491:). Each of the former concessionaires was simply substituted by a new 'national' oil company, which maintained the structures and functions of its multi-national corporation (MNC) predecessor. With the 1976 nationalization, each previous multinational operator was converted into an affiliate of PDVSA; these affiliates were grouped into an administrative structure underneath both PDVSA and the Venezuelan Ministry of Energy. With this absorption, PDVSA became the employer of engineers with comprehensive technical training from the old multinational corporations and promptly took advantage of their newfound expertise. Within 25 years of nationalization, PDVSA would become the largest company in Latin America and the tenth most profitable in the world. In that 25-year span they went from 18 billion barrels to over 80 billion barrels worth of
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ownership to one of PDVSA's creditors. Losing Citgo would be disastrous for PDVSA, as they would lose the key terminal of their export chain to the US and the chemical additives necessary for oil refinery that Citgo produces. The loss would wreak additional havoc on
Venezuela's economy, drying up the revenue stream that provides 90% of the government's hard-currency earnings. In April 2019 the next payment was due and at the time, PDVSA was completely insolvent, with the rest of their $ 60 billion debt. Canadian mining firm
328:, PDVSA was mainly used as a vital source of income for the Venezuelan government. Profits were also used to assist the presidency, with funds directed towards allies of the Venezuelan government. With PDVSA focusing on political projects instead of oil production, mechanical and technical statuses deteriorated while employee expertise was removed following thousands of politically motivated firings. Incompetence within the company has led to serious inefficiencies and accidents and to endemic corruption; at least
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839:, minister of planning until in 2014, estimates that $ 300 billion was simply stolen. Despite having some of the largest proven oil reserves in the world, in June 2018 PDVSA's actions grew more desperate as they began to import and refine foreign crude oil for the first time in the country's history so they could meet export demands. Oil production had also slowed to levels not seen since the 1950s due to economic and management difficulties.
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590:(ILO) called on the Venezuelan government to launch "an independent investigation into allegations of detention and torture," surrounding this strike. The company has since formed its own militia, which all employees join on a voluntary basis, to ward off a potential "coup" by the government. It considers itself virtually indistinguishable from the state, its social programs more or less running the country's "socialist revolution".
65:
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448:, the energy minister, gave PDVSA workers a choice: Support President Hugo Chávez, or lose their jobs. The minister also said: "PDVSA is red , red from top to bottom". Chávez defended Ramírez, saying that public workers should back the "revolution". He added that "PDVSA's workers are with this revolution, and those who aren't should go somewhere else. Go to
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agreed and retained minority shares in their
Venezuelan projects. Reaching a settlement with ExxonMobil proved difficult; Venezuela offered book value for ExxonMobil's assets, while ExxonMobil asked for as much as $ 12 billion. As of January 2012, this and the claims of ConocoPhillips remained before
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and in 1990 the remaining half. With full ownership of Citgo, PDVSA at its peak controlled 10% of the US domestic oil market, creating a lucrative export chain from
Venezuelan soil to American consumers, as the two largest buyers of Venezuelan petroleum are the United States and China, respectively.
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PDVSA many of its managers become active in
Venezuelan politics and served as national representatives in economic summits. Chávez continued this trend, further incorporating PDVSA into the government's structure, but made social welfare the priority. During his campaign, Chávez repeatedly said that
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trade union federation, join to pressure
Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez to call early elections, and virtually stop oil production for two months. Nearly 19,000 employees, most of them seasoned professionals, were summarily dismissed, and production resumed with employees loyal to the government.
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liberalization policies with the country's ruling groups, energizing his working class supporters against the companies former special arrangements. In 1998, PDVSA produced 3.4 million barrels of oil a day and had 40,000 employees. By law, it deposited its revenues in the sovereign fund accounts in
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decision which removed older laws prohibiting cooperation with multi-national corporations on
Venezuelan land. From 1993 through 1998, PDVSA split extraction rights with multiple multi-national companies in special arrangements called "strategic associations", in effect trading Venezuelan crude oil
533:, PDVSA ran autonomously, making oil decisions based on internal guidance to increase profits. Chávez, once he came to power, started directing PDVSA and effectively turned it into a direct government arm whose profits would be injected into social spending. The result of this was the creation of "
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In 2002, many PDVSA employees went on strike against the policies of Chávez, who in response fired over 19,000 workers from the company. As of 2014, Intevep, the research and development arm of PDVSA, reportedly lost 80% of its workers, severely damaging PDVSA's ability to innovate and compete in
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scheme between PDVSA and its contractors. The scheme involved members within the company who would insure favorable treatment of vendors in exchange for kickbacks. For example, in 2015, Roberto
Enrique Rincon was arrested and in 2016 pleaded guilty to bribery and tax evasion in a scheme to secure
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operating continuously. By the end of 2013, Venezuela produced 1.2 million barrels of oil per day from the
Orinoco, falling short of its target of 1.5 million barrels. The repeated poor performances of PDVSA were heavily linked to Venezuela's current hyperinflation crisis. In order to correct for
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In 2020, Maduro created a committee to restructure PDVSA. In
September 2021, a U.S. trial began about PDVSA owing $ 150 million to Siemens Energy, which PDVSA said it could not pay because of U.S. sanctions. By 2023, PDVSA had not paid bills for $ 21.2 billion; Maduro suspended the committee and
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The Board of
Directors of PDVSA "is the administrative body of the Corporation, with the broadest powers of management and disposal, without other limitations than those established by law and the social bylaws of PDVSA". It is responsible for preparing and presenting operational and financial
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In October 2018, PDVSA paid $ 949 million on its Citgo backed bond to investors, a payment many analysts thought was impossible for the company given its recent liquidity struggles. The payment meant that PDVSA would continue to own Citgo, but failure to pay would result in Citgo transferring
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on the island, though it intends to end its lease at the end of 2019. The refinery has been operating at below capacity for at least two years, due to maintenance problems and difficulty supplying crude oil as third parties attempt to legally seize oil shipments in lieu of payment by
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The new sanctions are an attempt to close a number of loopholes Venezuela has used to sell off assets and raise money. They restrict the ability of Venezuela and state-owned oil company PDVSA to issue new debt or stock in U.S. dollars, or engage in other financial dealings with U.S.
