Particulates - Knowledge

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enclose the scaffolding of the building with dust screens, use impervious sheeting to enclose both material hoist and debris chute, wet debris with water before it is dumped into a debris chute, have water sprayed on the facade surface before and during grinding work, use grinder equipped with vacuum cleaner for facade grinding work, spray water continuously on the surface for any pneumatic or power-driven drilling, cutting, polishing or other mechanical breaking operation that causes dust emission, unless there is the operation of an effective dust extraction and filtering device, provide hoarding of not less than 2.4 m in height along the whole length of the site boundary, have hard paving on open area and wash every vehicle that leaves the construction sites. Use of automatic sprinkler equipment, automatic carwash equipment and installation of video surveillance system for the pollution control facilities and retain the videos for one month for future inspections.

1786: 3068: 4203: 2437:, and is one of the most important absorbing aerosol species in the atmosphere. It should be distinguished from organic carbon (OC): clustered or aggregated organic molecules on their own or permeating an EC buckyball. Black carbon from fossil fuels is estimated by the IPCC in the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, 4AR, to contribute a global mean radiative forcing of +0.2 W/m (was +0.1 W/m in the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC, SAR), with a range +0.1 to +0.4 W/m. A study published in 2013 however, states that "the best estimate for the industrial-era (1750 to 2005) direct radiative forcing of atmospheric black carbon is +0.71 W/m with 90% uncertainty bounds of (+0.08, +1.27) W/m" with "total direct forcing by all-black carbon sources, without subtracting the preindustrial background, is estimated as +0.88 (+0.17, +1.48) W/m". 3060: 2033: 2846: 1860: 2118: 2117: 2119: 13972:"Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%)... ":"... dds ratios and frequencies of each trigger were used to compute population-attributable fractions (PAFs), which estimate the proportion of cases that could be avoided if a risk factor were removed. PAFs depend not only on the risk factor strength at the individual level but also on its frequency in the community. ... he exposure prevalence for triggers in the relevant control time window ranged from 0.04% for cocaine use to 100% for air pollution. ... Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%) ... 1789: 1788: 1790: 2116: 2822: 1787: 5712:

recycling collectors, satisfaction of garbage disposal, electric vehicle market share and pollution. On their top ten cleanest cities list, seven are from California, including Long Beach (No. 1), San Diego (No. 2), Sacramento (No. 3), San Jose (No. 6), Oakland (No. 7), Bakersfield (No. 9), and San Francisco (No. 10). The discrepancies maybe due to the differences in data choice, calculation methods, definitions of "cleanliness" and a large variation of air quality across the same state, etc. This again shows that one need to be very careful when drawing conclusions from the many air quality rankings available on the internet.

2834: 44: 2968:. Besides slag cement that is sold and used as an environmental friendly product, fake (adulterated) cement, where different types of slag, fly ash or other unknown substances are added, is also very common in some places due to the much lower production cost. To address to the quality and toxicity problems, some places are starting to ban the use of EAF slag in cement used in buildings. Composition of welding fumes varies a lot as well and it depends on the metals in the material being welded, the composition of the coatings, electrode, etc., and hence a lot of health problems (e.g., 5356: 5330: 5304: 5278: 5252: 5226: 5673: 5689: 3451: 5200: 4706: 4116: 3029: 2858: 89: 2206:. This inhibits the convective uplift of moisture, which in turn reduces cloud formation. The heating of the atmosphere aloft also leads to a cooling of the surface, resulting in less evaporation of surface water. The effects described here all lead to a reduction in cloud cover i.e. an increase in planetary albedo. The semi-direct effect classified as a climate feedback) by the IPCC due to the interdependence between it and the hydrological cycle. However, it has previously been classified as a negative radiative forcing. 3412:' for its high concentration of cancer related deaths due to neighboring chemical plants. Cancer Alley being a majority African American community, with the neighborhood nearest to the plant being 90% Black, perpetuates the scientific narrative that Black populations are located disproportionately closer to areas of high PM output than White populations. A 2020 article relates the long-term health effects of living in high PM concentrations to increased risk, spread, and mortality rates from the SARS-CoV-2 or 2068: 18812: 1028: 2367: 2452: 1494: 5502: 3555: 2881: 1223: 5382: 4654: 4166:. DTSC is exercising its authority under the California Health and Safety Code, Chapter 699, sections 57018–57020. These sections were added as a result of the adoption of Assembly Bill AB 289 (2006). They are intended to make information on the fate and transport, detection and analysis, and other information on chemicals more available. The law places the responsibility to provide this information to the department on those who manufacture or import the chemicals. 2534: 19625: 18774: 4758: 1864: 1244: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1867: 5594:'s Shandong Province (22%), North Korea (9%), Beijing (7%), [[Shanghai (5%), and a combined 5% from China's Liaoning Province, Japan and the West Sea. In December 2017, the environmental ministers from South Korea and China signed the China-Korea Environmental Cooperation Plan (2018–22), a five-year plan to jointly solve issues in the air, water, soil and waste. An environmental cooperation centre was also launched in 2018 to aid cooperation. 4940: 4680: 2193:

indirect effect or Albrecht effect. This has been observed as the suppression of drizzle in ship exhaust plume compared to ambient clouds, and inhibited precipitation in biomass burning plumes. This cloud lifetime effect is classified as a climate feedback (rather than a radiative forcing) by the IPCC due to the interdependence between it and the hydrological cycle. However, it has previously been classified as a negative radiative forcing.

4888: 3518:. "The response from fossil-fuel interests has been from the same playbook – first they know, then they scheme, then they deny and then they delay. They've fallen back on delay, subtle forms of propaganda and the undermining of regulation," said Geoffrey Supran, a Harvard University researcher of the history of fossil-fuel companies and climate change. These efforts have been compared, by policy analysts such as Carroll Muffett of the 5018: 5122: 4836: 18822: 5174: 1040: 1865: 5533: 5148: 4732: 18803: 18795: 5409: 5096: 5070: 5044: 4992: 4966: 4914: 4862: 4810: 4784: 2115: 19614: 18787: 3404:

proximity to particulate emitting facilities increases exposure to PM 2.5 which is linked to increased morbidity and mortality rates. Multiple studies confirm the burden of PM emissions is higher among non-White and poverty ridden populations, though some say that income does not drive these differences. This correlation between race and housing related health repercussions stems from a longstanding

1791: 2914: 3378:(WHO) estimated in 2005 that "... fine particulate air pollution (PM(2.5)), causes about 3% of mortality from cardiopulmonary disease, about 5% of mortality from cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lung, and about 1% of mortality from acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years, worldwide." A 2011 study concluded that traffic exhaust is the single most serious preventable cause of 1983: 8355: 4066:

less. Manufactured solid fuels must also be certified as 'Ready to Burn' to ensure they meet sulphur and smoke emission limits. Starting from January 2022, all new wood burning stoves have to meet new EcoDesign standards (Ecodesign stoves produce 450 times more toxic air pollution than gas central heating. Older stoves, which are now banned from sale, produce 3,700 times more).

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direct and indirect aerosol effects. For instance, if absorbing aerosols are present in a layer aloft in the atmosphere, they can heat surrounding air which inhibits the condensation of water vapour, resulting in less cloud formation. Additionally, heating a layer of the atmosphere relative to the surface results in a more stable atmosphere due to the inhibition of atmospheric

2145:) of radiation by a particle. The SSA tends to unity if scattering dominates, with relatively little absorption, and decreases as absorption increases, becoming zero for infinite absorption. For example, the sea-salt aerosol has an SSA of 1, as a sea-salt particle only scatters, whereas soot has an SSA of 0.23, showing that it is a major atmospheric aerosol absorber. 4170:

directed to manufacturers of carbon nanotubes, both industry, and academia within the State, and to manufacturers outside California who export carbon nanotubes to California. This request for information must be met by the manufacturers within one year. DTSC is waiting for the upcoming 22 January 2010 deadline for responses to the data call-in.

2080: 1701: 3204:. PM exposure can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and impaired oxygen transport access to the placenta, all of which are mechanisms for heightening the risk of low birth weight. Overall epidemiologic and toxicological evidence suggests that a causal relationship exists between long-term exposures to PM 3144:". The association between a large number of deaths and other health problems and particulate pollution was first demonstrated in the early 1970s and has been reproduced many times since. PM pollution is estimated to cause 22,000–52,000 deaths per year in the United States (from 2000) contributed to ~370,000 premature deaths in 4186: 1496: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1226: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1500: 4151: 1231: 2626:) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs. Penetration of particles is not wholly dependent on their size; shape and chemical composition also play a part. To avoid this complication, simple nomenclature is used to indicate the different degrees of relative penetration of a PM particle into the 1730:

sea salt from dried sea spray. Because the land is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, the amount of small aerosols from fires and human activities is greater there than in the Southern Hemisphere. Overland, patches of large-radius aerosols appear over deserts and arid regions, most prominently, the

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was observed versus particulate matter from ambient air. Furthermore, particulate matter from wildfires have been linked to be a triggering factor of acute coronary events such as ischemic heart disease. Wildfires also have been associated with increased emergency department visits due to particulate

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The Mongolian government agency recorded a 45% increase in the rate of respiratory illness in the past five years (reported in 2011). Bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial pneumonia were the most common ailments treated by area hospitals. Levels of premature death,

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The direct aerosol effect consists of any direct interaction of radiation with atmospheric aerosols, such as absorption or scattering. It affects both short and longwave radiation to produce a net negative radiative forcing. The magnitude of the resultant radiative forcing due to the direct effect of

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emitted and rising up from a building under rehabilitation on a Saturday afternoon, Treasure Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong. The rehabilitation scheme is subsidised by the government and contract like this can worth up to a hundred million. People are living inside the building throughout the whole period

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Human-produced aerosols such as particle pollution tend to have a smaller radius than aerosol particles of natural origin (such as windblown dust). The false-color maps in the map of distribution of aerosol particles on the right show where there are natural aerosols, human pollution, or a mixture of

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and their respective inequalities in "toxic exposures". This reality is made worse by the finding that "health care occurs in the context of broader historic and contemporary social and economic inequality and persistent racial and ethnic discrimination in many sectors of American life". Residential

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fibres which can lodge in the lungs. Geometrically angular shapes have more surface area than rounder shapes, which in turn affects the binding capacity of the particle to other, possibly more dangerous substances. The table below lists the colours and shapes of some common atmospheric particulates:

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An increase in cloud droplet number due to the introduction of aerosol acts to reduce the cloud droplet size, as the same amount of water is divided into more droplets. This has the effect of suppressing precipitation, increasing the cloud lifetime, known as the cloud lifetime aerosol effect, second

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Wet scrubbers pass the dirty air through a scrubbing solution (usually a mixture of water and other compounds) allowing the particulate to attach to the liquid molecules. Electrostatic precipitators electrically charge the dirty air as it passes through. The now charged air then passes through large

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dust is also worth worrying. This type of rehabilitation works are very common (over 3000 buildings in the first 6 years of the scheme), especially in some older districts. With such a large amount of dust emitted, it was obvious that neither water was being sprayed nor dust extraction device was in

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In general, the smaller and lighter a particle is, the longer it will stay in the air. Larger particles (greater than 10 micrometers in diameter) tend to settle to the ground by gravity in a matter of hours. The smallest particles (less than 1 micrometer) can stay in the atmosphere for weeks and are

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and dust from certain man-made fibres, which are brittle and break easily (can “proliferate”), can pose greater threats and irritations to humans. Those with sharp edges may be even more problematic. The number, shapes, stickiness, etc. of particulates may also be altered by different meteorological

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The other 60% of the population reside in shantytowns (Ger districts), which have developed due to the country's new market economy and the very cold winter seasons. The poor in these districts cook and heat their wood houses with indoor stoves fueled by wood or coal. The resulting air pollution is

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Key points in the Colorado Plan include reducing emission levels and solutions by sector. Agriculture, transportation, green electricity, and renewable energy research are the main concepts and goals in this plan. Political programs such as mandatory vehicle emissions testing and the prohibition of

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and developmental outcomes (i.e. low birth weight). Studies investigating the significance of trimester-specific exposure have proven to be inconclusive, and results of international studies have been inconsistent in drawing associations of prenatal particulate matter exposure and low birth weight.

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In a nutshell, while background concentration is important, only "improvement in air quality" or "decrease in ambient concentration of PM" do not necessarily mean better health. The health impact mainly depends on the toxicity (or source) of the particulate matter a person is exposed to, the amount

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In analogy, the inhalable dust fraction is the fraction of dust entering the nose and mouth which may be deposited anywhere in the respiratory tract. The thoracic fraction is the fraction that enters the thorax and is deposited within the lung's airways. The respirable fraction is what is deposited

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Some of the mandatory dust control measures include load, unload, handle, transfer, store or dispose of cement or dry pulverized fuel ash in a completely enclosed system or facility, and fit any vent or exhaust with an effective fabric filter or equivalent air pollution control system or equipment,

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For general building construction, some places that have acknowledged the possible health risks of construction dust for decades legally require the relevant contractor to adopt effective dust control measures, although inspections, fines and imprisonments are rare in recent years (for example, two

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in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, where dust storms are common. Places where human-triggered or natural fire activity is common (land-clearing fires in the Amazon from August–October, for example, or lightning-triggered fires in the forests of northern Canada in Northern Hemisphere summer)

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Seneviratne, S.I.; Zhang, X.; Adnan, M.; Badi, W.; Dereczynski, C.; Di Luca, A.; Ghosh, S.; Iskandar, I.; Kossin, J.; Lewis, S.; Otto, F.; Pinto, I.; Satoh, M.; Vicente-Serrano, S. M.; Wehner, M.; Zhou, B. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Piran, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud,

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Roy, Rajarshi; Schooff, Brian; Li, Xiaolong; Montgomery, Scott; Tuttle, Jacob; Wendt, Jost O. L.; Dickson, Kingsley; Iverson, Brian; Fry, Andrew (1 May 2023). "Ash aerosol particle size distribution, composition, and deposition behavior while co-firing coal and steam-exploded biomass in a 1.5 MWth

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On 22 January 2009, a formal information request letter was sent to manufacturers who produce or import carbon nanotubes in California, or who may export carbon nanotubes into the State. This letter constitutes the first formal implementation of the authorities placed into statute by AB 289 and is

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To mitigate the problem of wood burning, starting from May 2021, traditional house coal (bituminous coal) and wet wood, two of the most polluting fuels, can no longer be sold. Wood sold in volumes of less than 2m must be certified as 'Ready to Burn', which means it has a moisture content of 20% or

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The Semi-direct effect concerns any radiative effect caused by absorbing atmospheric aerosol such as soot, apart from direct scattering and absorption, which is classified as the direct effect. It encompasses many individual mechanisms, and in general is more poorly defined and understood than the

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or baghouses are the most commonly employed in general industry. They work by forcing dust-laden air through a bag-shaped fabric filter leaving the particulate to collect on the outer surface of the bag and allowing the now clean air to pass through to either be exhausted into the atmosphere or in

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The size distribution time series shows that in the planet's most southerly latitudes, nearly all the aerosols are large, but in the high northern latitudes, smaller aerosols are very abundant. Most of the Southern Hemisphere is covered by the ocean, where the largest source of aerosols is natural

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are persistent the risk of particulate exposure increased. Smoke from wildfires may impact sensitive groups such as the elderly, children, pregnant women, and people with lung, and cardiovascular disease. It was found that in the 2008 wildfire season in California, the particulate matter was much

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Particulate mass is not a proper measure of the health hazard. A particle of 10 μm diameter has approximately the same mass as 1 million particles of 100 nm diameter, but is much less hazardous, as it is unlikely to enter the alveoli. Legislative limits for engine emissions based on mass are

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exposure and cognitive decline are not fully understood, research suggests that the fine particles may be able to enter the brain through the olfactory nerve and cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which can damage brain cells and contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

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problems. A 2014 meta analysis reported that long term exposure to particulate matter is linked to coronary events. The study included 11 cohorts participating in the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) with 100,166 participants, followed for an average of 11.5 years. An

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Since construction and refurbishment projects are prominent sources of particulate matter, it implicates that such projects, which are very common in some places, should be avoided in health facilities that already commenced and under operation as far as possible. For inevitable projects, better

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and cause health problems. The 10-micrometer size does not represent a strict boundary between respirable and non-respirable particles but has been agreed upon for monitoring of airborne PM by most regulatory agencies. Because of their small size, particles on the order of 10 micrometers or less

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which caused a global cooling of approximately 0.5 °C lasting several years. Research tracking the effect of light-scattering aerosols in the stratosphere during 2000 and 2010 and comparing its pattern to volcanic activity show a close correlation. Simulations of the effect of anthropogenic

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However, another study has come up with a very different conclusion. According to Forbes, a travel insurance comparison site InsureMyTrip conducted a survey of 50 U.S. cities in 2020 and ranked them by cleanliness with criteria like hand sanitizer demand, cleanliness of restaurants, quantity of

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has an annual average mean temperature of about 0 °C, making it the world's coldest capital city. About 40% of the population lives in apartments, 80% of which are supplied with central heating systems from three combined heat and power plants. In 2007, the power plants consumed almost 3.4

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The site and extent of absorption of inhaled gases and vapors are determined by their solubility in water. Absorption is also dependent upon air flow rates and the partial pressure of the gases in the inspired air. The fate of a specific contaminant is dependent upon the form in which it exists

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of the underlying surface, as this affects the net amount of radiation absorbed or scattered to space. For example, if a highly scattering aerosol is above a surface of low albedo it has a greater radiative forcing than if it was above a surface of high albedo. The converse is true of absorbing

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and outgoing terrestrial longwave radiation retained in the Earth's system. This occurs through several distinct mechanisms which are split into direct, indirect and semi-direct aerosol effects. The aerosol climate effects are the biggest source of uncertainty in future climate predictions. The

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Particulate matter studies in Bangkok, Thailand from 2008 indicated a 1.9% increased risk of dying from cardiovascular disease, and 1.0% risk of all disease for every 10 micrograms per cubic meter. Levels averaged 65 in 1996, 68 in 2002, and 52 in 2004. Decreasing levels may be attributed to

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Cyclonic separators are useful for removing large, coarse particles and are often employed as a first step or "pre-cleaner" to other more efficient collectors. Well-designed cyclonic separators can be very efficient in removing even fine particulates, and may be operated continuously without

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smoking indoors are actions taken by local government to create public awareness and participation in cleaner air. The location of Denver next to the Rocky Mountains and wide expanse of plains makes the metro area of Colorado's capital city a likely place for smog and visible air pollution.

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A study in 2000 conducted in the U.S. explored how fine particulate matter may be more harmful than coarse particulate matter. The study was based on six different cities. They found that deaths and hospital visits that were caused by particulate matter in the air were primarily due to fine

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The largest US study on acute health effects of coarse particle pollution between 2.5 and 10 micrometers in diameter was published 2008 and found an association with hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases but no evidence of an association with the number of hospital admissions for

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False-color maps are based on data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite. Green: aerosol plumes dominated by larger particles. Red: aerosol plumes dominated by small particles. Yellow: plumes in which large and small aerosol particles are

1498: 1768:. There are evidence that aerosols can "travel across the ocean". For example, in September 2017 wildfires burning across the western United States and Canada, and the smoke was found to have arrived over the United Kingdom and northern France in three days, as shown by satellite images. 1228: 11442: 1674:. Some secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) resulting from combustion products of internal combustion engines, have been identified as a danger to health. Particulate toxicity has been found to vary by region and source contribution which affects the particles chemical composition. 10140:

Gillett, Nathan P.; Kirchmeier-Young, Megan; Ribes, Aurélien; Shiogama, Hideo; Hegerl, Gabriele C.; Knutti, Reto; Gastineau, Guillaume; John, Jasmin G.; Li, Lijuan; Nazarenko, Larissa; Rosenbloom, Nan; Seland, Øyvind; Wu, Tongwen; Yukimoto, Seiji; Ziehn, Tilo (18 January 2021).

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Schraufnagel, Dean E.; Balmes, John R.; Cowl, Clayton T.; De Matteis, Sara; Jung, Soon-Hee; Mortimer, Kevin; Perez-Padilla, Rogelio; Rice, Mary B.; Riojas-Rodriguez, Horacio; Sood, Akshay; Thurston, George D.; To, Teresa; Vanker, Anessa; Wuebbles, Donald J. (February 2019).

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Some cities in Northern China and South Asia have had concentrations above 200 μg/m. The PM levels in Chinese cities were extreme between 2010 - 2014, reaching an all-time high in Beijing on 12 January 2013, of 993 μg/m, but has been improving thanks to clean air actions.

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There are a few ways to reduce wood smoke, e.g., buying the right wood heater and maintaining it well, choosing the right firewood and burning it the right way. There are also regulations in some countries where people can report smoke pollution to the local council.

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The California Nano Industry Network and DTSC hosted a full-day symposium on 16 November 2009 in Sacramento, California. This symposium provided an opportunity to hear from nanotechnology industry experts and discuss future regulatory considerations in California.

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In 2023, the amount of smoke that burners in "smoke control areas" - most England's towns and cities - can emit per hour is reduced from 5g to 3g. Violation will result in an on-the-spot fine of up to £300. Those who do not comply may even get a criminal record.

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Tsai, Tsung-Lin; Lin, Yu-Ting; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Nakayama, Shoji F.; Tsai, Chon-Haw; Sun, Xian-Liang; Ma, Chaochen; Jung, Chau-Ren (October 2019). "Fine particulate matter is a potential determinant of Alzheimer's disease: A systemic review and meta-analysis".

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Liu, Qisijing; Wang, Wanzhou; Gu, Xuelin; Deng, Furong; Wang, Xueqin; Lin, Hualiang; Guo, Xinbiao; Wu, Shaowei (February 2021). "Association between particulate matter air pollution and risk of depression and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Riva, Matthieu; Chen, Yuzhi; Zhang, Yue; Lei, Ziying; Olson, Nicole E.; Boyer, Hallie C.; Narayan, Shweta; Yee, Lindsay D.; Green, Hilary S.; Cui, Tianqu; Zhang, Zhenfa; Baumann, Karsten; Fort, Mike; Edgerton, Eric; Budisulistiorini, Sri H. (6 August 2019).

2084: 1705: 3103:, developmental disorders, neurodegenerative disorders mental disorders, and premature death. Outdoor fine particulates with diameter less than 2.5 microns accounts for 4.2 million annual deaths worldwide, and more than 103 million disability-adjusted 3398:

to particulate matter, and thus susceptibility to adverse health effects of long term exposure. A U.S. study showed that "the proportions of Black residents in a tract was linked to higher asthma rates". Many scholars link this disproportionality to

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campaigns to sow doubt regarding the causative link between the burning of fossil fuels and major risks to human life. Internal company memoranda reveal that energy industry scientists and executives knew that air pollutants created by fossil fuels

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may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modeling studies that are difficult to verify at the present

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Flores-Pajot, Marie-Claire; Ofner, Marianna; Do, Minh T.; Lavigne, Eric; Villeneuve, Paul J. (November 2016). "Childhood autism spectrum disorders and exposure to nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter air pollution: A review and meta-analysis".

2422:, where only a fraction of the current sulfur pollution would be needed to avoid multiple degrees of warming, but the assessment of costs and benefits remains incomplete, even with hundreds of studies into the subject completed by the early 2020s. 2081: 1702: 5610:, a popular tourist destination, is also deteriorating. Chiang Mai was listed as the most polluted city in a live ranking by a Swiss air quality company on 27 March 2023. The ranking includes data from about 100 world cities for which measured PM 11044:

The pollutants, abundant in urban areas, are less than 0.18 micrometers in size and cause four times more artery buildup than particles four times larger, said Jesus Araujo, director of environmental cardiology at University of California, Los

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Composition of particles can vary greatly depending on their sources and how they are produced. For example, dust emitted from the burning of living and dead vegetation would be different from those emitted from the burning of joss paper or

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Particulate matter can clog stomatal openings of plants and interfere with photosynthesis functions. In this manner, high particulate matter concentrations in the atmosphere can lead to growth stunting or mortality in some plant species.

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contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016. Overall, ambient particulate matter is one of the leading risk factor for premature death globally.

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particulate matter. Similarly, a 1987 study of American air pollution data found that fine particles and sulfates, as opposed to coarser particles, most consistently and significantly correlated to total annual mortality rates in

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Neely III RR, Toon OB, Solomon S, Vernier JP, Alvarez C, English JM, Rosenlof KH, Mills MJ, Bardeen CG, Daniel JS, Thayer JP (2013). "Recent anthropogenic increases in SO2 from Asia have minimal impact on stratospheric aerosol".

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Kholodov A, Zakharenko A, Drozd V, Chernyshev V, Kirichenko K, Seryodkin I, Karabtsov A, Olesik S, Khvost E, Vakhnyuk I, Chaika V, Stratidakis A, Vinceti M, Sarigiannis D, Hayes AW, Tsatsakis A, Golokhvast K (February 2020).

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For any given meteorological conditions, an increase in CCN leads to an increase in the number of cloud droplets. This leads to more scattering of shortwave radiation i.e. an increase in the albedo of the cloud, known as the

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aerosol, with the greatest radiative forcing arising from a highly absorbing aerosol over a surface of high albedo. The direct aerosol effect is a first-order effect and is therefore classified as a radiative forcing by the

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are dominated by smaller aerosols. Human-produced (fossil fuel) pollution is largely responsible for the areas of small aerosols over developed areas such as the eastern United States and Europe, especially in their summer.

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in children of oil industry workers. The industry memos acknowledge that automobiles "are by far the greatest sources of air pollution" and also that air pollution causes adverse health effects and lodges toxins, including

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Shen H, Tsai CM, Yuan CS, Jen YH, Ie IR (January 2017). "How incense and joss paper burning during the worship activities influences ambient mercury concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments of an Asian temple?".

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concentration as well as top soil lead content, indicating that air and soil (e.g., by the inhalation of resuspended soil particles, consuming of contaminated crops or water, etc.) are important sources of lead exposure.

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Volcanoes are a large natural source of aerosol and have been linked to changes in the Earth's climate often with consequences for the human population. Eruptions linked to changes in climate include the 1600 eruption of

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increase in estimated annual exposure to PM 2.5 of just 5 μg/m was linked with a 13% increased risk of heart attacks. Not only affecting human cells and tissues, PM also impacts bacteria which cause disease in humans.

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Stanhill, G.; S. Cohen (2001). "Global dimming: a review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural consequences".

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Patel, Sameer; Sankhyan, Sumit; Boedicker, Erin K.; DeCarlo, Peter F.; Farmer, Delphine K.; Goldstein, Allen H.; Katz, Erin F.; Nazaroff, William W; Tian, Yilin; Vanhanen, Joonas; Vance, Marina E. (16 June 2020).

4422:). Salt Lake City suffers from a weather event known as 'inversion'. Located in a valley, cooler, polluted air is trapped close to ground level under the warmer air above when inversion occurs. On the other hand, 12823:"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 3594:

Most governments have created regulations both for the emissions allowed from certain types of pollution sources (motor vehicles, industrial emissions etc.) and for the ambient concentration of particulates. The

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Maher, Barbara A.; Ahmed, Imad A. M.; Karloukovski, Vassil; MacLaren, Donald A.; Foulds, Penelope G.; Allsop, David; Mann, David M. A.; Torres-Jardón, Ricardo; Calderon-Garciduenas, Lilian (27 September 2016).

14541:"Oil Firms Knew Decades Ago Fossil Fuels Posed Grave Health Risks, Riles Reveal; Exclusive: Documents Seen by Guardian Show Companies Fought Clean-Air Rules Despite Being Aware of Harm Caused by Air Pollution" 2845: 1881:

work, which usually lasts for over a year, and it can be foretold that the residents' exposure to construction dust is even more serious than the occupational exposure of the workers. The possible presence of

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Lam, Juleen; Sutton, Patrice; Kalkbrenner, Amy; Windham, Gayle; Halladay, Alycia; Koustas, Erica; Lawler, Cindy; Davidson, Lisette; Daniels, Natalyn; Newschaffer, Craig; Woodruff, Tracey (21 September 2016).

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During the winter months, in particular, the air pollution obscures the air, affecting the visibility in the city to such an extent that airplanes on some occasions are prevented from landing at the airport.

5549: 5703:

From the "State of Air 2022" report compiled by the American Lung Association using data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency from 2018 to 2020, California cities are the most polluted cities (by

10569:

Trisos, Christopher H.; Geden, Oliver; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Sugiyama, Masahiro; van Aalst, Maarten; Bala, Govindasamy; Mach, Katharine J.; Ginzburg, Veronika; de Coninck, Heleen; Patt, Anthony (2021).

5454:

in New South Wales significantly increased during 2004 to 2014. Although the increase did not significantly add to non-attainment statistics the rate of increase has risen each year during 2010 to 2014.

5429:

There are limits to the above survey. For example, not every city in the world is covered, and that the number of monitoring stations for each city would not be the same. The data is for reference only.

4320:. The city is a significant center for the Saudi oil industry and home to both the largest airport in the world and the largest port in the Persian Gulf. It is currently the most polluted city surveyed. 1738:

Satellite measurements of aerosols, called aerosol optical thickness, are based on the fact that the particles change the way the atmosphere reflects and absorbs visible and infrared light. As shown in

16236: 3169:

concluded that eliminating energy-related fossil fuel emissions in the United States would prevent 46,900–59,400 premature deaths each year and provide $ 537–$ 678 billion in benefits from avoided PM

2339:, and were at least 10 times more numerous than the natural aerosols in the most polluted regions of Europe and North America, where they accounted for 25% or more of all air pollution. This led to 3323:

nanoparticles that match precisely the high-temperature magnetite nanospheres, formed by combustion and/or friction-derived heating, which are prolific in urban, airborne particulate matter (PM)."

