1486:
1363:
1229:
1109:
1652:
1556:
1438:
397:. By the end of the month the conflict between the two group had escalated into a civil war which continued until December. ELAS managed to destroy PAO's armed units, before they managed to regroup in Chalkidiki. In January 1944, the remnant of PAO, consisting of several hundred men, requested aid from the German authorities and they were reformed into collaborationist, counter-insurgency units. Under German direction, PAO took part in operations against ELAS, while attacking the Bulgarian army with the tacit approval of the Germans. From then on PAO operated under the umbrella of the
1748:
1264:
1168:
1521:
1403:
331:
Organization (PAO) and absorbed former members of
National Social Defense (EKA) a small right wing resistance organization. PAO's armed wing was named National Army (ES), it also formed a women's branch called PAOE and youth branch called PAON. PAO also illegally published a newspaper called National Voice (EF), its first edition was published in Thessaloniki on 25 May 1943. Its 500 to 1,000 copies were distributed to young officers. Its other branches likewise published their own newspapers. In the
1821:
388:
or other autonomists. EAM-ELAS constantly viewed any group not belonging to itself with distrust and accused them as "collaborators", but in many cases it was a self-fulfilling prophecy, as ELAS's attacks on the right-wing groups forced the remnants of the latter to make common cause with the
Germans
371:
At the same time, however, ELAS began forcibly disarming smaller non-communist guerrilla groups and either amalgamating them in its own ranks or disbanding them entirely. ELAS justified its action by accusing YBE and other right-wing groups of collaboration with the German occupation authorities, a
310:
failed and the population was subjected to mass reprisals. Hundreds of Greeks were killed, dozens of villages were razed and thousands of people were made refugees. YBE’s persistence with non-violent resistance proved to be unpopular, costing it many defections. In early 1943, agents of the
British
297:
Georgios
Themelis, issued a declaration which stated that whoever fights the Germans is an enemy of Greece. Their pleas fell on deaf ears, as the Germans continued to tolerate if not encourage Bulgarian efforts. YBE then shifted its focus towards smuggling fighters into the Middle East, where they
330:
As part of this effort, the leadership of YBE agreed to embrace armed struggle, forming guerilla bands in rural areas. A parallel increase in Axis atrocities after the entry of
Bulgarian troops into western Macedonia, reinforced their decision. In July 1943, YBE was renamed Panhellenic Liberation
268:
On 10 July 1941, army officers Majors I. Papathanassiou, Th. Barbas, E. Dortas and
Captain Anastasios Sakellaridis founded Defenders of Northern Greece (YBE), a Greek nationalist resistance organization. Its goals were the preservation of the territorial integrity of Greece and the countering any
392:
Consequently, from the moment of PAO's formation, relations with ELAS were strained and no effort was put into combining their operations. PAO managed to gain the support of the
Turkish-speaking Pontic Greeks, who maintained independent resistance networks and were similarly anti-communist. In
405:
in Athens, committing numerous atrocities. Its field commanders Vichos and
Dangoulas signed a declaration, pledging to fight the Allies alongside Germany, while others such as Michalagas wore German army uniforms. Only in eastern Macedonia, which lay inside the Bulgarian occupation zone, were
285:
for the inclusion of Greek
Macedonia into a greater "autonomous Macedonia", which would inevitably fall under Yugoslav or Bulgarian hegemony. Its headquarters were located in the offices of the Prefecture Inspection Service of the General Administration of
3196:
277:. Nevertheless, like most resistance groups at the time, by 1943 did accept vague references to post-war "socialism" and accepted the entry of socialist members into its ranks. The organization it was a fierce opponent of EAM-ELAS, especially given the
1838:
417:
significantly weakened the communists, while the Greek army and gendarmerie were reformed by former members of anti-communist resistance organizations, including former collaborators. The political conflict in Greece continued until the end of the