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the global petroleum market. PDVSA saw stagnant growth in the following era which was defined by a boom in oil prices. Between 2002 and 2012, incapacitating injuries to employees rose from 1.8 per million man hours to 6.2, extremely high compared to 0.6 per million man hours for
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PDVSA has a production capacity, including the strategic associations and operating agreements, of 4 million barrels (640,000 m) per day (600,000 m). Officials say production is around 3.3 million barrels per day (520,000 m/d) although most secondary sources such as
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for the efficiency that came from outside expertise and technology. These "strategic associations" were controversial: Venezuela was able to maximize profits at the cost of lenient taxation on the multinational companies and the loss of control over domestic resources. With
811:, paychecks have become all but valueless, leading to mass resignation from workers. By 2017, PDVSA could not even afford to export oil through international waters, which requires safety inspections and cleaning under maritime law, with a fleet of tankers stranded in the
1334:, Bahamas – PDVSA was the sole owner of this oil storage terminal in the Caribbean until April 2008. The new owners were Royal Vopak (20%) and First Reserve Corporation (80%). It is doing business as Vopak Terminal Bahamas. They in turn sold the facility to
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was another creditor of PDVSA's Citgo holdings and could potentially end up in control should PDVSA default in 2020. Crystallex, through a US court case, had already received an undisclosed amount of Citgo shares in compensation for Venezuela's 2008
790:
in order to initiate a gas production project at the Cardon VI gas block in Venezuela. Production from this joint venture is estimated to reach between 80 and 100 million cubic meters of gas. In February 2014, PDVSA and the Anglo-French oil firm
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as an extraction partner, anticipating to extract 2.1 million barrels of petroleum per day. With the onset of the Crisis in Venezuela, the country borrowed 1.5 billion dollars from Russia, offering 49.9% of PDVSA's share in Citgo as collateral.
522:, Venezuela's attention became increasingly focused on complying with OPEC. As oil prices collapsed in the late 1990s, however, keeping the special arrangements while conforming to OPEC regulations became impossible, leading to an end of the
663:
Investor Service said it was removing its standalone ratings on PDVSA because the oil company did not provide adequate operational and financial information. As of 2019, PDVSA had still not filed its 2004 financial results with the US
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entered into talks for a $ 600 million financing deal to boost production at their Petrowarao joint venture. In October 2014, Venezuela imported its first ever ship of oil from Algeria so that they could dilute their oil.
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filed a lawsuit in the US to invalidate the PDVSA 2020 bonds. In January 2022, the US Treasury extended a rule to shield Citgo from being seized by creditors, and in April 2023 it extended it for another 3 months.
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oilwell 1 (Mene Grande). This was the birth of Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA). All foreign oil companies that once did business in Venezuela were replaced by Venezuelan companies, such as Lagoven (
1535:
656:. Under the program, Citgo offered a total of around 50 million US gallons (190,000 m) of heating oil at below market prices, equivalent to a discount of between 60 and 80 cents a gallon.
742:
In February 2012, PDVSA paid $ 255 million to ExxonMobil in compensation for nationalization of ExxonMobil's Venezuelan assets in 2007 and $ 420 million to be paid beginning in 2012 to US firms
2009:
433:, where the oil consistency was similar to that of the Orinoco. As a result, the number of Venezuelans in Alberta has risen from 465 in 2001 to 3,860 in 2011. Other PDVSA workers migrated to
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336:, minister of planning until in 2014, estimates that $ 300 billion was simply stolen. In 2018 thousands of workers left PDVSA, especially after the company was put under military control.