5638:(PM). Annual seasonal average particulate matter concentrations have been recorded as high as 279 μg/m (micrograms per cubic meter). The World Health Organization's recommended annual mean PM 8573: 1954:. Besides measuring the total mass of particles per unit volume of air (particle mass concentration), sometimes it is more useful to measure the total number of particles per unit volume of air ( 1423:

Human-made (anthropogenic) aerosols account for about 10 percent of the total mass of aerosols in the atmosphere as estimated in 2010. The remaining 90 percent comes from natural sources such as

9438:"Increasing Isoprene Epoxydiol-to-Inorganic Sulfate Aerosol Ratio Results in Extensive Conversion of Inorganic Sulfate to Organosulfur Forms: Implications for Aerosol Physicochemical Properties" 2987:

Besides composition, quantity and duration of exposure are also important, since they would affect the triggering and severity of a disease. Particles that get into indoor would directly affect

1934:

Particulates have been measured in increasingly sophisticated ways since air pollution was first systematically studied in the early 20th century. The earliest methods included relatively crude

1250:(a type of heavy equipment commonly used at construction sites and roadworks) demolishing the remnants of the pre-war Postal Train 0880Station (Dworzec Pocztowy) at Jerozolimskie Avenue, Poland 7844:

Liu C, Li J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Deng J, Gao Y, Yu L, Zhang J, Sun H (July 2019). "Widespread distribution of PET and PC microplastics in dust in urban China and their estimated human exposure".

11484:

Li Y, Chen J, Bu S, Wang S, Geng X, Guan G, Zhao Q, Ao L, Qu W, Zheng Y, Jin Y, Tang J (May 2021). "Blood lead levels and their associated risk factors in Chinese adults from 1980 to 2018".

20948: 16689: 11527:

Han Z, Guo X, Zhang B, Liao J, Nie L (June 2018). "Blood lead levels of children in urban and suburban areas in China (1997-2015): Temporal and spatial variations and influencing factors".

7905: 8016: 8030: 15903: 12563: 10436:

Jongebloed, U. A.; Schauer, A. J.; Cole-Dai, J.; Larrick, C. G.; Wood, R.; Fischer, T. P.; Carn, S. A.; Salimi, S.; Edouard, S. R.; Zhai, S.; Geng, L.; Alexander, B. (2 January 2023).

19148: 18857: 18523: 13699:

Fan, Shu-Jun; Heinrich, Joachim; Bloom, Michael S.; Zhao, Tian-Yu; Shi, Tong-Xing; Feng, Wen-Ru; Sun, Yi; Shen, Ji-Chuan; Yang, Zhi-Cong; Yang, Bo-Yi; Dong, Guang-Hui (January 2020).

2153:

The Indirect aerosol effect consists of any change to the Earth's radiative budget due to the modification of clouds by atmospheric aerosols and consists of several distinct effects.

808: 8321: 6956: 18748: 16101: 15102: 5826: 3954:) as of 2015 is 28 μg/m (calculated using the 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of the daily 24-hr average concentrations) and 10 μg/m (3-year average of annual mean). PM 987: 1743:, an optical thickness of less than 0.1 (palest yellow) indicates a crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 1 (reddish-brown) indicates very hazy conditions. 18743: 16684: 5831: 982: 13117:

Sapkota A, Chelikowsky AP, Nachman KE, Cohen AJ, Ritz B (1 December 2012). "Exposure to particulate matter and adverse birth outcomes: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis".

8002: 3623:. In 2013, the ESCAPE study involving 312,944 people in nine European countries revealed that there was no safe level of particulates and that for every increase of 10 μg/m in PM 2821: 17521: 16229: 9524:

Legras, Bernard; Duchamp, Clair; Sellitto, Pasquale; Podglajen, Aurélien; Carboni, Elisa; Siddans, Richard; Grooß, Jens-Uwe; Khaykin, Sergey; Ploeger, Felix (23 November 2022).

1955: 15327:

Zhong, Junting; Zhang, Xiaoye; Gui, Ke; Liao, Jie; Fei, Ye; Jiang, Lipeng; Guo, Lifeng; Liu, Liangke; Che, Huizheng; Wang, Yaqiang; Wang, Deying; Zhou, Zijiang (12 July 2022).

3007:

plannings and mitigation measures regarding PM emission should be introduced. Use of power tools, heavy equipments, diesel fuels and potentially toxic building materials (e.g.

1772:

is highest near the source of emission. Any information regarding DPM and the atmosphere, flora, height, and distance from major sources is useful to determine health effects.

15891:

NARSTO (2004) Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: A NARSTO Assessment. P. McMurry, M. Shepherd, and J. Vickery, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

13515:"Long term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of acute coronary events: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis in 11 European cohorts from the ESCAPE Project" 11378: 9201:

Ferek RJ, Garrett T, Hobbs PV, Strader S, Johnson D, Taylor JP, Nielsen K, Ackerman AS, Kogan Y, Liu Q, Albrecht BA, et al. (2000). "Drizzle Suppression in Ship Tracks".

2976:, cancers, nausea, irritation, kidney and liver damage, central nervous system problems, asthma, pneumonia, etc.) can be resulted from the different types of toxic emissions. 16203: 1311:

Dusty materials that are not cleaned up or properly covered (e.g., in construction sites, landfills and ceramics production facilities; ashes left from burning or wildfires).

4162:, announced its intent to request information regarding analytical test methods, fate and transport in the environment, and other relevant information from manufacturers of 3319:, although studies on the link between depression and some air pollutants are not consistent. At least one study has identified "the abundant presence in the human brain of 16064: 15009: 3111:

for death. Air pollution has also been linked to a range of other psychosocial problems. Particulates may cause tissue damage by entering organs directly, or indirectly by

15135: 3276:

and less), the association with coarse particles remained but was no longer statistically significant, which means the effect is due to the subsection of fine particles.

2082: 1703: 15807:

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the principal international scientific body on climate change) chapter on atmospheric aerosols and their radiative effects

3442:

from wildfires and increased risk of hospitalizations for cardiopulmonary diseases has been discovered. Evidence also suggest wildfire smoke reduces mental performance.

15506: 10075: 16222: 15823:

Jelonek Z, Drobniak A, Mastalerz M, Jelonek I (December 2020). "Environmental implications of the quality of charcoal briquettes and lump charcoal used for grilling".

15244: 14553:"75 Ways Trump Made America Dirtier and the Planet Warmer: In the Past Four Years, Trump has Shredded Environmental Protections for American Lands, Animals and People" 6537:

Lin C, Huang RJ, Duan J, Zhong H, Xu W, Wu Y, Zhang R (April 2022). "Large contribution from worship activities to the atmospheric soot particles in northwest China".

5715:

In mid-2023, air quality in eastern U.S. lowered significantly as particulates from Canada's wildfires blew down. According to NASA, some of the fires were ignited by

3209:

As perinatal outcomes have been associated with lifelong health and exposure to particulate matter is widespread, this issue is of critical public health importance.

17169: 16790: 14485: 9033:"Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis" 8289: 6311: 1688:, consists of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, mineral dust, and organic matter. The particles are hygroscopic due to the presence of sulfur, and SO 15586: 12945:

Ozkaynak, Haluk; Thurston, George D. (December 1987). "Associations Between 1980 U.S. Mortality Rates and Alternative Measures of Airborne Particle Concentration".

3152:. A study by the European Environment Agency estimates that 307,000 people have died prematurely in 2019 due to fine particle pollution in the 27 EU member states. 2937:

Different types of building refurbishment activities produce different kinds of dust too. The composition of PM generated from cutting or mixing concrete made with

14187: 13938:

Nawrot TS, Perez L, Künzli N, Munters E, Nemery B (February 2011). "Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: a comparative risk assessment".

12360:"Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 6160:"Application of Lagrangian particle dispersion models to air quality assessment in the Trans-Manche region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (France) and Kent (Great Britain)" 3530:

to create doubt regarding the causal connection between cigarette smoking and cancer and to forestall its regulation. In addition, industry-funded advocates, when

3015:, paint, etc.) should be strictly monitored to ensure that patients who are there seeking for disease treatments or chances to survive are not adversely affected. 3631:

there was a 36% increase in lung cancer per 10 μg/m. In a 2014 meta-analysis of 18 studies globally including the ESCAPE data, for every increase of 10 μg/m in PM

16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 15223: 14700: 11459:[The new version of the pre-sale house contract prohibits "steelmaking furnace slag" and builders will be fined for violations] (in Chinese). 8 May 2019. 10579:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

10196:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

10107:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2382:

savings valued at $ 50 billion annually in the United States alone. Yet, around the same time, research had shown that sulfate aerosols were affecting both the

1677:

The chemical composition of the aerosol directly affects how it interacts with solar radiation. The chemical constituents within the aerosol change the overall

18850: 17292: 15553:"Chapter 1 - Fly Ash - An Engineering Material - Fly Ash Facts for Highway Engineers - Recycling - Sustainability - Pavements - Federal Highway Administration" 15492: 15167: 14540: 2961: 20898: 19046: 13674: 10819: 10655: 4293:. Previously it was as one of the most polluted capital cities in the world. An air quality improvement plan in 2017 appears to be showing positive results. 16193: 12870: 12586:"Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)" 6988:

Orirental Daily News once again revealed that the Yau Tong Concrete Plant violated regulations and emitted a large amount of smoke and dust, up to 40 meters

5661:

from ash ponds, the final disposal place for fly ash that has been collected in settling tanks. Ash ponds are continually eroded by wind during the winter.

5417: 3408:

problem linked to the practice of historic redlining. An example of these factors contextualized is an area of Southeastern Louisiana, colloquially dubbed '

20928: 19024: 17412: 16536: 15927:

Alves, Célia A.; Evtyugina, Margarita; Vicente, Estela; Vicente, Ana; Gonçalves, Cátia; Neto, Ana Isabel; Nunes, Teresa; Kováts, Nora (15 September 2022).

11251: 8601: 2857: 2550: 2185:

on cloud albedo compared to ambient clouds. The Cloud albedo aerosol effect is a first order effect and therefore classified as a radiative forcing by the

16179: 15444: 14959: 14437:"Cardiopulmonary Effects of Fine Particulate Matter Exposure among Older Adults, during Wildfire and Non-Wildfire Periods, in the United States 2008-2010" 13887:

Cohen AJ, Ross Anderson H, Ostro B, Pandey KD, Krzyzanowski M, Künzli N, et al. (2005). "The global burden of disease due to outdoor air pollution".

12623:

Cohen AJ, Ross Anderson H, Ostro B, Pandey KD, Krzyzanowski M, Künzli N, et al. (2005). "The global burden of disease due to outdoor air pollution".

10037: 8587: 1942:, which collected the soot deposited in a particular location so it could be weighed. Automated, modern methods of measuring particulates include optical 1670:

field by both scattering and absorption. Some aerosols are predicted to include strongly light-absorbing material and are thought to yield large positive

18987: 17375: 16991: 16526: 13050: 11035: 2370:

Stratospheric sulfates from volcanic emissions cause transient cooling; the purple line showing sustained cooling is from tropospheric sulfate pollution.

15418: 11354: 1896:

electrostatic plates which attract the charged particle in the airstream collecting them and leaving the now clean air to be exhausted or recirculated.

1606:(gaseous) or from biogenic emissions. The precursors for these aerosols—i.e. the gases from which they originate—may have an anthropogenic origin (from 15538: 14524:

Data sources: Markandya & Wilkinson (2007); UNSCEAR (2008; 2018); Sovacool et al. (2016); IPCC AR5 (2014); Pehl et al. (2017); Ember Energy (2021).

8660: 7062: 6870: 6486:

Lee, Giyoon; Ahn, Jinho; Park, Seung-Myung; Moon, Jonghan; Park, Rokjin; Sim, Min Sub; Choi, Hanna; Park, Jinsoo; Ahn, Joon-Young (17 September 2023).

15660: 10537: 8646: 4177:

DTSC is expanding the Specific Chemical Information Call-in to members of the nanometal oxides, the latest information can be found on their website.

2926:. Particles emitted from fuel combustion are not the same as those emitted from waste combustion. The particulate matter generated from the fire of a 18843: 17352: 17194: 16643: 16531: 11801:"Assessing the impact of long-term exposure to nine outdoor air pollutants on COVID-19 spatial spread and related mortality in 107 Italian provinces" 11265: 10991:

Balmes, John R.; Fine, Jonathan M.; Sheppard, Dean (November 1987). "Symptomatic Bronchoconstriction after Short-Term Inhalation of Sulfur Dioxide".

3469:

understood at least since the 1960s that use of their products causes widespread adverse health effects and death but continued aggressive political

10936: 5672: 16725: 15188: 15054: 13700: 8933:

Haywood, James; Boucher, Olivier (November 2000). "Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review".

5688: 3947: 2418:, which seeks to replicate and enhance the cooling from sulfate pollution while minimizing the negative effects on health through deploying in the 2001: 13993: 13982: 9749: 17297: 16638: 16615: 14772: 3357:) across the U.S. In the study, regions of the country with a high rate of Parkinson's disease were associated generally with higher levels of PM 2406:

uses the best estimate of 0.5 °C (0.90 °F), with the uncertainty mainly caused by contradictory research on the impacts of aerosols of

15741:"Toxicologic and epidemiologic clues from the characterization of the 1952 London smog fine particulate matter in archival autopsy lung tissues" 11970: 19061: 19056: 19029: 18761: 11106:

Hennig, Frauke; Quass, Ulrich; Hellack, Bryan; Küpper, Miriam; Kuhlbusch, Thomas A. J.; Stafoggia, Massimo; Hoffmann, Barbara (February 2018).

9988:"Chapter 32 – Changes in the Sun's radiation: the role of widespread surface solar radiation trends in climate change: dimming and brightening" 7963: 7691: 3342:

exposure and the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Several epidemiological studies have suggested a link between PM

2402:

models estimate that total cooling from the currently present aerosols is between 0.1 °C (0.18 °F) to 0.7 °C (1.3 °F); the

992: 11414: 20943: 15075: 10878:

moderate volcanic eruptions, rather than anthropogenic influences, are the primary source of the observed increases in stratospheric aerosol.

9907: 4087: 2089: 12584:

Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole; Andersen, Zorana J; Beelen, Rob; Samoli, Evangelia; Stafoggia, Massimo; Weinmayr, Gudrun; et al. (August 2013).

11445:[A look into the property market new regulations. No more slag house. Slag will be banned from 2021] (in Chinese). 10 December 2020. 11108:"Ultrafine and Fine Particle Number and Surface Area Concentrations and Daily Cause-Specific Mortality in the Ruhr Area, Germany, 2009–2014" 9882: 9080:

Charlson RJ, Schwartz SE, Hales JM, Cess RD, Coakley JA, Hansen JE, Hofmann DJ (January 1992). "Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols".

5602:

Air quality of Thailand is getting worse in 2023, which is described as a "post-COVID back-to-normal situation". In addition to the capital

19014: 18962: 15960:

Papachristopoulou, Kyriakoula; Raptis, Ioannis-Panagiotis; Gkikas, Antonis; Fountoulakis, Ilias; Masoom, Akriti; Kazadzis, Stelios (2022).

14750: 14564: 8531: 8328: 5579: 3067: 16093: 15111: 8887:"Indicators of Global Climate Change 2022: annual update of large-scale indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence" 3502:

in the public mind about the necessity of such regulation. Similar lobbying and corporate public relations efforts were undertaken by the

1692:

is converted to sulfate when high humidity and low temperatures are present. This causes reduced visibility and red-orange-yellow colors.

19036: 19009: 18982: 18957: 18456: 15628: 15209: 9384:

Koren I, Kaufman YJ, Remer LA, Martins JV (February 2004). "Measurement of the effect of Amazon smoke on inhibition of cloud formation".

7005:"Identification of cement in atmospheric particulate matter using the hybrid method of laser diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy" 4202: 3596: 1070: 758: 14552: 9133:"Effects of Aerosols on Cloud Albedo: Evaluation of Twomey's Parameterization of Cloud Susceptibility Using Measurements of Ship Tracks" 4214:

To analyse the air pollution trend, 480 cities around the world (Ukraine excluded) was mapped by air experts to calculate the average PM

2833: 1652:. This is mainly because the presence of sulfate and nitrate causes the aerosols to increase to a size that scatters light effectively. 20436: 19685: 16245: 15919: 12008: 10690: 6884: 4159: 3519: 16209: 16161: 15640: 13622: 19368: 19108: 12674: 11580:"Experimental study to quantify airborne particle deposition onto and resuspension from clothing using a fluorescent-tracking method" 10336:

Glassmeier, Franziska; Hoffmann, Fabian; Johnson, Jill S.; Yamaguchi, Takanobu; Carslaw, Ken S.; Feingold, Graham (29 January 2021).

2046: 15996: 15929:"Outdoor charcoal grilling: Particulate and gas-phase emissions, organic speciation and ecotoxicological assessment - ScienceDirect" 15023: 13655: 12255:

Fu, Pengfei; Yung, Ken Kin Lam (15 September 2020). "Air Pollution and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

11382: 11224:"Scattering Matrix for Typical Urban Anthropogenic Origin Cement Dust and Discrimination of Representative Atmospheric Particulates" 9687: 7768:

Zalakeviciute, Rasa; Mejia, Danilo; Alvarez, Hermel; Bermeo, Xavier; Bonilla-Bedoya, Santiago; Rybarczyk, Yves; Lamb, Brian (2022).

3950:(CCME). Jurisdictions (provinces and territories) may set more stringent standards. The CCME standard for particulate matter 2.5 (PM 3059: 20938: 20870: 19638: 19633: 19353: 18977: 8258: 8179: 8090: 6671:

Ramadan, Bimastyaji Surya; Rosmalina, Raden Tina; Syafrudin; Munawir; Khair, Hafizhul; Rachman, Indriyani; Matsumoto, Toru (2023).

3400: 1947: 16078: 10710:

McCormick, M. Patrick; Thomason, Larry W.; Trepte, Charles R. (February 1995). "Atmospheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruption".

9050: 8633:"Hong Kong eLegislation, AIR POLLUTION CONTROL (CONSTRUCTION DUST) REGULATION (Cap.311 section 43) 16 June 1997, L.N. 304 of 1997" 7801:

Xie Y, Li Y, Feng Y, Cheng W, Wang Y (April 2022). "Inhalable microplastics prevails in air: Exploring the size detection limit".

19628: 18972: 18695: 14519: 11396: 11025:

Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. (2003). Exposure Assessment in Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology. London: Oxford University Press.

8044: 15732: 15142: 11710: 6912: 19358: 13563: 11417:[City "besieged" with dishonest cement factories, anti-counterfeiting teams found 13 of them in one year] (in Chinese). 11237: 8675:"Enforcement Activities and Statistics under the Air Pollution Control Ordinance and the Ozone Layer Protection Ordinance 2021" 4099: 3157: 1544: 15806: 10385:

Manshausen, Peter; Watson-Parris, Duncan; Christensen, Matthew W.; Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka; Stier, Philip Stier (7 March 2018).

9903: 7275: 3361:, of which sources include motor vehicles, wildfires, and power plants." While the exact mechanisms behind the link between PM 1852:

some cases recirculated into the facility. Common fabrics include polyester and fiberglass and common fabric coatings include

20743: 19617: 19373: 19051: 18738: 16863: 16550: 12805: 11428: 10067: 10007: 9670: 9509: 8689:"Construction contractor fined for carrying out building demolition work in Shek O without appropriate dust control measures" 7728: 7482: 6142: 5924: 4543:

Almost all of the top ten most polluted cities are in the Middle East and Asia. The worst is Dammam in Saudi Arabia with a PM

3349:

Using geospatial analytical techniques, "NIEHS-funded researchers were able to confirm a strong association between cases of

977: 15520: 13193:"The shared pathoetiological effects of particulate air pollution and the social environment on fetal-placental development" 13070:"Maternal Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter ≤2.5 μm During Pregnancy and the Risk for High Blood Pressure in Childhood" 2433:(BC), or carbon black, or elemental carbon (EC), often called soot, is composed of pure carbon clusters, skeleton balls and 20903: 20865: 19468: 19316: 18026: 17838: 16074: 15896: 14013:

Smiley, Kevin T. (2019). "Racial and Environmental Inequalities in Spatial Patterns in Asthma Prevalence in the US South".

13640: 5929: 251: 14596: 10893:

Chung CE, Ramanathan V (2006). "Weakening of North Indian SST Gradients and the Monsoon Rainfall in India and the Sahel".

8517: 4222:

were measured using aqicn.org's World Air Quality Index data, and a formula developed by AirNow was used to convert the PM

1821:, most industries are required to operate some kind of dust collection system. These systems include inertial collectors ( 1141:

particles include suspended particulate matter; thoracic and respirable particles; inhalable coarse particles, designated

19321: 18967: 18952: 17991: 17884: 17554: 16132: 13564:"Air pollution alters Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilms, antibiotic tolerance and colonisation" 9951: 2710:

Another complexity not entirely documented is how the shape of PM can affect health, except for the needle-like shape of

378: 298: 16144: 15722: 15388: 11919:

Solimini, Angelo; Filipponi, F.; Fegatelli, D. Alunni; Caputo, B.; De Marco, C. M.; Spagnoli, A.; Vestri, A. R. (2021).

5634:

characterized by raised sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide levels and very high concentrations of airborne particles and

2685:

therefore not protective. Proposals for new regulations exist in some countries, with suggestions to limit the particle

20726: 19418: 19232: 19222: 19143: 19066: 18756: 18733: 17912: 17572: 16124: 15811:

Preining, Othmar and E. James Davis (eds.), "History of Aerosol Science," Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften,

8674: 972: 886: 328: 16199: 14693: 13505: 10954: 9934: 8559: 4189:

Air quality trends in the southwestern United States. Blue area shows the range of the middle 80% of monitoring sites.

2165:

tend to be smaller and more numerous than those forming around aerosol particles of natural origin (such as windblown

21094: 20768: 20481: 20017: 19746: 19643: 19252: 19237: 19071: 19019: 18798: 18545: 18431: 17925: 17920: 15876: 15816: 14802: 13842:"Olfactory cell cultures to investigate health effects of air pollution exposure: Implications for neurodegeneration" 12412:

Lu, Jackson G (April 2020). "Air pollution: A systematic review of its psychological, economic, and social effects".

11213:

Lippmann, M., Cohen, B.S., Schlesinger, R.S. (2003). Environmental Health Science. New York: Oxford University Press.

8322:"Mongolia: Air Pollution in Ulaanbaatar – Initial Assessment of Current Situations and Effects of Abatement Measures" 3303: 2923: 2019: 828: 733: 15478: 15171: 13171:

US EPA National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park Nc, Environmental Media Assessment Group

8545: 3308:

The effects of air pollution and particulate matter on cognitive performance has become an active area of research.

3165: 2331:, had dominated. By 1990, global human-caused emissions of sulfur into the atmosphere became "at least as large" as 2036:

Aerosols have a cooling effect that is small compared to the radiative forcing (warming effect) of greenhouse gases.

19837: 19299: 19113: 19004: 18994: 18725: 16939: 16747: 16322: 16312: 16284: 11059:"Ambient Particulate Pollutants in the Ultrafine Range Promote Early Atherosclerosis and Systemic Oxidative Stress" 10217: 8716: 6469: 3604: 3346:

exposure and cognitive decline, particularly in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.

2398:

in line with the reduced anthropogenic sulfate pollution, climate change accelerated. As of 2021, state-of-the-art

2075:. The aerosol scale (yellow to dark reddish-brown) indicates the relative amount of particles that absorb sunlight. 1182: 17435: 14938: 11252:"Cargo boat fire put out in Hong Kong's Victoria Harbour after burning for 15 hours and sending fumes across city" 10652: 10571: 8604:[The problem of buying a house: Is it difficult to live in a building under rehabilitation?] (in Chinese). 7297: 2032: 1856:(commonly known as Teflon). The excess dust buildup is then cleaned from the bags and removed from the collector. 20918: 20732: 20112: 19433: 19182: 19160: 19118: 19088: 19041: 18924: 18907: 18890: 18866: 18471: 18208: 17598: 16189: 12738:

Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL (March 2004). "Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000".

11724: 10675: 10099: 7079: 6159: 4154:

Air quality trends in the western United States. Blue area shows the range of the middle 80% of monitoring sites.

2465: 2415: 2309: 2224: 1663: 1063: 773: 536: 118: 60: 13840:

Kanninen, K. M.; Lampinen, R.; Rantanen, L. M.; Odendaal, L.; Jalava, P.; Chew, S.; White, A. R. (1 June 2020).

9650: 9156: 9005: 8980: 8702: 19676: 19138: 19133: 15557: 15272:

Li, Jie; Du, Huiyun; Wang, Zifa; Sun, Yele; Yang, Wenyi; Li, Jianjun; Tang, Xiao; Fu, Pingqing (1 April 2017).

14970: 11039: 9646: 9222: 7643:"Potentially toxic elements pollution in road deposited sediments around the active smelting industry of Korea" 6930: 6280: 3479: 3149: 15464: 12358:

Braithwaite, Isobel; Zhang, Shuo; Kirkbride, James B.; Osborn, David P. J.; Hayes, Joseph F. (December 2019).

10045: 8372: 20880: 20824: 20819: 20396: 19924: 19304: 19242: 18806: 18781: 18086: 15422: 14056:"Erratum: Eur. Phys. J. C.22, 695–705 (2002) – DOI 10.1007/s100520100827 Published online: 7 December 2001". 11361: 9501: 8574:"Hong Kong watchdog arrests 49 suspects in housing renovation scam involving contracts worth HK$ 500 million" 7988: 7754: 7423:

Sharma R, Sharma M, Sharma R, Sharma V (2013). "The impact of incinerators on human health and environment".

3470: 2500: 1959: 1547:. Sea salt is considered the second-largest contributor in the global aerosol budget, and consists mainly of 1008: 458: 35: 15274:"Rapid formation of a severe regional winter haze episode over a mega-city cluster on the North China Plain" 14102:

Mikati, Ihab; Benson, Adam F.; Luben, Thomas J.; Sacks, Jason D.; Richmond-Bryant, Jennifer (1 April 2018).

12695:; Seskin, Eugene P. (June 1973). "An Analysis of the Association between U.S. Mortality and Air Pollution". 10793: 8758: 6388: 4391:. It was once the most polluted capital city in Europe and still has a long way to go to achieve clean air. 3133:

particulate air pollution "is consistently and independently related to the most serious effects, including

3115:. Adverse effects may occur even at exposure levels lower than published air quality standards deemed safe. 2577:

via cilia and mucus, but particulate matter smaller than about 10 micrometers can settle in the bronchi and

2378:

measures and other pollution controls were largely successful, reducing their prevalence by 53% and causing

2181:. Evidence supporting the cloud albedo effect has been observed from the effects of ship exhaust plumes and 20441: 19992: 19913: 19872: 18900: 18257: 18006: 17986: 17738: 17146: 17094: 16597: 16274: 10544: 10243:

McCoy, Daniel T.; Field, Paul; Gordon, Hamish; Elsaesser, Gregory S.; Grosvenor, Daniel P. (6 April 2020).

10191: 8772: 5892: 3503: 2403: 1912:

Besides removing particulates from the source of pollution, they may also be cleaned in the open air (e.g.

1752: 1452: 546: 398: 373: 168: 19453: 14206: 12082:"Maternal exposure to air pollution and risk of autism in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 11663:"The effects of particulate matter sources on daily mortality: a case-crossover study of Barcelona, Spain" 11294: 8886: 7603: 6810: 6590:"Heavy metals emissions from joss paper burning rituals and the air quality around a specific incinerator" 6588:

Giang, Lam Van; Thanh, Tran; Hien, Truong Thanh; Tan, Lam Van; Thi Bich Phuong, Tran; Huu Loc, Ho (2021).

1740: 1658:(OM) found in aerosols can be either primary or secondary, the latter part deriving from the oxidation of 1505:

Global aerosols portrait produced by a GEOS-5 simulation at a 10-km resolution, August 2006 - April 2007.

20784: 20586: 20097: 20032: 19950: 19862: 19726: 19271: 19155: 18912: 18362: 18016: 16289: 15042: 14873: 10940: 10142: 9987: 4082:

Air quality trends in the United States. Blue area shows the range of the middle 80% of monitoring sites.

3971: 3297: 2546: 1838: 1765: 657: 408: 15184: 15058: 13744: 11295:"Use of hazardous electric arc furnace dust in the construction industry: A cleaner production approach" 9031:

Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, Berntsen T, Betts R, Fahey DW, Haywood J, et al. (October 2007).

3196:

is associated with elevated risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as low birth weight. Exposure to PM

1938:, which were grey-shaded cards against which emissions from smokestacks could be visually compared, and 1193:

as they can penetrate deep into the lungs and brain from blood streams, causing health problems such as

20933: 20814: 20521: 20286: 20130: 18790: 18690: 18613: 18021: 17851: 17681: 17141: 17099: 14335:"Associations between respiratory health and ozone and fine particulate matter during a wildfire event" 12994:-Related Air Quality Health Benefits From the Removal of Energy-Related Emissions in the United States" 12898:"Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities" 12562:

Carrington, Damian; McMullan, Lydia; Blight, Garry; Roberts, Simon; Hulley-Jones, Frank (17 May 2019).

10285: 9841:"Effect of sulfate aerosol on tropospheric NOx and ozone budgets: Model simulations and TOPSE evidence" 9710: 5887: 5855: 3083:

The effects of inhaling particulate matter that have been widely studied in humans and animals include

1830: 1531:, including particles, depends on their source and atmospheric chemistry and varies widely. Wind-blown 1522: 1056: 413: 263: 93:

This diagram shows types, and size distribution in micrometres (μm), of atmospheric particulate matter.