236:. The Bulgarian language was made compulsory in all administrative matters, as well as in the education and liturgy. Businessmen were forced to accept Bulgarian partners or even hand their property over to Bulgarian control. Efforts to promote
393:
August, ELAS fighters in the area of Kilkis began pressuring PAO insurgents into disarming. When ELAS applied the same tactic on the
Turkish-speaking Pontians, the latter murdered seven regional ELAS commanders in the village of Imera, near
211:, expecting a swift victory but the invasion failed and the Italians were pushed back into Albania. As the war dragged on, on 6 April 1941 Germany was forced to intervene to support its struggling ally. The small Greek force defending the
191:), employing methods of non violent resistance. In 1943, YVE was renamed as the Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO), shifting its focus towards armed struggle. In the August of the same year it came into conflict with
2832:
269:
Bulgarian attempts to absorb Greek Macedonia. Its membership was drawn mostly from the pre-war military and the still functioning state administration, and politically belonged to the right, professing loyalty to the
2086:
347:
region fell under the command of Captain Thanasis Skordas and Lieutenant Vasilis Kiparissis respectively. PAO's main force, consisting of the 19th Battalion, was led by Spyros "Strymonas" Spiridis, stationed around
215:
on the Greco–Bulgarian border was defeated by the better equipped and numerically superior Germans. The German penetration deep into Greece made further resistance at the Albanian front pointless, ending the
2009:
1850:
384:, regarded the Germans as a less serious enemy than the Bulgarians or the Communists". Despite their anti-autonomist ideology PAO never participated in military engagements against the Italian army, the
240:
were also enacted in the German-controlled Greek Macedonia, through the creation of Bulgarian clubs in all major towns. The first resistance organization in northern Greece was founded in May 1941;
2729:
2685:
2516:
356:
was the theater of operations for three bands, commanded by Panagiotis Koutridis, Giorgos Arvanitidis and Lefteris Tsaousidis Tsochos. Most of PAO's membership was composed of western
2719:
1833:
2782:
3517:
2777:
2697:
2562:
1981:
3497:
2445:
293:
YBE hoped to halt Bulgarian encroachment in Macedonia by proving their loyalty to the German authorities and in turn gaining their support. YBE member and prefect of
3360:
2767:
2481:
248:. The group was short-lived, as internal political disagreements and the work of Axis intelligence services suppressed its activities, but bands belonging to the
2036:
2536:
282:
2787:
1971:
989:
2802:
2531:
2041:
3191:
2772:
1845:
30:
2872:
2476:
2496:
3502:
998:
407:
1752:
2066:
2426:
2319:
2061:
3487:
2757:
2455:
2255:
2195:
2081:
2031:
1794:
2857:
2526:
2435:
1474:
982:
943:
373:
2450:
3482:
3452:
2739:
3507:
3072:
1533:
957:
815:
3395:
2709:
1425:
878:
Maratzidis, Nikos (2000). "Ethnic Identity, Memory and Political Behaviour: The Case of Turkish-Speaking Pontian Greeks".
741:"Greek Resistance 1941–45: Organization, Achievements and Contributions to the Allied War Efforts Against the Axis Powers"
975:
410:, able to resist ELAS. By June 1944, swelled by officers from PAO and EDES, they were the dominant force in the region.
2331:
792:
253:
829:[The First Round of the Civil War in the German Governed Western Part of Strymonas, September–December 1943].
413:
ELAS remained the dominant resistance organization in the rest of northern Greece until the end of the war. After the
3492:
3350:
3113:
2419:
1588:
361:
257:
192:
2734:
1986:
1583:
1150:
827:"Ο πρώτος γύρος του εμφυλίου πολέμου στη γερμανοκρατούμενη δυτική πλευρά του Στρυμόνα, Σεπτέμβριος-Δεκέμβριος 1943"
740:
320:
2093:
1708:
1011:
3106:
3092:
2724:
2692:
2409:
2205:
2107:
1503:
1498:
1251:
1241:
826:
402:
3389:
2920:
2511:
1696:
3437:
3099:
2836:
2440:
2221:
2129:
2019:
1825:
1568:
1338:
385:
312:
118:
103:
71:
916:
3444:
3409:
2986:
2818:
2521:
2076:
1047:
1723:
3365:
3345:
3120:
3087:
3082:
1976:
1323:
1190:
381:
364:. ELAS' Macedonian units contained numerous eastern Pontic Greeks, who had migrated to Greece via the
319:, an Allied diversionary operation. The British also sought to foster the expansion of the right wing