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During the same time, oil executives and politicians siphoned off at least $ 11 billion. More than 24 Venezuelans linked to four corruption schemes amassed at least $ 273 million in 25
310:
company. It has activities in exploration, production, refining and exporting oil as well as exploration and production of natural gas. Since its founding on January 1, 1976, with the
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to low income families in Boston at a discount of 40% below market price. Similar agreements were later set up with other states and cities in the US Northeast, including New York's
367:
and making up approximately half the total. This puts Venezuela as fifth in the world in proven reserves of conventional oil. By also including an estimated 235 billion barrels (3.74
475:, whose economic plan, "La Gran Venezuela", called for the nationalization of the oil industry, Venezuela officially nationalized its oil industry on 1 January 1976 at the site of
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The current board of directors was appointed by Presidential Decree No. 4.846 published in Extraordinary Official Gazette No. 6760 of August 28, 2023 and is composed of:
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and produced an additional $ 406 billion worth of oil. Production dropped further, to half of its 1998 benchmark. Accountability for the funds was no longer required and
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energy contracts. In 2016, he was described as having built "36 maletín-based companies with intractable nested ownership structures". These actions violated the US's
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823:, placating the military by giving them control of PDVSA. The developments resulted in a fragmented corporate structure and not enough workers to keep certain
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these shortcomings, Maduro installed more Venezuelan military members in several key PDVSA positions, in an effort to reduce the corruption and inefficiency.
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1076:(August 2017 – November 2017) BS in chemistry, MS in Physical Chemistry University of Poitiers, France. Ph.D. in Chemistry University of Reading, UK.
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are the largest in the world and the state-owned PDVSA provides the government of Venezuela with substantial funding resources. Following the
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452:". In 2012, PDVSA focused in hiring only supporters of the president and PDVSA revenue was used to fund Venezuela's socialist "revolution".
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10 m) of natural gas reserves. The crude oil PDVSA extracts from the Orinoco is refined into a fuel eponymously named 'Orimulsion'.
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1983:
Wiseman, Colin and Daniel Béland. “The Politics of Institutional Change in Venezuela: Oil Policy During the Presidency of Hugo Chávez.”
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Scigliuzzo, Davide. “PDVSA Bewilders Bond Analysts by Making $ 949 Million Payments.” Bloomberg, 30 Oct. 2018. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
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601:, to 58. In April and May 2005, PDVSA, per an agreement signed between the governments of Venezuela and Argentina, sent 50 million
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Brigido R. Natera (February 1984 – October 1986) B.S. Geology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, M.B.A. Stanford University, 1968.
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PDVSA was previously too autonomous and powerful, and that its managers acted subversively to Venezuela. Chávez turned the post-
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in August 2012 which caused an explosion, killing 48 people and damaging 1600 homes. A lightning strike caused a fire at the
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fell steeply, a drop of 700,000 barrels per day. Soaring oil prices began in 2002 and peaked in 2008 at $ 147 per barrel.
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were expropriated in 2007 after they declined to restructure their holdings in Venezuela to give PDVSA majority control;
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reports, as well as formulating and implementing the company's operational, economic, financial, and social strategies.
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of their mines. A separate Canadian mining firm, Rusoro, was also pursuing $ 1.28 billion in repayment for the prior
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as part of a renationalization program. Subsequently, the ownership share rose to 93.62% by December 2008. Assets of
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Gustavo Roosen (March 1992 – March 1994) Minister of Education (1989), M.A. Comparative Law (NYU), B.A. Law –
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In the 1990s, Venezuela opened the company to global cooperation. The opening up of the Venezuelan oil industry, or
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Cunningham, Nick. “Corruption at Venezuela’s State-Run Oil Company Is Pushing the Country Deeper into a Crisis.”
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of the Venezuelan oil industry, PDVSA has dominated the oil industry of Venezuela, the world's fifth largest oil
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2968:, 27 October 2000, "Chavez Taps Into Military to Fill Top Civilian Posts; Venezuelan Leans on Familiar Source"
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1536:"Fitch Downgrades Ca la Electricidad de Caracas Edc Idrs to B; Outlook Stable :: Unternehmensnachrichten"
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2462:"Businessman Pleads Guilty to Foreign Bribery and Tax Charges in Connection with Venezuela Bribery Scheme"
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saw an assessable increase in the nation, with tangible financial benefits like an increase in value of
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2934:"La experiencia brilla por su ausencia en la nueva Junta Directiva de Pdvsa (Gaceta Extraordinaria)"
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in 2012, highlighting the company's struggle to optimize. Several former PDVSA employees moved to
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1145:(1980–1984), Dean of the School of Social Sciences – LUZ (1972–1975). Lic. Economics – LUZ.
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Kline, Harvey F. (April 24, 2018). Kline, Harvey F; Wade, Christine J; Wiarda, Howard J (eds.).
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with Pedro Rafael Tellechea. According to Attorney General Tarek Saab, 51 people were detained.
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PDVSA into a political rallying point for his mostly lower-class supporters by associating its
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Whelan, Jeanne and Anthony Faiola. “Venezuela’s Foreign Creditors Try to Lay Claim to Citgo.”
1915:"Nationalization of Oil in Venezuela: Re-defined Dependence and Legitimization of Imperialism"
1324:, United States Virgin Islands – closed in 2015. Hovensa was jointly owned by PDVSA and
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Valencia, Robert. “Don't Worry About War with North Korea - Venezuela Is the Real Problem.”