15928: 15885: 15273: 14780: 13841: 13513:

Cesaroni G, Forastiere F, Stafoggia M, Andersen ZJ, Badaloni C, Beelen R, et al. (January 2014).

11164: 10438:"Underestimated Passive Volcanic Sulfur Degassing Implies Overestimated Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing" 6589: 6487: 6389:"STATE OF GLOBAL AIR/2018 A SPECIAL REPORT ON GLOBAL EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION AND ITS DISEASE BURDEN" 20986: 20845: 20809: 20611: 20241: 20196: 20124: 19976: 19919: 19541: 19493: 19388: 19281: 19165: 18493: 18451: 18413: 17978: 17772: 17492: 17482: 16679: 16457: 16279: 8388:"Behaviour Study of Particulate Matter and Chemical Composition with Different Combustion Strategies" 5902: 5897: 5779: 5758: 5374: 3535: 3531: 3375: 2941:

would be different from those generated from cutting or mixing concrete made with different types of

2666: 2158: 1929: 1769: 1667: 1659: 788: 753: 713: 366: 333: 183: 19448: 12135:"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Multiple Airborne Pollutants and Autism Spectrum Disorder" 9621: 8801: 5464: 21084: 21033: 20855: 20551: 20151: 19930: 19821: 19806: 19546: 19501: 19403: 19128: 18944: 18488: 18011: 17952: 17863: 17487: 17465: 17159: 16467: 11661:

Ostro, B.; Tobias, A.; Querol, X.; Alastuey, A.; Amato, F.; Pey, J.; Pérez, N.; Sunyer, J. (2011).

10437: 8688: 6673:"Potential Risks of Open Waste Burning at the Household Level: A Case Study of Semarang, Indonesia" 6255: 5513: 4163: 3566: 3495: 3260: 3124: 2892: 2375: 2138: 1469:

annually, with domestic wood burning in both closed stoves and open fires responsible for 38% of PM

1333: 783: 403: 338: 275: 30:

This article is about particles suspended in air. For general discussion of particulate types, see

16214: 15674:

Liu XQ, Huang J, Song C, Zhang TL, Liu YP, Yu L (2023). "Neurodevelopmental toxicity induced by PM

15507:"Air pollution hospitalises 200,000 in one week as fumes, emissions and smoke descend on Thailand" 15416: 15079: 13459:"Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution" 11856:

Kiser, Daniel; Elhanan, Gai; Metcalf, William J.; Schnieder, Brendan; Grzymski, Joseph J. (2021).

11635: 8828: 8615: 7097: 6281:"EHP – Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure and Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 5590:

in May and June 2016 came from local emissions. The rest was trans-boundary pollution coming from

2851:

Scanning electron microscopy of mortar glass powder (10%) which seems to have fibre-like structure

21028: 20953: 20875: 20804: 20748: 20680: 20576: 20491: 20401: 20366: 19842: 19593: 19531: 18934: 18700: 18466: 17996: 17547: 17370: 17136: 16372: 10284:

Rosenfeld, Daniel; Zhu, Yannian; Wang, Minghuai; Zheng, Youtong; Goren, Tom; Yu, Shaocai (2019).

9879: 8885:

Forster, Piers M.; Smith, Christopher J.; Walsh, Tristram; Lamb, William F.; et al. (2023).

8730: 8058: 3515: 813: 768: 388: 16088: 15606: 15260:

emissions of a key pollutant linked to respiratory illness have doubled over the past five years

14621:

Hamra GB, Guha N, Cohen A, Laden F, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Samet JM, et al. (September 2014).

11738:

Renard, J. B.; Surcin, J.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Delaunay, G.; Poincelet, E.; Dixsaut, G. (2022).

11470: 8348: 5403: 2979:

Studies have found that blood lead levels of people in China are highly correlated to ambient PM

2476:

Aerosols are also thought to affect weather and climate on a regional scale. The failure of the

21079: 21018: 20980: 20860: 20571: 20002: 19536: 19363: 18659: 18049: 17511: 17120: 16906: 16775: 16574: 16503: 16462: 16343: 14104:"Disparities in Distribution of Particulate Matter Emission Sources by Race and Poverty Status" 13826: 11921:"A global association between Covid-19 cases and airborne particulate matter at regional level" 10286:"Aerosol-driven droplet concentrations dominate coverage and water of oceanic low level clouds" 9039:. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–234. 7557:"Respirable nano-particulate generations and their pathogenesis in mining workplaces: a review" 7556: 7164:

Bruschweiler ED, Danuser B, Huynh CK, Wild P, Schupfer P, Vernez D, Boiteux P, Hopf NB (2012).

6134: 6123: 3539: 3350: 3331: 1812: 1194: 1105: 951: 438: 14894: 13166: 12080:

Chun, HeeKyoung; Leung, Cheryl; Wen, Shi Wu; McDonald, Judy; Shin, Hwashin H. (January 2020).

8744: 8590:[Will you move out because there is building exterior wall repair work?] (in Chinese). 8469:"Effect of Inlet Air Volumetric Flow Rate on the Performance of a Two-Stage Cyclone Separator" 7232:"Indoor Particulate Matter during HOMEChem: Concentrations, Size Distributions, and Exposures" 1122:, as opposed to the particulate matter alone. Sources of particulate matter can be natural or 21059: 21038: 20716: 20675: 20391: 20062: 19882: 19654: 18919: 18629: 18461: 18337: 18245: 17935: 17828: 17628: 17459: 17287: 17164: 16785: 16413: 12821:

Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. (December 2012).

10813: 8420: 6957:"SF Concrete Plant That Was Focus of NBC Bay Area Investigative Report, Ordered to Shut Down" 5850: 5774: 3511: 3405: 3254: 3112: 2162: 921: 763: 629: 541: 238: 31: 17: 14728: 14623:"Outdoor particulate matter exposure and lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 14577: 13242:

Lee PC, Talbott EO, Roberts JM, Catov JM, Bilonick RA, Stone RA, et al. (August 2012).

10687: 9035:. In Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds.). 8120:

Perraud V, Bruns EA, Ezell MJ, Johnson SN, Yu Y, Alexander ML, et al. (February 2012).

6720:"Personal exposures to particulate matter <2.5 μm in mass median aerodynamic diameter (PM 3611:

due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and blood streams unfiltered, causing

3498:, an industry lobby group, to derail governments' attempts to regulate air pollution and to 20840: 20830: 20774: 20711: 20606: 20186: 20135: 19701: 19521: 19289: 18929: 18895: 18885: 18436: 18091: 17787: 17422: 17407: 17329: 17256: 17115: 17024: 16955: 16901: 16877: 16837: 16569: 16395: 15973: 15832: 15687: 15344: 15285: 14837: 14346: 14065: 13896: 13780: 13712: 13578: 13562:

Hussey SJ, Purves J, Allcock N, Fernandes VE, Monks PS, Ketley JM, et al. (May 2017).

13312: 13255: 13126: 13005: 12954: 12632: 12470: 12311: 12208: 12146: 12093: 12043: 11873: 11812: 11755: 11591: 11536: 11493: 11306: 10902: 10843: 10766: 10719: 10625: 10586: 10500: 10449: 10349: 10256: 10157: 10114: 9960: 9852: 9725: 9578: 9449: 9393: 9350: 9338: 9309: 9265: 9210: 9144: 9089: 8992: 8942: 8901: 8632: 8133: 7853: 7810: 7615: 7568: 7324: 7243: 7016: 6822: 6637: 6546: 6443: 6434:

Omidvarborna; et al. (2015). "Recent studies on soot modeling for diesel combustion".

6205: 6130: 5574:(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). According to a study conducted by 5205: 4711: 3474: 3395: 3181:

Higher rates of infertility have been correlated with exposure to particulates. Maternal PM

3130: 2950: 2647: 2411: 1817:

Particulate matter emissions are highly regulated in most industrialized countries. Due to

1123: 463: 196: 12988:

Mailloux, Nicholas A.; Abel, David W.; Holloway, Tracey; Patz, Jonathan A. (16 May 2022).

12678: 11990: 8848:"X-ray spectrometry for particulate air pollution—a quantitative comparison of techniques" 7919:

Hawkes N (May 2015). "Air pollution in UK: the public health problem that won't go away".

6331:"Recent Insights into Particulate Matter (PM2.5)-Mediated Toxicity in Humans: An Overview" 2702:(aerosol or particulate). Inhalation also depends upon the breathing rate of the subject. 8: 21074: 21069: 20706: 20696: 20670: 20456: 20118: 20027: 19997: 19897: 19867: 19761: 19721: 19583: 19576: 19516: 19413: 19408: 19083: 18503: 18441: 18408: 18347: 18279: 18144: 18139: 18117: 17691: 17029: 16981: 16924: 16847: 16780: 16757: 16752: 16666: 16485: 16266: 15552: 14388:) exposure during a prolonged wildfire period and emergency department visits for asthma" 13701:"Ambient air pollution and depression: A systematic review with meta-analysis up to 2019" 12195:

Weisskopf, Marc G.; Kioumourtzoglou, Marianthi-Anna; Roberts, Andrea L. (December 2015).

11971:"With metals and maybe even coronavirus, wildfire smoke is more dangerous than you think" 10489:"What goes up must come down: impacts of deposition in a sulfate geoengineering scenario" 10198:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–32, 9695: 9653:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 31–34, 5939: 5789: 5587: 4129:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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matter exposure, as well as an increased risk of asthma related events. A link between PM

2387: 1818: 1758: 1198: 1109: 798: 743: 708: 634: 561: 511: 506: 491: 148: 15977: 15920:"Hong Kong's illegal barbecue site something to chew on | South China Morning Post" 15836: 15691: 15348: 15289: 14851: 14350: 14069: 13900: 13784: 13716: 13582: 13316: 13259: 13130: 13009: 12958: 12636: 12474: 12315: 12212: 12150: 12097: 12047: 11877: 11816: 11759: 11595: 11540: 11497: 11310: 11279: 10906: 10847: 10770: 10723: 10629: 10590: 10504: 10453: 10353: 10260: 10161: 10118: 9964: 9856: 9729: 9582: 9453: 9397: 9354: 9313: 9269: 9214: 9148: 9093: 8996: 8946: 8905: 8616:"Operation Building Bright improves living environment of residents (with photos/video)" 8137: 7857: 7814: 7619: 7572: 7345: 7328: 7312: 7247: 7020: 6826: 6641: 6550: 6447: 6209: 3042:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2040:

Atmospheric aerosols affect the climate of the Earth by changing the amount of incoming

21089: 20969: 20913: 20850: 20627: 20506: 20501: 20291: 20102: 20087: 19669: 19598: 19556: 19551: 19511: 19463: 19227: 19123: 18999: 18816: 18777: 18710: 18685: 18680: 18498: 18375: 18169: 18041: 17805: 17676: 17603: 17540: 17324: 17302: 17184: 17034: 16934: 16439: 16390: 16012: 15948: 15856: 15765: 15740: 15711: 15370: 14647: 14622: 14461: 14436: 14417: 14310: 14281: 14280:

Haikerwal A, Akram M, Del Monaco A, Smith K, Sim MR, Meyer M, et al. (July 2015).

14257: 14232: 14188:"Racism turned their neighborhood into 'Cancer Alley.' Now they're dying from COVID-19" 14128: 14103: 14081: 14030: 13963: 13920: 13869: 13803: 13768: 13736: 13599: 13539: 13514: 13483: 13458: 13431: 13406: 13382: 13357: 13333: 13300: 13299:

Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Darrow LA, Slama R, Bell ML, Choi H, et al. (April 2009).

13276: 13243: 13219: 13192: 13142: 13094: 13069: 13026: 12989: 12966: 12922: 12897: 12847: 12822: 12763: 12712: 12656: 12539: 12514: 12494: 12437: 12384: 12359: 12335: 12280: 12229: 12196: 12169: 12134: 11947: 11920: 11896: 11857: 11833: 11800: 11776: 11739: 11687: 11662: 11612: 11579: 11560: 11322: 11196: 11140: 11107: 11083: 11058: 10918: 10869: 10735: 10465: 10413: 10386: 10318: 10173: 10013: 9999: 9821: 9808: 9775: 9741: 9602: 9547: 9478: 9437: 9417: 9234: 9113: 9058: 8958: 8827:

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) webmaster@defra gsi gov uk.

8493: 8468: 8235: 8210: 8156: 8121: 7944: 7739: 7667: 7642: 7584: 7532: 7507: 7488: 7448: 7400: 7369: 7192: 7165: 7141: 7116: 7039: 7004: 6791: 6750: 6740: 6719: 6700: 6609: 6570: 6519: 6365: 6330: 6228: 6193: 5944: 5654: 5635: 3096: 2988: 2598: 2496: 2356: 2289: 2285: 1966: 1822: 1186: 1171: 1032: 793: 669: 431: 213: 153: 123: 70: 15801: 15465:"NASA and NIER study finds that 48% of particulate matter comes from outside S. Korea" 14511: 13951: 13085: 12838: 12601: 11400: 10143:"Constraining human contributions to observed warming since the pre-industrial period" 9972: 9590: 7891: 6649: 2619:

regions of the lung (alveoli), and very small particles (ultrafine particulate matter

2601:. When asthmatics are exposed to these conditions it can trigger bronchoconstriction. 1997: 21064: 20541: 20496: 20251: 20246: 20176: 20072: 19908: 19711: 19473: 19348: 19294: 19093: 19078: 18705: 18565: 18385: 18294: 18262: 18179: 18132: 18059: 18031: 17800: 17795: 17593: 17240: 17189: 16842: 16742: 16661: 16508: 16327: 16016: 15961: 15952: 15892: 15872: 15860: 15848: 15812: 15770: 15729:

Particulate matter from tobacco versus diesel car exhaust: an educational perspective

15715: 15703: 15374: 15362: 15328: 15309: 15301: 15028: 14671: 14652: 14466: 14409: 14364: 14315: 14262: 14133: 14085: 14034: 13955: 13912: 13873: 13861: 13808: 13740: 13728: 13604: 13544: 13488: 13436: 13387: 13338: 13281: 13224: 13099: 13031: 12970: 12927: 12852: 12801: 12755: 12720: 12648: 12605: 12544: 12498: 12486: 12441: 12429: 12389: 12339: 12327: 12284: 12272: 12234: 12174: 12111: 12059: 12004: 11975: 11952: 11901: 11838: 11781: 11692: 11617: 11552: 11509: 11326: 11223: 11200: 11188: 11145: 11127: 11088: 11008: 10518: 10484: 10469: 10418: 10367: 10310: 10177: 10017: 10003: 9813: 9795: 9745: 9594: 9551: 9525: 9505: 9483: 9465: 9409: 9366: 9337:

Ackerman AS, Toon OB, Stevens DE, Heymsfield AJ, Ramanathan V, Welton EJ (May 2000).

9105: 8962: 8867: 8498: 8240: 8161: 7936: 7869: 7826: 7724: 7672: 7588: 7537: 7492: 7478: 7440: 7405: 7350: 7267: 7259: 7197: 7166:"Generation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during woodworking operations" 7146: 7044: 6898: 6795: 6755: 6704: 6692: 6653: 6613: 6574: 6562: 6523: 6511: 6370: 6352: 6233: 6138: 5734: 4328: 3507: 3450: 2669:, or DPM) are typically in the size range of 100 nanometers (0.1 micrometers). These 2566: 2451: 2072: 1873: 1671: 681: 604: 597: 551: 418: 208: 203: 113: 16162:

Current global map of the aerosol optical thickness of organic matter in green light

15911: 15844: 14421: 13967: 13924: 13724: 13146: 12767: 12660: 11767: 11564: 11548: 10922: 10873: 10739: 10322: 10244: 9421: 9254:"TRMM observed first direct evidence of smoke from forest fires inhibiting rainfall" 9238: 9117: 8266: 8209:

Schiffer, J. M.; Mael, L. E.; Prather, K. A.; Amaro, R. E.; Grassian, V. H. (2018).

8187: 8098: 7948: 7452: 7311:

Henneman L, Choirat C, Dedoussi I, Dominici F, Roberts J, Zigler C (November 2023).

7117:"Exposure to welding fumes is associated with acute systemic inflammatory responses" 6507: 4958: 1481:

wood smoke may be responsible for 60% of fine particle air pollution in the winter.

21008: 20763: 20758: 20341: 20047: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19852: 19428: 19423: 19398: 19197: 19170: 18649: 18550: 18508: 18476: 18370: 18324: 18284: 18191: 18159: 18127: 18112: 18096: 18071: 17856: 17810: 17516: 17397: 17347: 16929: 16449: 16423: 16004: 15981: 15944: 15940: 15840: 15760: 15752: 15723:

InsideEPA.com, Study Links Air Toxics To Heart Disease In Mice Amid EPA Controversy

15695: 15352: 15293: 14642: 14634: 14486:"What is 'smoke brain'? How air pollution can harm our cognition and mental health" 14456: 14448: 14399: 14354: 14305: 14297: 14252: 14244: 14163: 14123: 14115: 14073: 14022: 13947: 13904: 13853: 13798: 13788: 13720: 13594: 13586: 13534: 13526: 13478: 13470: 13426: 13418: 13377: 13369: 13328: 13320: 13271: 13263: 13214: 13204: 13134: 13089: 13081: 13021: 13013: 12962: 12917: 12909: 12842: 12834: 12793: 12747: 12708: 12704: 12640: 12597: 12585: 12534: 12526: 12478: 12421: 12379: 12371: 12319: 12264: 12224: 12216: 12164: 12154: 12101: 12051: 12012: 11942: 11932: 11891: 11881: 11828: 11820: 11771: 11763: 11682: 11674: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11544: 11501: 11314: 11180: 11135: 11119: 11078: 11070: 11000: 10910: 10859: 10851: 10801: 10774: 10727: 10633: 10594: 10508: 10457: 10408: 10398: 10357: 10300: 10264: 10199: 10165: 10122: 9995: 9968: 9911: 9860: 9825: 9803: 9787: 9733: 9586: 9537: 9473: 9457: 9401: 9358: 9317: 9273: 9226: 9218: 9183: 9152: 9097: 9000: 8950: 8909: 8859: 8488: 8480: 8395: 8230: 8222: 8151: 8141: 7928: 7861: 7818: 7781: 7734: 7716: 7662: 7654: 7623: 7604:"Particulates from mining operations: A review of sources, effects and regulations" 7576: 7527: 7519: 7470: 7432: 7395: 7385: 7340: 7332: 7251: 7231: 7187: 7177: 7136: 7128: 7034: 7024: 6834: 6830: 6783: 6745: 6735: 6684: 6645: 6601: 6554: 6503: 6451: 6360: 6342: 6223: 6213: 6174: 5875: 5793: 3527: 3523: 3459: 3445: 3185:

exposure during pregnancy is also associated with high blood pressure in children.

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form as sulfuric acid (liquid aerosol droplets) and nitric acid (atmospheric gas).

1638: 1634: 1630: 1576: 1540: 1518: 941: 838: 778: 664: 617: 566: 526: 501: 486: 468: 443: 383: 268: 218: 18835: 16184: 16166: 15245:"Call for action on pollution as emissions linked to respiratory illnesses double" 14995: 14916: 14333:

Reid CE, Considine EM, Watson GL, Telesca D, Pfister GG, Jerrett M (August 2019).

11318: 11074: 10614:"Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment" 9667: 9362: 9187: 8759:"Achievements in environmental pollution control on construction activities, 2004" 8731:"Management Regulations for Construction Project Air Pollution Control Facilities" 7215: 7029: 6672: 2569:

it will come to rest when inhaled. Larger particles are generally filtered in the

88: 21003: 20975: 20617: 20531: 20526: 20471: 20461: 20451: 20381: 20321: 20236: 20221: 20042: 20037: 20012: 20007: 19877: 19801: 19561: 19478: 19458: 19438: 19338: 19187: 18513: 18423: 18389: 18274: 18228: 18154: 18081: 18001: 17904: 17846: 17701: 17235: 16620: 16592: 16317: 15665: 15297: 15192: 14359: 14334: 13857: 13324: 13267: 12425: 12323: 12159: 12106: 12081: 12055: 11505: 11184: 10694: 10659: 9886: 9776:"Association between air pollution and low birth weight: a community-based study" 9737: 9674: 9101: 7865: 7822: 7627: 6811:"Ambient exposure to coarse and fine particle emissions from building demolition" 6787: 6558: 5919: 5738: 5489:

in Guangzhou and displays readings on its official website and social platforms.

5010: 4218:

level of the first nine months of 2019 against that of 2022. Average levels of PM

3620: 3386:

conversions of diesel to natural gas combustion as well as improved regulations.

3236: 3138: 3104: 2938: 2508: 2182: 2041: 1548: 1478: 1305: 726: 686: 556: 521: 453: 393: 321: 258: 158: 15210:"The Cities Where Air Pollution Has Increased and Decreased the Most since 2019" 14382:

Haikerwal A, Akram M, Sim MR, Meyer M, Abramson MJ, Dennekamp M (January 2016).

12530: 11004: 7720: 6605: 4590:, home to the world's tallest building. In the bottom ten are three cities from 3946:

the standard for particulate matter is set nationally by the federal-provincial

2958: 1681:. The refractive index will determine how much light is scattered and absorbed. 20753: 20650: 20426: 20406: 20371: 20306: 20226: 20067: 20057: 19966: 19816: 19786: 19741: 19736: 19588: 19483: 19383: 19311: 19098: 18826: 18560: 18446: 18403: 18397: 18393: 18238: 18223: 18174: 18164: 18076: 17930: 17686: 17657: 17453: 16986: 16976: 16561: 16418: 16083: 15869:

Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles

14960:"Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) for Fine Particulate Matter (PM 14503: 12482: 11937: 11886: 11824: 10513: 10488: 10403: 10169: 8560:"DEVB - Press Releases: Operation Building Bright launched (with photos, 2009)" 8226: 8126:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

8072: 7711:

Chandrappa, R.; Chandra Kulshrestha, U. (2016). "Air Pollution and Disasters".

7658: 7580: 6724:) pollution during the burning of six most commonly used firecrackers in India" 6455: 6194:"Thoracic and respirable particle definitions for human health risk assessment" 5934: 5821: 5764: 5486: 5447: 4524:

is the only U.S. city in the top ten list, ranking tenth with levels of 4

4395: 4158:

In October 2008, the Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), within the

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chronic bronchitis, and cardiovascular disease are increasing at a rapid rate.

3244: 3200:

has been associated with greater reductions in birth weight than exposure to PM

2969: 2627: 2477: 2469: 2391: 2253: 2220: 2054: 1943: 1848: 1806: 1795: 1595: 1458: 1301: 1288:(including activities of building rehabilitation/ refurbishment or demolition). 1044: 848: 748: 703: 696: 691: 448: 143: 16114: 16070:

Controlling construction dust with on-tool extraction (4 page PDF with photos)

15986: 15800:

Voiland, Adam. "Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact." NASA, 2 November 2010,

15699: 15357: 14077: 13908: 13422: 13138: 12644: 12220: 11169:

in the air of cities around the world: Are they representative of each other?"

10598: 10483:

Visioni, Daniele; Slessarev, Eric; MacMartin, Douglas G; Mahowald, Natalie M;

10203: 10126: 9542: 9502:

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics — From Air Pollution to Climate Change.

8914: 8290:"Scientists Find New Dangers in Tiny but Pervasive Particles in Air Pollution" 6970: 5630:

million tons of coal. The pollution control technology is in poor condition.

4185: 2067: 1443:, emitting particulates such as volcanic ash, desert dust, soot and sea salt. 21053: 20835: 20686: 20581: 20546: 20316: 20311: 20266: 20261: 20107: 20082: 20077: 20052: 20022: 19892: 19791: 19771: 19751: 19662: 19571: 19526: 19506: 19328: 19103: 18811: 18580: 18481: 18267: 18196: 17968: 17716: 17580: 17362: 17216: 17078: 16896: 16767: 16720: 16307: 16249: 15366: 15305: 14119: 13457:, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD (March 2002). 13454: 12751: 12724: 12716: 11131: 10522: 10269: 9986:

Cohen, Shabtai; Stanhill, Gerald (1 January 2021), Letcher, Trevor M. (ed.),

9799: 9711:"Long-Term Effects of Acid Rain: Response and Recovery of a Forest Ecosystem" 9598: 9469: 8484: 8359: 7263: 6696: 6356: 6178: 5816: 5451: 4776: 3616: 3608: 3483: 3240: 3218: 2927: 2662: 2488: 2383: 2366: 2344: 2324: 2261: 2178: 1965:

To measure the atomic composition of particulate samples, techniques such as

1939: 1920:, and water truck), while other control measures employ the use of barriers. 1905:

prosecutions with a total fines of HKD$ 6000 in Hong Kong in the year 2021).

1731: 1599: 1400: 1368: 1348: 1206: 1190: 1156: 1127: 1027: 863: 353: 348: 343: 101: 16175: 16008: 15904:"70 years since the great London smog 1952, air quality in a modern context" 14301: 14151: 13793: 13590: 13474: 13244:"Ambient air pollution exposure and blood pressure changes during pregnancy" 11744:

pollution and Covid-19 mortality in Western Europe for the 2020–2022 period"

11340: 10362: 10337: 10305: 9461: 9405: 8421:"Effect Of Particulate Matter On Plants Climate, Ecosystem and Human Health" 8146: 7436: 7336: 7255: 7182: 7132: 6310:

Wasley, Andrew; Heal, Alexandra; Harvey, Fiona; Lainio, Mie (13 June 2019).

6218: 4273:(Ulaanbaatar), the capital city of Mongolia, is performing the best, with PM 3494:

In response to mounting public concern, the industry eventually created the

2523:

has been steadily shifting tropical rainfall in both hemispheres southward.

2374:

Once the problem became clear, the efforts to remove this pollution through

2105:

Particulates in the air causing shades of orange, yellow, pink, and grey in

1684:

The composition of particulate matter that generally causes visual effects,

1254:

Human activities generate significant amounts of particulates. For example:

21013: 20691: 20591: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20486: 20421: 20301: 20271: 20211: 20206: 20181: 20092: 19971: 19887: 19811: 19796: 19264: 19259: 19247: 19192: 18880: 18601: 18575: 18555: 18379: 18342: 18306: 17942: 17889: 17765: 17721: 17635: 17402: 17339: 17057: 16971: 16382: 15852: 15774: 15707: 15678:

Exposure and its possible role in Neurodegenerative and mental disorders".

15587:"The Dirtiest And Cleanest Cities In America (The Worst Will Surprise You)" 15417:

Consulate General of the United States of America Guangzhou, China (n.d.).

15313: 15224:"Mapped: New Survey Shows Air Pollution Changes In Cities Around The World" 14656: 14470: 14413: 14368: 14319: 14266: 14233:"California wildfires of 2008: coarse and fine particulate matter toxicity" 14167: 14137: 14038: 13959: 13916: 13865: 13812: 13732: 13608: 13548: 13492: 13391: 13342: 13301:"Methodological issues in studies of air pollution and reproductive health" 13285: 13228: 13103: 13035: 12931: 12856: 12759: 12652: 12609: 12548: 12490: 12433: 12393: 12331: 12276: 12250: 12248: 12238: 12178: 12115: 12063: 12016: 11956: 11905: 11842: 11785: 11696: 11621: 11556: 11513: 11192: 11149: 11092: 10961: 10422: 10371: 10314: 9487: 9413: 9370: 9109: 8502: 8445: 8244: 8165: 8122:"Nonequilibrium atmospheric secondary organic aerosol formation and growth" 7940: 7873: 7830: 7676: 7541: 7444: 7409: 7390: 7354: 7271: 7201: 7150: 7048: 6759: 6657: 6566: 6515: 6374: 6347: 6237: 5811: 5753: 5387: 5322: 5140: 4659: 3409: 3379: 3327: 3265: 2965: 2863:

Scanning electron microscopy of white asbestos with needle-like shape fibre

2658: 2616: 2481: 2461: 2430: 2419: 2174: 2161:(CCN). Droplets condensing around human-produced aerosols such as found in 1951: 1834: 1591: 1532: 1383: 1355: 1314: 1285: 1279: 1267: 896: 858: 843: 674: 639: 584: 303: 14026: 13440: 13373: 13209: 12974: 11012: 10805: 10384: 9817: 8871: 8847: 7523: 5557:(European Air Quality Index) during time slot in a city in Italy 2019–2020 2827:

Scanning electron microscopy of glass powder originated from glass bottles

2343:, and also contributed to heart and lung conditions and even the risk of 21023: 20665: 20622: 20596: 20536: 20516: 20511: 20386: 20346: 20331: 20276: 20201: 20171: 20166: 19982: 19847: 19766: 19378: 19333: 19202: 19175: 18538: 18533: 18218: 18213: 18184: 18149: 18122: 17652: 17073: 16734: 16715: 16653: 16477: 16069: 15959: 13167:"2009 Final Report: Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter" 13017: 12913: 12692: 11725:"Architectural Services Department - Capital Projects Under Construction" 10461: 9933:

Moses, Elizabeth; Cardenas, Beatriz; Seddon, Jessica (25 February 2020).

9865: 9840: 9791: 9526:"The evolution and dynamics of the Hunga Tonga plume in the stratosphere" 9278: 9253: 8954: 8399: 6492:

sulfate in Seoul, South Korea during winter and early spring (2017–2020)"

6312:"Revealed: UK government failing to tackle rise of serious air pollutant" 5836: 5626: 5567: 5443: 5400: 4150: 3455: 3335: 3239:– a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity, which can lead to 3134: 3108: 2931: 2678: 2360: 2328: 2281: 2257: 1611: 1603: 1580: 1432: 1394: 1324: 1259: 1149: 1095: 818: 516: 496: 133: 14638: 14248: 12245: 11678: 11293:

Nair, Abhilash T.; Mathew, Aneesh; a r, Archana; Akbar, M Abdul (2022).