3512:
2981:
2964:
2952:
2430:
2404:
2399:
1619:
1299:
1062:
303:
270:
221:
176:
114:
3431:
3186:
3047:
2200:
1543:
1538:
1333:
1082:
3057:
3052:
3006:
3001:
2882:
2572:
2053:
1806:
1801:
1525:
1407:
1385:
1141:
1131:
1072:
2288:
2174:
2169:
1956:
1952:
1789:
332:
224:
by Germany, Italy and Bulgaria. Unlike Italy and Germany, Bulgaria did not administer eastern
3355:
3240:
3223:
3130:
2991:
2649:
2501:
2283:
2014:
1877:
1415:
1328:
377:
294:
3403:
3266:
3125:
2877:
2862:
2124:
1887:
1390:
1136:
1077:
336:
1664:
16:
Greek nationalist, anti-communist resistance and collaborationist organization during WWII
8:
3417:
3261:
3203:
3037:
3032:
2996:
2619:
2577:
2567:
2383:
2226:
2190:
2164:
2139:
1991:
1966:
1932:
1927:
1897:
1508:
1375:
1246:
398:
340:
274:
127:
232:
it controlled through Greek collaborators, but annexed the area to form the province of
3208:
3062:
3042:
2664:
2639:
2624:
2236:
2159:
2154:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1882:
1779:
1380:
1126:
1087:
903:
760:
225:
60:
244:(Liberty) united people from across the political spectrum ranging from communists to
3382:
3340:
3281:
3233:
3213:
3016:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2792:
2762:
2659:
2654:
2614:
2609:
2557:
2491:
2486:
2368:
2348:
2231:
1961:
1947:
1942:
1784:
1669:
1573:
1490:
1367:
1281:
1233:
1113:
1057:
1052:
1023:
953:
907:
895:
847:
811:
788:
781:
764:
414:
316:
299:
208:
80:
1679:
2925:
2797:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2353:
2315:
1922:
1912:
1765:
1747:
1715:
1318:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1145:
1067:
1042:
887:
857:
752:
217:
98:
3271:
3218:
3171:
3158:
2867:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2604:
2506:
2149:
1937:
1674:
1343:
1155:
1121:
947:
419:
196:
195:(ELAS), a communist-led resistance organization. PAO was defeated in the ensuing
2541:
1719:
856:] (PhD Thesis) (in Greek). University of Western Macedonia. pp. 1–355.
2471:
2358:
2144:
2134:
1760:
1728:
1691:
1520:
1402:
1185:
756:
353:
307:
229:
160:
76:
64:
891:
854:
The participation and activity of women in the National Resistance (1941-1944)
3476:
3276:
3256:
2714:
2248:
1455:
1420:
1200:
967:
899:
357:
237:
2705:
Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO)
3424:
3011:
1857:
1775:
1770:
1684:
1656:
1651:
1578:
1560:
1555:
1460:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1205:
1195:
365:
287:
212:
179:. It was founded in 1941 by a group of Greek army officers, under the name
50:
862:
3228:
2852:
2265:
1703:
2260:
2071:
1735:
804:Στέμμα και σβάστικα, η Ελλάδα της Κατοχής και της Αντίστασης, 1941-1944
587:
344:
245:
849:Η συμμετοχή και η δράση της γυναίκας στην Εθνική Αντίσταση (1941-1944)
667:
665:
278:
233:
146:
123:
368:
and become influenced by the latter in their political convictions.
2026:
1820:
142:
138:
662:
548:
3324:
577:
575:
349:
199:
and its remnants turned towards collaboration with the Germans.
2446:
Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA)
2243:
1892:
1485:
1362:
1228:
1108:
808:
Crown and Swastika, Greece of the Occupation and the Resistance
394:
324:
682:
680:
572:
560:
538:
536:
523:
521:
436:
434:
482:
376:, "there was some justice because Greek nationalists, like
2680:
2414:
704:
692:
677:
220:
in the favor of the Axis Powers. Greece was subjected to a
716:
533:
518:
446:
431:
3361:
Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance
506:
249:
3156:
2963:
810:] (in Greek). Vol. II. Athens: Papazissis Ed.
650:
626:
614:
604:
602:
470:
458:
406:
nationalist resistance organizations, chiefly that of
3518:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1944
831:
The Civil Wars: Local Aspects of the Greek Civil War
638:
599:
175:)), was a Greek resistance organization against the
3169:
360:, who had settled in northern Greece following the
3498:Bulgarian occupation of Greece during World War II
2451:Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF)
780:
494:
2427:Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA)
3474:
2456:Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD)
2196:Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO)
1618:
2436:United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON)
824:
671:
593:
554:
2314:
1010:
997:
745:International Journal of Comparative Sociology
327:and YBE in Macedonia, to counterbalance ELAS.
