist between Parsi and Irani religious principles, convictions, and customs. 6315:

White, D. (May 1991), "From Crisis to Community Definition:The Dynamics of Eighteenth-Century Parsi Philanthropy",

2081: 9550: 9540: 7466: 2068:, literature, newspapers, magazines, and schools. The Parsis now ran community medical centres, ambulance corps, 1752:" but simultaneously arrived as "merchantmen bound for the shores of India, in course of trade and merchandise." 962:

text in praise of the Parsis, is the earliest attested use of the term as an identifier for Indian Zoroastrians.

651: 1453:

One-fifth of the decrease in population is attributed to migration. There are sizeable Parsi communities in the

3683:

Ganesh, Kamala (2008). "Intra-community Dissent and Dialogue: The Bombay Parsis and the Zoroastrian Diaspora".

2797:

and Gujaratis (their putative parental populations), it contrasted Y-DNA data. Parsis have a high frequency of

2758: 2502:, calendar had leap days intercalated every four years and it had a New Year's day that fell on the day of the 2397: 2323: 2234: 4924: 1011:, below), Justices Davar and Beaman asserted (1909:540) that "Parsi" was also a term used in Iran to refer to 7637: 7079: 7037: 6470: 5911:

State and government in medieval Islam: an introduction to the study of Islamic political theory: the jurists

5106: 2971:

would note in a much misquoted statement, "I am proud of my country, India, for having produced the splendid

2913: 2879: 1980:

and 1730s that resulted from troubles between the (remnant) Mughal authorities and the increasingly dominant

1794:

led to the fire being moved to Udvada in 1742, where today jurisdiction is shared in rotation among the five

1078: 1095:, the two great historians who lived in the third and fourth centuries BC, referred to Iranians as Persians. 7032: 6979: 6591: 2988: 2086: 1852:

s (non-Zoroastrians) to Zoroastrianism, to which the reply (R237, R238) was: acceptable, even meritorious.

927:

but soon moved to South Gujarāt, where they remained for about 800 years as a small agricultural community.

6261: 5858:

Persia past and present: a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map

3645: 2179:

The initiation begins with a ritual bath, then a spiritual cleansing prayer; the child changes into white

9570: 9545: 7521: 6969: 6433: 6422: 6379: 2527:

calendar does not have a significant following among Parsis, but, by virtue of being compatible with the

2102: 1936: 786:

continued between the 8th century and the 10th century. The earliest of these migrants settled among the

734: 617: 597: 3470: 1684:, the easternmost periphery of the Iranian world, too had once been under coastal administration of the 7011: 3952: 3235: 3193: 3182: 2867: 2627:('Masters of the Heart') who are said to live in complete isolation in the mountainous recesses of the 2023:

noted that the Panchayat was utterly without the moral or legal authority to enforce its statutes (the

5486: 5231: 1809:

was still the literary language of the hereditary Zoroastrian priesthood. Nonetheless, aside from the

1217:

is an ethno-religious designator, whose definition is of contention among its members, similar to the

874: 30:

This article is about a Zoroastrian community in the Indian subcontinent. For the Persian people, see

7986: 6974: 1658: 857: 730: 6225:

The Legacy of Zarathushtra: An Introduction to the Religion, History and Culture of the Zarathushtis

5328: 7526: 7072: 5230:

Kumar, Lomous; Ahlawat, Bhavna; Kumar, Sachin; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Rai, Niraj (July 1, 2023).

3424: 2308: 2219: 7006: 2642:

There are few obvious indications that a Parsi might be a follower of the Kshnoom. Although their

8584: 7054: 6984: 6933: 6584: 6435:

History of the Parsis – Including their manners, customs, religion and present position. (Vol. 2)

6424:

History of the Parsis – Including their manners, customs, religion and present position. (Vol. 1)

2788:

The genetic studies of Parsis of Pakistan show sharp contrast between genetic data obtained from

2319: 2312: 2230: 2223: 1921: 853: 572: 208: 17: 6661: 6136:"Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor" 4165:(Supplement to Commerce Reports ed.). Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. p. 46. 3760: 8916: 8896: 8551: 8213: 8188: 7966: 7001: 6418: 6399: 3066: 2817: 2046: 2041: 2009: 1525: 1163: 335: 35: 6527: 5375: 5291: 9525: 9520: 8652: 7996: 7764: 7399: 7130: 6943: 5846: 5443: 5402: 5315: 4975: 4934: 3540: 3329: 3062: 2899: 2745: 2699: 1931:

Where literacy had previously been the exclusive domain of the priesthood, in the era of the

1925: 1861: 1749: 1520:

In the 1930s, Parsis discussed the idea of buying land in Iran to create a Parsi colony. Sir

1243: 622: 525: 5909: 5878: 5856: 5543: 8647: 8353: 7487: 6938: 4522: 2798: 2472:(imperial), presumably because none were aware that the calendars were no longer the same. 2444: 2437: 1976:

of the city, and for their various educational, industrial, and charitable enterprises.").

1436: 979:

The first reference to the Parsis in a European language is from 1322, when a French monk,

882:

Parsi, also spelled Parsee, member of a group of followers in India of the Persian prophet

822: 718: 577: 520: 7541: 6173: 5164:

Cellular and humoral immunodepression in vultures feeding upon medicated livestock carrion

3782: 2766:

Iranians than to modern Iranians who had recently received some genes from the Near East.

2373:

brought to the room and prayers are begun. The body is washed and inserted clean within a

1880:(artisans and labourers) – were folded into an all-comprehensive class today known as the 1033:

In addition to above, the term "Parsi" (Persian) existed even before they moved to India:

841:

by the 10th century, shifting the concentration of the religion's followers away from the

8: 8428: 7329: 6948: 6752: 6006:

The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity, and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India

3953:

Waterfield, Henry; Great Britain India Office Statistics AND Commerce Department (1872).

3118: 3086: 3043: 2782: 2734: 2491: 2270: 2036: 2032: 1972: 1889: 826: 722: 547: 155: 9410: 9329: 9269: 8926: 8423: 7623: 7244: 7119: 6836: 6770: 6562: 6444: 6340: 6332: 6160: 5992: 5984: 5948: 5869:

History of the Parsis: Including Their Manners, Customs, Religion, and Present Position

5746: 5738: 5668: 5641: 5590: 5582: 5303: 4222: 4192: 4134: 4105: 4075: 4017: 3987: 3958: 3708: 3700: 3309: 3274: 3205: 3201: 2947: 2843: 2671: 2651:

conservative in their ideology and prefer isolation even with respect to other Parsis.

2628: 2523:

calendar does have its adherents among the Parsi communities of Surat and Bharuch. The

2135: 2019: 1912: 1745: 1676:

The Sanjan Zoroastrians were certainly not the first Zoroastrians on the subcontinent.

818: 460: 390: 6117: 3450:

https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf

2578:

resident of Bharuch named Homaji Jamshedji was sentenced to death for kicking a young

1989:

miserable, leave no man destitute of relief, nor suffer a beggar in all their tribe".

9359: 8511: 8411: 7956: 7910: 7566: 7513: 7503: 7404: 6493: 6344: 6301: 6267: 6252: 6200: 6181: 6165: 6122: 6070: 6050: 6030: 5996: 5976: 5915: 5884: 5824: 5802: 5773: 5750: 5708: 5673: 5626: 5608: 5594: 5549: 5408: 5381: 5307: 5259: 5251: 5140: 4502: 4436: 3888: 3712: 3663: 3546: 3516: 3457: 3270: 3262: 3208: 3186: 2992: 2061: 1955: 1623: 1609: 1578: 1549: 1000: 849: 810: 167: 151: 5931:(June 1994), "The Good Parsi: The Postcolonial 'Feminization' of a Colonial Elite", 5511: 5021: 3984:"Report on the census of British India, taken on the 17th February 1881 ..., Vol. 2" 3006:

Particularly notable Parsis in the fields of science and industry include physicist

2706:

process, but this has been only partially successful especially during monsoons. In

1992: 1688:(226-651), which consequently maintained outposts there. Even following the loss of 1085:

king, and the founder of the Empire) as khvatay parsikan 'the king of the Persians'.

9274: 9142: 8766: 8561: 8546: 7688: 7371: 7234: 7190: 7138: 6953: 6757: 6747: 6395: 6324: 6155: 6147: 6112: 6104: 5968: 5940: 5730: 5721:

Dobbin, C. (1970), "The Parsi Panchayat in Bombay City in the Nineteenth Century",

5663: 5653: 5574: 5295: 5243: 4428: 3692: 3484: 3333: 3317: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3230:

were renowned for their exceptional skills and leadership. In music, rock musician

3130: 2996: 2907: 2847: 2711: 2687: 2560: 2464: 2077: 1944: 1844: 1619: 1570: 1134: 754: 691: 552: 375: 370: 159: 78: 5642:""Like sugar in milk": Reconstructing the genetic history of the Parsi population" 4828: 4014:"Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states" 2364: 9399: 9349: 9344: 9334: 9284: 8966: 8858: 8599: 8579: 8556: 8541: 8521: 8516: 8487: 8433: 8358: 8348: 8308: 8296: 8087: 7981: 7748: 7743: 7642: 7095: 6542: 6517: 6239: 6085: 6064: 6044: 6004: 5898: 5867: 5840: 5796: 5767: 5175: 4226: 4218: 4196: 4188: 4160: 4138: 4130: 4109: 4101: 4079: 4071: 4043: 4021: 4013: 3991: 3983: 3962: 3954: 3907: 3510: 3321: 3246: 3231: 3223: 3215: 3189: 3155:, the architect of India's victory in the 1971 war, was the first officer of the 3122: 3094: 3039: 3023: 2917: 2559:

calendar as the more ancient (and thus presumably correct). However, scholars of

2013: 1771: 1685: 1654: 1431:

The geographical distribution of modern and ancient Parsis in India and Pakistan.