10864: 9606: 9566: 9131:

Ackerman AS, Toon OB, Taylor JP, Johnson DW, Hobbs PV, Ferek RJ (2000).

8863: 7786: 7769: 7474: 6899:"Particulate matter emissions from activities of building refurbishment" 6688: 5501: 3554: 3491:, "deep into the lungs which would otherwise be removed in the throat". 3272:

respiratory diseases. After taking into account fine particle levels (PM

2880: 2533: 2088:

Average monthly aerosol amounts around the world, observations from the

1555:; other constituents of atmospheric sea salt reflect the composition of 20779: 20701: 20632: 20601: 20476: 20446: 20376: 20326: 20296: 20281: 20256: 20161: 19961: 19857: 19776: 19716: 19443: 18715: 18332: 17647: 17640: 17623: 17608: 17052: 16916: 16888: 14404: 14383: 12296: 12294: 12268: 12190: 12188: 12127: 12125: 12028: 12026: 10914: 10638: 10613: 9230: 8647:"Monitoring by Control Technique - Wet Scrubber For Particulate Matter" 6488:"Sulfur isotope-based source apportionment and control mechanisms of PM 6125:

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change

5860: 5802: 5798: 5748: 5729: 5607: 5062: 4763: 4270: 3499: 3488: 3430: 2957:

or even EAF dust (EAFD), while EFAD, slag and fly ash are likely to be

2674: 2594: 2570: 2516: 2379: 2316: 2277: 2203: 1917: 1913: 1887: 1878: 1649: 1614: 1428: 1291: 1263: 1243: 1236: 1160: 1138: 868: 624: 128: 56: 15024:"Log burners: What are the new rules and are they going to be banned?" 14042: 13530: 12075: 12073: 10855: 10778: 10195: 9322: 9297: 8387: 8259:"Primary and Secondary Sources of Aerosols: Primary biogenic aerosols" 7932: 5653:

In addition to stack emissions, another source unaccounted for in the

4323:

In Europe, the worst performing cities are located in Spain. They are

3311:

Air pollution may increase the risk of developmental disorders (e.g.,

2410:. Some are certain that they cool the planet, though, and this led to 43: 27:

Microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in the Earth's atmosphere

20738: 20416: 20411: 20361: 20336: 20191: 19987: 19566: 19212: 18644: 18596: 18570: 18518: 18352: 18314: 18064: 18054: 17726: 17588: 17563: 16584: 16518: 16495: 16048:

Pandemic planning: a review of respirator and mask protection levels.

15756: 15607:"An N95 Mask Is Your Best Defense Against Wildfire Smoke | Time" 15572: 15493:"Air pollution chokes Thailand as campaigners call for stricter laws" 14565:"Oil Industry Ghostwrites Trump's Deadly Anti-Environmental Policies" 14507: 13051:"Air pollution significantly raises risk of infertility, study finds" 12677:. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Archived from 11858:"SARS-CoV-2 test positivity rate in Reno, Nevada: Association with PM 10731: 9622:"Atmospheric Aerosols: What Are They, and Why Are They So Important?" 8211:"Sea Spray Aerosol: Where Marine Biology Meets Atmospheric Chemistry" 5914: 5865: 5769: 5716: 5474: 5192: 4854: 4517: 4324: 4078: 3320: 3293: 3092: 2520: 2492: 2434: 2340: 2230: 1662:(VOCs); organic material in the atmosphere may either be biogenic or 1587: 1572: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1440: 1436: 1390: 1361: 1247: 936: 891: 853: 803: 738: 644: 108: 78: 16119: 14452: 13641:"Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar Air Pollution Linked to Public Health Crisis" 12871:"Air pollution in Europe: These are the worst-hit cities to live in" 12583: 12375: 12291: 12197:"Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Causal or Confounded?" 12185: 12122: 12023: 11123: 10754: 10688:"The 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina in Peru caused global disruption" 10139: 9171: 9132: 6329:

Thangavel, Prakash; Park, Duckshin; Lee, Young-Chul (19 June 2022).

6288: 4450: 3176: 2871: 2693:(numerical quantity) / particle number concentration (PNC) instead. 2480:

has been linked to the suppression of evaporation of water from the

2141:(SSA), the ratio of scattering alone to scattering plus absorption ( 2137:. The interaction of an aerosol with radiation is quantified by the 2123:

Italian city polluted by particulates and optic air detector (laser)

1209:. There is no safe level of particulates. Worldwide, exposure to PM 20721: 20655: 20156: 19956: 19756: 19731: 19706: 18289: 18233: 17894: 17743: 17711: 17389: 16405: 16244: 16097: 16024: 15661:"Air pollution particles found on foetal side of placentas – study" 13623:"National Study Examines Health Risks of Coarse Particle Pollution" 13512: 13068:

Zhang M, Mueller NT, Wang H, Hong X, Appel LJ, Wang X (July 2018).

12564:"Revealed: air pollution may be damaging 'every organ in the body'" 12070: 11862:

during the 2020 wildfire smoke events in the western United States"

10755:"Monitoring the Mt. Pinatubo aerosol layer with NOAA/11 AVHRR data" 6871:"Building works responsible for 18% of UK large particle pollution" 5870: 5622: 5270: 5218: 4945: 4932: 4685: 4521: 3425: 3413: 3232: 3228: 3084: 3076: 3008: 2711: 2305: 2297: 1883: 1826: 1626: 1618: 1379: 1297: 1152: 1098: 308: 15883:

Air quality changes in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic.

14874:"FEATURE: Air pollution reason for concern: groups - Taipei Times" 14753:. Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong. 19 December 2012 11737: 10335: 8017:"How to choose the right wood for your wood heater - EPA Victoria" 6885:"Delhi's deadly dust: how construction sites are choking the city" 6405: 4476:, placed first in both 2019 and 2022. The second cleanest city is 4426:, Nebraska is performing the best and has a decrease of -1.1 20231: 19903: 19393: 19343: 18250: 17753: 17731: 17618: 17613: 16630: 16607: 16299: 16100:

with many illustrated useful tips on particle pollution control.

15629:"Best Practices for Indoor Air Quality when Remodeling Your Home" 14434: 11429:"Growing Importance of Slag Cement in the Global Cement Industry" 10535: 10482: 8358:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7964:"Wood burning at home now biggest cause of UK particle pollution" 7696: 7001: 6335:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

5840: 5827:

List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration

5658: 5603: 5532: 5348: 5244: 5166: 5114: 4984: 4893: 4724: 4246: 3466: 3316: 3249: 3118: 2954: 2635: 2504: 2468:, leading to the deaths of two million, and the 1991 eruption of 2312: 2301: 1622: 1607: 1568: 1564: 1528: 1424: 1416: 1339: 1318: 1271: 1119: 1114: 13839: 12797: 12511: 11918: 10937:"Pollutants and Their Effect on the Water and Radiation Budgets" 10435: 10338:"Aerosol-cloud-climate cooling overestimated by ship-track data" 9935:"The Most Successful Air Pollution Treaty You've Never Heard Of" 8031:"How to light and maintain your wood heater fire - EPA Victoria" 6670: 6158:

Plainiotis S, Pericleous KA, Fisher BE, Shier L (January 2010).

5832:

List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration

3446:

Energy industry knowledge and response to adverse health effects

3338:

There is increasing evidence to suggest a correlation between PM

20908: 20660: 20466: 20216: 19217: 18654: 18634: 18528: 18203: 17696: 17430: 15822: 15789: 15591: 15228: 14672:"National Environment Protection (Ambient Air Quality) Measure" 14435:

DeFlorio-Barker S, Crooks J, Reyes J, Rappold AG (March 2019).

12896:

Laden, F; Neas, L M; Dockery, D W; Schwartz, J (October 2000).

12561: 12357: 12194: 10387:"Invisible ship tracks show large cloud sensitivity to aerosol" 10245:"Untangling causality in midlatitude aerosol–cloud adjustments" 10038:"Global 'Sunscreen' Has Likely Thinned, Report NASA Scientists" 8661:"Monitoring by Control Technique - Electrostatic Precipitators" 7767: 7508:"Road dust and its effect on human health: a literature review" 7313:"Mortality risk from United States coal electricity generation" 7310: 6849:"Emissions of air pollutants in the UK – Particulate matter (PM 6157: 5570:

has the worst air pollution among the developed nations in the

5296: 5127: 5088: 5023: 4880: 4841: 4828: 4672: 4646: 4567: 4368: 4297: 3943: 3312: 3145: 3088: 3012: 2934:

may contain more toxic substances than other types of burning.

2574: 2407: 2308:

and other natural combustion events, but in the recent decades

2233: 2129: 2106: 1375: 1202: 1131: 1102: 946: 926: 833: 823: 531: 19684: 15912:"A Major Source of Air Pollution: Farms - The Earth Institute" 15445:"Armed With NASA Data, South Korea Confronts Its Choking Smog" 15078:. Department of Toxic Substances Control. 2008. Archived from 15057:. Department of Toxic Substances Control. 2008. Archived from 14917:"Environmental Protection Agency – Particulate Matter (PM-10)" 14286:) Exposure During Wildfires on Cardiovascular Health Outcomes" 14152:"Urban Air Pollution and Health Inequities: A Workshop Report" 13765: 13116: 11162: 10568: 9523: 9030: 8981:"The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds" 8073:"GMAO - Global Modeling and Assimilation Office Research Site" 5473:

To monitor the air quality of south China, the U.S. Consulate

3473:

and elsewhere against clean air regulation and launched major

3148:

during 2005. and 3.22 million deaths globally in 2010 per the

1308:

used, emission from the production of building materials, etc.

20923: 20356: 18664: 18606: 17947: 17879: 17777: 17669: 17316: 16708: 16699: 16170: 14819: 14669: 14597:"Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)" 14279: 13886: 13358:"Fetal origins of adult disease: epidemiology and mechanisms" 12622: 9336: 9172:"The Effect of Smoke Particles on Clouds and Climate Forcing" 7710: 7228: 5845: 5743: 5591: 5414: 5361: 5335: 5309: 5283: 5257: 5231: 5179: 5101: 5075: 5049: 5036: 4997: 4971: 4919: 4906: 4867: 4815: 4802: 4789: 4750: 4698: 4591: 4587: 4520:. They are Hobart, Wollongong, Launceston, Sydney and Perth. 4477: 4423: 4399: 3434: 3141: 3129:

Increased levels of fine particles in the air as a result of

2946: 2913: 2639: 2538: 2399: 2273: 2269: 2154: 1536: 1412: 1408: 956: 901: 293: 17532: 15926: 15573:"City Rankings, State of the Air, American Lung Association" 13561: 11866:

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology

11855: 11379:"Hong Kong Housing Authority - Environmental Report 2020/21" 9037:

Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing

9032: 8717:"Delhi Govt To Impose Fines On Violation Of Anti-Dust Norms" 7692:"Harmful soot unchecked as Big Oil battles EPA over testing" 7163: 4594:, Muzaffarnagar, Delhi and New Delhi. Here is a list of the 2157:

droplets form onto pre-existing aerosol particles, known as

20431: 20351: 18639: 17760: 17748: 17664: 17226: 17044: 16210:

Precision Environmental Health's role in preventing disease

16065:

Control of dust from construction and demolition activities

15962:"Aerosol optical depth regime over megacities of the world" 15739:

Hunt, A.; Abraham, J. L.; Judson, B.; Berry, C. L. (2003).

14729:"Air Quality Standards – Environment – European Commission" 12783: 12737: 12131: 11355:"Hong Kong Housing Authority Sustainability Report 2012/13" 10832: 10676:

Andrea Thompson, "Volcano in 1600 caused global disruption"

10572:"Cross-Working Group Box SRM: Solar Radiation Modification" 10538:"Costs and benefits of geo-engineering in the Stratosphere" 10041: 9688:"Effects of Acid Rain - Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals" 9157:

10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2684:EOAOCA>2.0.CO;2

9006:

10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2

8385: 7715:. Environmental Science and Engineering. pp. 325–343. 5784: 5575: 5571: 5153: 4737: 2942: 2670: 2578: 2512: 2446: 2395: 2320: 2186: 2166: 2134: 1853: 1798: 1685: 1642: 1345:

Agricultural activities (e.g., ploughing and soil tilling).

1275: 1175: 931: 178: 173: 138: 15997:"Air pollution helps wildfires create their own lightning" 14332: 12032: 10977:

Region 4: Laboratory and Field Operations – PM 2.5 (2008).

10100:"Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate" 9223:

10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2707:DSIST>2.0.CO;2

7098:"Dusty Material - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 4516:

since 2019. Of the top ten cleanest cities, five are from

3252:

formation, antibiotic tolerance, and colonisation of both

2593:) can penetrate the deepest part of the lungs such as the 2101: 1641:); in the absence of ammonia, secondary compounds take an 17312: 15449: 13298: 11660: 10242: 10096: 9130: 9079: 8003:"How to choose and maintain a wood heater - EPA Victoria" 6191: 5807: 5646:

annual mean levels are 14 times higher than recommended.

3600: 3458:

use in power plants exceed those caused by production of

3382:

in the general public, the cause of 7.4% of all attacks.

3212: 3063:

Deaths from air pollution compared to other common causes

2352: 2351:. Sulfate pollution also has a complex relationship with 15170:. Department of Toxic Substances Control. Archived from 15136:"Contact List for CNT January 22 & 26 2009 Document" 14576:

Hogan CM (2010). Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland (ed.).

13937: 13675:"Suicide rates rise as air quality worsens, study finds" 12987: 12895: 11105: 9904:"Air Emissions Trends – Continued Progress Through 2005" 9880:

Clean Air Act Reduces Acid Rain In Eastern United States

9383: 9200: 8829:"Particle Numbers and Concentrations Network- Defra, UK" 8745:"Revised GRAP to deal with adverse air quality scenario" 8208: 8119: 8059:"Simulating the Transport of Aerosols with GEOS-5, GMAO" 7601: 7422: 5642:

level is 20 μg/m, which means that Ulaanbaatar's PM

3638: 2484:

due to the semi-direct effect of anthropogenic aerosol.

1477:

were introduced since 2021. In some towns and cities in

1364:

from tyre and road wear and road dust from unpaved road.

14496: 10709: 8845: 7115:

Kim JY, Chen JC, Boyce PD, Christiani DC (March 2005).

6381: 6192:

Brown JS, Gordon T, Price O, Asgharian B (April 2013).

3000: 1715: 15738: 14381: 14101: 13889:

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A

13769:"Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain" 13510:

Limit Festering: New Study Linked PM with Heart Attack

13241: 12625:

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A

11266:"Stench from burning metal-waste ship blows across HK" 11036:"Pollution Particles Lead to Higher Heart Attack Risk" 8826: 8532:"Integrated Building Rehabilitation Assistance Scheme" 8091:"Primary and Secondary Sources of Aerosols: Soil dust" 7561:

International Journal of Coal Science & Technology

7114: 6772: 6718:

Shah R, Limaye S, Ujagare D, Madas S, Salvi S (2019).

6717: 6683:(5). Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research: 220412. 6309: 3315:), neurodegenerative disorders, mental disorders, and 3283: 2565:

Particle size is the main determinant of where in the

2511:

have led some scientists to conclude that the aerosol

2319:

of fossil fuels with a high sulfur content, primarily

1461:

domestic combustion is the largest single source of PM

16200:

Sources of Respirable and Fine Suspended Particulates

14512:"What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?" 14230: 10283: 10218:"Behind the Forecast: How clouds affect temperatures" 8884: 8180:"Primary and Secondary Sources of Aerosols: Sea salt" 7467:

Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport

3538:

showing the deadly effects of air pollution and have

2555: 2473:

particles showed little influence at present levels.

1710:

intermingling. Gray: the sensor did not collect data.

1446: 1239:

during home broadband installation, Tai Po, Hong Kong

1185:. Particulates are the most harmful form (other than 15070: 15068: 13698: 13453: 13067: 12300: 12079: 11238:"The dangers of a scrap yard fire in your community" 10752: 9947: 9709:

Likens, G. E.; Driscoll, C. T.; Buso, D. C. (1996).

7989:"Wood burning heaters and your health - Fact sheets" 3974:, which include limits for particulates in the air: 2551:

Health and environmental impact of the coal industry

18865: 14620: 14584:. National Council for Science and the Environment. 14532: 14530: 12981: 12820: 9932: 9774:Wang, X.; Ding, H.; Ryan, L.; Xu, X. (1 May 1997). 8386:Goswami A, Barman J, Rajput K, Lakhlani HN (2013). 4210:

in the air in 2019 and 2022 among 70 capital cities

3416:, and faults a history of racism for this outcome. 2455:

Solar radiation reduction due to volcanic eruptions

1992:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

1389:Disasters (both natural or caused by humans, e.g., 16120:SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Mechanisms, The Aerosol Society 15479:"China, South Korea build environment cooperation" 14670:Department of the Environment (25 February 2016). 11292: 10990: 9708: 9677:. Epa.gov (June 2, 2006). Retrieved on 2013-02-09. 9055:IPCC Third Assessment Report – Climate Change 2001 8773:"Particulate Matter in the United Kingdom Summary" 7080:"Proper Covering of Dusty Material on Dump Trucks" 6972:Scoop, pollution at Yau Tong Cement batching plant 6167:International Journal of Environment and Pollution 6122: 3454:Deaths caused by accidents and air pollution from 1801:effect: without (outdoor) and with filter (indoor) 1648:Secondary sulfate and nitrate aerosols are strong 1235:Particulate emission when using modern electrical 15673: 15641:"Examples of how to manage dust in the workplace" 15419:"U.S. Consulate Air Quality Monitor and StateAir" 15326: 15065: 12005:Preventing Silicosis and Deaths From Sandblasting 11057:Araujo, Jesus A.; et al. (17 January 2008). 10818:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 10678:, NBC News, 5 May 2008, accessed 13 November 2010 10068:"A bright sun today? It's down to the atmosphere" 8765: 8515: 7602:Petavratzi, E.; Kingman, S.; Lowndes, I. (2005). 6587: 6536: 3177:Infertility, pregnancy, fetuses and birth defects 2872:Composition, quantity, and duration are important 2335:natural emissions of sulfur-containing compounds 21051: 15043:Air Quality Trends - How to Interpret the Graphs 14527: 14231:Wegesser TC, Pinkerton KE, Last JA (June 2009). 12944: 11577: 11038:. Bloomberg L.P. 17 January 2008. Archived from 9434: 7216:"Woodworking health topics - Inhaling wood dust" 6328: 4402:, Florida are the two cities with the highest PM 3948:Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment 2999:he is exposed to and for how long, and also the 1724: 14889: 14887: 14723: 14721: 13773:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 13407:"The fetal and infant origins of adult disease" 12697:Journal of the American Statistical Association 12579: 12577: 11526: 10892: 9565:Charlson, Robert J.; Wigley, Tom M. L. (1994). 9295: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9016: 6626: 6185: 5708:) in the U.S. while the East Coast is cleaner. 4570:in Pakistan is the second worst with 98.1 4300:in Saudi Arabia is performing the worst with PM 4226:figure into micrograms per cubic meter of air ( 3958:standards will increase in stringency in 2020. 3326:Particulates also appear to have a role in the 2991:. Possible secondary contamination, similar to 2355:pollution and ozone, reducing the also harmful 2280:growth and coagulation and then shrink through 15204: 15202: 15200: 14854:. Environmental Protection Administration, ROC 13190: 12455: 12453: 12451: 10536:Andrew Charlton-Perez & Eleanor Highwood. 10090: 9773: 9651:Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment 9564: 9494: 9291: 9289: 8974: 8972: 8932: 8928: 8926: 8703:"Pollution Problems & Practical Solutions" 7843: 7800: 7370:"A Review of Recent Advances in Research on PM 6485: 6120: 4371:, the capital city of North Macedonia, with PM 3119:Anthropogenic fine particulates as main hazard 2812:Scanning electronic microscopy of particulates 2491:and major increases since 1967 in rainfall in 1845:requiring frequent shutdowns for maintenance. 1174:, with a diameter of 100 nm or less; and 19670: 18851: 17548: 16230: 15242: 15236: 14996:"Burn better: Making changes for cleaner air" 14563:Union of Concerned Scientists, 27 April 2020 14207:"How Smoke from Fires Can Affect Your Health" 14186:Jervis, Rick; Gomez, Alan (12 October 2020). 13355: 12459: 10888: 10886: 10562: 10184: 9985: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9169: 8846:Gilfrich, J; Burkhalter, P; Birks, L (1973). 8466: 4088:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2090:Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer 1583:and sugars, which influence their chemistry. 1403:(gaining attention as a type of airborne PM). 1064: 16025:"The Weight of Numbers: Air Pollution and PM 14884: 14718: 14502: 12779: 12777: 12675:"Air Pollution & Cardiovascular Disease" 12574: 12515:"Air Pollution and Noncommunicable Diseases" 12463:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 12407: 12405: 12403: 11483: 11163:De Jesus, Alma Lorelei; et al. 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Organic matter influences the atmospheric 1625:, secondary aerosols often take the form of 15271: 15197: 15185:Chemical Information Call-in: Nanomaterials 14185: 12448: 12353: 12351: 12349: 9680: 9286: 8969: 8923: 8839: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8310: 7755:"Sand, Dust and Particulates Public Health" 7640: 7298:"Dust advice for businesses - EPA Victoria" 6808: 6018:referred to as Suspended Particulate Matter 4249:, Iraq is the worst performing one, with PM 3528:lobbying and corporate propaganda campaigns 1134:, in ways additional to direct inhalation. 20437:High efficiency glandless circulating pump 19686:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 19677: 19663: 18858: 18844: 17555: 17541: 16237: 16223: 15658: 15421:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from 13197:Journal of Environmental and Public Health 13191:Erickson AC, Arbour L (26 November 2014). 13048: 12691: 12009:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 10883: 10826: 10753:Stowe LL, Carey RM, Pellegrino PP (1992). 10666:, 25 April 2008, accessed 13 November 2010 9656: 9339:"Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot" 7961: 7889: 7689: 7505: 7368:Lin Y, Zou J, Yang W, Li CQ (March 2018). 4367:respectively. The best performing city is 4245:Among the 70 capital cities investigated, 4160:California Environmental Protection Agency 3520:Center for International Environmental Law 1170:, with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less; 1071: 1057: 87: 19369:Environmental issues in the United States 16185:Pollution Facts by Air Quality Life Index 15985: 15764: 15356: 14646: 14460: 14403: 14358: 14309: 14290:Journal of the American Heart Association 14256: 14127: 13802: 13792: 13598: 13538: 13482: 13430: 13381: 13332: 13275: 13218: 13208: 13093: 13025: 12921: 12846: 12790:and ozone concentrations in Europe (2005) 12774: 12538: 12400: 12383: 12228: 12168: 12158: 12105: 11946: 11936: 11895: 11885: 11832: 11775: 11686: 11611: 11578:Ren, J.; Tang, M.; Novoselac, A. (2022). 11397:"Cement industry news from Global Cement" 11139: 11082: 10863: 10637: 10512: 10412: 10402: 10361: 10304: 10268: 9864: 9807: 9639: 9541: 9519: 9517: 9477: 9321: 9277: 9251: 9004: 8913: 8878: 8794: 8627: 8625: 8492: 8467:Chen, J.; Jiang, Z. 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Particulates are the deadliest form of 3091:, lung cancer, respiratory diseases like 2209: 2047:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2020:Learn how and when to remove this message 2004:, without removing the technical details. 1948:tapered element oscillating microbalances 1716:§ Size, shape, and solubility matter 1586:Some secondary particles derive from the 1163:(μm) or less; fine particles, designated 32:Particle § Distribution of particles 20871:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation 19354:Effects of climate change on agriculture 16084:What is Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)? 15659:Carrington, Damian (17 September 2019). 13656:"How humans could live two years longer" 13653: 12346: 11520: 11471:"Welding - Fumes And Gases, OSH Answers" 10955:"Australian rainfall and Asian aerosols" 10785: 10653:"1600 Eruption Caused Global Disruption" 10646: 9647:Chapter 1: Greenhouse Gases and Aerosols 9298:"Radiative forcing and climate response" 8343: 8341: 8307: 8288:Barringer, Felicity (18 February 2012). 6809:Azarmi, Farhad; Kumar, Prashant (2016). 6436:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6249: 6247: 6102:3-year average of annual 98th percentile 5548: 5531: 4201: 4184: 4149: 4077: 3545: 3532:appointed to senior government positions 3449: 3429:more toxic to human lungs, as increased 3353:and fine particulate matter (known as PM 3066: 3058: 2912: 2532: 2450: 2365: 2276:), which are then thought to experience 2112: 2100: 2078: 2066: 2031: 1858: 1784: 1699: 1492: 1397:, wars, and September 11 attacks, etc.). 1242: 1221: 42: 18696:Pollutant release and transfer register 16115:NASA's Earth Minute: My Name is Aerosol 15168:"Archived DTSC Nanotechnology Symposia" 15076:"Chemical Information Call-In web page" 14779:. Kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp. Archived from 13356:Byrne CD, Phillips DI (November 2000). 13049:Carrington, Damian (17 February 2021). 12731: 11477: 10791: 10209: 7962:Carrington, Damian (16 February 2021). 6931:"GovHK: Green Tips for Home Renovation" 3627:, the lung cancer rate rose 22%. For PM 3158:standard metropolitan statistical areas 2654:in the gas exchange regions (alveoli). 1746: 1118:commonly refers to the particulate/air 14: 21052: 19359:Effects of climate change on livestock 14594: 14282:"Impact of Fine Particulate Matter (PM 14204: 14181: 14179: 14177: 14097: 14095: 14012: 14008: 14006: 13672: 13404: 13160: 13158: 13156: 12254: 11798: 11056: 10993:American Review of Respiratory Disease 10794:"Earth Not So Hot Thanks to Volcanoes" 10215: 9873: 9514: 9442:Environmental Science & Technology 8978: 8900:(6). Copernicus Programme: 2295–2327. 8622: 8327:. The World Bank. 2010. Archived from 8281: 7918: 7554: 7236:Environmental Science & Technology 6253: 5465:Pollution_in_China § Particulates 4100:National Ambient Air Quality Standards 3419: 3213:Cardiovascular and respiratory disease 3150:global burden of disease collaboration 2839:Scanning electron microscopy of cement 20744:Programmable communicating thermostat 19658: 18839: 17536: 16218: 15994: 15558:Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 15010:"Guidance for wood burning in London" 14575: 14522:from the original on 15 January 2024. 14483: 13447: 12685: 10981:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 9755:from the original on 24 December 2012 9619: 9567:"Sulfate Aerosol and Climatic Change" 8518:"The Encyclopedia of Dust Collection" 8338: 7770:"WarImpact on Air Quality in Ukraine" 7641:Jeong H, Choi JY, Ra K (March 2021). 6923: 6481: 6479: 6244: 6129:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: 5925:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3639:Limits / standards set by governments 3510:of the oil and gas industry, and the 3389: 2537:Air pollution measurement station in 2323:and certain less-refined fuels, like 2002:make it understandable to non-experts 1374:Various industrial processes such as 20866:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 19613: 19469:Tropical cyclones and climate change 18786: 18027:Electromagnetic radiation and health 15886:Science of the Total Environment 742 15802:Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact 15333:datasets from 1960 to 2020 in China" 15100: 14614: 14588: 13880: 13654:Matthews, Dylan (27 December 2021). 13119:Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 12814: 12784:European Environment Agency (2009). 12201:Current Environmental Health Reports 11991:"Silicosis, OSH Answers Fact Sheets" 11748:The Science of the Total Environment 10611: 10216:Andrew, Tawana (27 September 2019). 9908:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 8450:filters and why are they effective?" 8263:Climate Change 2001: Working Group 1 8184:Climate Change 2001: Working Group 1 8095:Climate Change 2001: Working Group 1 7890:Hardin M, Kahn R (2 November 2010). 7713:Sustainable Air Pollution Management 6919:(in Traditional Chinese). June 2024. 6905: 5930:Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction 5496: 4449:The cleanest city in this report is 4109: 3695:No. of exceedances allowed per year 3549: 3022: 2875: 2288:(typically produced via atmospheric 2062: 1976: 1695: 19502:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 18802: 18794: 17885:Radium and radon in the environment 16690:Tropical depression local statement 16206:from original on 21 September 2024. 14939:"WHO global air quality guidelines" 14838:"미세먼지 환경기준 선진국 수준 강화...'나쁨' 4배 늘 듯" 14174: 14092: 14003: 13673:Symons, Angela (15 December 2022). 13153: 11711:"10-year Hospital Development Plan" 10098:N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). 9952:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 9838: 9668:Effects of Acid Rain – Human Health 9613: 9203:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 9137:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 9051:"6.7.8 Discussion of Uncertainties" 8985:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 8516:Dominick DalSanto (February 2011). 8113: 5694:U.S. counties violating national PM 5678:U.S. counties violating national PM 4540:, with a tiny increase since 2019. 3396:linking race to increased proximity 3284:Cognitive hazards and mental health 2053:While the radiative forcing due to 1579:may contain organic compounds like 1474: 1126:. They have impacts on climate and 299:Radium and radon in the environment 24: 20727:Minimum efficiency reporting value 16098:Hong Kong Construction Association 16094:Environmental Toolbox Training Kit 16089:Welding fume: protect your workers 15616: 14706:from the original on 30 April 2013 12967:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1987.tb00482.x 12411: 10000:10.1016/b978-0-12-821575-3.00032-3 9296:Hansen J, Sato M, Ruedy R (1997). 8045:"Smoke and the law - EPA Victoria" 7690:McLaughlin, Tim (6 January 2022). 7278:from the original on 28 April 2023 6741:10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_440_18 6476: 5963:suspended particulate matter (SPM) 5664: 3369: 3018: 2917:Worker in a cloud of concrete dust 2556:Size, shape, and solubility matter 2092:(MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite. 1972: 1539:and other material blown from the 1507:Red/orange: desert (mineral) dust 1447:Domestic combustion and wood smoke 25: 21106: 20769:Standard temperature and pressure 20482:Packaged terminal air conditioner 20018:Passive daytime radiative cooling 19747:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 19149:pharmaceuticals and personal care 16053: 15966:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15745:Environmental Health Perspectives 15521:"Ambient (outdoor) air pollution" 14674:. Federal Register of Legislation 14627:Environmental Health Perspectives 14441:Environmental Health Perspectives 14237:Environmental Health Perspectives 14156:Environmental Health Perspectives 14108:American Journal of Public Health 13164: 13086:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10944 12902:Environmental Health Perspectives 12364:Environmental Health Perspectives 11667:Environmental Health Perspectives 11280:"Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Slag" 11112:Environmental Health Perspectives 10249:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9780:Environmental Health Perspectives 9591:10.1038/scientificamerican0294-48 9530:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8349:"Aerosol Size, Earth Observatory" 6650:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.159 6394:. Health Effects Institute. 2018. 4197: 4060: 3961: 3304:Neuroplastic effects of pollution 3227:leads to high plaque deposits in 2526: 2252:, which are mainly produced when 2177:effect, First indirect effect or 1181:Airborne particulate matter is a 19838:Absorption-compression heat pump 19624: 19623: 19612: 19300:decline in amphibian populations 19005:Deforestation and climate change 18820: 18810: 18801: 18793: 18785: 18773: 18772: 16196:from original on 5 January 2014. 16190:Health Effects of Air Pollutants 15599: 15579: 15565: 15545: 15531: 15513: 15499: 15485: 15471: 15457: 15437: 15410: 15381: 15320: 15265: 15216: 15178: 15160: 15128: 15094: 15047: 15036: 15016: 15002: 14988: 14952: 14931: 14909: 14866: 14844: 14830: 14812: 14795: 14765: 14743: 14686: 14663: 14569: 14557: 14545: 14477: 14428: 14375: 14326: 14273: 14224: 14205:US EPA, OAR (12 November 2018). 14198: 14144: 14049: 13975: 13931: 13833: 13819: 13759: 13705:Science of the Total Environment 13692: 13666: 13647: 13633: 13615: 13555: 13499: 13398: 13349: 13292: 13235: 13184: 13110: 13061: 13042: 12938: 12889: 12863: 12667: 12616: 12555: 12505: 11997: 11983: 11963: 11912: 11849: 11792: 11731: 11717: 11703: 11654: 11636:"地盤工滿身泥衣鞋入茶餐廳網民批成身水泥累慘清潔工：做死阿姐" 11628: 11571: 11463: 11449: 11435: 11421: 11407: 11389: 11371: 11347: 11333: 11286: 11272: 11258: 11244: 11230: 11216: 11207: 11156: 11099: 11050: 11028: 11019: 10984: 10971: 10947: 10929: 10746: 10703: 10681: 10669: 10605: 10529: 10487:; Xia, Lili (1 September 2020). 10429: 10378: 10329: 10277: 10236: 10133: 10078:from the original on 20 May 2017 10060: 10030: 9979: 9941: 9926: 9896: 9832: 9767: 9702: 9558: 9428: 9377: 9330: 9245: 9194: 9163: 9124: 9073: 9043: 8802:"Condensation particle counters" 8353: 6677:Aerosol and Air Quality Research 6496:Science of the Total Environment 6256:"Particulate Matter (PM) Basics" 6096: 6087: 6078: 6069: 6060: 6047: 6034: 6021: 6008: 5999: 5986: 5973: 5687: 5671: 5500: 5407: 5380: 5354: 5328: 5302: 5276: 5250: 5224: 5198: 5172: 5146: 5120: 5094: 5068: 5042: 5016: 4990: 4964: 4938: 4912: 4886: 4860: 4834: 4808: 4782: 4756: 4730: 4704: 4678: 4652: 4114: 4073: 3894: 3878: 3856: 3834: 3828: 3765: 3752: 3730: 3635:, the lung cancer rate rose 9%. 3553: 3027: 2879: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2638:as they are filtered out by the 1981: 1527:The composition and toxicity of 1091: 1038: 1026: 20733:Normal temperature and pressure 20113:Vapor-compression refrigeration 19434:Land surface effects on climate 18891:Environmental impact assessment 18867:Human impact on the environment 17599:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 15845:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141267 14694:"Ambient air quality standards" 14058:The European Physical Journal C 13725:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134721 11768:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157579 11549:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.315 10044:. 15 March 2007. 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To tackle the problem 119:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 61:Environmental Protection Agency 16685:Tropical storm local statement 16079:Dust control - Hilti Hong Kong 15945:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119240 15790:"Particulate Pollution Course" 15243:Oliver Milman (1 April 2015). 12709:10.1080/01621459.1973.10482421 12257:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 11604:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108580 10979:PM 2.5 Objectives and History. 10493:Environmental Research Letters 9994:, Elsevier, pp. 687–709, 9992:Climate Change (Third Edition) 9170:Kaufman YJ, Fraser RS (1997). 8806:Center for Atmospheric Science 8373:"An American Aerosol in Paris" 6835:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.029 6398: 6322: 6303: 6273: 6151: 6114: 5951: 5617: 5561: 4375:levels dropping by -12.4 4277:levels dropping by -23.4 4090:(EPA) has set standards for PM 3107:, making it the fifth leading 2634:penetrate no further than the 2615:) tends to penetrate into the 2386:received by the Earth and its 2196: 1923: 1488: 1088:atmospheric particulate matter 988:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 13: 1: 20881:Testing, adjusting, balancing 20825:Building information modeling 20820:Building services engineering 20397:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 19925:Demand controlled ventilation 19873:Building insulation materials 19305:decline in insect populations 18087:Electrical resistance heating 17562: 16104:from original on 3 July 2023. 16075:Beware of dust - Hilti Canada 15733:Tobacco Control 13, S.219–221 14595:US EPA, OAR (26 April 2016). 14484:Jiang, Kevin (27 June 2023). 13952:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62296-9 13362:Journal of Clinical Pathology 12839:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 12602:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70279-1 12414:Current Opinion in Psychology 11319:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134282 11299:Journal of Cleaner Production 11075:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.164970 10792:Perkins, Sid (4 March 2013). 9973:10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00241-0 9910:. 8 July 2014. 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April 2014 8265:. UNEP. 2001. Archived from 8186:. UNEP. 2001. Archived from 8097:. UNEP. 2001. Archived from 7866:10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.024 7823:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107151 7628:10.1016/j.mineng.2005.06.017 7063:"Cut down construction dust" 6788:10.1016/j.fuproc.2023.107674 6594:Materials Today: Proceedings 6559:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118907 6084:annual limit removed in 2006 5893:Health effects of pesticides 5433: 4304:levels going up +111.1 4132:Last update: 22 January 2009 4032:Particles less than 10μm (PM 3504:American Petroleum Institute 3433:infiltrate, cell influx and 3173:-related illness and death. 2440: 2404:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 2229:Sulfate aerosols are mostly 1825:), fabric filter collectors 1753:Deposition (aerosol physics) 1535:tends to be made of mineral 1453:Health effects of wood smoke 1342:(frying, boiling, grilling). 1130:that adversely affect human 169:Persistent organic pollutant 7: 20785:Thermostatic radiator valve 20587:Thermostatic radiator valve 20098:Underfloor air distribution 20033:Radiant heating and cooling 19951:Energy recovery ventilation 19863:Automobile air conditioning 19727:Domestic energy consumption 18749:Least polluted cities by PM 17250:Major hurricane-force winds 15329:"Reconstructing 6-hourly PM 14064:(4): 665–666. August 2002. 13983:"Resources and Information" 13405:Barker DJ (November 1990). 12990:"Nationwide and Regional PM 12531:10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.042 11165:"Ultrafine particles and PM 10222:Science Behind the Forecast 9620:Allen, Bob (6 April 2015). 7721:10.1007/978-3-319-21596-9_8 7506:Khan RK, Strand MA (2018). 6606:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.686 6044:limit since 4 December 2006 5761:(Cloud condensation nuclei) 5722: 5597: 4406:level increases (+1.8 4253:levels going up +31.6 4180: 3972:European emission standards 3536:revised scientific findings 3534:in the United States, have 3298:Substance-induced psychosis 3095:, cardiovascular disease, 3001:size, shape, and solubility 2681:adsorbed on their surface. 2547:Health effects of wood dust 2466:Russian famine of 1601–1603 2148: 1899: 1839:electrostatic precipitators 1621:origin. In the presence of 1575:, and others. In addition, 10: 21111: 20934:Institute of Refrigeration 20815:Architectural technologist 20287:Electrostatic precipitator 18691:Pollution haven hypothesis 18614:Brain health and pollution 17852:Ecological light pollution 17682:Internal combustion engine 17142:Heavy freezing spray watch 16246:Severe weather terminology 15101:Wong J (22 January 2009), 13876:– via ScienceDirect. 13571:Environmental Microbiology 12483:10.1007/s11356-021-12357-3 11938:10.1038/s41598-021-85751-z 11887:10.1038/s41370-021-00366-w 11825:10.1038/s41598-022-17215-x 11642:(in Chinese). 20 July 2023 10404:10.1038/s41586-022-05122-0 10170:10.1038/s41558-020-00965-9 9504:John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 8808:. University of Manchester 8392:SAE Technical Paper Series 8227:10.1021/acscentsci.8b00674 7659:10.1038/s41598-021-86698-x 7581:10.1007/s40789-021-00412-w 6991:. HK: Oriental Daily News. 6776:Fuel Processing Technology 6456:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.019 5996:limit since 1 January 2015 5983:limit since 1 January 2005 5888:Health effects of coal ash 5856:Occupational dust exposure 5462: 3981:European Air Quality Index 3401:racial housing segregation 3301: 3287: 3216: 3122: 2544: 2444: 2394:) began to reverse in the 2315:aerosols produced through 2218: 2214: 1927: 1810: 1804: 1775: 1756: 1750: 1713: 1660:volatile organic compounds 1523:Particulate organic matter 1516: 1450: 1407:Some types of dust, e.g., 1217: 29: 20996: 20987:Volatile organic compound 20962: 20889: 20846:Environmental engineering 20810:Architectural engineering 20793: 20641: 20612:Ultra-low particulate air 20197:Automatic balancing valve 20144: 20125:Variable refrigerant flow 19977:Heat recovery ventilation 19920:Deep water source cooling 19830: 19692: 19607: 19542:Environmental engineering 19492: 19389:Environmental degradation 19280: 19166:fishing down the food web 18943: 18873: 18770: 18724: 18673: 18622: 18589: 18494:Nonpoint source pollution 18422: 18414:War and environmental law 18361: 18323: 18305: 18105: 18040: 17977: 17903: 17872: 17837: 17821: 17786: 17773:Volatile organic compound 17579: 17570: 17501: 17493:Hazardous weather outlook 17483:Special weather statement 17475: 17444: 17421: 17388: 17361: 17338: 17311: 17280: 17269: 17249: 17225: 17209: 17202: 17178: 17129: 17108: 17087: 17066: 17043: 17017: 17004: 16964: 16948: 16915: 16887: 16876: 16856: 16830: 16799: 16766: 16733: 16707: 16698: 16680:Hurricane local statement 16652: 16629: 16606: 16583: 16560: 16549: 16517: 16494: 16476: 16448: 16432: 16404: 16381: 16365: 16356: 16336: 16298: 16265: 16256: 16108: 15987:10.5194/acp-22-15703-2022 15700:10.1177/09603271231191436 15652: 15358:10.5194/essd-14-3197-2022 15337:Earth System Science Data 15055:"Nanotechnology web page" 14777:）対策｜東京都環境局大気・騒音・振動・悪臭対策" 14339:Environment International 14078:10.1007/s10052-002-0987-x 13909:10.1080/15287390590936166 13423:10.1136/bmj.301.6761.1111 13139:10.1007/s11869-010-0106-3 12645:10.1080/15287390590936166 12221:10.1007/s40572-015-0073-9 11457:"新版預售屋契約禁用「煉鋼爐碴」建商違規將挨罰" 11443:"房市新制大調查爐渣屋掰 2021年起禁用爐渣" 11173:Environment International 11005:10.1164/ajrccm/136.5.1117 10599:10.1017/9781009157896.007 10204:10.1017/9781009157896.001 10127:10.1017/9781009157896.007 9673:January 18, 2008, at the 9543:10.5194/acp-22-14957-2022 8915:10.5194/essd-15-2295-2023 8894:Earth System Science Data 6917:明報新聞網 - 即時新聞 instant news 6057:limit since 27 March 2018 5903:Health impacts of sawdust 5898:Health impact of asbestos 5780:Criteria air contaminants 5492: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4123:This section needs to be 3937: 3915:World Health Organization 3694: 3671: 3648: 3645: 3603:designate particulates a 3376:World Health Organization 3036:This section needs to be 2667:Diesel Particulate Matter 2665:(commonly referred to as 2646:can penetrate right into 2584:coarse particulate matter 2159:cloud condensation nuclei 2096: 1930:Air pollution measurement 1770:Diesel particulate matter 1590:of primary gases such as 714:War and environmental law 334:Health effects from noise 184:Volatile organic compound 21095:IARC Group 1 carcinogens 21034:Template:Home automation 20856:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 20552:Solar-assisted heat pump 20152:Air conditioner inverter 19931:Displacement ventilation 19822:Vapour pressure of water 19807:Thermal destratification 19547:Environmental mitigation 19404:Greenhouse gas emissions 19364:Environmental insecurity 17953:Marine mammals and sonar 17864:Radio spectrum pollution 17488:Severe weather statement 17160:Marine weather statement 16145:Current global map of PM 16133:Current global map of PM 16125:Current global map of PM 15881:Zangari, Shelby et al., 14895:"Pm Naaqs | Us Epa" 14751:"Air Quality Objectives" 14120:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304297 12786:Spatial assessment of PM 12752:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238 11799:Perone, Gaetano (2022). 11584:Building and Environment 10761:(Submitted manuscript). 10658:15 February 2011 at the 10514:10.1088/1748-9326/ab94eb 10270:10.5194/acp-20-4085-2020 10224:. LOUISVILLE, Ky. (WAVE) 10192:Summary for Policymakers 8780:Air Quality Expert Group 8485:10.1021/acsomega.8b02043 6179:10.1504/IJEP.2010.030891 5967: 5544: 5458: 3496:Global Climate Coalition 3261:Streptococcus pneumoniae 3125:Harvard Six Cities study 2705: 2657:The smallest particles, 2464:which was linked to the 2376:flue-gas desulfurization 2139:single-scattering albedo 1513:White: sulfate particles 339:Marine mammals and sonar 21029:World Refrigeration Day 20876:Refrigerant reclamation 20805:Architectural acoustics 20749:Programmable thermostat 20681:Clean air delivery rate 20577:Thermal expansion valve 20492:Pressurisation ductwork 20402:Ground source heat pump 19843:Absorption refrigerator 19594:Sustainable consumption 18935:Social ecology (ethics) 18799:WikiProject Environment 18757:Most polluted countries 18701:Polluter pays principle 18432:Agricultural wastewater 17371:Air stagnation advisory 17170:Beach hazards statement 17137:Freezing spray advisory 16373:Winter weather advisory 16009:10.1126/science.abj6782 15933:Atmospheric Environment 15782: 15278:Environmental Pollution 14919:. Epa.gov. 28 June 2006 14803:"Air Quality Standards" 14302:10.1161/JAHA.114.001653 14015:Southeastern Geographer 13794:10.1073/pnas.1605941113 13591:10.1111/1462-2920.13686 13475:10.1001/jama.287.9.1132 12792:. Publications Office. 12086:Environmental Pollution 10363:10.1126/science.abd3980 10306:10.1126/science.aav0566 9885:August 8, 2018, at the 9462:10.1021/acs.est.9b01019 9406:10.1126/science.1089424 8351:. NASA. 31 August 2016. 8147:10.1073/pnas.1119909109 7437:10.1515/reveh-2012-0035 7337:10.1126/science.adf4915 7256:10.1021/acs.est.0c00740 7183:10.3389/fonc.2012.00148 7133:10.1136/oem.2004.014795 6815:Atmospheric Environment 6470:"Air quality, EASA Eco" 6219:10.1186/1743-8977-10-12 6066:annual limit since 2024 5960:particulate matter (PM) 4613:1st 9 months average PM 4296:Out of the 480 cities, 3516:The Heartland Institute 2606:fine particulate matter 2560: 2390:, and as the so-called 2304:or weather-driven from 1637:(both can be dry or in 1617:) as well as a natural 814:Freshwater salinization 734:Agricultural wastewater 21019:Glossary of HVAC terms 20981:Sick building syndrome 20861:Mechanical engineering 20572:Smoke exhaust ductwork 20003:Mixed-mode ventilation 19537:Ecological engineering 19317:runaway climate change 18817:Environment portal 18050:Agricultural pollution 16907:Excessive heat warning 16504:Freezing rain advisory 16344:Special marine warning 15871:, Wiley-Interscience, 15191:1 January 2010 at the 14168:10.1289/ehp.01109s3357 13305:Environmental Research 13248:Environmental Research 12304:Environmental Research 12036:Environmental Research 12017:10.26616/NIOSHPUB92102 11486:Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7391:10.3390/ijerph15030438 6348:10.3390/ijerph19127511 6093:daily limit since 1987 6075:daily limit since 2007 5558: 5541: 4211: 4190: 4155: 4083: 3467:Major energy companies 3463: 3080: 3064: 2995:, is also of concern. 2918: 2542: 2487:Recent studies of the 2456: 2371: 2210:Specific aerosol roles 2124: 2110: 2093: 2076: 2060: 2049:(IPCC) stated in 2001: 2037: 1892: 1872:Substantial amount of 1819:environmental concerns 1813:Dust collection system 1802: 1711: 1543:; this particulate is 1514: 1251: 1240: 1033:Environment portal 63: 59:in a graphic from the 34:. For other uses, see 21039:Template:Solar energy 20717:Intelligent buildings 20676:Carbon dioxide sensor 20063:Room air distribution 19883:Central solar heating 18920:List of global issues 18472:Industrial wastewater 18338:Clutter (advertising) 18246:Municipal solid waste 18092:Soil guideline values 17936:Sustainable transport 17829:Information pollution 17629:Open burning of waste 17522:Information statement 17436:Volcanic ash advisory 17288:Blowing dust advisory 17165:Rip current statement 16414:Blowing snow advisory 16406:Blizzard/blowing snow 16167:Real time air quality 15727:G Invernizzi et al., 14582:Encyclopedia of Earth 14027:10.1353/sgo.2019.0031 13827:"Parkinson's Disease" 13374:10.1136/jcp.53.11.822 11415:"黑水泥厂"围城" 打假队一年揪出13家" 10806:10.1126/article.26322 10693:28 April 2010 at the 10150:Nature Climate Change 8935:Reviews of Geophysics 8334:on 19 September 2016. 7524:10.4178/epih.e2018013 7102:www.sciencedirect.com 6131:John Wiley & Sons 5851:Non-exhaust emissions 5775:Contamination control 5552: 5535: 4453:, Switzerland with PM 4205: 4188: 4153: 4098:concentrations. (See 4081: 3703:Daily avg. (24-hour) 3546:Effects on vegetation 3512:climate change denier 3453: 3406:environmental justice 3302:Further information: 3255:Staphylococcus aureus 3113:systemic inflammation 3070: 3062: 2916: 2673:particles also carry 2536: 2454: 2369: 2163:particulate pollution 2122: 2104: 2087: 2070: 2051: 2035: 1871: 1831:electrostatic filters 1794: 1714:Further information: 1708: 1517:Further information: 1504: 1246: 1234: 1094:for other names) are 774:Industrial wastewater 542:Municipal solid waste 464:Soil guideline values 46: 20841:Duct leakage testing 20831:Deep energy retrofit 20775:Thermographic camera 20712:Infrared thermometer 20187:Air source heat pump 20136:Water heat recycling 19702:Air changes per hour 19522:Community resilience 19322:in the United States 19290:Biodiversity threats 18963:cannabis cultivation 18930:Planetary boundaries 18896:Environmental issues 18886:Ecological footprint 18744:Most polluted cities 18437:Biological pollution 18348:Overhead power lines 17466:Saffir–Simpson scale 17408:Evacuation immediate 17330:Dense smoke advisory 17293:Blowing dust warning 17257:Extreme wind warning 17210:Advisory-force winds 17088:Hurricane-force wind 17025:Small craft advisory 16902:Excessive heat watch 15995:Ogasa, Nikk (2021). 15796:. 12 September 2014. 15686:: 9603271231191436. 15539:"Aviation Pollution" 15393:levels Beijing 2022" 13999:on 17 December 2008. 13018:10.1029/2022GH000603 13004:(5): e2022GH000603. 12914:10.1289/ehp.00108941 11740:"Relation between PM 11063:Circulation Research 10943:on 16 December 2008. 10612:Bond, T. C. (2013). 10485:Goodale, Christine L 10462:10.1029/2022GL102061 10448:(1): e2022GL102061. 