2951:
983:
845:
698:
581:
566:
527:
452:
422:in 1949, when the communists were defeated.
2710:Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN)
260:(ELAS), continued to emerge in the region.
990:
976:
914:
877:
686:
542:
440:
372:charge in which, according to SOE officer
343:and Isaac Bechlevanidis. The units in the
165:Πανελλήνιος Απελευθερωτική Οργάνωσις (ΠΑΟ)
2904:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")
2763:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")
2686:National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA)
942:
861:
801:
710:
656:
632:
620:
512:
476:
2735:Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI)
2681:National Republican Greek League (EDES)
738:
722:
3475:
3503:Greek collaborators with Nazi Germany
3453:What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis?
3306:
3155:
2950:
2693:National and Social Liberation (EKKA)
2420:Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN)
2415:Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS)
2313:
1617:
1009:
971:
778:
644:
608:
500:
488:
464:
169:Panellinios Apeleftherotiki Organosis
2725:National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ)
2497:Protests against labour mobilization
183:(Υπερασπισταί Βορείου Ελλάδος, YBE;
2914:Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing")
880:South European Society and Politics
157:Panhellenic Liberation Organization
22:Panhellenic Liberation Organization
13:
949:The Struggle for Greece, 1941-1949
783:The Origins of the Greek Civil War
315:(SOE) landed in Greece to execute
14:
3529:
3307:
2410:Union of People's Democracy (ELD)
952:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
924:Modern and Contemporary Macedonia
362:Greco-Turkish population exchange
3488:1944 disestablishments in Greece
1819:
1746:
1650:
1554:
1519:
1484:
1436:
1401:
1361:
1262:
1227:
1166:
1107:
1012:1940–1941 Balkans Campaign
321:National Republican Greek League
2405:Socialist Party of Greece (SKE)
2400:Communist Party of Greece (KKE)
2094:Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos
944:Woodhouse, Christopher Montague
846:Kypouropoulou, Georgia (2014).
825:Hatzianastasiou, Tasos (2001).
2206:Greek National Socialist Party
2201:National Union of Greece (EEE)
1504:Central Macedonia Army Section
1499:Eastern Macedonia Army Section
1252:Western Macedonia Army Section
258:Greek People's Liberation Army
193:Greek People's Liberation Army
1:
3483:1941 establishments in Greece
2921:Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe
731:
339:members Aiantas Tsamaloukas,
306:. In September, the ELAS-led
202:
3508:Thessaloniki in World War II
2783:Execution of Josef Salminger
1620:Occupation and collaboration
915:Stefanidis, Yiannis (1992).
313:Special Operations Executive
263:
185:Yperaspistai Voreiou Ellados
181:Defenders of Northern Greece
119:Special Operations Executive
7:
3157:Liberation and road to the
2819:Expulsion of Cham Albanians
2077:Jewish cemetery of Salonica
1928:Cephalonia (Acqui Division)
403:collaborationist government
335:area, PAO was commanded by
10:
3534:
3390:Captain Corelli's Mandolin
3346:Holocaust Museum of Greece
1982:Larissa concentration camp
1977:Haidari concentration camp
1191:Sebastiano Visconti Prasca
999:Greece during World War II
787:. Addison-Wesley Longman.
757:10.1177/002071529904000204
207:On 28 October 1940, Italy
3374:
3351:Kalavryta Massacre Museum
3333:
3317:
3313:
3302:
3249:
3179:
3165:
3151:
3071:
3025:
2974:
2959:
2953:Greek government-in-exile
2946:
2891:
2845:
2831:
2811:
2750:
2673:
2597:
2590:
2563:5/42 Regiment dissolution
2550:
2464:
2392:
2341:
2330:
2326:
2309:
2276:
2214:
2183:
2117:
2106:
2087:Expropriation of property
2062:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
2052:
2000:
1870:
1817:
1744:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1613:
1552:
1517:
1482:
1473:
1434:
1399:
1359:
1352:
1311:
1298:
1260:
1225:
1218:
1164:
1105:
1098:
1035:
1022:
1018:
1005:
892:10.1080/13608740508539614
802:Fleischer, Hagen (1995).