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Gaceta Oficial Extraordinario N.º 6.760 del 28 de agosto, mediante el decreto número 4.486.
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In 2008, PDVSA had been Latin America's largest company, but in 2009 it was overtaken by
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537:", oil funded social programs targeting poverty, illiteracy, hunger, and more. With the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Lander, Luis; LóPez-Maya, Margarita (May 2003). "Venezuela's Oil Reform And Chavismo".
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There have been worsening safety problems since 2003, culminating in a gas leak at the
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775:$ 68 million to repurchase all remaining shares of West Indies Oil Company (WIOC) from
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441:, and were credited with helping the company attain huge profits throughout the 2010s.
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1127:(April 2002 – October 2004) Minister of Energy (1999), Secretary General OPEC (2001),
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for PDVSA, the country's major oil and gas company, which went up 5% in January 2019.
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2219:"Black Gold in Swiss Vaults: Venezuelan Elites Hid Stolen Oil Money in Credit Suisse"
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1853:"El futuro de la revolución, en manos del zar del petróleo y tercer hombre de Chávez"
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accounts, which at their maximum held a total of at least 20.1 million Swiss francs.
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1099:(November 2004 – September 2014) Minister of Energy and Oil (2005),
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Giusti, Luis E. (1999). ""La Apertura": The Opening of Venezuela's Oil Industry".
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PDVSA acquired a minority stake in the Jamaican state-owned oil refinery in 2006.
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of its assets, through the US justice system until PDVSA begins making payments.
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In 2012, PDVSA announced that it would enter into a joint venture agreement with
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put Venezuela's output at least 500,000 barrels per day (79,000 m/d) lower.
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Ronny Rafael Romero Rodríguez - Vice President of International Affairs of PDVSA
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investigation into PDVSA corruption resulted in 12 guilty pleas pertaining to a
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2259:"Venezuela's PDVSA Delays Joint Gas Production With Eni, Repsol Until 1Q 2013"
2002:"UN labour agency discusses repression in Myanmar, China, Colombia, Venezuela"
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Génesis Sabrina Ron Solano - Vice President of International Trade and Supply
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reserves in the world. Venezuela also has 150 trillion cubic feet (4.2
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Leyli Beatriz Ferrer Avendaño - Vice President of Planning and Engineering
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Luis Enrique Molina Duque - Vice President of Exploration and Production
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1446:"Venezuela appoints alleged drug trafficker El Aissami as oil minister"
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In 2013, despite dwindling performance, PDVSA was able to add Russia's
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against PDVSA that restricted the industry's access to credit markets.
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2891:"EJECUTIVO NACIONAL ANUNCIÓ NUEVA DIRECTIVA DE PDVSA Y TRES MINISTROS"
2613:"PDVSA begins U.S. trial over claim sanctions prevented debt payments"
2535:"With executive order, Trump imposes new round of Venezuela sanctions"
2510:"Goldman Sachs Bought Venezuela's State Oil Company's Bonds Last Week"
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Venezuela's PDVSA, Perenco discuss $ 600 million financing for venture
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Juan Carlos Díaz Socorro - Vice President of National Trade and Supply
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1477:"Venezuela's PDVSA oil revenue tumbles amid lower prices, production"
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Heyfred Jhoselin Segovia Marrero - Vice President of Finance of PDVSA
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2743:“Update-1-Investors Receiving Payment on PDVSA 2020 Bond-Sources.”
2406:"Exclusive: Venezuela eyes first-ever refining of foreign oil -..."
1293:
922:
653:
606:
434:
831:
Between 1999 and 2017, PDVSA earned an estimated $ 635 billion in
803:, with the nation's economy deteriorating greatly. Because of the
4126:
4116:
3996:
3991:
3906:
2784:"U.S. extends Citgo's protection from creditors for three months"
2557:"Venezuela's Guaido Says Opposition Seeks Financing, Debt Relief"
2409:
2282:
1742:
1481:
1450:
1382:
1353:
1349:
1321:
1285:
1217:
938:
847:
832:
824:
792:
772:
723:
649:
620:
In November 2005, PDVSA and its subsidiary in the United States,
430:
403:
2758:"Allies of Venezuela's Guaido file lawsuit over PDVSA 2020 bond"
2390:“Venezuela Shakes Up PDVSA Management As Oil Production Tanks.”
686:, according to a ranking of the region's top 500 companies from
64:
4443:
4330:
4315:
4305:
4265:
4179:
3014:
2917:"Hay nueva junta directiva en Pdvsa y cambian a tres ministros"
2435:"Venezuela pleads guilty in U.S. to role in PDVSA bribe scheme"
1738:"Under military rule, Venezuela oil workers quit in a stampede"
1289:
1255:
1232:
787:
315:
5095:
4225:
4199:
4169:
4131:
4071:
4061:
2647:
2587:"Arrests in Venezuela probe of oil company PDVSA climb to 34"
1709:"Workers Flee and Thieves Loot Venezuela's Reeling Oil Giant"
1305:
1297:
1241:
1100:
926:
683:
637:
633:
621:
602:
488:
467:
History of the Venezuelan oil industry § Nationalization
449:
426:
246:
186:
2979:"Isla has not been operating at full capacity for two years"
1880:"El gigante PDVSA y su ex jefe, bajo investigación en EE.UU"
1842:, BBC News,4 November 2006. Accessed online 7 November 2006.