9893:, September 28, 1998 9866:10.1029/2001JD001508 9792:10.1289/ehp.97105514 9279:10.1029/1999GL006066 9252:Rosenfeld D (1999). 8955:10.1029/1999RG000078 8400:10.4271/2013-01-2741 8375:. 15 September 2017. 7608:Minerals Engineering 6005:Since 1 January 2014 5698:standards, June 2018 5682:standards, June 2018 5450:in Victoria and the 5206:United Arab Emirates 4712:United Arab Emirates 3970:has established the 3905:: Not applicable; PM 3709:Daily avg (24-hour) 3613:respiratory diseases 3514:private think tank, 3475:corporate propaganda 2648:terminal bronchioles 2412:solar geoengineering 2300:) or geological via 1747:Deposition processes 983:Most polluted cities 635:Overhead power lines 20707:HVAC control system 20697:Home energy monitor 20671:Building automation 20457:Inverter compressor 20119:Variable air volume 20028:Passive ventilation 19998:Kitchen ventilation 19898:Constant air volume 19868:Autonomous building 19584:Restoration ecology 19517:Climate engineering 19454:Ocean acidification 19444:Loss of green belts 19414:Holocene extinction 19409:Habitat destruction 19084:Environmental crime 18807:WikiProject Ecology 18504:Ocean acidification 18409:Unexploded ordnance 18280:Post-consumer waste 18140:Foam food container 18118:Biodegradable waste 17692:Global distillation 17468:(tropical cyclones) 17030:Brisk wind advisory 16982:Hard freeze warning 16337:Marine thunderstorm 15978:2022ACP....2215703P 15972:(24): 15703–15727. 15867:Hinds, William C., 15837:2020ScTEn.74741267J 15692:2023HETox..4291436L 15349:2022ESSD...14.3197Z 15290:2017EPoll.223..605L 15212:. 20 February 2023. 14976:on 20 December 2016 14878:www.taipeitimes.com 14783:on 28 February 2015 14639:10.1289/ehp.1408092 14351:2019EnInt.129..291R 14249:10.1289/ehp.0800166 14070:2002EPJC...24..665. 13901:2005JTEHA..68.1301C 13785:2016PNAS..11310797M 13779:(39): 10797–10801. 13717:2020ScTEn.70134721F 13583:2017EnvMi..19.1868H 13317:2009ER....109..311W 13260:2012ER....117...46L 13210:10.1155/2014/901017 13131:2012AQAH....5..369S 13010:2022GHeal...6..603M 12959:1987RiskA...7..449O 12637:2005JTEHA..68.1301C 12590:The Lancet Oncology 12475:2021ESPR...28.9029L 12316:2019ER....17708638T 12213:2015CEHR....2..430W 12151:2016PLoSO..1161851L 12098:2020EPoll.25613307C 12048:2016ER....151..763F 11878:2021JESEE..31..797K 11817:2022NatSR..1213317P 11760:2022ScTEn.84857579R 11679:10.1289/ehp.1103618 11596:2022BuEnv.20908580R 11541:2018ScTEn.625.1659H 11498:2021EcoES.21812294L 11473:. 10 February 2023. 11403:on 3 December 2022. 11311:2022JCPro.37734282N 10907:2006JCli...19.2036C 10848:2013GeoRL..40..999N 10771:1992GeoRL..19..159S 10724:1995Natur.373..399M 10630:2013JGRD..118.5380B 10591:2021AGUFM.U13B..05K 10505:2020ERL....15i4063V 10454:2023GeoRL..5002061J 10354:2021Sci...371..485G 10261:2020ACP....20.4085M 10162:2021NatCC..11..207G 10119:2021AGUFM.U13B..05K 10048:on 22 December 2018 9965:2001AgFM..107..255S 9857:2003JGRD..108.8364T 9730:1996Sci...272..244L 9583:1994SciAm.270b..48C 9571:Scientific American 9536:(22): 14957–14970. 9454:2019EnST...53.8682R 9398:2004Sci...303.1342K 9355:2000Sci...288.1042A 9314:1997JGR...102.6831H 9270:1999GeoRL..26.3105R 9215:2000JAtS...57.2707F 9182:(5332): 1636–1639. 9149:2000JAtS...57.2684A 9094:1992Sci...255..423C 9061:on 28 February 2002 8997:1977JAtS...34.1149T 8947:2000RvGeo..38..513H 8906:2023ESSD...15.2295F 8864:10.1021/ac60334a033 8833:uk-air.defra.gov.uk 8479:(10): 13219–13226. 8269:on 28 February 2008 8215:ACS Central Science 8190:on 28 February 2008 8138:2012PNAS..109.2836P 8101:on 28 February 2008 7908:. 22 February 2023. 7858:2019EnInt.128..116L 7815:2022EnInt.16207151X 7787:10.3390/su142113832 7620:2005MiEng..18.1183P 7573:2021IJCST...8..179F 7475:10.1787/4a4dc6ca-en 7329:2023Sci...382..941H 7248:2020EnST...54.7107P 7021:2020Heliy...603299K 6937:. 16 September 2024 6887:. 15 February 2017. 6827:2016AtmEn.137...62A 6689:10.4209/aaqr.220412 6642:2017Chmsp.167..530S 6551:2022EPoll.29918907L 6448:2015RSERv..48..635O 6210:2013PFTox..10...12B 5940:Pulmonary emphysema 5790:Exposure assessment 5614:data is available. 5588:Olympic Park, Seoul 5553:Concentration of PM 5536:Concentration of PM 4601:, Jan to Sep 2022: 3420:Wildfire smoke risk 3351:Parkinson's disease 3332:Alzheimer's disease 2924:construction wastes 2798:Sahara sand (Libya) 2721:Type of particulate 2632:Inhalable particles 2414:proposals known as 2388:surface temperature 2296:from mostly marine 2284:. Some of them are 1833:used in facemasks, 1823:cyclonic separators 1759:Global distillation 1559:, and thus include 1371:in cooling systems. 1330:Glass reprocessing. 1172:ultrafine particles 1101:of solid or liquid 799:Ocean acidification 709:Unexploded ordnance 630:Advertising clutter 562:Post-consumer waste 507:Foam food container 492:Biodegradable waste 149:Global distillation 20970:Indoor air quality 20914:ASTM International 20851:Hydronic balancing 20628:Wood-burning stove 20507:Radiator reflector 20292:Evaporative cooler 20103:Underfloor heating 20088:Thermal insulation 19599:Waste minimization 19557:Mitigation banking 19552:Industrial ecology 19512:Cleaner production 19464:Resource depletion 19000:Corporate behavior 18958:animal agriculture 18827:Ecology portal 18711:Waste minimisation 18686:Industrial ecology 18681:Cleaner production 18499:Nutrient pollution 18376:Herbicidal warfare 18170:Construction waste 17806:Introduced species 17677:Indoor air quality 17604:Chlorofluorocarbon 17413:Fire weather watch 17325:Dense fog advisory 17303:Dust storm warning 17185:High surf advisory 17035:Lake wind advisory 15922:. 4 December 2021. 15906:. 5 December 2022. 15174:on 1 January 2010. 15148:on 31 January 2017 15117:on 27 January 2017 15061:on 1 January 2010. 15032:. 6 February 2023. 14880:. 5 February 2014. 14405:10.1111/resp.12613 12877:. 24 December 2021 12269:10.3233/JAD-200483 11925:Scientific Reports 11805:Scientific Reports 11240:. 10 October 2022. 10915:10.1175/JCLI3820.1 10895:Journal of Climate 10639:10.1002/jgrd.50171 10550:on 14 January 2017 10299:(6427): eaav0566. 8602:"買樓難題：大廈維修，住得難頂嗎？" 8294:The New York Times 8077:gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov 7425:Rev Environ Health 6873:. 21 October 2022. 5945:Pulmonary fibrosis 5655:emission inventory 5636:particulate matter 5559: 5542: 5512:. You can help by 5177: 4212: 4191: 4156: 4084: 3605:Group 1 carcinogen 3565:. You can help by 3464: 3390:Racial disparities 3097:premature delivery 3081: 3065: 2989:indoor air quality 2930:or a ship full of 2919: 2891:. You can help by 2787:Lokon volcanic ash 2760:Fractal aggregate 2644:Thoracic particles 2543: 2497:Northern Territory 2457: 2372: 2357:ground-level ozone 2290:chemical reactions 2268:(often through an 2125: 2111: 2094: 2077: 2038: 1967:X-ray spectrometry 1893: 1803: 1764:mostly removed by 1712: 1577:sea spray aerosols 1515: 1262:(e.g., aircraft), 1252: 1241: 1183:Group 1 carcinogen 1045:Ecology portal 670:Herbicidal warfare 214:Introduced species 154:Indoor air quality 124:Chlorofluorocarbon 64: 21047: 21046: 20963:Health and safety 20542:Scroll compressor 20497:Process duct work 20252:Convection heater 20247:Condensing boiler 20177:Air-mixing plenum 20073:Solar combisystem 19909:Cross ventilation 19712:Building envelope 19652: 19651: 19474:Water degradation 19349:Ecological crisis 19295:biodiversity loss 19094:Industrialisation 19079:Genetic pollution 18925:Impact assessment 18833: 18832: 18706:Pollution control 18386:Nuclear holocaust 18295:Thermal treatment 18263:Plastic pollution 18180:Mercury poisoning 18133:Battery recycling 18032:Radioactive waste 17801:Genetic pollution 17796:Biological hazard 17594:Air quality index 17530: 17529: 17384: 17383: 17376:Air quality alert 17265: 17264: 17241:High wind warning 17190:High surf warning 17155: 17154: 17000: 16999: 16992:Hard freeze watch 16872: 16871: 16675: 16674: 16545: 16544: 16509:Ice storm warning 16352: 16351: 15825:Sci Total Environ 15635:. 7 January 2015. 15389:"China: annual PM 15029:Independent.co.uk 14516:Our World in Data 14039:Project MUSE 13895:(13–14): 1301–7. 13531:10.1136/bmj.f7412 12833:(9859): 2224–60. 12807:978-92-9167-988-1 12631:(13–14): 1301–7. 11976:Los Angeles Times 11673:(12): 1781–1787. 11529:Sci Total Environ 11042:on 29 June 2011. 10901:(10): 2036–2045. 10856:10.1002/grl.50263 10779:10.1029/91GL02958 10718:(6513): 399–404. 10624:(11): 5380–5552. 10397:(7930): 101–106. 10348:(6528): 485–489. 10009:978-0-12-821575-3 9510:978-0-471-17816-3 9448:(15): 8682–8694. 9323:10.1029/96JD03436 9308:(D6): 6831–6864. 9264:(20): 3105–3108. 9209:(16): 2707–2728. 9143:(16): 2684–2695. 8979:Twomey S (1977). 8719:. 6 October 2022. 8576:. 6 January 2023. 8221:(12): 1617–1623. 7933:10.1136/bmj.h2757 7730:978-3-319-21595-2 7614:(12): 1183–1199. 7484:978-92-64-88885-2 7323:(6673): 941–946. 7242:(12): 7107–7116. 7121:Occup Environ Med 6285:ehp.niehs.nih.gov 6173:(1/2/3): 160–74. 6144:978-0-471-17816-3 5735:Air quality index 5606:, air quality in 5530: 5529: 5427: 5426: 4148: 4147: 4133: 4058: 4057: 3935: 3934: 3583: 3582: 3508:trade association 3424:In regions where 3235:inflammation and 3099:, birth defects, 3057: 3056: 2909: 2908: 2808: 2807: 2567:respiratory tract 2120: 2085: 2073:optical thickness 2063:Aerosol radiative 2030: 2029: 2022: 1936:Ringelmann charts 1874:construction dust 1869: 1792: 1706: 1696:Size distribution 1672:radiative forcing 1502: 1232: 1081: 1080: 1016: 1015: 682:Nuclear holocaust 605:Urban heat island 419:Radioactive waste 204:Biological hazard 114:Air quality index 16:(Redirected from 21102: 21009:Building science 20764:Smart thermostat 20759:Room temperature 20342:Fireplace insert 20048:Radon mitigation 19946:Electric heating 19941:District heating 19936:District cooling 19853:Air conditioning 19679: 19672: 19665: 19656: 19655: 19627: 19626: 19616: 19615: 19449:Phosphorus cycle 19429:Land consumption 19424:Land degradation 19399:Freshwater cycle 19198:Overexploitation 19171:marine pollution 18978:cocoa production 18860: 18853: 18846: 18837: 18836: 18825: 18824: 18823: 18815: 18814: 18805: 18804: 18797: 18796: 18789: 18788: 18776: 18775: 18650:Legacy pollution 18509:Oil exploitation 18371:Chemical warfare 18285:Waste management 18192:Industrial waste 18160:Biomedical waste 18128:Electronic waste 18113:Advertising mail 18097:Phytoremediation 18072:Land degradation 17857:Overillumination 17811:Invasive species 17557: 17550: 17543: 17534: 17533: 17398:Red flag warning 17348:Ashfall advisory 17278: 17277: 17207: 17206: 17015: 17014: 16885: 16884: 16705: 16704: 16558: 16557: 16450:Lake-effect snow 16424:Blizzard warning 16363: 16362: 16263: 16262: 16239: 16232: 16225: 16216: 16215: 16043: 16041: 16039: 16020: 15991: 15989: 15956: 15923: 15915: 15907: 15864: 15797: 15778: 15768: 15757:10.1289/ehp.6114 15751:(9): 1209–1214. 15719: 15670: 15648: 15636: 15611: 15610: 15603: 15597: 15596: 15583: 15577: 15576: 15569: 15563: 15562: 15549: 15543: 15542: 15535: 15529: 15528: 15517: 15511: 15510: 15509:. 13 March 2023. 15503: 15497: 15496: 15495:. 27 March 2023. 15489: 15483: 15482: 15475: 15469: 15468: 15461: 15455: 15454: 15441: 15435: 15434: 15432: 15430: 15414: 15408: 15407: 15405: 15403: 15385: 15379: 15378: 15360: 15343:(7): 3197–3211. 15324: 15318: 15317: 15269: 15263: 15262: 15257: 15255: 15240: 15234: 15233: 15220: 15214: 15213: 15206: 15195: 15182: 15176: 15175: 15164: 15158: 15157: 15155: 15153: 15147: 15141:. Archived from 15140: 15132: 15126: 15125: 15124: 15122: 15116: 15110:, archived from 15109: 15098: 15092: 15091: 15089: 15087: 15082:on 18 March 2010 15072: 15063: 15062: 15051: 15045: 15040: 15034: 15033: 15020: 15014: 15013: 15006: 15000: 14999: 14992: 14986: 14985: 14983: 14981: 14975: 14969:. Archived from 14968: 14956: 14950: 14949: 14943: 14935: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14924: 14913: 14907: 14906: 14904: 14902: 14891: 14882: 14881: 14870: 14864: 14863: 14861: 14859: 14848: 14842: 14841: 14834: 14828: 14827: 14816: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14799: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14788: 14769: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14758: 14747: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14736: 14725: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14711: 14705: 14698: 14690: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14679: 14667: 14661: 14660: 14650: 14618: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14607: 14592: 14586: 14585: 14578:"Abiotic factor" 14573: 14567: 14561: 14555: 14549: 14543: 14539:, 18 March 2021 14534: 14525: 14523: 14500: 14494: 14493: 14481: 14475: 14474: 14464: 14432: 14426: 14425: 14407: 14379: 14373: 14372: 14362: 14330: 14324: 14323: 14313: 14277: 14271: 14270: 14260: 14228: 14222: 14221: 14219: 14217: 14202: 14196: 14195: 14183: 14172: 14171: 14148: 14142: 14141: 14131: 14099: 14090: 14089: 14053: 14047: 14046: 14010: 14001: 14000: 13998: 13992:. Archived from 13990:ww16.baq2008.org 13987: 13979: 13973: 13971: 13946:(9767): 732–40. 13935: 13929: 13928: 13884: 13878: 13877: 13837: 13831: 13830: 13823: 13817: 13816: 13806: 13796: 13763: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13752: 13747:on 31 March 2022 13743:. Archived from 13696: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13685: 13670: 13664: 13663: 13651: 13645: 13644: 13637: 13631: 13630: 13627:www.newswise.com 13619: 13613: 13612: 13602: 13577:(5): 1868–1880. 13568: 13559: 13553: 13552: 13542: 13503: 13497: 13496: 13486: 13451: 13445: 13444: 13434: 13402: 13396: 13395: 13385: 13353: 13347: 13346: 13336: 13296: 13290: 13289: 13279: 13239: 13233: 13232: 13222: 13212: 13188: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13177: 13162: 13151: 13150: 13114: 13108: 13107: 13097: 13065: 13059: 13058: 13046: 13040: 13039: 13029: 12985: 12979: 12978: 12942: 12936: 12935: 12925: 12893: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12882: 12867: 12861: 12860: 12850: 12818: 12812: 12811: 12781: 12772: 12771: 12735: 12729: 12728: 12703:(342): 284–290. 12689: 12683: 12682: 12671: 12665: 12664: 12620: 12614: 12613: 12581: 12572: 12571: 12559: 12553: 12552: 12542: 12509: 12503: 12502: 12469:(8): 9029–9049. 12457: 12446: 12445: 12409: 12398: 12397: 12387: 12355: 12344: 12343: 12298: 12289: 12288: 12252: 12243: 12242: 12232: 12192: 12183: 12182: 12172: 12162: 12129: 12120: 12119: 12109: 12077: 12068: 12067: 12030: 12021: 12020: 12001: 11995: 11994: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11967: 11961: 11960: 11950: 11940: 11916: 11910: 11909: 11899: 11889: 11853: 11847: 11846: 11836: 11796: 11790: 11789: 11779: 11735: 11729: 11728: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11690: 11658: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11632: 11626: 11625: 11615: 11575: 11569: 11568: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11467: 11461: 11460: 11453: 11447: 11446: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11425: 11419: 11418: 11411: 11405: 11404: 11399:. Archived from 11393: 11387: 11386: 11385:on 28 June 2023. 11381:. Archived from 11375: 11369: 11368: 11367:on 28 June 2023. 11366: 11360:. Archived from 11359: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11341:"Sustainability" 11337: 11331: 11330: 11290: 11284: 11283: 11276: 11270: 11269: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11248: 11242: 11241: 11234: 11228: 11227: 11220: 11214: 11211: 11205: 11204: 11160: 11154: 11153: 11143: 11103: 11097: 11096: 11086: 11054: 11048: 11047: 11032: 11026: 11023: 11017: 11016: 10999:(5): 1117–1121. 10988: 10982: 10975: 10969: 10968: 10967:on 16 June 2012. 10966: 10960:. Archived from 10959: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10939:. Archived from 10933: 10927: 10926: 10890: 10881: 10880: 10867: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10817: 10809: 10789: 10783: 10782: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10732:10.1038/373399a0 10707: 10701: 10685: 10679: 10673: 10667: 10650: 10644: 10643: 10641: 10609: 10603: 10602: 10576: 10566: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10549: 10543:. Archived from 10542: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10516: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10433: 10427: 10426: 10416: 10406: 10382: 10376: 10375: 10365: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10308: 10290: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10255:(7): 4085–4103. 10240: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10213: 10207: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10147: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10104: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10024: 9983: 9977: 9976: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9914:on 17 March 2007 9900: 9894: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9811: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9754: 9715: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9694:. Archived from 9684: 9678: 9665: 9654: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9545: 9521: 9512: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9481: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9392:(5662): 1342–5. 9381: 9375: 9374: 9349:(5468): 1042–7. 9334: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9293: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9249: 9243: 9242: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9128: 9122: 9121: 9088:(5043): 423–30. 9077: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9057:. Archived from 9047: 9041: 9040: 9028: 9011: 9010: 9008: 8991:(7): 1149–1152. 8976: 8967: 8966: 8930: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8891: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8777: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8755: 8749: 8748: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8629: 8620: 8619: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8588:"大廈外牆維修,你地會搬走嗎?" 8584: 8578: 8577: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8496: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8425: 8417: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8369: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8345: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8326: 8318: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8238: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8159: 8149: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8013: 8007: 8006: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7887: 7878: 7877: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7765: 7759: 7758: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7670: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7535: 7512:Epidemiol Health 7503: 7497: 7496: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7403: 7393: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7348: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7195: 7185: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7144: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7042: 7032: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6959:. 11 March 2022. 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6753: 6743: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6483: 6474: 6473: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6368: 6350: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6287:. Archived from 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6231: 6221: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6164: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6128: 6118: 6103: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6058: 6051: 6045: 6038: 6032: 6025: 6019: 6012: 6006: 6003: 5997: 5990: 5984: 5977: 5876:Suspended solids 5794:Exposure science 5691: 5675: 5625:'s capital city 5525: 5522: 5504: 5497: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5022: 5020: 5019: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4610:Country / Region 4604: 4603: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4480:, with 1.7 4474: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4164:carbon nanotubes 4143: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4118: 4117: 4110: 3977: 3976: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3646:Country/ Region 3643: 3642: 3578: 3575: 3557: 3550: 3542:its regulation. 3524:tobacco industry 3500:create confusion 3460:renewable energy 3188:Inhalation of PM 3101:low birth weight 3052: 3049: 3043: 3031: 3030: 3023: 2993:third-hand smoke 2974:metal Fume Fever 2964:as they contain 2904: 2901: 2883: 2876: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2824: 2718: 2717: 2349:low birth weight 2294:dimethyl sulfide 2272:reaction in the 2260:to form gaseous 2234:sulfur compounds 2121: 2086: 2055:greenhouse gases 2025: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2005: 1985: 1984: 1977: 1870: 1793: 1707: 1679:refractive index 1650:light-scatterers 1639:aqueous solution 1635:ammonium nitrate 1631:ammonium sulfate 1551:originated from 1503: 1306:heavy equipments 1233: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1031: 1030: 962: 961: 665:Chemical warfare 567:Waste management 527:Industrial waste 502:Electronic waste 487:Advertising mail 469:Phytoremediation 444:Land degradation 384:Depleted uranium 269:Overillumination 219:Invasive species 91: 81: 66: 65: 55:compared with a 21: 21110: 21109: 21105: 21104: 21103: 21101: 21100: 21099: 21085:Climate forcing 21050: 21049: 21048: 21043: 21004:ASHRAE Handbook 20992: 20976:Passive smoking 20958: 20891: 20885: 20797: 20795: 20789: 20643: 20637: 20618:Whole-house fan 20532:Run-around coil 20527:Reversing valve 20472:Mechanical room 20462:Kerosene heater 20452:Infrared heater 20382:Gasoline heater 20322:Fan filter unit 20237:Condensate pump 20222:Centrifugal fan 20140: 20043:Radiant heating 20038:Radiant cooling 20013:Passive cooling 20008:Microgeneration 19878:Central heating 19826: 19802:Thermal comfort 19694: 19688: 19683: 19653: 19648: 19603: 19562:Organic farming 19488: 19479:Water pollution 19459:Ozone depletion 19439:Loss and damage 19339:Desertification 19276: 19188:Overconsumption 19109:cleaning agents 19010:Energy industry 18973:meat production 18939: 18869: 18864: 18834: 18829: 18821: 18819: 18809: 18766: 18752: 18720: 18669: 18618: 18585: 18524:Pharmaceuticals 18514:Oil exploration 18418: 18390:Nuclear fallout 18357: 18319: 18301: 18275:Packaging waste 18229:Deep sea mining 18155:Hazardous waste 18101: 18082:Open defecation 18036: 18002:Nuclear fallout 17997:Nuclear fission 17973: 17899: 17868: 17839:Electromagnetic 17833: 17817: 17782: 17702:Ozone depletion 17575: 17566: 17561: 17531: 17526: 17497: 17471: 17460:Enhanced Fujita 17446: 17440: 17417: 17380: 17357: 17353:Ashfall warning 17334: 17307: 17272: 17261: 17245: 17236:High wind watch 17221: 17198: 17195:High surf watch 17174: 17151: 17125: 17104: 17083: 17062: 17039: 17010: 17008: 17006: 16996: 16960: 16944: 16911: 16879: 16868: 16852: 16826: 16800:Lakeshore flood 16795: 16762: 16729: 16694: 16671: 16648: 16625: 16602: 16579: 16562:Tropical storms 16552: 16541: 16513: 16490: 16472: 16444: 16428: 16400: 16377: 16358: 16348: 16332: 16294: 16258: 16252: 16243: 16176:Air quality map 16156: 16152: 16148: 16140: 16136: 16128: 16111: 16061: 16056: 16037: 16035: 16033:Undark Magazine 16028: 16023: 15918: 15910: 15902: 15788: 15785: 15680:Hum Exp Toxicol 15677: 15666:TheGuardian.com 15655: 15639: 15627: 15624: 15619: 15617:Further reading 15614: 15605: 15604: 15600: 15585: 15584: 15580: 15571: 15570: 15566: 15551: 15550: 15546: 15537: 15536: 15532: 15519: 15518: 15514: 15505: 15504: 15500: 15491: 15490: 15486: 15481:. 26 June 2018. 15477: 15476: 15472: 15463: 15462: 15458: 15443: 15442: 15438: 15428: 15426: 15415: 15411: 15401: 15399: 15392: 15387: 15386: 15382: 15332: 15325: 15321: 15270: 15266: 15253: 15251: 15241: 15237: 15222: 15221: 15217: 15208: 15207: 15198: 15193:Wayback Machine 15183: 15179: 15166: 15165: 15161: 15151: 15149: 15145: 15138: 15134: 15133: 15129: 15120: 15118: 15114: 15107: 15099: 15095: 15085: 15083: 15074: 15073: 15066: 15053: 15052: 15048: 15041: 15037: 15022: 15021: 15017: 15008: 15007: 15003: 14994: 14993: 14989: 14979: 14977: 14973: 14966: 14963: 14958: 14957: 14953: 14941: 14937: 14936: 14932: 14922: 14920: 14915: 14914: 14910: 14900: 14898: 14893: 14892: 14885: 14872: 14871: 14867: 14857: 14855: 14850: 14849: 14845: 14836: 14835: 14831: 14818: 14817: 14813: 14805: 14801: 14800: 14796: 14786: 14784: 14776: 14771: 14770: 14766: 14756: 14754: 14749: 14748: 14744: 14734: 14732: 14727: 14726: 14719: 14709: 14707: 14703: 14696: 14692: 14691: 14687: 14677: 14675: 14668: 14664: 14619: 14615: 14605: 14603: 14593: 14589: 14574: 14570: 14562: 14558: 14550: 14546: 14535: 14528: 14504:Ritchie, Hannah 14501: 14497: 14482: 14478: 14453:10.1289/EHP3860 14433: 14429: 14387: 14380: 14376: 14331: 14327: 14285: 14278: 14274: 14229: 14225: 14215: 14213: 14203: 14199: 14184: 14175: 14150: 14149: 14145: 14100: 14093: 14055: 14054: 14050: 14011: 14004: 13996: 13985: 13981: 13980: 13976: 13936: 13932: 13885: 13881: 13838: 13834: 13825: 13824: 13820: 13764: 13760: 13750: 13748: 13697: 13693: 13683: 13681: 13671: 13667: 13652: 13648: 13639: 13638: 13634: 13621: 13620: 13616: 13566: 13560: 13556: 13509: 13504: 13500: 13452: 13448: 13403: 13399: 13354: 13350: 13297: 13293: 13240: 13236: 13189: 13185: 13175: 13173: 13163: 13154: 13115: 13111: 13066: 13062: 13047: 13043: 12993: 12986: 12982: 12943: 12939: 12908:(10): 941–947. 12894: 12890: 12880: 12878: 12869: 12868: 12864: 12819: 12815: 12808: 12789: 12782: 12775: 12746:(10): 1238–45. 12736: 12732: 12693:Lave, Lester B. 12690: 12686: 12681:on 14 May 2011. 12673: 12672: 12668: 12621: 12617: 12582: 12575: 12560: 12556: 12510: 12506: 12458: 12449: 12410: 12401: 12376:10.1289/EHP4595 12356: 12347: 12299: 12292: 12253: 12246: 12193: 12186: 12145:(9): e0161851. 12130: 12123: 12078: 12071: 12031: 12024: 12003: 12002: 11998: 11993:. 13 June 2023. 11989: 11988: 11984: 11979:. 22 July 2021. 11969: 11968: 11964: 11917: 11913: 11861: 11854: 11850: 11797: 11793: 11743: 11736: 11732: 11723: 11722: 11718: 11709: 11708: 11704: 11659: 11655: 11645: 11643: 11634: 11633: 11629: 11576: 11572: 11525: 11521: 11482: 11478: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11455: 11454: 11450: 11441: 11440: 11436: 11427: 11426: 11422: 11413: 11412: 11408: 11395: 11394: 11390: 11377: 11376: 11372: 11364: 11357: 11353: 11352: 11348: 11339: 11338: 11334: 11291: 11287: 11278: 11277: 11273: 11264: 11263: 11259: 11250: 11249: 11245: 11236: 11235: 11231: 11222: 11221: 11217: 11212: 11208: 11168: 11161: 11157: 11124:10.1289/EHP2054 11104: 11100: 11055: 11051: 11034: 11033: 11029: 11024: 11020: 10989: 10985: 10976: 10972: 10964: 10957: 10953: 10952: 10948: 10935: 10934: 10930: 10891: 10884: 10842:(5): 999–1004. 10831: 10827: 10811: 10810: 10790: 10786: 10751: 10747: 10708: 10704: 10699:Science Centric 10695:Wayback Machine 10686: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10660:Wayback Machine 10651: 10647: 10610: 10606: 10574: 10567: 10563: 10553: 10551: 10547: 10540: 10534: 10530: 10481: 10477: 10434: 10430: 10383: 10379: 10334: 10330: 10288: 10282: 10278: 10241: 10237: 10227: 10225: 10214: 10210: 10189: 10185: 10145: 10138: 10134: 10102: 10095: 10091: 10081: 10079: 10066: 10065: 10061: 10051: 10049: 10036: 10035: 10031: 10022: 10020: 10010: 9984: 9980: 9946: 9942: 9931: 9927: 9917: 9915: 9902: 9901: 9897: 9887:Wayback Machine 9878: 9874: 9845:J. Geophys. Res 9837: 9833: 9772: 9768: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9713: 9707: 9703: 9698:on 14 May 2009. 9686: 9685: 9681: 9675:Wayback Machine 9666: 9657: 9644: 9640: 9630: 9628: 9618: 9614: 9563: 9559: 9522: 9515: 9499: 9495: 9433: 9429: 9382: 9378: 9335: 9331: 9294: 9287: 9250: 9246: 9199: 9195: 9168: 9164: 9129: 9125: 9078: 9074: 9064: 9062: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9029: 9014: 8977: 8970: 8931: 8924: 8889: 8883: 8879: 8844: 8840: 8825: 8821: 8811: 8809: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8785: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8766: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8687: 8686: 8682: 8673: 8672: 8668: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8645: 8644: 8640: 8631: 8630: 8623: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8586: 8585: 8581: 8572: 8571: 8567: 8558: 8557: 8553: 8544: 8543: 8539: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8514: 8510: 8465: 8461: 8449: 8444: 8443: 8439: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8404: 8402: 8394:. Vol. 1. 8384: 8380: 8371: 8370: 8366: 8354: 8347: 8346: 8339: 8331: 8324: 8320: 8319: 8308: 8298: 8296: 8286: 8282: 8272: 8270: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8207: 8203: 8193: 8191: 8178: 8177: 8173: 8118: 8114: 8104: 8102: 8089: 8088: 8084: 8071: 8070: 8066: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8029: 8028: 8024: 8015: 8014: 8010: 8001: 8000: 7996: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7972: 7970: 7960: 7956: 7917: 7913: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7888: 7881: 7842: 7838: 7799: 7795: 7766: 7762: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7731: 7709: 7705: 7688: 7684: 7639: 7635: 7600: 7596: 7553: 7549: 7504: 7500: 7485: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7421: 7417: 7373: 7366: 7362: 7309: 7305: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7227: 7223: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7162: 7158: 7113: 7109: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7000: 6996: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6842: 6807: 6803: 6771: 6767: 6723: 6716: 6712: 6669: 6665: 6625: 6621: 6586: 6582: 6535: 6531: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6432: 6428: 6418: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6327: 6323: 6308: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6252: 6245: 6190: 6186: 6162: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5954: 5949: 5920:Atherosclerosis 5909:Health-related: 5882:Health effects: 5739:Air quality law 5725: 5707: 5699: 5697: 5692: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5667: 5645: 5641: 5620: 5613: 5600: 5585: 5564: 5556: 5547: 5540:in Europe, 2005 5539: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5510:needs expansion 5495: 5484: 5480: 5467: 5461: 5441: 5436: 5408: 5406: 5381: 5379: 5355: 5353: 5329: 5327: 5303: 5301: 5277: 5275: 5251: 5249: 5225: 5223: 5199: 5197: 5173: 5171: 5147: 5145: 5121: 5119: 5095: 5093: 5069: 5067: 5043: 5041: 5017: 5015: 4991: 4989: 4965: 4963: 4939: 4937: 4913: 4911: 4887: 4885: 4861: 4859: 4835: 4833: 4809: 4807: 4783: 4781: 4757: 4755: 4731: 4729: 4705: 4703: 4679: 4677: 4653: 4651: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4599: 4586:. The third is 4580: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4457:levels of just 4456: 4445: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4200: 4183: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4128: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4097: 4093: 4076: 4063: 4035: 4008: 4000:Extremely poor 3964: 3957: 3953: 3940: 3908: 3904: 3812: 3808: 3782: 3778: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3641: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621:premature death 3592: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3563:needs expansion 3548: 3448: 3441: 3422: 3392: 3372: 3370:Increased death 3364: 3360: 3356: 3345: 3341: 3306: 3300: 3286: 3275: 3264:was altered by 3237:atherosclerosis 3226: 3221: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3179: 3172: 3139:cardiopulmonary 3127: 3121: 3105:life-years lost 3074: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3019:Health problems 2982: 2939:Portland Cement 2905: 2899: 2896: 2889:needs expansion 2874: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2852: 2849: 2840: 2837: 2828: 2825: 2814: 2813: 2732:Portland cement 2708: 2699: 2624: 2613: 2591: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2529: 2509:Nullarbor Plain 2507:and around the 2449: 2443: 2428: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2227: 2217: 2212: 2199: 2183:biomass burning 2151: 2113: 2099: 2079: 2071:Global aerosol 2065: 2042:solar radiation 2026: 2015: 2009: 2006: 1998:help improve it 1995: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1973:Climate effects 1932: 1926: 1902: 1859: 1815: 1809: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1727: 1721:both, monthly. 