1226: 1082: 1074: 1038: 842: 814: 799: 641: 4499:

Exile and the Nation: The Parsi Community of India and the Making of Modern Iran

1892:(such as when a clerk from one caste would not deal with a clerk from another). 1124:

or the wickedness, the person has chosen in his life they will be judged at the

829:

or flee, though a number of Iranian figures stayed in active revolt against the

9369: 9299: 9241: 9206: 9038: 9016: 8803: 8677: 8642: 8368: 8328: 8148: 8092: 8072: 8067: 7865: 7647: 7581: 7379: 7343: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7213: 7169: 7158: 6851: 6846: 6795: 6737: 6607: 5928: 5247: 5188: 3305: 3266: 3258: 3152: 3098: 3078: 3035: 3011: 3007: 2968: 2895: 2829: 2809: 2753: 2636: 2619: 2612: 2168: 1908: 1818: 1806: 1566: 1454: 1247: 1218: 1146: 1138: 1125: 1059: 1037:

The earliest reference to the Persians is found in the Assyrian inscription of

1012: 992: 806: 778: 738: 715: 475: 470: 420: 360: 216: 196: 184: 163: 6571: 6328: 5734: 5658: 5578: 5299: 3937: 3922: 1958:

were almost all in Parsi hands. As James Forbes, the Collector of Broach (now

9514: 9463: 9440: 9339: 9319: 9289: 9249: 9236: 9181: 9161: 8956: 8881: 8863: 8853: 8756: 8725: 8536: 8506: 8313: 8057: 8017: 7930: 7810: 7738: 7482: 7435: 7394: 7357: 7227: 7124: 7109: 6989: 6765: 6676: 6512: 5980: 5270: 5255: 5232:"Maternal ancestry of first Parsi settlers of India using ancient mitogenome" 4432: 3696: 3325: 3250: 3227: 3178: 3160: 3145: 3144:

The Parsi community has given India several distinguished military officers.

3134: 3126: 3110: 3074: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3000: 2980: 2935: 2851: 2806: 2730: 2703: 2503: 2073: 2065: 1901: 1856: 1802: 1541: 1486: 1466: 1251: 1242:

This definition was overturned several times. The equality principles of the

1173: 980: 940: 830: 592: 385: 290: 4376: 3368:

Total population of Zoroastrian religion respondents of South Asian descent.

1778:. According to Dhalla, the next several centuries were "full of hardships" ( 9264: 9259: 9156: 9073: 8971: 8921: 8886: 8781: 8710: 8622: 8604: 8338: 8251: 8153: 8138: 8082: 8047: 7900: 7784: 7683: 7673: 7445: 7322: 7255: 7114: 6856: 6841: 6810: 6800: 6732: 6727: 6696: 6169: 6126: 5786:

Gray, Louis H. (1927), "Jews in Zoroastrianism", in Hastings, James (ed.),

5677: 5263: 5211: 4420: 4099: 3337: 3336:, also hails from this community, as does Naxalite leader and intellectual 3254: 3197: 3167: 3114: 3058: 3047: 2984: 2959: 2925: 2839: 2793: 2722: 2123: 1766: 1590: 1574: 1109: 915: 783: 480: 465: 425: 355: 350: 315: 5880:

The fire, the star and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early

2987:

in Mumbai, is a home to several prominent Parsis. Parsis prominent in the

2418: 2384: 1205:(b) has been formally admitted into the Zoroastrian religion, through the 782:, the immigration of Zoroastrian Persians to the Indian subcontinent from 9478: 9430: 9384: 9379: 9324: 9304: 9151: 9126: 9078: 9011: 8843: 8786: 8672: 8589: 8406: 8133: 8042: 8022: 7905: 7850: 7825: 7733: 7728: 7708: 7551: 7546: 7430: 7278: 7262: 6928: 6742: 6621: 6408: 4478:

Dinshah Irani Memorial Volume: Papers on Zoroastrian and Iranian Subjects

4464:

Dinshah Irani Memorial Volume: Papers on Zoroastrian and Iranian Subjects

3313: 3282: 3278: 3239: 3175: 3171: 3156: 3106: 3102: 3082: 3031: 2972: 2951: 2903: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2586: 2108: 1985: 1932: 1722: 1711: 1681: 1582: 1152: 1055: 510: 365: 240: 4779: 4777: 3704: 1939:(1638) saw them as "diligent", "conscientious", and "skillful" in their 1649: 1184: 852:-speaking Parsi community accounts for the oldest sustained presence of 9394: 9309: 9186: 9176: 8946: 8799: 8776: 8715: 8632: 8388: 7815: 7723: 7718: 7206: 6866: 6831: 6722: 6636: 6227:, Hinsdale: Federation of the Zoroastrian Associations of North America 5988: 5952: 5562: 3568: 3407:

India's dwindling Parsi population to be boosted with fertility clinics

3286: 3070: 3054: 3022:, regarded as the "Father of Indian Industry", and construction tycoon 2939: 2921: 2695: 2531:

calendar (an Iranian development with the same salient features as the

2515:

Today the majority of Parsis are adherents of the Parsi version of the

2111:

interpreted Zoroastrian scripture in Christian terms, and compared the

1940: 1843:

376: whether ink prepared by a non-Zoroastrian is suitable for copying

1702: 1643: 1594: 1586: 1545: 1254:– a collateral opinion and not legally binding (re-affirmed in 1966).) 1063: 920: 825:, which prompted much of the Zoroastrian-majority population to either 746: 455: 345: 255: 6336: 5742: 5586: 2663:, where the sect was founded in the last decades of the 19th century. 2275: 1618:). The refugees accepted the conditions and founded the settlement of 9483: 9374: 9221: 8687: 8383: 8223: 8198: 8193: 7951: 7571: 7561: 7531: 7409: 7313: 7249: 7220: 6923: 6918: 6646: 6626: 6489: 5757:

Edwards, E. (1927), "Sacrifice (Iranian)", in Hastings, James (ed.),

4774: 4390: 3219: 2891: 2875: 2763: 2402: 1967: 1737: 1698: 1693: 1605: 1604:, the immigrants were granted permission to stay by the local ruler, 1458: 1088: 924: 907: 899: 883: 834: 795: 505: 500: 265: 245: 224: 7536: 5972: 5944: 4480:(Dinshah J. Irani Memorial Fund Committee, Bombay: 1948), pp i-xiii. 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4158: 3885:

Abraham's Children: Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People

3170:

was the first Parsi to be appointed Chief of the Naval Staff of the

2297: 2208: 9354: 9254: 9231: 9216: 9191: 9111: 9106: 9098: 8961: 8936: 8667: 8526: 8333: 8301: 8276: 8271: 7961: 7769: 7576: 7351: 7337: 7148: 6861: 6785: 6780: 6566: 6413:

Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsis

6151: 6108: 5607:(2nd ed.), New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, p. 252, 4425:

Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective

4297:"Where we belong: The fight of Parsi women in interfaith marriages" 3813:, p. 8 incorrectly attributes the text to a Zoroastrian priest 3090: 2931: 2887: 2774: 2707: 2691: 2069: 1904: 1741: 1717: 1622:, which is said to have been named after the city of their origin ( 1229:

and may be a remnant of an old legal definition of the term Parsi.

1092: 1051: 996: 959: 726: 636: 410: 405: 310: 136: 31: 8456: 7064: 1900:

Following the commercial treaty in the early 17th century between

9196: 9166: 9083: 9068: 9058: 8997: 8931: 8901: 8827: 8795: 8729: 8627: 8496: 8373: 8323: 8318: 8261: 8241: 8218: 8158: 8118: 8062: 8027: 7935: 7890: 7875: 7845: 7693: 7657: 7592: 7440: 7384: 7364: 7286: 7176: 6892: 6826: 6805: 6651: 6576: 5537:(4th ed.). New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors. 5229: 4419:

Ringer, Monica M. (2012), Amanat, Abbas; Vejdani, Farzin (eds.),

4270: 3164: 3138: 2855: 2726: 2683: 2567:

s is actually more recent than the pronunciation used by the non-

2508: 2180: 2172: 1981: 1959: 1832: 1827: 1775: 1706: 1206: 1202:(a) is directly descended from the original Persian refugees, and 1190: 1105: 1016: 1004: 995:

observed in 1563 that "there are merchants ... in the kingdom of

988: 936: 903: 891: 887: 838: 791: 530: 450: 430: 270: 171: 2008:

In 1728 Rustom's eldest son Naoroz (later Naorojee) founded the

1805:

near Mumbai suggest that at least until the early 11th century,

9468: 9419: 9201: 9171: 9121: 9116: 9093: 9088: 9048: 9043: 9021: 9006: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8951: 8941: 8911: 8906: 8891: 8832: 8771: 8761: 8720: 8692: 8682: 8662: 8657: 8617: 8612: 8594: 8378: 8363: 8343: 8266: 8208: 8203: 8128: 8123: 8097: 8052: 8037: 8032: 7991: 7976: 7915: 7885: 7880: 7870: 7860: 7855: 7820: 7800: 7774: 7703: 7652: 7556: 7450: 7389: 7197: 7153: 7143: 6871: 6717: 6712: 6681: 6531: 6277: 5621:

Boyce, M. (July 2002), "The Parthians", in Godrej, P.J. (ed.),

4538: 4311:"Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001-2011: study" 4248:"Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001–2011: study" 4012:

Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891).

4011: 3389:"Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001-2011: Study" 2976: 2955: 2863: 2718: 2632: 2544: 2378: 2374: 2359: 2192: 2188: 1997: 1915:

obtained the exclusive rights to reside and build factories in

1814: 1462: 954: 787: 540: 535: 395: 340: 295: 118: 42: 4321: 3863: 3861: 1176:

or ethnicity, cultural, behavioural and religious practices.