1213:(March 1983 – February 1984) Minister of Energy (1979–1982).
819:
fired the head of PDVSA and replaced him with Major General
569:
4453:
4393:
4146:
3624:
2810:"Chaos, demands for answers after Venezuela refinery blast"
1301:
573:
Filling station in Venezuela of PDV (a subsidiary of PDVSA)
388:
329:
160:
137:
2840:"Venezuela: Fire at PDVSA El Palito refinery extinguished"
2139:"Exxon Mobil's Venezuelan gambit might lead to settlement"
737:
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
581:
saw many of PDVSA's managers and employees, including the
4285:
4151:
3924:
2501:
1985:
Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies,
1265:
BOPEC, Bonaire petroleum corporation 100% owned by PDVSA.
892:
With the prospects of Maduro leaving power in early 2019
783:
760:
671:
During the 2000s, PDVSA carried out showcase projects in
303:
3027:
2190:"Venezuela to Pay Nationalized U.S. Firms $ 420 Million"
1220:
of the Venezuelan Army, civil engineering degree at the
1023:
Gustavo Adolfo Boadas Díaz - Deputy Minister of Refining
3914:
1505:"PETRÓLEOS DE VENEZUELA, S.A. AND SUBSIDIARIES (PDVSA)"
1345:
727:
258:
1014:
Héctor Andrés Obregón Pérez - Executive Vice President
2297:"Pdvsa confirms "punctual" import of light crude oil"
874:
purchased $ 2.8 billion of PDVSA 2022 bonds from the
355:
As of 2003, Venezuela had 77.5 billion barrels (1.232
5449:
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1976
4515:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
2164:"Venezuela Vows to Reject Arbitration in Exxon Case"
1364:
597:, and announced plans to nearly triple its fleet of
371:
10 m) of tar-like extra heavy crude oil in the
1878:de Córdoba, José; Forero, Juan (October 22, 2015).
1706:Neuman, William; Krauss, Clifford (June 14, 2018).
1216:Rafael Alfonzo Ravard (January 1976 – March 1983).
5469:Multinational companies headquartered in Venezuela
2895:Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo
2030:German Zambrano, head of communications, cited in
1921:, 16, no. 1 (1979): 67, accessed December 3, 2014.
1707:
1029:Luis Miguel González Núñez - Vice President of Gas
495:, with a similar increase in production capacity.
2319:"Post-Chavez, Venezuela Enters a Downward Spiral"
1236:The Citgo sign as seen from Lansdowne St., Boston
5410:
2585:Armas, Mayela; Buitrago, Deisy (April 5, 2023).
2508:Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Vyas, Kejal (May 28, 2017).
2365:"Venezuela Is So Broke It Can't Even Export Oil"
2324:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
2233:"Govt to Acquire WIOC | CARIBARENA ANTIGUA"
1877:
1770:
1530:
1528:
1268:Isla refinery, Curaçao – PDVSA leases the
1011:Pedro Rafael Tellechea Ruiz - President of PDVSA
2182:
1822:"Brain Haemorrhage; Venezuela's Oil Diaspora."
1587:
1585:
1583:
1204:Juan Chacín Guzmán (October 1986 – March 1990).
1176:Luis Giusti (March 1994 – February 1999) M.Sc.
1170:Héctor Ciavaldini (August 1999 - October 2000).
921:In 1986, PDVSA bought 50% of the United States
363:according to PDVSA figures, the largest in the
2485:
1682:
1258:– PDVSA owns a 50% stake with Finland's
1173:Roberto Mandini (February 1999 – August 1999).
4578:
3050:
2584:
2507:
2459:
2053:"PDVSA'S FLEET THREW $ 3.7 BILLION OVERBOARD"
1525:
1471:
1469:
1201:Andres Sosa Pietri (March 1990 – March 1992).
750:for natural gas assets nationalized in 2009.
609:to the latter to alleviate the effects of an
558:
375:region, Venezuela claims to hold the largest
332:11 billion was stolen between 2004 and 2015.
2488:"The fallen kingpin: Roberto Rincon's story"
2130:
1705:
1580:
1137:(February 2002 – April 2002) Academic Vice-
855:and were classified as conspiracy to commit
16:Venezuelan state-owned oil and power company
2156:
4585:
4571:
3057:
3043:
2136:
1627:El ocaso del chavismo: Venezuela 2005-2015
1624:
1466:
593:In 2005, PDVSA opened its first office in
266:
460:
5454:Venezuelan companies established in 1976
2942:(in European Spanish). September 8, 2018
2701:, 14 October 2018. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
2580:
2578:
2213:
2211:
1735:
1231:
771:In 2010, PDVSA loaned the government of
757:accounts opened between 2004 and 2015.