1718: 1700: 1698: 1691: 1596:nitrogen oxides 1549:sodium chloride 1545:light-absorbing 1525: 1512: 1510: 1509:Blue: sea salt 1508: 1506: 1493: 1491: 1479:New South Wales 1472: 1468: 1464: 1455: 1449: 1302:diesel exhausts 1222: 1220: 1212: 1168: 1146: 1077: 1039: 1037: 1025: 1018: 1017: 917: 909: 908: 882: 874: 873: 809:Pharmaceuticals 789:Nonpoint source 729: 719: 718: 687:Nuclear fallout 660: 650: 649: 620: 610: 609: 600: 590: 589: 580: 572: 571: 557:Packaging waste 522:Hazardous waste 482: 474: 473: 434: 424: 423: 394:Nuclear fallout 389:Nuclear fission 369: 359: 358: 324: 314: 313: 289: 281: 280: 254: 252:Electromagnetic 244: 243: 234: 226: 225: 199: 189: 188: 159:Ozone depletion 104: 94: 79: 54: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21108: 21098: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21045: 21044: 21042: 21041: 21036: 21031: 21026: 21021: 21016: 21011: 21006: 21000: 20998: 20994: 20993: 20991: 20990: 20984: 20978: 20973: 20966: 20964: 20960: 20959: 20957: 20956: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20895: 20893: 20887: 20886: 20884: 20883: 20878: 20873: 20868: 20863: 20858: 20853: 20848: 20843: 20838: 20833: 20828: 20822: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20801: 20799: 20791: 20790: 20788: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20754:Psychrometrics 20751: 20746: 20741: 20736: 20730: 20724: 20719: 20714: 20709: 20704: 20699: 20694: 20689: 20684: 20678: 20673: 20668: 20663: 20658: 20653: 20651:Air flow meter 20647: 20645: 20639: 20638: 20636: 20635: 20630: 20625: 20620: 20615: 20609: 20604: 20599: 20594: 20589: 20584: 20579: 20574: 20569: 20564: 20559: 20554: 20549: 20544: 20539: 20534: 20529: 20524: 20519: 20514: 20509: 20504: 20499: 20494: 20489: 20484: 20479: 20474: 20469: 20464: 20459: 20454: 20449: 20444: 20439: 20434: 20429: 20427:Heating system 20424: 20419: 20414: 20409: 20407:Heat exchanger 20404: 20399: 20394: 20389: 20384: 20379: 20374: 20372:Gas compressor 20369: 20364: 20359: 20354: 20349: 20344: 20339: 20334: 20329: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20307:Expansion tank 20304: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20279: 20274: 20269: 20264: 20259: 20254: 20249: 20244: 20239: 20234: 20229: 20227:Ceramic heater 20224: 20219: 20214: 20209: 20204: 20199: 20194: 20189: 20184: 20179: 20174: 20169: 20164: 20159: 20154: 20148: 20146: 20142: 20141: 20139: 20138: 20133: 20128: 20122: 20116: 20110: 20105: 20100: 20095: 20090: 20085: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20068:Solar air heat 20065: 20060: 20058:Renewable heat 20055: 20050: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20030: 20025: 20020: 20015: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19990: 19985: 19980: 19974: 19969: 19967:Forced-air gas 19964: 19959: 19954: 19948: 19943: 19938: 19933: 19928: 19922: 19917: 19911: 19906: 19901: 19895: 19890: 19885: 19880: 19875: 19870: 19865: 19860: 19855: 19850: 19845: 19840: 19834: 19832: 19828: 19827: 19825: 19824: 19819: 19817:Thermodynamics 19814: 19809: 19804: 19799: 19794: 19789: 19787:Psychrometrics 19784: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19754: 19749: 19744: 19742:Gas compressor 19739: 19737:Fluid dynamics 19734: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19698: 19696: 19690: 19689: 19682: 19681: 19674: 19667: 19659: 19650: 19649: 19647: 19646: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19620: 19608: 19605: 19604: 19602: 19601: 19596: 19591: 19589:Sustainability 19586: 19581: 19580: 19579: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19519: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19498: 19496: 19490: 19489: 19487: 19486: 19484:Water scarcity 19481: 19476: 19471: 19466: 19461: 19456: 19451: 19446: 19441: 19436: 19431: 19426: 19421: 19419:Nitrogen cycle 19416: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19384:Forest dieback 19381: 19376: 19371: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19331: 19326: 19325: 19324: 19319: 19312:Climate change 19309: 19308: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19286: 19284: 19278: 19277: 19275: 19274: 19269: 19268: 19267: 19257: 19256: 19255: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19230: 19225: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19179: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19153: 19152: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19129:nanotechnology 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19101: 19096: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19076: 19075: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19059: 19054: 19049: 19044: 19034: 19033: 19032: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18991: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18949: 18947: 18941: 18940: 18938: 18937: 18932: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18916: 18915: 18913:on marine life 18905: 18904: 18903: 18901:list of issues 18893: 18888: 18883: 18877: 18875: 18871: 18870: 18863: 18862: 18855: 18848: 18840: 18831: 18830: 18771: 18768: 18767: 18765: 18764: 18759: 18754: 18750: 18746: 18741: 18739:Law by country 18736: 18730: 18728: 18722: 18721: 18719: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18677: 18675: 18671: 18670: 18668: 18667: 18662: 18657: 18652: 18647: 18642: 18637: 18632: 18626: 18624: 18620: 18619: 18617: 18616: 18611: 18610: 18609: 18604: 18593: 18591: 18587: 18586: 18584: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18561:Surface runoff 18558: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18542: 18541: 18536: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18485: 18484: 18474: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18454: 18449: 18447:Eutrophication 18444: 18439: 18434: 18428: 18426: 18420: 18419: 18417: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18404:Scorched earth 18401: 18398:nuclear winter 18394:nuclear famine 18383: 18373: 18367: 18365: 18359: 18358: 18356: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18329: 18327: 18321: 18320: 18318: 18317: 18311: 18309: 18303: 18302: 18300: 18299: 18298: 18297: 18292: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18271: 18270: 18260: 18255: 18254: 18253: 18243: 18242: 18241: 18239:Uranium mining 18236: 18231: 18226: 18224:Surface mining 18221: 18216: 18206: 18201: 18200: 18199: 18189: 18188: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18175:Lead poisoning 18172: 18167: 18165:Chemical waste 18162: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18136: 18135: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18109: 18107: 18103: 18102: 18100: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18077:Bioremediation 18074: 18069: 18068: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18046: 18044: 18038: 18037: 18035: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17992:Bioremediation 17989: 17983: 17981: 17975: 17974: 17972: 17971: 17966: 17963: 17960: 17957: 17956: 17955: 17945: 17940: 17939: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913:Transportation 17909: 17907: 17901: 17900: 17898: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17876: 17874: 17870: 17869: 17867: 17866: 17861: 17860: 17859: 17854: 17843: 17841: 17835: 17834: 17832: 17831: 17825: 17823: 17819: 17818: 17816: 17815: 17814: 17813: 17803: 17798: 17792: 17790: 17784: 17783: 17781: 17780: 17775: 17770: 17769: 17768: 17758: 17757: 17756: 17746: 17741: 17736: 17735: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17719: 17714: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17687:Global dimming 17684: 17679: 17674: 17673: 17672: 17662: 17661: 17660: 17658:Diesel exhaust 17650: 17645: 17644: 17643: 17633: 17632: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17585: 17583: 17577: 17576: 17571: 17568: 17567: 17560: 17559: 17552: 17545: 17537: 17528: 17527: 17525: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17509: 17505: 17503: 17499: 17498: 17496: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17479: 17477: 17473: 17472: 17470: 17469: 17463: 17457: 17450: 17448: 17445:Weather scales 17442: 17441: 17439: 17438: 17433: 17427: 17425: 17419: 17418: 17416: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17394: 17392: 17386: 17385: 17382: 17381: 17379: 17378: 17373: 17367: 17365: 17359: 17358: 17356: 17355: 17350: 17344: 17342: 17336: 17335: 17333: 17332: 17327: 17321: 17319: 17309: 17308: 17306: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17284: 17282: 17275: 17267: 17266: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17259: 17253: 17251: 17247: 17246: 17244: 17243: 17238: 17232: 17230: 17223: 17222: 17220: 17219: 17213: 17211: 17204: 17200: 17199: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17180: 17176: 17175: 17173: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17156: 17153: 17152: 17150: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17133: 17131: 17130:Freezing spray 17127: 17126: 17124: 17123: 17118: 17112: 17110: 17109:Hazardous seas 17106: 17105: 17103: 17102: 17097: 17091: 17089: 17085: 17084: 17082: 17081: 17076: 17070: 17068: 17064: 17063: 17061: 17060: 17055: 17049: 17047: 17041: 17040: 17038: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17021: 17019: 17012: 17002: 17001: 16998: 16997: 16995: 16994: 16989: 16987:Frost advisory 16984: 16979: 16974: 16968: 16966: 16962: 16961: 16959: 16958: 16952: 16950: 16946: 16945: 16943: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16921: 16919: 16913: 16912: 16910: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16893: 16891: 16882: 16874: 16873: 16870: 16869: 16867: 16866: 16860: 16858: 16854: 16853: 16851: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16834: 16832: 16828: 16827: 16825: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16803: 16801: 16797: 16796: 16794: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16772: 16770: 16764: 16763: 16761: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16739: 16737: 16731: 16730: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16711: 16702: 16696: 16695: 16693: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16676: 16673: 16672: 16670: 16669: 16664: 16658: 16656: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16646: 16641: 16635: 16633: 16627: 16626: 16624: 16623: 16618: 16612: 16610: 16604: 16603: 16601: 16600: 16595: 16589: 16587: 16581: 16580: 16578: 16577: 16572: 16566: 16564: 16555: 16547: 16546: 16543: 16542: 16540: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16523: 16521: 16515: 16514: 16512: 16511: 16506: 16500: 16498: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16488: 16482: 16480: 16474: 16473: 16471: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16454: 16452: 16446: 16445: 16443: 16442: 16436: 16434: 16430: 16429: 16427: 16426: 16421: 16419:Blizzard watch 16416: 16410: 16408: 16402: 16401: 16399: 16398: 16393: 16387: 16385: 16379: 16378: 16376: 16375: 16369: 16367: 16360: 16354: 16353: 16350: 16349: 16347: 16346: 16340: 16338: 16334: 16333: 16331: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16304: 16302: 16296: 16295: 16293: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16271: 16269: 16260: 16254: 16253: 16242: 16241: 16234: 16227: 16219: 16213: 16212: 16207: 16197: 16187: 16182: 16173: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16150: 16146: 16138: 16134: 16126: 16122: 16117: 16110: 16107: 16106: 16105: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16072: 16067: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16054:External links 16052: 16051: 16050: 16046:JEFF CHARLTON 16044: 16026: 16021: 15992: 15957: 15924: 15916: 15908: 15900: 15889: 15879: 15865: 15820: 15809: 15804: 15798: 15784: 15781: 15780: 15779: 15736: 15725: 15720: 15675: 15671: 15654: 15651: 15650: 15649: 15637: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15612: 15609:. 7 June 2023. 15598: 15578: 15564: 15544: 15530: 15512: 15498: 15484: 15470: 15456: 15436: 15425:on 1 July 2011 15409: 15390: 15380: 15330: 15319: 15264: 15235: 15215: 15196: 15177: 15159: 15127: 15104:Call in letter 15093: 15064: 15046: 15035: 15015: 15001: 14987: 14961: 14951: 14930: 14908: 14883: 14865: 14843: 14829: 14824:airkorea.or.kr 14811: 14794: 14774: 14764: 14742: 14731:. Ec.europa.eu 14717: 14685: 14662: 14613: 14587: 14568: 14556: 14544: 14526: 14495: 14476: 14427: 14385: 14374: 14325: 14296:(7): e001653. 14283: 14272: 14223: 14197: 14173: 14143: 14114:(4): 480–485. 14091: 14048: 14021:(4): 389–402. 14002: 13974: 13930: 13879: 13832: 13818: 13758: 13691: 13665: 13646: 13632: 13614: 13554: 13507: 13498: 13469:(9): 1132–41. 13446: 13417:(6761): 1111. 13397: 13348: 13311:(3): 311–320. 13291: 13234: 13183: 13152: 13125:(4): 369–381. 13109: 13080:(1): 194–201. 13060: 13041: 12991: 12980: 12953:(4): 449–461. 12937: 12888: 12862: 12813: 12806: 12787: 12773: 12730: 12684: 12666: 12615: 12596:(9): 813–822. 12573: 12554: 12525:(2): 409–416. 12504: 12447: 12399: 12370:(12): 126002. 12345: 12290: 12263:(2): 701–714. 12244: 12207:(4): 430–439. 12184: 12121: 12069: 12022: 11996: 11982: 11962: 11911: 11872:(5): 797–803. 11859: 11848: 11791: 11741: 11730: 11716: 11702: 11653: 11627: 11570: 11519: 11476: 11462: 11448: 11434: 11431:. 6 July 2022. 11420: 11406: 11388: 11370: 11346: 11332: 11285: 11282:. 3 June 2021. 11271: 11257: 11254:. 3 June 2021. 11243: 11229: 11215: 11206: 11166: 11155: 11098: 11069:(5): 589–596. 11049: 11027: 11018: 10983: 10970: 10946: 10928: 10882: 10825: 10784: 10765:(2): 159–162. 10745: 10702: 10680: 10668: 10645: 10604: 10561: 10528: 10475: 10428: 10377: 10328: 10276: 10235: 10208: 10183: 10156:(3): 207–212. 10132: 10089: 10059: 10029: 10008: 9978: 9959:(4): 255–278. 9940: 9925: 9895: 9872: 9831: 9766: 9701: 9679: 9655: 9638: 9612: 9557: 9513: 9493: 9427: 9376: 9329: 9285: 9244: 9193: 9162: 9123: 9072: 9042: 9012: 8968: 8941:(4): 513–543. 8922: 8877: 8858:(12): 2002–9. 8838: 8819: 8793: 8764: 8750: 8736: 8722: 8708: 8694: 8680: 8666: 8663:. 24 May 2016. 8652: 8649:. 25 May 2016. 8638: 8621: 8607: 8593: 8579: 8565: 8551: 8537: 8523: 8508: 8459: 8447: 8437: 8412: 8378: 8364: 8337: 8306: 8280: 8250: 8201: 8171: 8132:(8): 2836–41. 8112: 8082: 8064: 8050: 8036: 8022: 8008: 7994: 7980: 7954: 7911: 7897: 7879: 7836: 7793: 7774:Sustainability 7760: 7746: 7729: 7703: 7682: 7633: 7594: 7567:(2): 179–198. 7547: 7498: 7483: 7469:. OECD. 2020. 7458: 7415: 7371: 7360: 7303: 7289: 7221: 7207: 7156: 7107: 7089: 7084:www.epd.gov.hk 7071: 7054: 6994: 6978: 6962: 6948: 6922: 6904: 6890: 6876: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6840: 6801: 6765: 6734:(4): 324–329. 6721: 6710: 6663: 6619: 6580: 6539:Environ Pollut 6529: 6489: 6475: 6461: 6426: 6407: 6397: 6380: 6321: 6302: 6291:on 29 May 2016 6272: 6243: 6184: 6150: 6143: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6054: 6046: 6041: 6033: 6028: 6020: 6015: 6007: 5998: 5993: 5985: 5980: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5935:Pneumoconiosis 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5822:Heavy industry 5819: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5765:Chip formation 5762: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5693: 5686: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5643: 5639: 5619: 5616: 5611: 5599: 5596: 5583: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5546: 5543: 5537: 5528: 5527: 5507: 5505: 5494: 5491: 5487:Shamian Island 5482: 5478: 5460: 5457: 5448:Latrobe Valley 5439: 5435: 5432: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5404: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4597: 4544: 4497: 4454: 4443: 4403: 4396:Salt Lake City 4372: 4351:and +3.7 4332: 4301: 4274: 4250: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4199: 4198:Affected areas 4196: 4182: 4179: 4146: 4145: 4139:September 2016 4122: 4120: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4095: 4091: 4075: 4072: 4062: 4061:United Kingdom 4059: 4056: 4055: 4054:150–1200 μg/m 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3968:European Union 3963: 3962:European Union 3960: 3955: 3951: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3759:European Union 3755: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3673: 3670: 3650: 3647: 3640: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3591: 3588: 3581: 3580: 3560: 3558: 3547: 3544: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3421: 3418: 3391: 3388: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3343: 3339: 3334:and premature 3290:Lead poisoning 3285: 3282: 3273: 3245:cardiovascular 3224: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3120: 3117: 3072: 3055: 3054: 3035: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3017: 2980: 2970:lead poisoning 2928:recycling yard 2907: 2906: 2886: 2884: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765:Water droplets 2762: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2691:particle count 2663:diesel engines 2628:cardiovascular 2622: 2611: 2589: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2528: 2527:Health effects 2525: 2478:Indian monsoon 2470:Mount Pinatubo 2442: 2439: 2427: 2424: 2392:global dimming 2254:sulfur dioxide 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2221:Global dimming 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2198: 2195: 2150: 2147: 2098: 2095: 2064: 2061: 2028: 2027: 1989: 1987: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1944:photodetectors 1940:deposit gauges 1928:Main article: 1925: 1922: 1901: 1898: 1849:Fabric filters 1807:Dust collector 1805:Main article: 1796:Fabric filters 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1751:Main article: 1748: 1745: 1726: 1723: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1656:Organic matter 1490: 1487: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459:United Kingdom 1451:Main article: 1448: 1445: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1387: 1372: 1369:cooling towers 1365: 1359: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1312: 1309: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1166: 1144: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1061: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1035: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1003: 1002: 998: 997: 996: 995: 990: 985: 980: 978:Law by country 975: 967: 966: 960: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 918: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 905: 904: 899: 889: 883: 880: 879: 876: 875: 872: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 849:Surface runoff 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 749:Eutrophication 746: 741: 736: 730: 725: 724: 721: 720: 717: 716: 711: 706: 704:Scorched earth 701: 700: 699: 697:Nuclear winter 694: 692:Nuclear famine 689: 679: 678: 677: 667: 661: 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 621: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 601: 596: 595: 592: 591: 588: 587: 581: 578: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 483: 480: 479: 476: 475: 472: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 449:Bioremediation 446: 441: 435: 430: 429: 426: 425: 422: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 379:Bioremediation 376: 370: 365: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 329:Transportation 325: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 306: 301: 296: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 276:Radio spectrum 273: 272: 271: 266: 255: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 223: 222: 221: 211: 206: 200: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 144:Global dimming 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 105: 100: 99: 96: 95: 92: 84: 83: 75: 74: 52: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21107: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21080:Air pollution 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21057: 21055: 21040: 21037: 21035: 21032: 21030: 21027: 21025: 21022: 21020: 21017: 21015: 21012: 21010: 21007: 21005: 21002: 21001: 20999: 20995: 20988: 20985: 20982: 20979: 20977: 20974: 20971: 20968: 20967: 20965: 20961: 20955: 20952: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20896: 20894: 20892:organizations 20888: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20862: 20859: 20857: 20854: 20852: 20849: 20847: 20844: 20842: 20839: 20837: 20836:Duct cleaning 20834: 20832: 20829: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20802: 20800: 20792: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20734: 20731: 20728: 20725: 20723: 20720: 20718: 20715: 20713: 20710: 20708: 20705: 20703: 20700: 20698: 20695: 20693: 20690: 20688: 20687:Control valve 20685: 20682: 20679: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20669: 20667: 20664: 20662: 20659: 20657: 20654: 20652: 20649: 20648: 20646: 20640: 20634: 20631: 20629: 20626: 20624: 20621: 20619: 20616: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20607:Turning vanes 20605: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20582:Thermal wheel 20580: 20578: 20575: 20573: 20570: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20547:Solar chimney 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20515: 20513: 20510: 20508: 20505: 20503: 20500: 20498: 20495: 20493: 20490: 20488: 20485: 20483: 20480: 20478: 20475: 20473: 20470: 20468: 20465: 20463: 20460: 20458: 20455: 20453: 20450: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20393: 20390: 20388: 20385: 20383: 20380: 20378: 20375: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20363: 20360: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20335: 20333: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20317:Fan coil unit 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20273: 20270: 20268: 20265: 20263: 20262:Cooling tower 20260: 20258: 20255: 20253: 20250: 20248: 20245: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20233: 20230: 20228: 20225: 20223: 20220: 20218: 20215: 20213: 20210: 20208: 20205: 20203: 20200: 20198: 20195: 20193: 20190: 20188: 20185: 20183: 20180: 20178: 20175: 20173: 20170: 20168: 20165: 20163: 20160: 20158: 20155: 20153: 20150: 20149: 20147: 20143: 20137: 20134: 20132: 20129: 20126: 20123: 20120: 20117: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20108:Vapor barrier 20106: 20104: 20101: 20099: 20096: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20083:Solar heating 20081: 20079: 20078:Solar cooling 20076: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20053:Refrigeration 20051: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20023:Passive house 20021: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19965: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19952: 19949: 19947: 19944: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19893:Chilled water 19891: 19889: 19886: 19884: 19881: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19864: 19861: 19859: 19856: 19854: 19851: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19839: 19836: 19835: 19833: 19829: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19792:Sensible heat 19790: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19772:Noise control 19770: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19752:Heat transfer 19750: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19699: 19697: 19691: 19687: 19680: 19675: 19673: 19668: 19666: 19661: 19660: 19657: 19645: 19642: 19640: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19621: 19619: 19610: 19609: 19606: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19587: 19585: 19582: 19578: 19575: 19574: 19573: 19572:Reforestation 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19527:Cultured meat 19525: 19523: 19520: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19507:Birth control 19505: 19503: 19500: 19499: 19497: 19495: 19491: 19485: 19482: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19465: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19452: 19450: 19447: 19445: 19442: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19430: 19427: 19425: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19329:Deforestation 19327: 19323: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19314: 19313: 19310: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19292: 19291: 19288: 19287: 19285: 19283: 19279: 19273: 19270: 19266: 19263: 19262: 19261: 19258: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19236: 19235: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19224: 19221: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19158: 19157: 19154: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19106: 19105: 19104:Manufacturing 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19077: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19053: 19052:nuclear power 19050: 19048: 19047:fracking (US) 19045: 19043: 19040: 19039: 19038: 19035: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19012: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18955: 18954: 18951: 18950: 18948: 18946: 18942: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18914: 18911: 18910: 18909: 18906: 18902: 18899: 18898: 18897: 18894: 18892: 18889: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18878: 18876: 18872: 18868: 18861: 18856: 18854: 18849: 18847: 18842: 18841: 18838: 18828: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18800: 18792: 18783: 18779: 18769: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18731: 18729: 18727: 18723: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18678: 18676: 18672: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18627: 18625: 18621: 18615: 18612: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18599: 18598: 18595: 18594: 18592: 18588: 18582: 18581:Water quality 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18531: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18483: 18480: 18479: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18429: 18427: 18425: 18421: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18399: 18395: 18391: 18387: 18384: 18381: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18368: 18366: 18364: 18360: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18343:Traffic signs 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18330: 18328: 18326: 18322: 18316: 18313: 18312: 18310: 18308: 18304: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18287: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18269: 18268:Microplastics 18266: 18265: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18258:Nanomaterials 18256: 18252: 18249: 18248: 18247: 18244: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18211: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18198: 18197:Lead smelting 18195: 18194: 18193: 18190: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18157: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18134: 18131: 18130: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18110: 18108: 18104: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18052: 18051: 18048: 18047: 18045: 18043: 18039: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18017:Radioactivity 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17984: 17982: 17980: 17976: 17970: 17969:Noise control 17967: 17964: 17961: 17958: 17954: 17951: 17950: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17916: 17915: 17914: 17911: 17910: 17908: 17906: 17902: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17877: 17875: 17871: 17865: 17862: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17849: 17848: 17845: 17844: 17842: 17840: 17836: 17830: 17827: 17826: 17824: 17820: 17812: 17809: 17808: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17793: 17791: 17789: 17785: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17767: 17764: 17763: 17762: 17759: 17755: 17752: 17751: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17717:Metal working 17715: 17713: 17710: 17709: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17671: 17668: 17667: 17666: 17663: 17659: 17656: 17655: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17642: 17639: 17638: 17637: 17634: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17611: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17586: 17584: 17582: 17578: 17574: 17569: 17565: 17558: 17553: 17551: 17546: 17544: 17539: 17538: 17535: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17507: 17506: 17504: 17500: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17478: 17474: 17467: 17464: 17461: 17458: 17455: 17452: 17451: 17449: 17443: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17428: 17426: 17424: 17420: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17395: 17393: 17391: 17387: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17368: 17366: 17364: 17363:Air pollution 17360: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17345: 17343: 17341: 17337: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17322: 17320: 17318: 17314: 17310: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17298:Dust advisory 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17285: 17283: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17268: 17258: 17255: 17254: 17252: 17248: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17224: 17218: 17217:Wind advisory 17215: 17214: 17212: 17208: 17205: 17201: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17177: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17157: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17134: 17132: 17128: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17113: 17111: 17107: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17092: 17090: 17086: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17071: 17069: 17065: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17050: 17048: 17046: 17042: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17022: 17020: 17016: 17013: 17003: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16969: 16967: 16963: 16957: 16954: 16953: 16951: 16947: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16922: 16920: 16918: 16914: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16897:Heat advisory 16895: 16894: 16892: 16890: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16875: 16865: 16862: 16861: 16859: 16855: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16835: 16833: 16829: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16804: 16802: 16798: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16773: 16771: 16769: 16768:Coastal flood 16765: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16740: 16738: 16736: 16732: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16710: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16697: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16677: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16659: 16657: 16655: 16651: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16636: 16634: 16632: 16628: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16613: 16611: 16609: 16605: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16590: 16588: 16586: 16582: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16567: 16565: 16563: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16548: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16524: 16522: 16520: 16516: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16501: 16499: 16497: 16493: 16487: 16484: 16483: 16481: 16479: 16475: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16453: 16451: 16447: 16441: 16438: 16437: 16435: 16431: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16411: 16409: 16407: 16403: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16388: 16386: 16384: 16380: 16374: 16371: 16370: 16368: 16364: 16361: 16355: 16345: 16342: 16341: 16339: 16335: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16305: 16303: 16301: 16297: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16272: 16270: 16268: 16264: 16261: 16255: 16251: 16250:United States 16247: 16240: 16235: 16233: 16228: 16226: 16221: 16220: 16217: 16211: 16208: 16205: 16201: 16198: 16195: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16142: 16130: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16112: 16103: 16099: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16062: 16049: 16045: 16034: 16030: 16022: 16018: 16014: 16010: 16006: 16002: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15979: 15975: 15971: 15967: 15963: 15958: 15954: 15950: 15946: 15942: 15938: 15934: 15930: 15925: 15921: 15917: 15913: 15909: 15905: 15901: 15898: 15897:0 52 184287 5 15894: 15890: 15887: 15884: 15880: 15878: 15877:0-471-19410-7 15874: 15870: 15866: 15862: 15858: 15854: 15850: 15846: 15842: 15838: 15834: 15830: 15826: 15821: 15818: 15817:3-7001-2915-7 15814: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15799: 15795: 15791: 15787: 15786: 15776: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15758: 15754: 15750: 15746: 15742: 15737: 15734: 15730: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15705: 15701: 15697: 15693: 15689: 15685: 15681: 15672: 15668: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15656: 15646: 15642: 15638: 15634: 15630: 15626: 15625: 15608: 15602: 15594: 15593: 15588: 15582: 15574: 15568: 15560: 15559: 15554: 15548: 15540: 15534: 15526: 15522: 15516: 15508: 15502: 15494: 15488: 15480: 15474: 15466: 15460: 15452: 15451: 15446: 15440: 15424: 15420: 15413: 15398: 15394: 15384: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15350: 15346: 15342: 15338: 15334: 15323: 15315: 15311: 15307: 15303: 15299: 15295: 15291: 15287: 15283: 15279: 15275: 15268: 15261: 15250: 15246: 15239: 15231: 15230: 15225: 15219: 15211: 15205: 15203: 15201: 15194: 15190: 15186: 15181: 15173: 15169: 15163: 15144: 15137: 15131: 15113: 15106: 15105: 15097: 15081: 15077: 15071: 15069: 15060: 15056: 15050: 15044: 15039: 15031: 15030: 15025: 15019: 15011: 15005: 14997: 14991: 14972: 14965: 14955: 14947: 14940: 14934: 14918: 14912: 14896: 14890: 14888: 14879: 14875: 14869: 14853: 14847: 14839: 14833: 14825: 14821: 14815: 14804: 14798: 14782: 14778: 14768: 14752: 14746: 14730: 14724: 14722: 14702: 14695: 14689: 14673: 14666: 14658: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14640: 14636: 14633:(9): 906–11. 14632: 14628: 14624: 14617: 14602: 14598: 14591: 14583: 14579: 14572: 14566: 14560: 14554: 14551:The Guardian 14548: 14542: 14538: 14533: 14531: 14521: 14517: 14513: 14509: 14505: 14499: 14491: 14487: 14480: 14472: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14431: 14423: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14397: 14393: 14389: 14378: 14370: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14352: 14348: 14344: 14340: 14336: 14329: 14321: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14303: 14299: 14295: 14291: 14287: 14276: 14268: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14250: 14246: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14227: 14212: 14208: 14201: 14193: 14189: 14182: 14180: 14178: 14169: 14165: 14161: 14157: 14153: 14147: 14139: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14098: 14096: 14087: 14083: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14059: 14052: 14044: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14016: 14009: 14007: 13995: 13991: 13984: 13978: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13934: 13926: 13922: 13918: 13914: 13910: 13906: 13902: 13898: 13894: 13890: 13883: 13875: 13871: 13867: 13863: 13859: 13855: 13851: 13847: 13843: 13836: 13828: 13822: 13814: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13786: 13782: 13778: 13774: 13770: 13762: 13746: 13742: 13738: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13722: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13706: 13702: 13695: 13680: 13676: 13669: 13661: 13657: 13650: 13642: 13636: 13628: 13624: 13618: 13610: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13565: 13558: 13550: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13532: 13528: 13524: 13520: 13516: 13511: 13502: 13494: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13450: 13442: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13401: 13393: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13375: 13371: 13368:(11): 822–8. 