9473: 9364: 9314: 9294: 9279: 9226: 9211: 9131: 9063: 9053: 9033: 8791: 8733: 8637: 8445: 8416: 8256: 8246: 8168: 8163: 8143: 8102: 8077: 7971: 7920: 7895: 7840: 7830: 7779: 7713: 7698: 7414: 7269: 7163: 6913: 6887: 6790: 6775: 6691: 6686: 6132: 5839: 5276: 4189:"Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables" 4104:. Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. pp. 37–42. 3821: 3819: 2660: 2535:

calendar), it is predominant among the Zoroastrians of Iran.

2184: 2050: 1916: 1689: 1677: 1577:

is in part in northeastern Iran, where it constitutes modern

1447: 984: 911: 729:

who migrated to the Indian subcontinent during and after the

415: 400: 305: 300: 100: 58: 6538:"Govt launches scheme to arrest decline in Parsi population" 6238:, Mumbai: National Commission for Minorities, archived from 6066:

The Parsis of India: preservation of identity in Bombay City

5288: 3423:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022).

2729:, the Tower of Silence is located in Parsi Colony, near the 700: 9028: 8822: 8737: 8531: 8012: 7925: 7835: 7805: 7678: 7184: 6897: 6641: 6631: 5178:. The Peregrine Fund (2012-08-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-28. 5166:. Rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-28. 4900: 4888: 4357: 4345: 4100:

Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911).

3867: 3858: 3846: 3273:. The film industry features screenwriter and photographer 1627: 1614: 1120: 1114: 1067: 895: 706: 260: 250: 6094: 5900:

The Parsees in India: A Minority as Agent of Social Change

5217: 4610: 4048:. The story of nations. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 355. 3908:

Sir Dinsha Manekji Petit v. Sir Jamsetji Jijibhai (1909),

3816: 3648:. Iranicaonline.org (2008-07-20). Retrieved on 2013-07-28. 3646:

PARSI COMMUNITIES i. EARLY HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica

1821:

and Sanskrit among the clerics "was of a superior order".

1697:

lay on the maritime routes that complemented the overland

8234: 6449: 4876: 4864: 4804: 4738: 4714: 4333: 4216: 3807: 3728:"Parsi And Irani Zoroastrians – A Historical Perspective" 3626: 3624: 3611: 3609: 3581: 3579: 3577: 2456: 1548:(the national average is 27.8%). Parsis mother tongue is 6563:"Falling Indian minority hopes romance can stop decline" 5199: 4996:"Parsis have made immense contributions to India: envoy" 4692: 4690: 4651: 4586: 2910:

and were educated beyond regular schooling institutions.

1194:

ceremony (rites of admission into the Zoroastrian faith)

6195:

Ralhan, Om Prakash (2002), "Indian National Congress",

5684: 4852: 4794: 4792: 4783: 4762: 4750: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4622: 3938:

Merwan Rashid Yezdiar v. Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar (1950),

3923:

Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar v. Merwan Rashid Yezdiar (1948),

3836: 3834: 3596: 3594: 2762:

It is also found that Parsis are genetically closer to

2475:

In 1745 the Parsis in and around Surat switched to the

1608:, on the condition that they adopt the local language ( 5567:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4940: 4562: 4152: 3955:"Memorandum on the census of British India of 1871-72" 3621: 3606: 3574: 2838:(CSDS), lists Indian communities that constituted the 1585:, and in part in three Central-Asian republics namely 6263:

Zoroastrians of India. Parsis: A Photographic Journey

5765: 5638: 5565:(1970), "On the Calendar of the Zoroastrian Feasts", 5489:. Parsi Khabar (2010-01-06). Retrieved on 2013-07-28. 4912: 4726: 4702: 4687: 4663: 4574: 4427:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 267–277, 4283: 4072:"Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 2064:), arts, crafts, and sartorial habits developed into 1839:("questions") are remarkably trivial – for instance, 1560: 1439:, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. According to the 1026:

The term "Parseeism" or "Parsiism", is attributed to

768: 703: 6026:

The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research

5492: 5054: 4840: 4789: 4634: 4131:"Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 3831: 3591: 3422: 3300:

Educational and legal achievements include educator

2659:). There is a smaller concentration of adherents in 697: 6460: 6445:"Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing?" 5604:

Zoroastrians, their religious beliefs and practices

5039: 4675: 4598: 3658:Akram, A. I.; al-Mehri, A. B. (September 1, 2009). 3539:Hinnells, John; Williams, Alan (October 22, 2007). 2894:, the Parsis, as well as the upper echelons of the 2555:course came to be accepted by all adherents of the 1740:trade. Even so, in the 17th century, Henry Lord, a 694: 5850:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 5344:"High rate of cancer puts Parsis under microscope" 5342: 4462:Committee, Dinshah J. Irani Memorial Fund (1943). 2690:where the corpses are quickly eaten by the city's 2666: 2538: 2049:were instrumental in obtaining a remission of the 5069: 3245:In literature and journalism, they boast authors 2902:communities throughout the country. According to 2585:Of the eight Atash-Behrams (the highest grade of 9512: 5798:The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration 5541: 5474: 4816: 3538: 2413: 2096: 1943:pursuits. Similar observations would be made by 27:Zoroastrian community in the Indian subcontinent 6442: 6029:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press, p. 154, 5373: 5084: 4102:"Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables" 3569:Parsee, n. and adj. - Oxford English Dictionary 3312:, Pakistan's first Parsi Supreme Court Justice 2958:to, their most prominent contribution is their 2593:pronunciation and calendar, the other five are 1868:in Sassanid Iran). The remaining estates – the 1848:century. So also the question of conversion of 1748:, noted that the Parsis came to India seeking " 1531: 1104:In ancient Persia, Zoroaster taught that good ( 5766:Eliade, M.; Couliano, I.; Wiesner, H. (1991), 5400: 5119: 4421:"Iranian Nationalism and Zoroastrian Identity" 4240: 4035: 3806:Parsi legend attributes it to a Hindu author; 3324:, along with former Attorney-General of India 3200:RF Contractor served as the 17th Chief of the 2646:prayers are very similar to those used by the 1657:and its surrounding regions on the eve of the 1612:) and that their women adopt local dress (the 1081:, the Indian astrologer refers to Artakhshir ( 1007:." In an early 20th-century legal ruling (see 1003:call them Jews, but they are not so. They are 910:. Although they are not, strictly speaking, a 8472: 7608: 7080: 6592: 6231: 5883:(reprint ed.), I.B.Tauris, p. 268, 5545:Historia Religionum: Religions of the present 5542:Bleeker, Claas Jouco; Widengren, Geo (1971), 5512:"Jamshedji Tata - Founder of TATA Industries" 4544: 4363: 4351: 4327: 4159:United States Department of Commerce (1924). 3657: 3053:Other notable Parsi business persons include 2686:at least, for dead Parsis to be taken to the 2122:At the time Haug wrote his translations, the 1950:One of these was an enterprising agent named 1282: 762: 659: 6259: 6213: 6043:Ovington, J. (1929), Rawlinson, H.G. (ed.), 5914:(reprint ed.), Routledge, p. 364, 5855:Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams (1906), 5377:Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent 4592: 4339: 2836:Centre for the Study of Developing Societies 2814:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 2785:of Parsis about 3/4 Iranian and 1/4 Indian. 6186:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5903:(2nd ed.), New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House 5790:, vol. VII, Edinburgh: T & T Clark 4466:. Dinshah J. Irani Memorial Fund Committee. 2326:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2237:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1264:List of countries by Zoroastrian population 894:. There is a sizeable Parsee population in 733:in the 7th century, when Zoroastrians were 8479: 8465: 7615: 7601: 7087: 7073: 6660: 6599: 6585: 6479:Chennai Brew- Some Voices Some Communities 6306:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5829:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5761:, vol. XI, Edinburgh: T & T Clark 5367: 4837:, pp. 37–45, 62–64, 128–140, 334–135. 4210: 4181: 4123: 4093: 4064: 4005: 3976: 3946: 3362: 2698:, which harm vultures and have led to the 2430: 2080:, the first Asian to occupy a seat in the 1872:(nobility, soldiers, and civil servants), 1472: 867: 741:, whose Zoroastrian ancestors migrated to 666: 652: 223: 57: 6461:Editorial Viewpoint (February 21, 2006), 6291: 6246: 6159: 6116: 6083: 6013: 5876: 5685:Darukhanawala, H.; Jeejeebhoy, J (1938), 5667: 5657: 5468: 5380:. Springer Science & Business Media. 5205: 4657: 4616: 4580: 4568: 4461: 4162:Trade and Economic Review for 1922 No. 34 3912:, Justices Dinshaw Davar and Frank Beaman 3887:. Grand Central Publishing. p. 236. 3852: 3825: 3810: 3725: 3416: 3085:—all of them related through marriage to 3050:are important industrial Parsi families. 2426:ceremony (in this case, a house blessing) 2346:Learn how and when to remove this message 2257:Learn how and when to remove this message 2119:as the supporting host of lesser angels. 1158: 856:, and is legally differentiated from the 776:According to the 16th-century Parsi epic 6521:) is being considered for deletion. See 6372:"A brief introduction to Zoroastrianism" 6232:Roy, T.K.; Unisa, S.; Bhatt, M. (2004), 6062: 6042: 6022: 5958: 5927: 5814: 5794: 5142:The complete text of the Pahlavi Dinkard 5078: 4906: 4894: 4858: 4834: 4810: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4628: 4556: 3630: 3585: 3332:, India's first female photojournalist, 3304:, suffragist, cultural studies theorist 2930: 2912: 2834:D. L. Sheth, the former director of the 2670: 2417: 2396: 2383: 2363: 2274: 2091:opposed the partition of undivided India 1991: 1648: 1426: 1269:Historical population of Parsis in India 1238:and properly admitted into the religion. 1183: 1162: 964: 845:for the first time in recorded history. 6431: 6417: 6394: 6360:"Parsi-Religion and Expressive Culture" 6235:Growth of the Parsi population in India 6222: 5907: 5872:, vol. 1, London: Macmillan and Co 5854: 5756: 5498: 5462: 5189:"Tower of Silence - Clifton Cantonment" 5063: 4496: 3726:Dadrawala, Noshir H. (April 13, 2019). 3615: 3508: 3350:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 3149:Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw 3125:. The husband of Indian Prime Minister 2823: 2682:It has been traditional, in Mumbai and 2463:, p. 537), the Parsis inserted an 2151: 951:" the good religion". The 12th-century 902:. A few Parsee families also reside in 14: 9513: 6485:These Communities Call Chennai 'home'" 6218:(2nd ed.), New York: Random House 6194: 6009:, Bombay: K.R. Cama Oriental Institute 6002: 5865: 5720: 5702: 5693: 5374:Dhavendra Kumar (September 15, 2012). 5139:Madan, Dhanjishah Meherjibhai (1911). 5093: 5022:"HAUG, MARTIN – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 5002:. Press Trust of India. April 26, 2016 4946: 4930: 4918: 4882: 4870: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4669: 4645: 4418: 4219:"Census of India, 1941. Vol. 1, India" 4041: 3882: 3682: 3512:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 3137:, was a Parsi with ancestral roots in 2601:s do not have their own Atash-Behram. 2582:woman and so causing her to miscarry. 2146: 983:, briefly refers to their presence in 862:world's largest Zoroastrian population 8460: 7596: 7068: 6580: 6314: 6090:, Bombay: Zarthoshti Dharam Sambandhi 6087:Early History of the Parsees in India 5896: 5707:, New York: Oxford University Press, 5694:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusserwanji (1914), 5620: 5600: 5561: 5532: 5456: 5138: 4846: 4798: 4681: 4604: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4414: 4412: 3840: 3641: 3639: 3600: 2460: 2107:In the 1860s and 1870s, the linguist 1895: 1515:derive benefit from her developments. 1008: 935:, which in the Persian language is a 6477:Uberoi, Anuradha (January 6, 2020), 6023:Nigosian, Solomon Alexander (1993), 5861:, The Macmillan Company, p. 471 5837: 5785: 5548:, vol. II, Brill, p. 715, 5438:. Indian Social Institute: 72. 2000. 5048: 4822: 4258:from the original on January 6, 2019 3942:, Justices Chagla and Gajendragadkar 3868:Jamshed Irani v. Banu Irani (1966), 3564: 3562: 3534: 3532: 3117:. Other notable businessmen include 2324:adding citations to reliable sources 2291: 2235:adding citations to reliable sources 2202: 1721:to refer to the peoples west of the 805:Zoroastrianism had served as Iran's 87:Regions with significant populations 9566:Pakistani people of Iranian descent 8486: 7094: 6443:Karkaria, Bachi (January 9, 2016). 5788:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics 5769:The Eliade Guide to World Religions 5759:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics 5687:Parsi Lustre on Indian Soil, Vol. I 5448:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ( 4980:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ( 4784:Darukhanawala & Jeejeebhoy 1938 3759:. December 19, 2007. Archived from 3571:. oed.com. Retrieved on 2015-03-03. 3293:, and Thailand's cinematic pioneer 3109:was married to Parsi industrialist 2773:(patrilineal) DNA of the Parsis of 2053:for their co-religionists in 1882. 2012:(in the sense of an instrument for 1179: 1058:, of Aryan family" (Inscription at 1028:Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron 763: 588:Zoroastrianism in the United States 24: 9500:Genetic studies on Gujarati people 7622: 6606: 6432:Karaka, Dosabhai Framjee (1884b), 6352: 6216:Random House Unabridged Dictionary 6197:Encyclopaedia of Political Parties 6140:American Journal of Human Genetics 6097:American Journal of Human Genetics 6046:A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689 5487:Can Zoroastrians save their faith? 4483: 4409: 4217:India Census Commissioner (1941). 3636: 3509:Skutsch, Carl (November 7, 2013). 2979:are named after Parsis, including 2740: 2167:Zoroastrians are not initiated by 1561:Arrival in the Indian subcontinent 1441:National Commission for Minorities 1277: 25: 9582: 6525:to help reach a consensus. › 6504: 6199:, New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 5355:from the original on May 25, 2022 4169:from the original on May 13, 2023 3559: 3529: 3097:, was born into two of the Parsi 2604: 9561:Indian people of Iranian descent 7049: 7048: 6292:Vimadalal, Jal Rustamji (1979), 6018:, New Delhi: National Book Trust 5844:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5504: 5480: 5424: 5394: 5335: 5282: 5223: 5181: 5120:Bachi Karkaria (July 11, 2005). 4497:Marashi, Afshin (June 8, 2020). 4052:from the original on May 8, 2023 3883:Entine, Jon (October 24, 2007). 3542:Parsis in India and the Diaspora 3261:, and investigative journalists 2454:Sometime between 1125 and 1250 ( 2296: 2207: 690: 635: 129: 111: 93: 6556:Parsis – a photographic journey 6546:. July 27, 2010. Archived from 5169: 5157: 5132: 5122:"How Konstantin became Farrokh" 5113: 5099: 5014: 4988: 4952: 4526: 4515: 4470: 4455: 4383: 4369: 4303: 4289: 3931: 3916: 3901: 3876: 3800: 3775: 3745: 3719: 3676: 3651: 2667:Issues relating to the deceased 2539:Effect of the calendar disputes 2368:Parsi Tower of Silence, Bombay. 