659:On July 28, 2006, credit ratings agency
568:
498:
343:
339:
5434:Government-owned companies of Venezuela
3977:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
2959:
2957:
2666:Latin American Politics and Development
2311:
1695:from the original on February 22, 2018.
1593:"Venezuela's oil industry: Up in smoke"
5411:
4980:
4592:
3851:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
3610:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
3064:
2747:30 October 2018. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
2739:
2737:
2731:17 October 2018. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
2723:
2721:
2394:18 October 2018. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
2362:
1956:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1416:History of the Venezuelan oil industry
1042:
761:2010s: crisis in Venezuela, corruption
693:
579:Venezuelan general strike of 2002-2003
565:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003
420:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003
4566:
3038:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2610:
2575:
2429:
2427:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2208:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1248:– Citgo is 100% owned by PDVSA.
1222:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1151:(October 2000 – February 2002)
998:
916:
698:In 2007, PDVSA bought 82% percent of
287:
5424:Energy companies established in 1976
3982:China National Petroleum Corporation
2954:
2353:19 April 2018. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
2120:"Largest companies in Latin América"
1987:Vol 35, No. 70 (2010), pp. 141-164.
1629:. Editorial Alfa. pp. 349–351.
1620:
1618:
1616:
1332:Bahamas Oil Refining Company (BORCO)
799:Policies enacted by Chávez caused a
18:
4972:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)
2816:. September 2, 2012. Archived from
2734:
2718:
2403:
2363:Gramer, Robbie (January 26, 2017).
2078:"Venezuela gives US cheap oil deal"
2012:from the original on April 30, 2019
1669:
13:
5429:Oil and gas companies of Venezuela
4042:National Iranian South Oil Company
3758:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
2926:
2704:
2653:
2424:
2338:
1977:
1950:
1924:
1807:
1757:
1736:Buitrago, Deisy (April 17, 2018).
1352:. PDVSA sold its part to Russia's
1227:
1093:, Universidad Central de Venezuela
666:Securities and Exchange Commission
14:
5480:
4510:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
4399:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
4052:Oil & Gas Development Company
3007:
2611:Cohen, Luc (September 21, 2021).
1613:
863:data leak found seven people had
588:International Labour Organization
413:
296:: Petroleum of Venezuela) is the
5101:Ecological Movement of Venezuela
4547:
4546:
3013:
2486:Francisco Toro (June 28, 2016).
2299:. El Universal. October 20, 2014
2137:Matt Daily (February 11, 2008).
1959:Journal of International Affairs
1683:Enrique Krauze (March 8, 2018).
1395:
1381:
1367:
193:
192:
176:
175:
156:
155:
63:
23:
4057:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
2989:
2971:
2919:(in Spanish). August 28, 2023.
2909:
2883:
2857:
2832:
2802:
2776:
2750:
2691:
2650:, accessed on 10 December 2007.
2630:
2604:
2549:
2527:
2479:
2460:press release (June 16, 2016).
2453:
2397:
2384:
2356:
2289:
2269:
2251:
2225:
2112:
2092:
2070:
2045:
2024:
1994:
1907:
1871:
1845:
1840:Storm over Venezuela oil speech
1833:
1729:
1699:
1089:(September 2014 – August 2017)
993:
815:due to the issue. In addition,
5464:Holding companies of Venezuela
5444:National oil and gas companies
4663:Restorative Liberal Revolution
4525:Society of Petroleum Engineers
4296:Port Harcourt Refining Company
3962:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
1785:10.1080/10714839.2003.11722513
1643:
1625:López Maya, Margarita (2016).
1554:
1497:
1438:
624:, announced an agreement with
1:
3471:Production sharing agreements
2194:Latin American Herald Tribune
1657:. Toronto. September 17, 2012
1651:"Venezuela Inc., up in smoke"
1063:(November 2017 – April 2020)
853:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
242:Electricidad de Caracas, C.A.
5459:Companies based in Maracaibo
4505:Canadian petroleum companies
4500:American Petroleum Institute
4037:National Iranian Oil Company
4022:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
2261:. BrightWire. Archived from
2124:rankings.americaeconomia.com
2057:alianza.shorthandstories.com
1859:(in Spanish). March 29, 2014
1773:NACLA Report on the Americas
1326:Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp
990:refinery in September 2012.
668:that were due in June 2005.
526:arrangements for Venezuela.
277:Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A.
7:
5037:Democratic Unity Roundtable
5026:People's Electoral Movement
4960:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
4520:International Energy Agency
3505:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
2221:. OCCRP. February 20, 2022.
1411:Corporación Trebol Gas C.A.
1360:
1242:Citgo Petroleum Corporation
1155:of the Venezuelan Army and
1057:(April 2020 – January 2023)
1049:Pedro Rafael Tellechea Ruíz
779:'s National Petroleum Ltd.
359:10 m) of conventional
97:; 48 years ago
58:Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.