304:Greek government-in-exile
271:Greek government in exile
254:National Liberation Front
177:Axis occupation of Greece
164:
134:
115:Greek government-in-exile
110:
94:
86:
70:
56:
46:
36:
26:
21:
3493:Anti-communism in Greece
3432:The 11th Day: Crete 1941
3187:National Bands Agreement
3048:Panagiotis Kanellopoulos
2833:British Military Mission
2441:National Solidarity (EA)
2010:Greek economy, 1941–1944
1724:Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller
1539:2nd New Zealand Division
1083:Italian spring offensive
917:"Macedonia in the 1940s"
779:Close, David H. (1995).
596:, pp. 173–178, 181.
491:, pp. xiv, 94, 104.
425:
3366:Thessaloniki War Museum
3058:Christodoulos Tsigantes
3053:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos
2883:Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz
1544:6th Australian Division
1386:Konstantinos Bakopoulos
1132:Charalambos Katsimitros
739:Chimbos, Peter (1999).
2542:Killing of Franz Krech
2289:Executions of Kokkinia
2175:Dionysios Papadongonas
2170:Ioannis Plytzanopoulos
1584:1st Parachute Division
1303:(April–May 1941)
1151:Dimitrios Papadopoulos
209:declared war on Greece
90:Several hundred (1944)
3267:Archbishop Damaskinos
3224:Percentages agreement
2650:Konstantinos Ventiris
2037:Occupation Reichsmark
1589:5th Mountain Division
1416:Henry Maitland Wilson
1242:8th Infantry Division
3439:The Guns of Navarone
3404:Ill Met by Moonlight
3083:3rd Mountain Brigade
2878:George Psychoundakis
2863:Patrick Leigh Fermor
2527:Pinerolo disarmament
2125:Georgios Tsolakoglou
1534:1st Armoured Brigade
1526:British Commonwealth
1408:British Commonwealth
1391:Georgios Tsolakoglou
1137:Konstantinos Davakis
672:Hatzianastasiou 2001
594:Hatzianastasiou 2001
555:Hatzianastasiou 2001
337:Hellenic Gendarmerie
3418:Ipolochagos Natassa
3262:Georgios Papandreou
3038:Emmanouil Tsouderos
2909:Operation "Animals"
2899:Operation "Albumen"
2620:Komninos Pyromaglou
2578:Red Terror (Greece)
2522:1943 Athens protest
2487:Gorgopotamos Bridge
2384:Evripidis Bakirtzis
2332:National Liberation
2227:Alcibiades Diamandi
2191:Security Battalions
2165:George S. Mercouris
2140:Sotirios Gotzamanis
2082:Baron Hirsch ghetto
1709:XXII Mountain Corps
1509:Epirus Army Section
1247:Epirus Army Section
863:10.12681/eadd/35089
725:, pp. 254–255.
674:, pp. 178–188.
557:, pp. 173–174.
399:Security Battalions
341:Konstantinos Mitsou
281:'s well publicized
128:Security Battalions
57:Active regions
3356:Kalpaki War Museum
3209:Lebanon Conference
3075:in the Middle East
3073:Greek Armed Forces
3063:Pafsanias Katsotas
3043:Sofoklis Venizelos
2730:Hellenic Army (ES)
2665:Kimonas Zografakis
2640:Vasileios Sachinis
2625:Antonis Fosteridis
2591:Non-EAM resistance
2256:Cham collaboration
2237:Vassilis Rapotikas
2160:Nikolaos Bourantas
2155:Friedrich Schubert
2130:K. Logothetopoulos
1780:Carlo Vecchiarelli
1381:Alexandros Papagos
1127:Alexandros Papagos
713:, pp. 50, 66.
699:Kypouropoulou 2014
582:Kypouropoulou 2014
567:Kypouropoulou 2014
528:Kypouropoulou 2014
467:, pp. 64, 95.
453:Kypouropoulou 2014
38:Dates of operation
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3383:Aera! Aera! Aera!