1079:Karnamak i Artakhshir i Papakan 813:. However, the conquest of the 809:since at least the time of the 735:persecuted by the early Muslims 9556:Ethnoreligious groups in India 6214:Random House (1993), "Parsi", 5838:Hull, Ernest Reginald (1911). 3502: 3477: 3442: 3399: 3381: 2677:St Mary's Cemetery, Wandsworth 2487:calendar as being "royalist". 1755: 1509:Our dear brothers and sisters. 1137:, which is closely related to 794:after being granted refuge by 757:, and literally translates to 13: 1: 7638:Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu 6572:The Story of Parsi Enterprise 6510: 6469:, no. 48, archived from 6438:, London: Macmillan & Co. 6427:, London: Macmillan & Co. 6223:Rivetna, Roshan, ed. (2002), 6003:Maneck, Susan Stiles (1997), 5407:. Penguin Books. p. 28. 5404:The Great Indian Middle class 4501:. University of Texas Press. 3660:The Muslim Conquest of Persia 3375: 3316:, and constitutional experts 3308:, and first female barrister 3105:families, and their daughter 3093:. Mohammad Ali Jinnah's wife 2721:is located at Doongerwadi at 2589:) in India, three follow the 2414:Factions within the community 2097:Change in religious education 1257: 1042: 970: 68: 9536:Social groups of Maharashtra 6364:Countries and their Cultures 6134:McElreavey, Ken (May 2004), 6049:, London: Humphrey Milford, 5961:The Journal of Asian Studies 5475:Bleeker & Widengren 1971 3328:, and Supreme Court Justice 2989:Indian independence movement 2087:Indian independence movement 1573:. This historical region of 1532:Other demographic statistics 1219:identity question among Jews 821:marked the beginning of the 7: 7522:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 6063:Palsetia, Jesse S. (2001), 5908:Lambton, Ann K. S. (1981), 5801:, Oxford University Press, 5772:, New York: HarperCollins, 4545:Roy, Unisa & Bhatt 2004 4364:Roy, Unisa & Bhatt 2004 4352:Roy, Unisa & Bhatt 2004 4328:Roy, Unisa & Bhatt 2004 3343: 2287: 2198: 2103:Criticism of Zoroastrianism 1937:Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo 1774:and its subsequent move to 1581:, part of western/northern 769: 618:Criticism of Zoroastrianism 598:Persecution of Zoroastrians 10: 9587: 8235:Immigrant Jain communities 6249:Die Religion Zarathushtras 5795:Hinnells, John R. (2005), 5525: 5277:Quintana-Murci et al. 2004 5248:10.1016/j.mito.2023.06.004 4191:. 1931. pp. 513–519. 3515:. Routledge. p. 953. 3236:Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji 3209:Ardeshir Burjorji Tarapore 2827: 2769:In that 2002 study of the 2610: 2434: 2392: 2357: 2268: 2160: 2100: 1746:English East India Company 1555: 1261: 999:... known as Esparcis. We 725:. They are descended from 40: 29: 9492: 9454: 9428: 9408: 9140: 8995: 8872: 8841: 8813: 8747: 8701: 8570: 8494: 8399: 8289: 8181: 8111: 8005: 7944: 7793: 7757: 7666: 7630: 7512: 7496: 7475: 7459: 7423: 7102: 7046: 7025: 6962: 6906: 6880: 6819: 6705: 6669: 6658: 6614: 6329:10.1017/S0026749X00010696 6294:What a Parsee Should Know 6260:Taraporevala, S. (2000), 5877:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006), 5735:10.1017/S0026749X00005102 5705:History of Zoroastrianism 5659:10.1186/s13059-017-1244-9 5579:10.1017/S0041977X00126540 5300:10.1101/2020.06.05.124891 4966:. Asia Press: 212. 1946. 3662:. Maktabah Publications. 3185:, post-independence, and 3181:served as India's second 2846:. This list included the 2675:Parsi funerary monument, 2468:still had the same name, 2089:, the majority of Parsis 1659:Muslim conquest of Persia 1420: 1295:— 1118:or the righteousness and 1099: 719:ethno-religious community 195: 190: 183: 178: 150: 145: 127: 109: 91: 86: 56: 9531:Social groups of Gujarat 8749:Agricultural communities 7667:Agricultural communities 7527:Ancient Iranian religion 6748:101 Names of Ahura Mazda 6523:templates for discussion 6419:Karaka, Dosabhai Framjee 6251:(in German). Stuttgart: 5817:Studies in Parsi History 5535:Religion in Modern India 4433:10.1057/9781137013408_13 4133:. 1921. pp. 39–44. 4074:. 1901. pp. 57–62. 3910:33 ILR 509 and 11 BLR 85 3697:10.1177/0038022920080301 3355: 3322:Nani Ardeshir Palkhivala 2844:Indian partition in 1947 2717:The Tower of Silence in 1876:(farmers and herdsmen), 1634:). In addition to these 371:101 Names of Ahura Mazda 41:Not to be confused with 7467:Ancient Iranian peoples 6934:Three Persian religions 5401:Pavan K. Varma (2007). 5000:Business Standard India 4377:"Saving India's Parsis" 3986:. 1881. pp. 9–18. 3925:Parsi Matrimonial Court 3787:Encyclopædia Britannica 3489:www.merriam-webster.com 2631:(alternatively, in the 2431:Calendrical differences 2388:Parsi Fire Temple Delhi 1922:Seven Islands of Bombay 1473:Ties to modern-day Iran 939:meaning "inhabitant of 875:Encyclopædia Britannica 868:Definition and identity 854:Zoroastrianism in India 9551:Ethnic groups in Sindh 9541:Ethnic groups in India 8917:Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya 8897:Gurjar Kshatriya Kadia 8703:Mercantile communities 8552:Sidhra-Rudhra Brahmins 7967:Gomantak Maratha Samaj 7758:Mercantile communities 6404:, University of London 6266:, Bombay: Good Books, 6247:Stausberg, M. (2002). 6084:Paymaster, R. (1954), 6014:Nanavutty, P. (1970), 5866:Karaka, D. F. (1884), 5623:A Zoroastrian Tapestry 5533:Baird, Robert (2009). 5323:Cite journal requires 5107:"BBC - Zoroastrianism" 3067:Dinshaw Maneckji Petit 2943: 2928: 2757:based on high density 2746:Genealogical DNA tests 2679: 2519:calendar although the 2427: 2406: 2389: 2369: 2280: 2047:Maneckji Limji Hataria 2042:Dinshaw Maneckji Petit 2010:Bombay Parsi Panchayet 2005: 1661: 1518: 1432: 1240: 1195: 1168: 1167:Wedding portrait, 1948 1159:As an ethnic community 976: 929: 336:Zoroastrian literature 36:Parsi (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 8309:Maharashtrian Muslims 7765:Gaud Saraswat Brahmin 7424:Related ethnic groups 7038:Fire temples in India 6706:Scripture and worship 6550:on December 25, 2011. 5847:Catholic Encyclopedia 5815:Hodivala, S. (1920), 5689:, Bombay: G. Claridge 5294:: 2020.06.05.124891. 5026:www.iranicaonline.org 4960:Asia and the Americas 4042:Frazer, R.W. (1897). 3685:Sociological Bulletin 3485:"Definition of PARSI" 3063:Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata 2934: 2920:, lead singer of the 2916: 2751:A study published in 2700:Indian vulture crisis 2674: 2421: 2401:Parsi Fire Temple of 2400: 2387: 2367: 2278: 1995: 1962:), would note in his 1926:Charles II of England 1862:social stratification 1750:liberty of conscience 1652: 1491: 1430: 1235: 1187: 1166: 1133:, was written in the 968: 880: 731:Arab conquest of Iran 623:Zoroastrian cosmology 573:Zoroastrians in India 329:Scripture and worship 191:Related ethnic groups 79:Mahadev V. Dhurandhar 8815:Pastoral communities 7488:Proto-Indo-Europeans 7400:Tats of the Caucasus 7033:Fire temples in Iran 6820:Accounts and legends 6317:Modern Asian Studies 6280:on February 14, 2006 5723:Modern Asian Studies 5696:Zoroastrian Theology 5601:Boyce, Mary (2001), 3763:on December 19, 2007 3010:, nuclear scientist 2830:List of Parsi people 2824:Notable Parsi people 2438:Zoroastrian calendar 2320:improve this section 2231:improve this section 2152:Purity and pollution 2000:" a wood engraving, 1801:Inscriptions at the 1522:Hormusji C. Adenwala 1437:2011 Census of India 823:Islamisation of Iran 753:is derived from the 578:Zoroastrians in Iran 444:Accounts and legends 8874:Artisan communities 8572:Warrior communities 8429:Bombay East Indians 8112:Nomadic communities 7794:Artisan communities 6907:History and culture 6753:Udvada Atash Behram 6463:"How trust-worthy?" 6401:The Parsee Religion 6242:on November 8, 2006 5703:Dhalla, M. (1938), 5625:, New York: Mapin, 4909:, pp. 135–139. 4897:, pp. 223–225. 4885:, pp. 150–151. 4873:, pp. 215–217. 4723:, pp. 474–475. 4299:. October 24, 2017. 4284:Chaubey et al. 2017 4221:. pp. 97–101. 3429:www12.statcan.gc.ca 3330:Rohinton F. Nariman 3192:served as the 18th 3113:, the scion of the 3087:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2818:Parkinson's disease 2783:population genetics 2279:Parsi wedding 1905. 2271:Zoroastrian wedding 2147:Religious practices 2072:troops, clubs, and 2037:Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy 2033:social cohesiveness 1973:Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy 1540:Parsis have a high 1270: 1244:Indian Constitution 969:Parsis from India, 743:British-ruled India 723:Indian subcontinent 642:Religion portal 494:History and culture 53: 9571:Neo-Zoroastrianism 9546:Religious identity 9350:Shaikhs of Gujarat 9330:Pathans of Gujarat 9143:Muslim communities 8998:Tribal communities 8912:Kumhar (Prajapati) 8424:Marathi Christians 8354:Muslim Chhaparband 8290:Muslim communities 8006:Tribal communities 7945:Priest communities 6837:Book of Arda Viraf 6771:Cypress of Kashmar 5897:Kulke, E. (1978), 5126:The Times of India 4547:, pp. 18, 19. 4016:. pp. 87–95. 3957:. pp. 50–54. 3310:Mithan Jamshed Lam 3275:Sooni Taraporevala 3206:Lieutenant Colonel 3202:Indian Coast Guard 3194:Chief of Air Staff 3183:Chief of Air Staff 3159:to be appointed a 3129:and son-in-law of 2944: 2929: 2854:from Gujarat, the 2680: 2543:Since some of the 2428: 2407: 2390: 2370: 2281: 2136:Arthur Christensen 2082:British Parliament 2006: 1913:East India Company 1896:Age of opportunity 1890:Hindu caste system 1662: 1433: 1268: 1196: 1169: 977: 835:Islamic caliphates 819:Rashidun Caliphate 461:Book of Arda Viraf 391:Cypress of Kashmar 51: 9508: 9507: 9456:Other communities 9360:Sayyid of Gujarat 8512:Audichya Brahmins 8454: 8453: 8412:Marathi Buddhists 8400:Other communities 8285: 8284: 8177: 8176: 7631:Hindu Communities 7590: 7589: 7514:Iranian religions 7504:Iranian languages 7374: 7367: 7360: 7346: 7332: 7325: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7281: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7200: 7193: 7179: 7172: 7133: 7062: 7061: 6498:978-93-5351-676-5 6396:Naoroji, Dadabhai 6273:978-81-901216-0-6 6253:Kohlhammer Verlag 6206:978-81-7488-865-5 6076:978-90-04-12114-0 6069:, Leiden: Brill, 6056:978-81-206-0945-7 6036:978-0-7735-1144-6 5921:978-0-19-713600-3 5890:978-1-84511-056-7 5808:978-0-19-826759-1 5779:978-0-06-062145-2 5714:978-0-404-12806-7 5632:978-1-890206-22-2 5614:978-0-415-23902-8 5555:978-90-04-02598-1 5414:978-0-14-310325-7 5387:978-1-4020-2231-9 5218:Qamar et al. 2002 4813:, pp. 53–56. 4747:, pp. 47–57. 4593:Taraporevala 2000 4508:978-1-4773-2079-2 4442:978-1-137-01340-8 4340:Taraporevala 2000 4330:, pp. 8, 21. 4254:. July 26, 2016. 4227:saoa.crl.28215532 4197:saoa.crl.25793234 4139:saoa.crl.25394121 4110:saoa.crl.25393779 4080:saoa.crl.25352838 4022:saoa.crl.25318666 3992:saoa.crl.25057654 3963:saoa.crl.25057647 3894:978-0-446-40839-4 3855:, p. I. 373. 