10:
5485:
4733:2017 constitutional crisis
4107:PTT Public Company Limited
3708:East Midlands Oil Province
3693:List of natural gas fields
3293:Integrated asset modelling
2170:. Reuters. January 8, 2012
1149:Guaicaipuro Lameda Montero
977:Paraguaná Refinery Complex
885:'s administration imposed
881:In August 2017, President
764:
562:
559:2000–2010: Social spending
464:
455:
417:
5370:
5291:
5218:
5209:
5130:
5121:
5074:
5034:
5006:Movement We Are Venezuela
4989:
4862:Human rights in Venezuela
4847:
4838:
4769:
4760:
4708:1992 coup d'état attempts
4643:Revolution of the Reforms
4613:
4604:
4542:
4492:
4479:Weatherford International
4358:
4208:
4160:
4012:Iraq National Oil Company
3948:
3905:
3890:
3881:
3766:
3683:
3565:
3451:
3345:
3273:
3216:
3175:
3168:
3090:
3072:
1947:. Accessed Oct 25, 2018."
1941:The National of Venezuela
1919:Journal of Peace Research
1828:World History in Context.
1826:19 July 2014, p. 31(US).
1315:
1161:University of the Pacific
1069:Bolivarian National Guard
970:
876:Central Bank of Venezuela
553:Central Bank of Venezuela
510:, was initialized with a
398:During the presidency of
322:Oil reserves in Venezuela
253:
221:
211:
201:
184:
167:
151:
133:
120:
109:
91:
81:
71:
62:
32:This article needs to be
4879:Administrative divisions
4738:2019 presidential crisis
4718:2002 coup d'état attempt
4653:Revindicating Revolution
2983:www.curacaochronicle.com
2466:US Department of Justice
1689:New York Review of Books
1431:
1051:(January 2023 – present)
903:
688:Latin Business Chronicle
512:Venezuelan Supreme Court
471:Under the presidency of
4852:Corruption in Venezuela
4530:World Petroleum Council
4404:China Oilfield Services
3461:Petroleum fiscal regime
3160:Western Canadian Select
3155:West Texas Intermediate
2514:The Wall Street Journal
1991:. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
1211:Humberto Calderón Berti
700:Electricidad de Caracas
529:Before the election of
206:Government of Venezuela
5177:Science and technology
5091:Movement for Socialism
5001:United Socialist Party
4723:2002–03 general strike
4007:Indian Oil Corporation
3493:Submersible pump (ESP)
3438:Underbalanced drilling
3259:of gasoline and diesel
2869:Petróleos de Venezuela
2865:"Gobierno Corporativo"
1830:Accessed 11 Oct. 2018.
1262:holding the other 50%.
1237:
1157:Electrical Engineering
1115:Mechanical Engineering
1091:Exploration geophysics
909:replaced oil minister
748:Exterran Holdings, Inc
577:In December 2002, the
574:
461:1970s: Nationalization
352:
285:Spanish pronunciation:
197:$ 189.7 billion (2016)
76:State-owned enterprise
4384:Cameron International
3826:Petrodollar recycling
3809:fossil fuel phase-out
3372:Differential sticking
3325:Reflection seismology
3298:Petroleum engineering
3140:OPEC Reference Basket
2675:10.4324/9780429495045
2642:May 11, 2008, at the
1280:PDVSA has offices in
1235:
1186:Petroleum Engineering
1178:Petroleum Engineering
931:Southland Corporation
844:US Justice Department
613:due to a shortage of
572:
347:
340:Reserves and capacity
326:Bolivarian Revolution
5077:Agreement for Change
5016:For Social Democracy
4992:Great Patriotic Pole
4857:Torture in Venezuela
4826:World Heritage Sites
4801:Environmental issues
4281:Occidental Petroleum
3595:1990 oil price shock
3421:Shale oil extraction
3394:Drilling engineering
3377:Directional drilling
3303:Reservoir simulation
3022:at Wikimedia Commons
2729:The Washington Post,
2265:on January 19, 2013.
1322:Hovensa LLC refinery
1135:Gastón Parra Luzardo
1125:Alí Rodríguez Araque
180:$ 828 million (2016)
5263:List of Venezuelans
5086:Progressive Advance
4874:Crisis in Venezuela
4628:War of Independence
4429:Naftiran Intertrade
4374:Amec Foster Wheeler
4301:Reliance Industries
4190:Naftiran Intertrade
4002:Hindustan Petroleum
3600:2000s energy crisis
2541:. August 25, 2017.
2404:Parraga, Marianna.
2285:, February 24, 2014
2239:on January 19, 2013
2080:. November 23, 2005
1885:Wall Street Journal
1043:Presidents of PDVSA
801:crisis in Venezuela
767:Crisis in Venezuela
694:2007 expropriations
675:and waste removal.
535:Bolivarian Missions
473:Carlos Andrés Pérez
402:the organization's
289:[peðeˈβesa]
213:Number of employees
163:48.0 billion (2016)
59:
5253:Indigenous peoples
5187:Telecommunications
4784:metropolitan areas
4276:Marathon Petroleum
3698:List of oil fields
3308:Reservoir modeling
3066:Petroleum industry
2764:. October 29, 2019
2563:. January 22, 2019
2168:The New York Times
2143:The New York Times
2008:. March 29, 2004.