3341:Athens War Museum
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3282:Nikos Zachariadis
3234:Treaty of Varkiza
3219:Operation "Manna"
3214:Caserta Agreement
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3002:April 1944 mutiny
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2868:Bill Stanley Moss
2827:
2826:
2778:Skala Paramythias
2655:Manolis Paterakis
2615:Dimitrios Psarros
2610:Georgios Kartalis
2586:
2585:
2558:Feneos executions
2369:Alexandros Svolos
2349:Aris Velouchiotis
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2232:Nicolaos Matussis
2102:
2101:
1987:200 of Kaisariani
1866:
1865:
1697:LXVIII Army Corps
1670:Hermann Neubacher
1665:Günther Altenburg
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1574:XXXX Panzer Corps
1469:
1468:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1214:
1213:
1027:(1940–1941)
1024:Greco-Italian War
959:978-1-85065-492-6
817:978-960-02-1079-8
689:, pp. 68–72.
584:, pp. 68–69.
569:, pp. 66–67.
545:, pp. 64–66.
515:, pp. 49–50.
443:, pp. 64–95.
415:Treaty of Varkiza
401:organized by the
317:Operation Animals
300:Free Greek Forces
298:were to join the
228:and the parts of
222:triple occupation
153:
152:
81:Greek nationalism
3525:
3513:Greek Resistance
3315:
3314:
3304:
3303:
3200:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3153:
3152:
2972:
2971:
2965:Greek government
2961:
2960:
2948:
2947:
2926:Damasta sabotage
2843:
2842:
2595:
2594:
2431:National Council
2379:Markos Vafeiadis
2374:Ilias Tsirimokos
2364:Georgios Siantos
2354:Stefanos Sarafis
2339:
2338:
2328:
2327:
2311:
2310:
2115:
2114:
2108:Collaborationist
2045:
1854:
1842:
1824:
1823:
1798:
1766:Pellegrino Ghigi
1751:
1750:
1716:Alexander Andrae
1655:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1614:
1569:XVIII Army Corps
1559:
1558:
1524:
1523:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1441:
1440:
1426:Bernard Freyberg
1406:
1405:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1319:Operation Lustre
1309:
1308:
1304:
1267:
1266:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1181:Benito Mussolini
1171:
1170:
1146:Ioannis Pitsikas
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1007:
1006:
992:
985:
978:
969:
968:
963:
939:
937:
935:
921:
911:
874:
872:
870:
865:
842:
840:
838:
821:
798:
786:
775:
773:
771:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
675:
669:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
597:
591:
585:
579:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
531:
525:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
218:Battle of Greece
166:
99:Greek Resistance
39:
19:
18:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3458:
3375:Popular culture
3370:
3329:
3309:
3286:
3272:Georgios Grivas
3245:
3194:
3192:Plaka agreement
3161:
3135:
3074:
3067:
3021:
2966:
2955:
2930:
2887:
2858:Monty Woodhouse
2823:
2807:
2746:
2669:
2645:Lela Karagianni
2635:Ilias Degiannis
2630:Kostas Perrikos
2605:Napoleon Zervas
2582:
2546:
2517:Kournovo Tunnel
2460:
2388:
2333:
2322:
2293:
2272:
2210:
2179:
2150:Georgios Poulos
2109:
2098:
2048:
2039:
2032:Compulsory loan
2002:
1996:
1862:
1848:
1846:Trifon Trifonov
1836:
1818:
1813:
1802:VIII Army Corps
1792:
1745:
1740:
1675:Walter Schimana
1649:
1641:
1632:
1622:
1593:
1553:
1548:
1518:
1513:
1483:
1465:
1435:
1430:
1400:
1395:
1360:
1348:
1302:
1301:
1300:German invasion
1286:
1261:
1256:
1226:
1210:
1165:
1160:
1156:Georgios Kosmas
1122:Ioannis Metaxas
1106:
1094:
1026:
1025:
1014:
1001:
996:
966:
960:
933:
931:
919:
868:
866:
836:
834:
818:
795:
769:
767:
734:
729:
721:
717:
709:
705:
697:
693:
687:Maratzidis 2000
685:
678:
670:
663:
655:
651:
643:
639:
631:
627:
619:
615:
607:
600:
592:
588:
580:
573:
565:
561:
553:
549:
543:Stefanidis 1992
541:
534:
526:
519:
511:
507:
499:
495:
487:
483:
475:
471:
463:
459:
451:
447:
441:Stefanidis 1992
439:
432:
428:
420:Greek Civil War
374:Chris Woodhouse
283:pre-war support
266:
205:
145:
141:
122:
102:
79:
37:
31:Spyros Spiridis
17:
12:
11:
5:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3386:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3174:
3163:
3162:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3131:336th Squadron
3128:
3126:335th Squadron
3123:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3094:Vasilissa Olga
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:King George II
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2975:Events/Battles
2969:
2957:
2956:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2873:Themis Marinos
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2660:Petrakogiorgis
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:Drama uprising
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:Andreas Tzimas
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2336:
2324:
2323:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:Georgios Bakos
2142:
2137:
2135:Ioannis Rallis
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1843:
1830:
1828:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1790:III Army Corps
1787:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:Angelico Carta
1757:
1755:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:Fortress Crete
1713:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1692:Hellmuth Felmy
1689:
1688:
1687:
1680:Alexander Löhr
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1643:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:King George II
1372:
1370:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Kleisoura Pass
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1186:Galeazzo Ciano
1183:
1177:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1030:
1016:
1015:
1003:
1002:
995:
994:
987:
980:
972:
965:
964:
958:
940:
912:
875:
843:
822:
816:
799:
794:978-0582064713
793:
776:
751:(2): 251–269.