3669:978-0-9548665-3-2 3552:978-1-134-06751-0 3522:978-1-135-19388-1 3465:Missing or empty 3271:Behram Contractor 3263:Ardeshir Cowasjee 3187:Air Chief Marshal 3089:, the founder of 3030:, Mistry family, 3014:, industrialists 2993:Pherozeshah Mehta 2790:mitochondrial DNA 2688:Towers of Silence 2356: 2355: 2348: 2267: 2266: 2259: 1956:Bombay Presidency 1600:According to the 1579:Khorasan Province 1565:According to the 1435:According to the 1425: 1424: 1019:according to the 947:"Zoroastrian" or 872:According to the 811:Achaemenid Empire 676: 675: 202: 201: 168:Pakistani dialect 16:(Redirected from 9578: 9411:Jain communities 8767:Anjana Chaudhari 8562:Tapodhan Brahmin 8557:Sompura Brahmins 8547:Shrimali Brahmin 8542:Sachora Brahmins 8527:Khedaval Brahmin 8481: 8474: 8467: 8458: 8457: 8232: 8231: 8182:Jain communities 7664: 7663: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7594: 7593: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7342: 7328: 7321: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7277: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7196: 7189: 7175: 7168: 7129: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7066: 7065: 7052: 7051: 7017:in United States 6758:Adur Burzen-Mihr 6664: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6578: 6577: 6551: 6474: 6473:on July 15, 2011 6454: 6439: 6428: 6405: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6378:. Archived from 6367: 6347: 6311: 6305: 6297: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6276:, archived from 6256: 6243: 6228: 6219: 6209: 6191: 6185: 6177: 6172:, archived from 6163: 6129: 6120: 6103:(5): 1107–1124, 6091: 6079: 6059: 6039: 6019: 6010: 5999: 5955: 5924: 5904: 5893: 5873: 5862: 5851: 5843: 5834: 5828: 5820: 5811: 5791: 5782: 5762: 5753: 5717: 5699: 5690: 5681: 5671: 5661: 5635: 5617: 5597: 5558: 5538: 5520: 5519: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5447: 5439: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5311: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5103: 5097: 5088: 5082: 5073: 5067: 5058: 5052: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4979: 4971: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4787: 4781: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4619:, p. I.374. 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4494: 4481: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4317:. July 25, 2016. 4307: 4301: 4300: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3927:, Justice Coyaji 3920: 3914: 3913: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3865: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3829: 3828:, p. I.373. 3823: 3814: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3783:"Parsi (people)" 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3619: 3613: 3604: 3598: 3589: 3583: 3572: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3453: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3420: 3414: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3395:. July 25, 2016. 3385: 3369: 3366: 3334:Homai Vyarawalla 3302:Jamshed Bharucha 3295:Rattana Pestonji 3291:Persis Khambatta 3131:Jawaharlal Nehru 3119:Cyrus Poonawalla 2997:Dadabhai Naoroji 2900:Indian Christian 2888:Bengali Probasis 2848:Kashmiri Pandits 2712:Tower of Silence 2561:Avestan language 2465:embolismic month 2351: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2300: 2292: 2262: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2211: 2203: 2078:Dadabhai Naoroji 1964:Oriental Memoirs 1945:James Mackintosh 1911:of England, the 1845:Avestan language 1571:Greater Khorasan 1537:to 933 females. 1526:Maneckji Hataria 1284: 1279: 1271: 1267: 1180:Self-perceptions 1135:Avestan language 1052:Darius the Great 1047: 1044: 1009:self-perceptions 975: 972: 827:convert to Islam 772: 766: 765: 755:Persian language 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 668: 661: 654: 640: 639: 376:Adur Burzen-Mihr 227: 204: 203: 135: 133: 132: 117: 115: 114: 99: 97: 96: 81: 75: 73: 70: 61: 54: 50: 21: 9586: 9585: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9511: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9488: 9450: 9424: 9404: 9375:Sulaymani Bohra 9345:Sandhai Muslims 9335:Salaat (Muslim) 9136: 8991: 8967:Salaat (Muslim) 8868: 8837: 8809: 8743: 8697: 8566: 8522:Girnara Brahmin 8517:Bardai Brahmins 8490: 8488:Gujarati people 8485: 8455: 8450: 8434:Koli Christians 8395: 8359:Muslim Raj Gond 8334:Deccani Muslims 8297:Konkani Muslims 8281: 8230: 8173: 8107: 8001: 7940: 7789: 7753: 7662: 7643:Marathi Brahmin 7626: 7621: 7591: 7586: 7508: 7492: 7471: 7460:Ancient peoples 7455: 7419: 7120:'Ajam of Kuwait 7098: 7096:Iranian peoples 7093: 7063: 7058: 7042: 7021: 6958: 6902: 6876: 6847:Story of Sanjan 6815: 6701: 6670:Divine entities 6665: 6656: 6610: 6605: 6543:Hindustan Times 6536: 6526: 6507: 6385: 6383: 6376:Kwintessentials 6370: 6366:. Advameg, Inc. 6358: 6355: 6353:Further reading 6350: 6299: 6298: 6283: 6281: 6274: 6207: 6179: 6178: 6077: 6057: 6037: 5973:10.2307/3096349 5945:10.2307/2804477 5922: 5891: 5822: 5821: 5809: 5780: 5715: 5698:, New York: OUP 5633: 5615: 5556: 5528: 5523: 5516:webindia123.com 5510: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5441: 5440: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5415: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5349:The Independent 5341: 5340: 5336: 5324: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5228: 5224: 5220:, p. 1119. 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5137: 5133: 5118: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5089: 5085: 5074: 5070: 5059: 5055: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4973: 4972: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4949:, p. 1101. 4945: 4941: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4660:, pp. 2–3. 4656: 4652: 4644: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4495: 4484: 4475: 4471: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4417: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4397:. June 27, 2020 4389: 4388: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3951: 3947: 3936: 3932: 3921: 3917: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3881: 3877: 3866: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3817: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3724: 3720: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3592: 3584: 3575: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3421: 3417: 3404: 3400: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3346: 3318:Fali S. Nariman 3247:Rohinton Mistry 3232:Freddie Mercury 3224:Farokh Engineer 3216:Nari Contractor 3190:Fali Homi Major 3123:Adar Poonawalla 3095:Rattanbai Petit 3026:. The families 3024:Pallonji Mistry 2918:Freddie Mercury 2864:Punjabi Khatris 2832: 2826: 2743: 2741:Archaeogenetics 2669: 2615: 2609: 2541: 2441: 2433: 2416: 2395: 2362: 2352: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2317: 2301: 2290: 2273: 2263: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2228: 2212: 2201: 2165: 2154: 2149: 2105: 2099: 2014:self-governance 1898: 1884:("followers of 1758: 1705:, and both the 1686:Sasanian Empire 1655:Sasanian Empire 1563: 1558: 1534: 1475: 1266: 1260: 1227:gender equality 1213:In this sense, 1182: 1161: 1102: 1045: 1039:Shalmaneser III 973: 890:(Pakistan) and 870: 843:Iranian plateau 815:Sasanian Empire 790:of present-day 693: 689: 672: 634: 629: 628: 627: 612: 604: 603: 602: 567: 559: 558: 557: 516: 515: 495: 487: 486: 485: 471:Story of Sanjan 445: 437: 436: 435: 330: 322: 321: 320: 285: 284:Divine entities 277: 276: 275: 235: 130: 128: 112: 110: 94: 92: 82: 77: 76: 71: 63: 49: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9584: 9574: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9502: 9496: 9494: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9460: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9437: 9435: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9416: 9414: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9244: 9242:Makwana Muslim 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9148: 9146: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9017:Dungri Garasia 9009: 9003: 9001: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8962:Sathwara Salat 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8878: 8876: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8850: 8848: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8819: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8807: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8753: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8707: 8705: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8576: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8503: 8501: 8492: 8491: 8484: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8461: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8409: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8238: 8236: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8115: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8009: 8007: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7648:Pathare Prabhu 7645: 7640: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7627: 7624:Marathi people 7620: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7597: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7582:Zoroastrianism 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7344:Pashtun tribes 7335: 7334: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7310: 7296: 7293:Chinese Tajiks 7284: 7283: 7282: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7259: 7247: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7173: 7170:Kurdish tribes 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7092: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7069: 7060: 7059: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6852:Chinvat Bridge 6849: 6844: 6842:Book of Jamasp 6839: 6834: 6829: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6796:Khordeh Avesta 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6738:Airyaman ishya 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6677:Amesha Spentas 6673: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6618: 6616: 6615:Primary topics 6612: 6611: 6608:Zoroastrianism 6604: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6560: 6552: 6534: 6506: 6505:External links 6503: 6502: 6501: 6475: 6458: 6455: 6440: 6429: 6415: 6406: 6392: 6382:on May 1, 2016 6368: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6323:(2): 303–320, 6312: 6289: 6272: 6257: 6244: 6229: 6220: 6211: 6205: 6192: 6176:on May 9, 2008 6152:10.1086/383236 6146:(5): 827–845, 6130: 6109:10.1086/339929 6092: 6081: 6075: 6060: 6055: 6040: 6035: 6020: 6011: 6000: 5967:(3): 861–889, 5956: 5939:(2): 333–357, 5929:Luhrmann, T.M. 5925: 5920: 5905: 5894: 5889: 5874: 5863: 5852: 5841:"Parsis" 5835: 5812: 5807: 5792: 5783: 5778: 5763: 5754: 5729:(2): 149–164, 5718: 5713: 5700: 5691: 5682: 5646:Genome Biology 5636: 5631: 5618: 5613: 5598: 5573:(3): 513–539, 5559: 5554: 5539: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5503: 5491: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5423: 5413: 5393: 5386: 5366: 5334: 5325:|journal= 5281: 5279:, p. 840. 5269: 5222: 5210: 5206:Nanavutty 1970 5198: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5131: 5112: 5098: 5096:, p. 135. 5083: 5081:, p. 871. 5068: 5053: 5051:, p. 562. 5038: 5013: 4987: 4951: 4939: 4923: 4921:, p. 483. 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4861:, p. 216. 