13367: 13363: 13359: 13352: 13344: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13295: 13287: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13245: 13238: 13230: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13202: 13198: 13194: 13187: 13172: 13168: 13161: 13159: 13157: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13120: 13113: 13105: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13087: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13064: 13056: 13052: 13045: 13037: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12984: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12947:Risk Analysis 12941: 12933: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12899: 12892: 12876: 12872: 12866: 12858: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12832: 12828: 12824: 12817: 12809: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12780: 12778: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12734: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12688: 12680: 12676: 12670: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12619: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12580: 12578: 12569: 12565: 12558: 12550: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12508: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12456: 12454: 12452: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12395: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12305: 12297: 12295: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12274: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12251: 12249: 12240: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12191: 12189: 12180: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12128: 12126: 12117: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12076: 12074: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12037: 12029: 12027: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12000: 11992: 11986: 11978: 11977: 11972: 11966: 11958: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11915: 11907: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11852: 11844: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11795: 11787: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11734: 11726: 11720: 11712: 11706: 11698: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11657: 11641: 11637: 11631: 11623: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11574: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11535:: 1659–1666. 11534: 11530: 11523: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11480: 11472: 11466: 11458: 11452: 11444: 11438: 11430: 11424: 11416: 11410: 11402: 11398: 11392: 11384: 11380: 11374: 11363: 11356: 11350: 11342: 11336: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11289: 11281: 11275: 11267: 11261: 11253: 11247: 11239: 11233: 11225: 11219: 11210: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11159: 11151: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11118:(2): 027008. 11117: 11113: 11109: 11102: 11094: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11053: 11046: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11022: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10987: 10980: 10974: 10963: 10956: 10950: 10942: 10938: 10932: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10889: 10887: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10829: 10821: 10815: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10788: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10749: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10706: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10684: 10677: 10672: 10665: 10664:Geology Times 10661: 10657: 10654: 10649: 10640: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10608: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10573: 10565: 10546: 10539: 10532: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10499:(9): 094063. 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10479: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10432: 10424: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10381: 10373: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10332: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10287: 10280: 10271: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10239: 10223: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10187: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10144: 10136: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10101: 10093: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10063: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9982: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9944: 9936: 9929: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9899: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9881: 9876: 9867: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9835: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9786:(5): 514–20. 9785: 9781: 9777: 9770: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9724:(5259): 244. 9723: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9676: 9672: 9669: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9627: 9623: 9616: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9520: 9518: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9489: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9431: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9380: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9333: 9324: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9292: 9290: 9280: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9197: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9127: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9076: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9046: 9038: 9034: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9007: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8975: 8973: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8929: 8927: 8916: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8842: 8834: 8830: 8823: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8782:. Defra. 2005 8781: 8774: 8768: 8760: 8754: 8746: 8740: 8732: 8726: 8718: 8712: 8704: 8698: 8690: 8684: 8676: 8670: 8662: 8656: 8648: 8642: 8634: 8628: 8626: 8617: 8611: 8603: 8597: 8589: 8583: 8575: 8569: 8561: 8555: 8547: 8541: 8533: 8527: 8519: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8463: 8455: 8451: 8441: 8422: 8416: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8374: 8368: 8361: 8360:public domain 8350: 8344: 8342: 8330: 8323: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8295: 8291: 8284: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8205: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8116: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8086: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8060: 8054: 8046: 8040: 8032: 8026: 8018: 8012: 8004: 7998: 7990: 7984: 7969: 7965: 7958: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7915: 7907: 7901: 7893: 7886: 7884: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7797: 7788: 7783: 7780:(21): 13832. 7779: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7756: 7750: 7741: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7686: 7678: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7299: 7293: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7217: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7127:(3): 157–63. 7126: 7122: 7118: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7064: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7015:(2): e03299. 7014: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6990: 6989: 6982: 6974: 6973: 6966: 6958: 6952: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6900: 6894: 6886: 6880: 6872: 6866: 6858: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6600:: 2751–2757. 6599: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6482: 6480: 6471: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6390: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6248: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6126: 6117: 6113: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6050: 6037: 6024: 6011: 6002: 5989: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5817:Fugitive dust 5815: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5690: 5685: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5665:United States 5662: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5551: 5534: 5524: 5521:February 2024 5515: 5511: 5508:This section 5506: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5490: 5488: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5456: 5453: 5452:Hunter Region 5449: 5445: 5442:pollution in 5431: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4780: 4778: 4777:Muzaffarnagar 4775: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4593: 4589: 4569: 4565: 4541: 4523: 4519: 4479: 4475: 4452: 4447: 4425: 4401: 4397: 4394:In the U.S., 4392: 4370: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4299: 4294: 4272: 4248: 4243: 4204: 4195: 4187: 4178: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4142: 4126: 4121: 4112: 4111: 4103: 4101: 4089: 4080: 4074:United States 4071: 4067: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3949: 3945: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3885:United States 3883: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3644: 3636: 3622: 3618: 3617:heart attacks 3614: 3610: 3609:air pollution 3606: 3602: 3598: 3587: 3577: 3574:February 2024 3568: 3564: 3561:This section 3559: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3485: 3484:birth defects 3481: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3443: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3387: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3352: 3347: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3241:heart attacks 3238: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3219:Chronic cough 3210: 3186: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3131:anthropogenic 3126: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3075:displayed in 3069: 3061: 3051: 3039: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2900:February 2023 2894: 2890: 2887:This section 2885: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2743:Smolder smoke 2742: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2703: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659:nanoparticles 2655: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489:Sahel drought 2485: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384:visible light 2381: 2377: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345:preterm birth 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2310:anthropogenic 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262:sulfuric acid 2259: 2255: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2207: 2205: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:Twomey effect 2176: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2109:during sunset 2108: 2103: 2091: 2074: 2069: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2034: 2024: 2021: 2013: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1990:This section 1988: 1979: 1978: 1970: 1969:can be used. 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952:Aethalometers 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1835:wet scrubbers 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1800: 1797: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1766:precipitation 1760: 1754: 1744: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1732:Sahara Desert 1722: 1717: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664:anthropogenic 1661: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1602:(liquid) and 1601: 1600:sulfuric acid 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:Earth's crust 1538: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1520: 1511:Green: smoke 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1475:some new laws 1460: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1420:conditions. 1418: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1401:Microplastics 1399: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1249: 1245: 1238: 1215: 1208: 1207:preterm birth 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:heart disease 1192: 1191:air pollution 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1128:precipitation 1125: 1124:anthropogenic 1121: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1000: 999: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 970: 969: 968: 964: 963: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 913: 912: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 878: 877: 870: 867: 865: 864:Water quality 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 731: 728: 723: 722: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 684: 683: 680: 676: 673: 672: 671: 668: 666: 663: 662: 659: 654: 653: 646: 643: 641: 640:Traffic signs 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 622: 619: 614: 613: 606: 603: 602: 599: 594: 593: 586: 583: 582: 576: 575: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 547:Nanomaterials 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 478: 477: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 436: 433: 428: 427: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 409:Radioactivity 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 368: 363: 362: 355: 354:Soundproofing 352: 350: 349:Noise control 347: 345: 344:Noise barrier 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 323: 318: 317: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 285: 284: 277: 274: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 248: 247: 240: 237: 236: 230: 229: 220: 217: 216: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 198: 193: 192: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 106: 103: 98: 97: 90: 86: 85: 82: 77: 76: 72: 68: 67: 62: 58: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 21060:Particulates 21014:Fireproofing 20798:and services 20794:Professions, 20692:Gas detector 20592:Trickle vent 20567:Smoke damper 20562:Smoke canopy 20557:Space heater 20487:Plenum space 20422:Heating film 20302:Exhaust hood 20272:Dehumidifier 20212:Blast damper 20207:Barrier pipe 20182:Air purifier 20093:Thermosiphon 19972:Free cooling 19888:Chilled beam 19812:Thermal mass 19797:Stack effect 19782:Particulates 19781: 19762:Infiltration 19693:Fundamental 19265:urban sprawl 19260:Urbanization 19208:Particulates 19207: 19193:Overdrafting 18908:Human impact 18881:Anthropocene 18660:Point source 18602:Heavy metals 18576:Urban runoff 18556:Sulfur water 18534:Septic tanks 18380:Agent Orange 18234:Mining waste 18060:Manure waste 17890:Volcanic ash 17766:Black carbon 17722:Oil refining 17707:Particulates 17706: 17636:Construction 17403:Fire warning 17273:particulates 17270: 17229:-force winds 17018:Marine winds 16949:Extreme cold 16383:Winter storm 16267:Thunderstorm 16157:distribution 16141:distribution 16129:distribution 16047: 16038:27 September 16036:. Retrieved 16032: 16000: 15969: 15965: 15936: 15932: 15882: 15868: 15828: 15824: 15793: 15748: 15744: 15728: 15683: 15679: 15664: 15645:EPA Victoria 15644: 15632: 15601: 15590: 15581: 15567: 15556: 15547: 15533: 15524: 15515: 15501: 15487: 15473: 15459: 15448: 15439: 15427:. Retrieved 15423:the original 15412: 15400:. Retrieved 15396: 15383: 15340: 15336: 15322: 15281: 15277: 15267: 15259: 15252:. Retrieved 15249:The Guardian 15248: 15238: 15227: 15218: 15187:dtsc.ca.gov 15180: 15172:the original 15162: 15150:. Retrieved 15143:the original 15130: 15119:, retrieved 15112:the original 15103: 15096: 15084:. Retrieved 15080:the original 15059:the original 15049: 15038: 15027: 15018: 15004: 14990: 14978:. Retrieved 14971:the original 14964:) and Ozone" 14954: 14945: 14933: 14921:. Retrieved 14911: 14899:. Retrieved 14877: 14868: 14856:. Retrieved 14846: 14832: 14823: 14814: 14797: 14785:. Retrieved 14781:the original 14767: 14755:. Retrieved 14745: 14733:. Retrieved 14708:. Retrieved 14688: 14676:. Retrieved 14665: 14630: 14626: 14616: 14604:. Retrieved 14600: 14590: 14581: 14571: 14559: 14547: 14537:The Guardian 14536: 14515: 14498: 14490:Toronto Star 14489: 14479: 14447:(3): 37006. 14444: 14440: 14430: 14398:(1): 88–94. 14395: 14391: 14377: 14342: 14338: 14328: 14293: 14289: 14275: 14243:(6): 893–7. 14240: 14236: 14226: 14214:. Retrieved 14210: 14200: 14191: 14159: 14155: 14146: 14111: 14107: 14061: 14057: 14051: 14018: 14014: 13994:the original 13989: 13977: 13943: 13939: 13933: 13892: 13888: 13882: 13849: 13845: 13835: 13821: 13776: 13772: 13761: 13749:. Retrieved 13745:the original 13708: 13704: 13694: 13682:. Retrieved 13678: 13668: 13659: 13649: 13635: 13626: 13617: 13574: 13570: 13557: 13522: 13518: 13501: 13466: 13462: 13449: 13414: 13410: 13400: 13365: 13361: 13351: 13308: 13304: 13294: 13251: 13247: 13237: 13200: 13196: 13186: 13174:. Retrieved 13170: 13122: 13118: 13112: 13077: 13074:Hypertension 13073: 13063: 13055:The Guardian 13054: 13044: 13001: 12997: 12983: 12950: 12946: 12940: 12905: 12901: 12891: 12879:. Retrieved 12874: 12865: 12830: 12826: 12816: 12785: 12743: 12739: 12733: 12700: 12696: 12687: 12679:the original 12669: 12628: 12624: 12618: 12593: 12589: 12568:The Guardian 12567: 12557: 12522: 12518: 12507: 12466: 12462: 12417: 12413: 12367: 12363: 12307: 12303: 12260: 12256: 12204: 12200: 12142: 12138: 12089: 12085: 12039: 12035: 11999: 11985: 11974: 11965: 11928: 11924: 11914: 11869: 11865: 11851: 11811:(1): 13317. 11808: 11804: 11794: 11751: 11747: 11733: 11719: 11705: 11670: 11666: 11656: 11644:. 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Retrieved 10072:The Guardian 10071: 10062: 10050:. Retrieved 10046:the original 10032: 10021:, retrieved 9991: 9981: 9956: 9950: 9943: 9928: 9916:. Retrieved 9912:the original 9898: 9891:ScienceDaily 9890: 9875: 9851:(D4): 8364. 9848: 9844: 9834: 9783: 9779: 9769: 9757:. Retrieved 9721: 9717: 9704: 9696:the original 9691: 9682: 9645:IPCC, 1990: 9641: 9629:. Retrieved 9625: 9615: 9577:(2): 48–57. 9574: 9570: 9560: 9533: 9529: 9496: 9445: 9441: 9430: 9389: 9385: 9379: 9346: 9342: 9332: 9305: 9301: 9261: 9257: 9247: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9179: 9175: 9165: 9140: 9136: 9126: 9085: 9081: 9075: 9063:. Retrieved 9059:the original 9054: 9045: 9036: 8988: 8984: 8938: 8934: 8897: 8893: 8880: 8855: 8851: 8841: 8832: 8822: 8810:. Retrieved 8805: 8796: 8784:. Retrieved 8779: 8767: 8753: 8739: 8725: 8711: 8697: 8683: 8669: 8655: 8641: 8610: 8596: 8582: 8568: 8554: 8540: 8526: 8511: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8454:Puraka Masks 8453: 8446:"What are PM 8440: 8428:. Retrieved 8415: 8403:. Retrieved 8391: 8381: 8367: 8329:the original 8297:. Retrieved 8293: 8283: 8271:. Retrieved 8267:the original 8262: 8253: 8218: 8214: 8204: 8192:. Retrieved 8188:the original 8183: 8174: 8129: 8125: 8115: 8103:. Retrieved 8099:the original 8094: 8085: 8076: 8067: 8053: 8039: 8025: 8011: 7997: 7983: 7971:. Retrieved 7968:The Guardian 7967: 7957: 7924: 7920: 7914: 7900: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7777: 7773: 7763: 7749: 7712: 7706: 7695: 7685: 7650: 7646: 7636: 7611: 7607: 7597: 7564: 7560: 7550: 7518:: e2018013. 7515: 7511: 7501: 7466: 7461: 7431:(1): 67–72. 7428: 7424: 7418: 7381: 7377: 7363: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7292: 7280:. Retrieved 7239: 7235: 7224: 7210: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7101: 7092: 7083: 7074: 7057: 7012: 7008: 6997: 6987: 6981: 6971: 6965: 6951: 6941:22 September 6939:. Retrieved 6934: 6925: 6916: 6907: 6893: 6879: 6865: 6843: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6779: 6775: 6774:combustor". 6768: 6731: 6727: 6713: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6597: 6593: 6583: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6499: 6495: 6464: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6417:. Retrieved 6413: 6400: 6383: 6341:(12): 7511. 6338: 6334: 6324: 6316:The Guardian 6315: 6305: 6293:. Retrieved 6289:the original 6284: 6275: 6263:. Retrieved 6259: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6170: 6166: 6153: 6124: 6116: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6071: 6062: 6049: 6036: 6023: 6010: 6001: 5988: 5975: 5908: 5907: 5881: 5880: 5812:Pea soup fog 5754:Carbon black 5714: 5710: 5702: 5652: 5648: 5632: 5621: 5601: 5586:measured in 5566:As of 2017, 5565: 5518: 5514:adding to it 5509: 5472: 5468: 5437: 5428: 5388:South Africa 5323:Shijiazhuang 5141:Khorramshahr 4660:Saudi Arabia 4595: 4548: 4542: 4458: 4448: 4393: 4322: 4295: 4244: 4213: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4157: 4136: 4124: 4085: 4068: 4064: 4051:100–150 μg/m 4027:75–800 μg/m 3965: 3941: 3914: 3884: 3862: 3840: 3818: 3788: 3758: 3736: 3714: 3706:Yearly avg. 3700:Yearly avg. 3593: 3584: 3571: 3567:adding to it 3562: 3526:strategy of 3493: 3482:, and cause 3465: 3423: 3410:Cancer Alley 3393: 3384: 3380:heart attack 3373: 3348: 3336:brain aging. 3328:pathogenesis 3325: 3310: 3307: 3278: 3270: 3266:black carbon 3259: 3253: 3222: 3187: 3180: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3128: 3082: 3045: 3037: 3005: 2997: 2986: 2978: 2966:heavy metals 2936: 2920: 2910: 2897: 2893:adding to it 2888: 2779:Yellow Brown 2709: 2700: 2690: 2687:surface area 2686: 2683: 2679:benzopyrenes 2656: 2652: 2643: 2631: 2620: 2617:gas exchange 2609: 2605: 2603: 2587: 2583: 2564: 2530: 2486: 2482:Indian Ocean 2475: 2462:Huaynaputina 2458: 2431:Black carbon 2429: 2426:Black carbon 2420:stratosphere 2373: 2336: 2332: 2264:and various 2256:reacts with 2228: 2200: 2191: 2175:cloud albedo 2171: 2152: 2142: 2126: 2052: 2039: 2016: 2007: 1991: 1964: 1933: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1894: 1847: 1843: 1816: 1781:Technologies 1762: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1683: 1676: 1654: 1647: 1629:salts; i.e. 1585: 1533:mineral dust 1526: 1483: 1456: 1422: 1406: 1384:oil refining 1356:incineration 1349:Power plants 1315:Metalworking 1286:Construction 1280:crop residue 1268:firecrackers 1260:fossil fuels 1253: 1199:lung disease 1180: 1164: 1148:, which are 1142: 1136: 1113: 1087: 1084:Particulates 1083: 1082: 952:Point source 897:Heavy metals 859:Urban runoff 844:Sulfur water 819:Septic tanks 675:Agent Orange 585:Space debris 439:Agricultural 304:Volcanic ash 164:Particulates 163: 40: 21024:Warm Spaces 20666:Blower door 20644:and control 20642:Measurement 20623:Windcatcher 20597:Trombe wall 20537:Sail switch 20517:Refrigerant 20512:Recuperator 20387:Grease duct 20347:Freeze stat 20332:Fire damper 20202:Back boiler 20172:Air ionizer 20167:Air handler 20131:Ventilation 19983:Hybrid heat 19848:Air barrier 19767:Latent heat 19379:Externality 19374:Coral reefs 19334:Defaunation 19203:Overgrazing 19176:overfishing 19156:Marine life 19030:electricity 18953:Agriculture 18630:Area source 18539:Pit latrine 18462:Groundwater 18219:Gold mining 18214:Coal mining 18185:Toxic waste 18150:Green waste 18123:Brown waste 18106:Solid waste 17653:Exhaust gas 17462:(tornadoes) 17447:used by NWS 16940:PDS warning 16880:temperature 16831:River flood 16735:Flash flood 16654:Storm surge 16478:Snow squall 16323:PDS warning 16202:. EPD HK. * 16192:. EPD HK. * 15525:www.who.int 15429:24 December 15284:: 605–615. 15152:28 December 15121:28 December 15086:28 December 14980:11 December 14858:16 November 14773:"微小粒子状物質（PM 14678:16 November 14392:Respirology 14345:: 291–298. 14216:26 November 13684:19 December 12798:10.2800/165 12042:: 763–776. 11931:(1): 6256. 11179:: 118–135. 10554:17 February 9231:10945/46780 8299:19 February 7973:13 February 7852:: 116–124. 7846:Environ Int 7803:Environ Int 7653:(1): 7238. 7170:Front Oncol 6636:: 530–540. 6630:Chemosphere 6442:: 635–647. 6419:6 September 6295:29 December 5952:Other names 5837:Metal swarf 5627:Ulaanbaatar 5618:Ulaanbaatar 5582:, 52% of PM 5568:South Korea 5562:South Korea 5485:monitor on 5444:coal mining 5401:Gandhinagar 5375:East London 4398:, Utah and 4048:50–100 μg/m 3841:South Korea 3540:rolled back 3489:carcinogens 3456:fossil fuel 3135:lung cancer 3109:risk factor 3003:of the PM. 2932:scrap metal 2675:carcinogens 2604:Similarly, 2595:bronchioles 2361:ozone layer 2329:bunker fuel 2282:evaporation 2278:hygroscopic 2258:water vapor 2197:Semi-direct 2010:August 2024 1924:Measurement 1827:(baghouses) 1612:fossil fuel 1604:nitric acid 1581:fatty acids 1489:Composition 1429:dust storms 1395:earthquakes 1325:Woodworking 1258:Burning of 1187:ultra-fines 1161:micrometers 1139:atmospheric 1112:. The term 1096:microscopic 922:Area source 764:Groundwater 517:Green waste 497:Brown waste 481:Solid waste 239:Information 134:Exhaust gas 21075:Visibility 21070:Pollutants 21054:Categories 20780:Thermostat 20702:Humidistat 20633:Zone valve 20602:TurboSwing 20477:Oil heater 20447:Humidifier 20377:Gas heater 20327:Fan heater 20297:Evaporator 20282:Economizer 20257:Compressor 20162:Air filter 20145:Components 19962:Forced-air 19858:Antifreeze 19831:Technology 19777:Outgassing 19717:Convection 19644:mitigation 19639:assessment 19634:by country 19532:Decoupling 19494:Mitigation 19223:Reservoirs 19144:pesticides 19089:Explosives 19067:reservoirs 18968:irrigation 18782:by country 18778:Categories 18716:Zero waste 18597:Pollutants 18551:Stagnation 18489:Monitoring 18457:Freshwater 18333:Air travel 18145:Food waste 18065:Pesticides 18055:Herbicides 17959:Industrial 17788:Biological 17648:Demolition 17641:Renovation 17624:Joss paper 17609:Combustion 16917:Wind chill 16889:Heat index 16585:Hurricanes 16433:Heavy snow 16366:Advisories 15939:: 119240. 15831:: 141267. 14923:1 February 14901:1 February 14787:1 February 14735:1 February 14508:Roser, Max 13852:: 104729. 13751:26 January 13711:: 134721. 13203:: 901017. 12310:: 108638. 12092:: 113307. 12007:(Report). 11754:: 157579. 11590:: 108580. 11492:: 112294. 11305:: 134282. 9759:9 February 8920:Fig. 2(a). 8430:3 February 8273:6 February 8194:6 February 8105:6 February 7809:: 107151. 7384:(3): 438. 6975:. HK: TVB. 6782:: 107674. 6728:Lung India 6545:: 118907. 6133:. p. 6109:References 5861:Respirator 5803:Pesticides 5799:Fertilizer 5749:Bioaerosol 5730:Air filter 5608:Chiang Mai 5463:See also: 5063:Chandigarh 4764:Bangladesh 4271:Ulan Bator 4242:) values. 4106:California 4045:40–50 μg/m 4042:20–40 μg/m 4024:50–75 μg/m 4021:25–50 μg/m 4018:20–25 μg/m 4015:10–20 μg/m 3779:: None; PM 3590:Regulation 3431:neutrophil 3288:See also: 3268:exposure. 3243:and other 3231:, causing 3217:See also: 3137:and other 3123:See also: 3011:, metals, 2804:Irregular 2793:Irregular 2790:Dark Brown 2782:Irregular 2771:Spherical 2749:Spherical 2738:Irregular 2697:Solubility 2545:See also: 2445:See also: 2435:fullerenes 2380:healthcare 2317:combustion 2219:See also: 2204:convection 2143:extinction 1914:smog tower 1888:lead paint 1879:renovation 1811:See also: 1757:See also: 1615:combustion 1334:Industries 1292:Renovation 1274:including 1264:joss paper 1237:power tool 1009:By country 1001:Categories 892:Pollutants 869:Wastewater 839:Stagnation 784:Monitoring 759:Freshwater 625:Air travel 512:Food waste 454:Defecation 264:Ecological 197:Biological 129:Combustion 69:Part of a 57:human hair 21090:Pollution 20890:Industry 20739:OpenTherm 20417:Heat pump 20412:Heat pipe 20362:Fume hood 20337:Fireplace 20242:Condenser 20192:Attic fan 19988:Hydronics 19567:Recycling 19233:Transport 19218:Quarrying 19213:Pollution 19072:transport 19062:petroleum 19057:oil shale 19020:biodiesel 18674:Responses 18645:Garbology 18571:Turbidity 18519:Oil spill 18452:Firewater 18353:Vandalism 18315:Satellite 18012:Poisoning 18007:Plutonium 17987:Actinides 17979:Radiation 17727:Wood dust 17589:Acid rain 17564:Pollution 17281:Dust/sand 17179:High surf 16822:Statement 16791:Statement 16758:Emergency 16748:PDS watch 16519:Avalanche 16328:Emergency 16313:PDS watch 16285:PDS watch 16096:from the 16017:236389007 15953:249860528 15861:221100463 15716:260485784 15375:250512127 15367:1866-3508 15306:0269-7491 14897:. Epa.gov 14852:"細懸浮微粒管制" 14606:5 October 14192:USA Today 14086:195313204 14035:210244838 13874:214585295 13741:207944384 13525:: f7412. 13254:: 46–53. 13165:Sacks J. 12998:GeoHealth 12725:0162-1459 12717:1537-274X 12499:231677095 12442:199147061 12420:: 52–65. 12340:201057595 12285:220942039 11646:14 August 11327:252553231 11201:164216753 11132:0091-6765 10523:1748-9326 10470:255571342 10228:4 January 10178:231670652 10018:234180702 9800:0091-6765 9746:178546205 9599:0036-8733 9552:253875202 9470:0013-936X 8963:129107853 8852:Anal Chem 8473:ACS Omega 7927:: h2757. 7589:233890096 7493:136987659 7374:in China" 7264:0013-936X 6821:: 62–79. 6796:256529257 6705:257202752 6697:1680-8584 6614:226353498 6575:246355499 6524:262046328 6357:1660-4601 6265:5 October 6204:(1): 12. 5915:Asthmagen 5866:Recycling 5770:Cleanroom 5717:lightning 5475:Guangzhou 5434:Australia 5193:Abu Dhabi 4959:Ghāziābād 4855:New Delhi 4549:155 4547:level of 4518:Australia 4459:0.5 4331:, with PM 4325:Salamanca 4039:0–20 μg/m 4012:0–10 μg/m 3997:Very poor 3789:Hong Kong 3715:Australia 3522:, to the 3426:wildfires 3321:magnetite 3294:Manganism 3166:GeoHealth 3142:mortality 3093:silicosis 3048:July 2023 2541:, Germany 2521:East Asia 2501:Kimberley 2495:over the 2493:Australia 2441:Instances 2363:as well. 2341:acid rain 2306:wildfires 2302:volcanoes 2270:oxidation 2231:inorganic 1918:moss wall 1741:this page 1668:radiation 1588:oxidation 1573:potassium 1561:magnesium 1557:sea water 1553:sea spray 1441:sea spray 1437:grassland 1425:volcanoes 1391:wildfires 1362:Road dust 1298:Roadworks 1266:, waste, 1248:Excavator 1153:particles 1137:Types of 1106:suspended 1099:particles 937:Garbology 854:Turbidity 804:Oil spill 754:Firewater 739:Biosolids 645:Vandalism 404:Poisoning 399:Plutonium 374:Actinides 367:Radiation 109:Acid rain 80:Pollution 21065:Aerosols 20997:See also 20722:LonWorks 20656:Aquastat 20522:Register 20502:Radiator 20157:Air door 19957:Firestop 19757:Humidity 19732:Enthalpy 19722:Dilution 19707:Bake-out 19695:concepts 19629:Category 19253:shipping 19238:aviation 19124:plastics 19114:concrete 19099:Land use 19015:biofuels 18983:palm oil 18762:Treaties 18734:Diseases 18546:Shipping 18442:Diseases 18290:Landfill 17965:Abstract 17962:Military 17895:Wildfire 17744:Smelting 17712:Asbestos 17517:Advisory 17454:Beaufort 17423:Aviation 17271:Airborne 17005:Maritime 16925:Advisory 16878:Apparent 16864:Advisory 16838:Advisory 16812:Advisory 16776:Advisory 16726:Advisory 16631:Cyclones 16608:Typhoons 16553:cyclones 16551:Tropical 16537:Advisory 16458:Advisory 16275:Advisory 16204:Archived 16194:Archived 16102:Archived 15853:32777507 15775:12842775 15708:37537902 15397:Statista 15314:28159396 15189:Archived 14710:30 April 14701:Archived 14657:24911630 14520:Archived 14510:(2021). 14471:30875246 14422:22910313 14414:26346113 14369:31146163 14320:26178402 14267:19590679 14138:29470121 13968:20168936 13960:21353301 13925:23814778 13917:16024504 13866:32201281 13813:27601646 13733:31715478 13679:euronews 13609:28195384 13549:24452269 13493:11879110 13392:11127263 13343:19215915 13286:22835955 13229:25574176 13176:31 March 13147:95781433 13104:29760154 13036:35599962 12932:11049813 12875:euronews 12857:23245609 12768:14589790 12760:15010446 12661:23814778 12653:16024504 12610:23849838 12549:30419235 12491:33481201 12434:31557706 12394:31850801 12332:31421449 12277:32741830 12239:26399256 12179:27653281 12139:PLOS ONE 12116:31733973 12064:27609410 12011:. 1992. 11957:33737616 11906:34257389 11843:35922645 11786:35901896 11697:21846610 11622:34848915 11565:51617692 11557:29996461 11514:33984660 11193:31125731 11150:29467106 11093:18202315 11045:Angeles. 10923:10435613 10874:54922537 10740:46437912 10691:Archived 10656:Archived 10585:: 1238. 10423:36198778 10372:33510021 10323:58612273 10315:30655446 10113:: 1238. 10076:Archived 10074:. 2017. 10023:26 April 9918:17 March 9883:Archived 9750:Archived 9671:Archived 9631:17 April 9607:24942590 9488:31335134 9422:37347993 9414:14988557 9371:10807573 9239:40273867 9118:26740611 9110:17842894 8503:31458040 8245:30648145 8166:22308444 7949:40717317 7941:26001592 7874:31039519 7831:35228011 7677:33790361 7542:29642653 7453:21271240 7445:23612530 7410:29498704 7355:37995235 7346:10870829 7282:11 April 7276:Archived 7272:32391692 7202:23087908 7151:15723880 7049:32128461 6760:31290418 6658:27764746 6567:35091017 6516:37717778 6375:35742761 6238:23575443 5871:Scrubber 5723:See also 5623:Mongolia 5598:Thailand 5477:set a PM 5271:Xinxiang 4946:Pakistan 4933:Peshawar 4686:Pakistan 4522:Honolulu 4446:levels. 4181:Colorado 3991:Moderate 3414:COVID-19 3233:vascular 3229:arteries 3085:COVID-19 3079:, Poland 3077:Katowice 3009:concrete 2712:asbestos 2630:system. 2337:combined 2325:aviation 2298:plankton 2286:biogenic 2236:like (SO 2149:Indirect 1900:Measures 1884:asbestos 1627:ammonium 1619:biogenic 1529:aerosols 1380:smelting 1157:diameter 993:Treaties 973:Diseases 829:Shipping 794:Nutrient 744:Diseases 309:Wildfire 20796:trades, 20367:Furnace 20232:Chiller 19904:Coolant 19618:Commons 19394:Erosion 19344:Ecocide 19282:Effects 19228:Tourism 19161:fishing 19119:fashion 19042:fashion 18995:Bitcoin 18874:General 18791:Commons 18566:Thermal 18467:Hypoxia 18251:Garbage 18022:Uranium 17873:Natural 17822:Digital 17754:Aerosol 17732:Welding 17619:Biomass 17614:Biofuel 17573:History 17512:Warning 17502:Tsunami 17121:Warning 17095:Warning 17079:Warning 17058:Warning 17011:weather 17009:coastal 16977:Warning 16956:Warning 16935:Warning 16848:Warning 16807:Warning 16786:Warning 16753:Warning 16721:Warning 16667:Warning 16644:Warning 16621:Warning 16598:Warning 16575:Warning 16527:Warning 16486:Warning 16468:Warning 16440:Warning 16396:Warning 16359:weather 16318:Warning 16300:Tornado 16290:Warning 16248:in the 16059:Control 16001:Science 15974:Bibcode 15833:Bibcode 15766:1241576 15688:Bibcode 15622:Control 15402:1 April 15345:Bibcode 15286:Bibcode 15254:3 April 14757:27 July 14648:4154221 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