735:
733:
730:
728:
727:
715:
711:Woodhouse 2002
703:
691:
676:
661:
657:Woodhouse 2002
649:
647:, p. 104.
637:
633:Woodhouse 2002
625:
621:Woodhouse 2002
613:
611:, p. 114.
598:
586:
571:
559:
547:
532:
517:
513:Woodhouse 2002
505:
493:
481:
477:Woodhouse 2002
469:
457:
445:
429:
427:
424:
389:against ELAS.
354:Western Thrace
308:Drama uprising
265:
262:
256:(EAM) and its
230:Western Thrace
204:
201:
151:
150:
136:
132:
131:
112:
108:
107:
104:Hellenic State
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
77:Anti-communism
74:
68:
67:
65:Western Thrace
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
40:
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3530:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:Commemoration
3305:
3301:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Angelos Evert
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:Ronald Scobie
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:13th Squadron
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Prometheus II
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2698:5/42 Regiment
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:Organizations
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:Organizations
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2249:Andon Kalchev
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:Secessionists
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:Organizations
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
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2054:The Holocaust
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1456:Sepp Dietrich
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1201:Ugo Cavallero
1199:
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1053:Korytsa/Korcë
1051:
1049:
1048:Elaia–Kalamas
1046:
1044:
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701:, p. 69.
700:
695:
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683:
681:
673:
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659:, p. 66.
658:
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635:, p. 35.
634:
629:
623:, p. 34.
622:
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583:
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530:, p. 66.
529:
524:
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514:
509:
503:, p. 19.
502:
497:
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485:
479:, p. 28.
478:
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455:, p. 65.
454:
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358:Pontic Greeks
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238:Bulgarisation
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55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
3451:
3438:
3430:
3425:Mediterraneo
3423:
3416:
3402:
3388:
3381:
3241:White Terror
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
2768:Agia Kyriaki
2758:ESPO bombing
2740:
2704:
2512:Sarantaporos
2482:Mikro Chorio
2222:Roman Legion
2067:Thessaloniki
2015:Great Famine
2003:exploitation
1858:Asen Sirakov
1776:Carlo Geloso
1771:Piero Parini
1720:Bruno Bräuer
1685:Army Group E
1579:Luftflotte 4
1461:Kurt Student
1451:Wilhelm List
1324:Metaxas Line
1206:Carlo Geloso
1196:Ubaldo Soddu
1073:Klisura Pass
948:
932:. Retrieved
927:
923:
886:(3): 56–69.