4851: 4849:, p. 312. 4839: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4801:, p. 304. 4788: 4773: 4771:, p. 333. 4761: 4759:, p. 861. 4749: 4737: 4735:, p. 474. 4725: 4713: 4711:, p. 457. 4701: 4699:, p. 448. 4686: 4674: 4672:, p. 447. 4662: 4658:Paymaster 1954 4650: 4633: 4631:, p. 199. 4621: 4617:Stausberg 2002 4609: 4597: 4585: 4581:Paymaster 1954 4573: 4569:Vimadalal 1979 4561: 4549: 4537: 4525: 4514: 4507: 4482: 4469: 4454: 4441: 4408: 4382: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4302: 4288: 4269: 4239: 4209: 4180: 4151: 4122: 4092: 4063: 4034: 4004: 3975: 3945: 3930: 3915: 3900: 3893: 3875: 3872:, Justice Mody 3857: 3853:Stausberg 2002 3845: 3843:, p. 105. 3830: 3826:Stausberg 2002 3815: 3811:Paymaster 1954 3799: 3774: 3757:www.iranian.ws 3744: 3718: 3691:(3): 315–336. 3675: 3668: 3650: 3635: 3620: 3618:, p. 205. 3605: 3603:, p. 148. 3590: 3573: 3558: 3551: 3528: 3521: 3501: 3476: 3441: 3415: 3405:Dean Nelson. " 3398: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3345: 3342: 3306:Homi K. Bhabha 3267:Russi Karanjia 3259:Ardashir Vakil 3153:Military Cross 3079:Jehangir Wadia 3012:Homi N. Sethna 3008:Homi J. Bhabha 2969:Mahatma Gandhi 2904:Pavan K. Varma 2872:northern India 2860:Southern India 2852:Nagar Brahmins 2828:Main article: 2825: 2822: 2810:bladder cancer 2805:high rates of 2754:Genome Biology 2742: 2739: 2668: 2665: 2637:Mount Damavand 2635:range, around 2613:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 2611:Main article: 2608: 2606:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 2603: 2540: 2537: 2504:vernal equinox 2432: 2429: 2415: 2412: 2394: 2391: 2358:Main article: 2354: 2353: 2304: 2302: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2269:Main article: 2265: 2264: 2215: 2213: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2169:infant baptism 2164: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2101:Main article: 2098: 2095: 2074:Masonic Lodges 1902:Mughal emperor 1897: 1894: 1870:(r)atheshtarih 1819:Middle Persian 1807:Middle Persian 1757: 1754: 1567:Qissa-i Sanjan 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1533: 1530: 1474: 1471: 1455:United Kingdom 1423: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1259: 1256: 1211: 1210: 1203: 1181: 1178: 1160: 1157: 1147:Qissa-i Sanjan 1139:Vedic Sanskrit 1126:Chinvat bridge 1101: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1086: 1071: 1060:Naqsh-i-Rustam 1049: 1021:Qissa-i Sanjan 993:Garcia de Orta 869: 866: 833:and the later 807:state religion 798:, the king of 779:Qissa-i Sanjan 747:Qajar-era Iran 674: 673: 671: 670: 663: 656: 648: 645: 644: 631: 630: 626: 625: 620: 614: 613: 611:Related topics 610: 609: 606: 605: 601: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 569: 568: 565: 564: 561: 560: 556: 555: 550: 545: 544: 543: 538: 528: 523: 517: 514: 513: 508: 503: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 484: 483: 478: 476:Chinvat Bridge 473: 468: 466:Book of Jamasp 463: 458: 453: 447: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 434: 433: 428: 423: 421:Khordeh Avesta 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 361:Airyaman ishya 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 332: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 319: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 291:Amesha Spentas 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 237: 236: 234:Primary topics 233: 232: 229: 228: 220: 219: 217:Zoroastrianism 213: 212: 200: 199: 193: 192: 188: 187: 185:Zoroastrianism 181: 180: 176: 175: 164:Indian dialect 148: 147: 143: 142: 139: 125: 124: 121: 107: 106: 103: 89: 88: 84: 83: 62: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9583: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9427: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9290:Multani Lohar 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9182:Dawoodi Bohra 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8999: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8957:Sompura Salat 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8942:Gurjar Suthar 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8882:Bhambi Khalpa 8880: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8871: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8840: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8757:Aboti Brahmin 8755: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8746: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8700: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8537:Nagar Brahmin 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8507:Aboti Brahmin 8505: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8493: 8489: 8482: 8477: 8475: 8470: 8468: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8398: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8307: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8189:Marathi Jains 8187: 8186: 8184: 8180: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7931:Twashta Kasar 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7831:Dhobi (Parit) 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7611: 7606: 7604: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7483:Indo-Iranians 7481: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7436:Bukharan Jews 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7358:Arab-Persians 7355: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7336: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7280: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228:Southern Lurs 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7132: 7131:Baloch tribes 7128: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103:Ethnic groups 7101: 7097: 7090: 7085: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7057: 7056: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6980:in Azerbaijan 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6766:Adur Gushnasp 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6663: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6597: 6595: 6590: 6588: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6393: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6295: 6290: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5818: 5813: 5810: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5477:, p. 212 5476: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5451: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5432:Social Action 5427: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5370: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5338: 5330: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5278: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5236:Mitochondrion 5233: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5208:, p. 13. 5207: 5202: 5194: 5193:wikimapia.org 5190: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5102: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5080: 5079:Luhrmann 2002 5077: 5072: 5066:, p. 21. 5065: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5047: 5042: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4983: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4907:Palsetia 2001 4903: 4896: 4895:Palsetia 2001 4891: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4859:Ovington 1929 4855: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4835:Palsetia 2001 4831: 4824: 4819: 4812: 4811:Palsetia 2001 4807: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4786:, p. 33. 4785: 4780: 4778: 4770: 4769:Luhrmann 1994 4765: 4758: 4757:Luhrmann 2002 4753: 4746: 4745:Palsetia 2001 4741: 4734: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4705: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4684:, p. 29. 4683: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4648:, p. 15. 4647: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4630: 4629:Hinnells 2005 4625: 4618: 4613: 4607:, p. 25. 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4557:Hodivala 1920 4553: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4518: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4479: 4473: 4465: 4458: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4413: 4396: 4395:Zamaneh Media 4392: 4386: 4378: 4372: 4366:, p. 14. 4365: 4360: 4354:, p. 21. 4353: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4298: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4155: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4045:British India 4038: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4008: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3941: 3934: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3904: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3671: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3633:, p. 42. 3632: 3631:Nigosian 1993 3627: 3625: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3588:, p. 88. 3587: 3586:Hodivala 1920 3582: 3580: 3578: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3548: 3545:. Routledge. 3544: 3543: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3505: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3472: 3459: 3451: 3445: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3411:The Telegraph 3408: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3326:Soli Sorabjee 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3251:Firdaus Kanga 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228:Polly Umrigar 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179:Aspy Engineer 3177: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3161:Field Marshal 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3146:Field Marshal 3142: 3140: 3136: 3135:Feroze Gandhi 3132: 3128: 3127:Indira Gandhi 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111:Neville Wadia 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3075:Neville Wadia 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020:Jamsetji Tata 3017: 3016:J. R. D. Tata 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 3001:Bhikaiji Cama 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981:Nariman Point 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942:of companies. 