883:
879:
867:. Retrieved
853:
848:
835:. Retrieved
830:
807:
803:
782:
768:. Retrieved
748:
744:
723:Chimbos 1999
718:
706:
694:
652:
640:
628:
616:
589:
562:
550:
508:
496:
484:
472:
460:
448:
412:
408:Tsaous Anton
391:
386:Vlach Legion
370:
366:Soviet Union
329:
292:
288:Thessaloniki
267:
241:
213:Metaxas Line
206:
188:
184:
180:
172:
168:
156:
154:
121:(1941–1943)
101:(1941–1943)
51:Thessaloniki
47:Headquarters
3229:Dekemvriana
3195: [
3170:Prelude to
3115:Papanikolis
3088:Sacred Band
2992:Wadi Akarit
2982:Mareth Line
2853:Eddie Myers
2502:Fardykambos
2334:Front (EAM)
2320:Free Greece
2266:Xhemil Dino
2040: [
1953:Kallikratis
1849: [
1837: [
1834:Ivan Markov
1793: [
1704:Hubert Lanz
1640:Leaders and
1339:Thermopylae
1063:Morava–Ivan
246:Venizelists
149:(1941–1943)
3477:Categories
3204:Red Terror
2997:Dodecanese
2987:El Alamein
2892:Operations
2812:Atrocities
2751:Operations
2551:Atrocities
2537:Agorelitsa
2465:Operations
2316:Resistance
2284:Paramythia
2277:Atrocities
2110:government
2072:Zvi Koretz
1992:Chortiatis
1957:Kali Sykia
1871:Atrocities
1807:XXVI Corps
1736:Max Merten
1078:Trebeshina
732:References
645:Close 1995
609:Close 1995
501:Close 1995
489:Close 1995
465:Close 1995
382:Yugoslavia
378:Mihailović
345:Chalkidiki
323:(EDES) in
242:Eleutheria
203:Background
3172:Civil War
3159:civil war
3017:Santorini
2788:Xirovouni
2741:others...
2568:Meligalas
1972:Kleisoura
1933:Mesovouno
1918:Domenikon
1908:Lingiades
1903:Kalavryta
1888:Alikianos
1878:Kondomari
1785:11th Army
1631:Occupying
1282:11th Army
908:145501714
900:1360-8746
833:: 173–188
765:220874784
279:Comintern
275:George II
273:and King
264:Operation
250:Communist
234:Belomorie
226:Macedonia
197:civil war
147:Wehrmacht
135:Opponents
124:Wehrmacht
61:Macedonia
42:1941–1944
3108:Katsonis
2967:in exile
2261:Këshilla
2027:DEGRIGES
2001:Economic
1883:Kandanos
1826:Bulgaria
1642:commands
1277:9th Army
1088:Hill 731
946:(2002).
930:: 64–103
869:21 March
143:EAM-ELAS
139:Bulgaria
72:Ideology
3334:Museums
3325:Ohi Day
2835: (
2793:Trahili
2492:Meritsa
1962:Anogeia
1948:Viannos
1943:Vorizia
1923:Drakeia
1913:Distomo
1898:Kommeno
1657:Germany
1561:Germany
1443:Germany
1353:Leaders
1312:Battles
1099:Leaders
1058:Saranda
1036:Battles
350:Nigrita
302:of the
95:Part of
27:Leaders
3318:Events
3250:People
3180:Events
3101:Adrias
3026:People
3007:Rimini
2846:People
2803:Dodona
2798:Menina
2720:Apollo
2598:People
2573:Kilkis
2532:Steiri
2342:People
2244:Ohrana
2118:People
1967:Kedros
1938:Pyrgoi
1893:Doxato
1633:powers
1491:Greece
1368:Greece
1234:Greece
1114:Greece
1068:Himara
1043:Pindus
956:
906:
898:
814:
791:
763:
395:Kozani
333:Kilkis
325:Epirus
130:(1944)
111:Allies
106:(1944)
3199:]
2773:Milia
2507:Porta
2044:]
1853:]
1841:]
1797:]
1753:Italy
1475:Units
1344:Crete
1269:Italy
1219:Units
1173:Italy
934:8 May
920:(PDF)
904:S2CID
852:[
837:8 May
806:[
770:8 May
761:S2CID
426:Notes
295:Pella
252:-led
161:Greek
3445:film
3410:film
3396:film
3012:Symi
2477:Ryka
2429:and
2318:and
2020:GWRA
1955:and
1778:and
1722:and
1329:Vevi
1144:and
954:ISBN
936:2016
896:ISSN
871:2021
839:2016
812:ISBN
789:ISBN
772:2016
155:The
87:Size
63:and
2837:SOE
888:doi
858:doi
753:doi
380:in
290:.
189:YVE
173:PAO
3479::
3197:el
2042:el
1851:bg
1839:bg
1795:it
1718:,
926:.
922:.
902:.
894:.
882:.
759:.
749:40
747:.
743:.
679:^
664:^
601:^
574:^
535:^
520:^
433:^
352:.
187:,
167:,
163::
126:,
117:,
2839:)
991:e
984:t
977:v
962:.
938:.
928:2
910:.
890::
884:5
873:.
860::
841:.
820:.
797:.
774:.
755::
171:(
159:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.