2941: 2938:, founder of 2937: 2936:Jamsetji Tata 2933: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896:Indian Muslim 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2807:breast cancer 2802: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2731:Chanesar Goth 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704:decomposition 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2625:Saheb-e-Dilan 2622: 2621: 2620:Ilm-e-Kshnoom 2614: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2425: 2420: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2361: 2350: 2347: 2339: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2305:This section 2303: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2285: 2277: 2272: 2261: 2258: 2250: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2216:This section 2214: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2066:Parsi theatre 2063: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952:Rustom Maneck 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1857:proselytizing 1853: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:Kanheri Caves 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1715:use the term 1714: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542:literacy rate 1538: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1487:Dinshah Irani 1483: 1479: 1470: 1468: 1467:United States 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1429: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1252:obiter dictum 1249: 1245: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1177: 1175: 1174:consanguinity 1165: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 967: 963: 961: 957: 956: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 928: 926: 922: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 879: 877: 876: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831:Rashidun army 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780: 774: 771: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 717: 711: 687: 683: 678: 669: 664: 662: 657: 655: 650: 649: 647: 646: 643: 638: 633: 632: 624: 621: 619: 616: 615: 608: 607: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 563: 562: 554: 551: 549: 546: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 498: 491: 490: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 441: 440: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 386:Adur Gushnasp 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 326: 325: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 281: 280: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 231: 230: 226: 222: 221: 218: 215: 214: 210: 206: 205: 198: 194: 189: 186: 182: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 144: 140: 138: 126: 122: 120: 108: 104: 102: 90: 85: 80: 66: 60: 55: 44: 37: 33: 19: 9526:Zoroastrians 9521:Parsi people 9455: 9445: 9429: 9409: 9320:Patani Bohra 9265:Meta Qureshi 9141: 8996: 8887:Bhambi Rohit 8873: 8842: 8814: 8782:Kathi people 8748: 8702: 8605:Kathi Darbar 8571: 8532:Modh Brahmin 8495: 8440: 8252:Jaiswal Jain 8154:Phase Pardhi 7987:Kudaldeshkar 7785:Vaishya Vani 7542:Baháʼí Faith 7446:Persian Jews 7405:Tats of Iran 7330:Yidgha–Munji 7245:Mazanderanis 7053: 6994: 6857:Frashokereti 6811:Atash Behram 6801:The Revayats 6762:Adur Farnbag 6743:Fire Temples 6733:Yenghe hatam 6728:Ahuna Vairya 6697:Angra Mainyu 6559:—online book 6555: 6548:the original 6541: 6516: 6484: 6478: 6471:the original 6466: 6448: 6434: 6423: 6412: 6409:Haug, Martin 6400: 6384:. Retrieved 6380:the original 6375: 6363: 6320: 6316: 6293: 6284:February 21, 6282:, retrieved 6278:the original 6262: 6248: 6240:the original 6234: 6224: 6215: 6196: 6174:the original 6143: 6139: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6065: 6045: 6025: 6015: 6005: 5964: 5960: 5936: 5932: 5910: 5899: 5879: 5868: 5857: 5845: 5816: 5797: 5787: 5768: 5758: 5726: 5722: 5704: 5695: 5686: 5649: 5645: 5622: 5603: 5570: 5566: 5544: 5534: 5515: 5506: 5499:Rivetna 2002 5494: 5482: 5470: 5465:, p. 27 5463:Jackson 1906 5458: 5444:cite journal 5435: 5431: 5426: 5418: 5403: 5396: 5376: 5369: 5357:. Retrieved 5348: 5337: 5316:cite journal 5284: 5272: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5192: 5183: 5176:News Release 5171: 5159: 5147:. Retrieved 5141: 5134: 5125: 5115: 5101: 5090: 5086: 5075: 5071: 5064:Edwards 1927 5060: 5056: 5045: 5041: 5029:. Retrieved 5025: 5016: 5004:. Retrieved 4999: 4990: 4976:cite journal 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4942: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4571:, p. 2. 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4517: 4498: 4477: 4472: 4463: 4457: 4446:, retrieved 4424: 4399:. Retrieved 4394: 4385: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4342:, p. 9. 4335: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4291: 4260:. Retrieved 4251: 4242: 4230:. Retrieved 4212: 4200:. Retrieved 4183: 4171:. Retrieved 4161: 4154: 4142:. Retrieved 4125: 4113:. Retrieved 4095: 4083:. Retrieved 4066: 4054:. Retrieved 4044: 4037: 4025:. Retrieved 4007: 3995:. Retrieved 3978: 3966:. Retrieved 3948: 3939: 3933: 3924: 3918: 3909: 3903: 3884: 3878: 3869: 3848: 3802: 3790:. Retrieved 3786: 3777: 3765:. Retrieved 3761:the original 3756: 3747: 3735:. Retrieved 3731: 3721: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3659: 3653: 3616:Lambton 1981 3541: 3511: 3504: 3492:. Retrieved 3488: 3479: 3467:|title= 3444: 3434:November 26, 3432:. Retrieved 3428: 3418: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3364: 3338:Kobad Ghandy 3299: 3285:, actresses 3255:Bapsi Sidhwa 3244: 3238:; conductor 3213: 3198:Vice Admiral 3168:Jal Cursetji 3143: 3121:and his son 3115:Wadia family 3059:Cyrus Mistry 3052: 3005: 2985:Malabar Hill 2967: 2964: 2960:philanthropy 2945: 2840:middle class 2833: 2803: 2799:haplogroup M 2794:Y-chromosome 2792:(mtDNA) and 2787: 2779: 2771:Y-chromosome 2768: 2752: 2750: 2744: 2737:localities. 2723:Malabar Hill 2716: 2681: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2605: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2542: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2455: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2423: 2408: 2371: 2342: 2333: 2318:Please help 2306: 2282: 2253: 2244: 2229:Please help 2217: 2178: 2166: 2161: 2155: 2141: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2059: 2055: 2030: 2024: 2020:Bombay Times 2018: 2007: 2001: 1978: 1963: 1949: 1930: 1899: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1874:vastaryoshih 1873: 1869: 1865: 1854: 1849: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1823: 1810: 1800: 1795: 1792:Atash Bahram 1791: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1767:Atash Bahram 1765: 1761: 1759: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1716: 1710: 1675: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1613: 1601: 1599: 1591:Turkmenistan 1575:Central Asia 1564: 1539: 1535: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1452: 1445: 1434: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1223: 1214: 1212: 1197: 1189: 1170: 1145: 1143: 1130: 1119: 1113: 1110:Angra Mainyu 1108:) and evil ( 1103: 1032: 1025: 1020: 1013:Zoroastrians 978: 952: 948: 944: 932: 930: 916:Persian Gulf 881: 873: 871: 847: 804: 784:Greater Iran 777: 775: 758: 750: 685: 681: 679: 677: 582: 481:Frashokereti 426:The Rivayats 381:Adur Farnbag 366:Fire Temples 356:Yenghe hatam 351:Ahuna Vairya 316:Angra Mainyu 174:(liturgical) 65:A Parsi Lady 64: 48:Ethnic group 9479:Mahyavanshi 9433:communities 9431:Zoroastrian 9380:Sunni Bohra 9325:Patni Jamat 9152:Alavi Bohra 8846:communities 8844:Genealogist 8590:Dabhi Kolis 8499:communities 8407:Bene Israel 8134:Gav-Paradhi 7826:Chhaparband 7734:Mahyavanshi 7729:Panchkalshi 7709:Koli people 7552:Manichaeism 7547:Khurramites 7431:Armeno-Tats 7012:in Pakistan 6970:Persecution 6929:Khurramites 6642:Persia/Iran 6627:Zarathustra 6622:Ahura Mazda 6511:‹ The 5242:: 104–111. 5094:Dhalla 1914 4947:Ralhan 2002 4933:, pp. 4931:Karaka 1884 4919:Dhalla 1938 4883:Dobbin 1970 4871:Karaka 1884 4733:Dhalla 1938 4721:Dhalla 1938 4709:Dhalla 1938 4697:Dhalla 1938 4670:Dhalla 1938 4646:Maneck 1997 4559:, p. . 4262:November 3, 3732:Parsi Times 3314:Dorab Patel 3283:Erick Avari 3279:Boman Irani 3240:Zubin Mehta 3234:; composer 3176:Air Marshal 3172:Indian Navy 3157:Indian Army 3107:Dina Jinnah 3083:Nusli Wadia 2973:Zoroastrian 2952:thy name is 2884:Maharashtra 2735:Mehmoodabad 2657:Parsi Pukar 2595:Shahenshahi 2587:fire temple 2576:Shahenshahi 2517:Shahenshahi 2494:model: the 2485:Shahenshahi 2470:Shahenshahi 2109:Martin Haug 1996:"Parsis of 1933:British Raj 1798:families.) 1756:Early years 1723:Indus River 1712:Mahabharata 1682:Balochistan 1653:Map of the 1583:Afghanistan 1546:urban areas 1258:Population 1248:patrilineal 1153:fire temple 974: 1870 898:as well in 749:. The word 716:Zoroastrian 511:Khurramites 261:Persia/Iran 246:Zarathustra 241:Ahura Mazda 72: 1928 9515:Categories 9395:Vora Patel 9390:Turk Jamat 9187:Halaypotra 9177:Chundrigar 9103:Patanwadia 8947:Sai Suthar 8777:Bhanushali 8716:Bhanushali 8389:Tadvi Bhil 7861:Kanjarbhat 7816:Chaukalshi 7719:Leva Patil 7207:Feyli Lurs 7191:Bakhtiaris 7139:Bashkardis 6975:in Armenia 6867:Hamistagan 6723:Ashem Vohu 6637:Vohu Manah 6016:The Parsis 5652:(1): 110. 4847:White 1991 4799:White 1991 4682:Kulke 1978 4605:Kulke 1978 3940:52 blr 876 3870:68 blr 794 3841:Boyce 2002 3601:Boyce 2001 3376:References 3287:Nina Wadia 3071:Ness Wadia 3055:Ratan Tata 3044:Poonawalla 2940:Tata Group 2892:Bhadraloks 2876:Chitpavans 2696:diclofenac 2461:Boyce 1970 2445:Ardashir I 2025:Bundobusts 1941:mercantile 1703:Common Era 1644:Sari, Iran 1595:Uzbekistan 1587:Tajikistan 1465:, and the 1262:See also: 1064:Persepolis 1046: 854 1001:Portuguese 531:Initiation 346:Ashem Vohu 256:Vohu Manah 156:Hindi–Urdu 9484:Thathagar 9275:Molesalam 9222:Khaskheli 8585:Chudasama 8384:Saiqalgar 8224:Upajjhaya 8199:Chaturtha 8194:Bagherwal 8139:Nath Jogi 7957:Deshastha 7952:Chitpavan 7911:Padmasali 7572:Yarsanism 7562:Mazdaznan 7557:Mazdakism 7532:Assianism 7497:Languages 7410:Yaghnobis 7365:Basseries 7314:Oroshoris 7250:Ossetians 7235:Mamasanis 7221:Hasanvand 6963:Adherents 6944:Festivals 6924:Mazdakism 6919:Zurvanism 6832:Bundahišn 6647:Faravahar 6490:The Hindu 6421:(1884a), 6411:. (1878) 6345:146758927 5997:163092265 5981:0021-9118 5751:143988257 5595:161417703 5563:Boyce, M. 5308:219603800 5256:1567-7249 5149:March 28, 5049:Gray 1927 4823:Hull 1911 4448:March 15, 4401:March 15, 4315:The Hindu 4252:The Hindu 3713:148248437 3494:April 23, 3393:The Hindu 3277:, actors 3220:Rusi Modi 2954:charity" 2764:Neolithic 2403:Ahmedabad 2336:June 2017 2307:does not 2247:June 2017 2218:does not 2183:pants, a 1968:Hindustan 1878:hutokshih 1744:with the 1738:Silk Road 1718:Parasikas 1699:Silk Road 1694:Al-Masudi 1680:touching 1640:Kohistani 1636:Khorasani 1606:Jadi Rana 1459:Australia 1246:void the 1209:ceremony. 1089:Herodotus 1048:-824 BC). 1017:Parthians 945:Zartoshti 931:The term 925:Kathiawar 908:Hyderabad 900:Bangalore 884:Zoroaster 796:Jadi Rana 566:Adherents 526:Festivals 506:Mazdakism 501:Zurvanism 456:Bundahišn 266:Faravahar 146:Languages 9493:See also 9355:Shaikhda 9255:Mansoori 9232:Machiyar 9192:Hingorja 9112:Rathodia 9107:Pateliya 9099:Padharia 8937:Sikligar 8668:Sarvaiya 8600:Karadiya 8302:Nawayath 8277:Shrimali 8272:Sarawagi 8214:Panchama 8028:Binjhwar 7997:Saraswat 7962:Devrukhe 7821:Chambhar 7689:Bhandari 7577:Yazidism 7567:Scythian 7380:Semnanis 7372:Sistanis 7352:Persians 7338:Pashtuns 7307:Badzhuis 7300:Shughnis 7214:Hadavand 7159:Kumzaris 7149:Farsiwan 7144:Dehwaris 7055:Category 6985:in India 6949:Marriage 6939:Calendar 6862:Xrafstar 6786:Visperad 6781:Vendidad 6567:BBC News 6513:template 6467:Parsiana 6398:(1861), 6302:citation 6296:, Bombay 6182:citation 6170:15077202 6127:11898125 5825:citation 5819:, Bombay 5678:28615043 5353:Archived 5264:37379890 5145:. 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