1715:The New York Times
1685:"Hell of a Fiesta"
1568:on August 22, 2018
1562:"CITGO - About us"
1238:
999:Board of directors
917:Ownership of Citgo
887:economic sanctions
575:
365:Western Hemisphere
353:
57:
5439:Venezuelan brands
5406:
5405:
5366:
5365:
5205:
5204:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5061:Democratic Action
4926:National Assembly
4906:Foreign relations
4834:
4833:
4756:
4755:
4623:Captaincy General
4560:
4559:
4538:
4537:
4424:Nabors Industries
4354:
4353:
3552:Well intervention
3527:Petroleum product
3426:Ljungström method
3330:Seismic inversion
3315:Petroleum geology
3269:
3268:
3018:Media related to
2897:. August 28, 2023
2351:Business Insider,
2281:, International:
1601:. August 27, 2012
1542:on April 18, 2009
1485:. August 12, 2017
1426:Nervis Villalobos
1165:economic planning
1153:Brigadier General
962:In October 2019,
911:Tareck El Aissami
744:Williams Cos Inc.
487:), and Llavonen (
350:Isla de Margarita
274:
273:
95:January 1976
53:
52:
5476:
5386:
5379:
5216:
5215:
5128:
5127:
5079:
5039:
4994:
4987:
4986:
4978:
4977:
4845:
4844:
4767:
4766:
4683:1958 coup d'état
4678:El Trienio Adeco
4611:
4610:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4550:
4549:
4251:Hess Corporation
3972:Bharat Petroleum
3903:
3902:
3888:
3887:
3575:1967 Oil Embargo
3411:Lost circulation
3249:Posted oil price
3173:
3172:
3130:Isthmus-34 Light
3059:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:Official website
3017:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2975:
2969:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2820:on March 5, 2016
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2790:. April 19, 2023
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2754:
2748:
2741:
2732:
2725:
2716:
2713:
2702:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2660:
2651:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2235:. Archived from
2229:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2196:. March 26, 2012
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1998:
1992:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1954:
1948:
1937:
1922:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1820:
1805:
1804:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1622:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1589:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1564:. Archived from
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1538:. Archived from
1532:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1454:. April 27, 2020
1442:
1405:
1403:Companies portal
1400:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1375:Venezuela portal
1372:
1371:
1370:
1356:in October 2010.
1336:Buckeye Partners
1131:Economics – UCV.
1088:
1080:Eulogio Del Pino
989:
857:money laundering
520:election in 1998
382:
370:
358:
291:
286:
270:
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3585:1979 oil crisis
3580:1973 oil crisis
3561:
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3515:Steam injection
3510:Gas reinjection
3478:Artificial lift
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1943:, 3 Feb. 2017.
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1348:'s German unit
1318:
1252:Nynäs Petroleum
1230:
1228:Overseas assets
1082:
1074:Nelson Martínez
1055:Asdrúbal Chávez
1045:
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996:
983:
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957:nationalization
953:nationalization
919:
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777:Bruce Rappaport
769:
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704:AES Corporation
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1965:(1): 117–128.
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1888:(in Spanish).
1870:
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861:Suisse secrets
842:Since 2015, a
837:Jorge Giordani
821:Manuel Quevedo
817:Nicolás Maduro
805:hyperinflation
765:Main article:
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712:ConocoPhillips
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4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4357:
4347:
4346:Valero Energy
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4311:Suncor Energy
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3940:TotalEnergies
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3889:
3886:
3884:organisations
3882:Companies and
3880:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Petrocurrency
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Oil shale gas
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3774:Abbreviations
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Permian Basin
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:United States
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Seven Sisters
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Core sampling
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:Indian Basket
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3011:
2998:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2901:September 23,
2896:
2892:
2886:
2875:September 23,
2870:
2866:
2860:
2849:September 24,
2845:
2841:
2835:
2824:September 24,
2819:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2686:
2684:9780429495045
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2562:
2561:Bloomberg.com
2558:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2489:
2482:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2387:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2079:
2073:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1661:September 24,
1656:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1636:9788417014254
1632:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1605:September 24,
1600:
1599:
1598:The Economist
1594:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1393:
1390:
1389:Energy portal
1384:
1379:
1376:
1365:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1270:Isla Refinery
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:Neste Oil Oyj
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:United States
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Energy policy
1102:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:Major general
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
991:
987:
982:
978:
968:
965:
960:
958:
954:
949:
943:
940:
935:
932:
928:
924:
914:
912:
901:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
872:Goldman Sachs
870:In May 2017,
868:
866:
865:Credit Suisse
862:
858:
854:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
829:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:Caribbean Sea
810:
809:food shortage
806:
802:
797:
794:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
768:
758:
756:
755:Credit Suisse
751:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:company from
701:
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:Massachusetts
623:
618:
616:
612:
611:energy crisis
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
584:
580:
571:
566:
556:
554:
549:
545:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
518:
513:
509:
502:
499:1980s–1990s:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
468:
453:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
384:
378:
374:
366:
362:
351:
346:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:
299:
295:
290:
282:
278:
269:
264:
256:
252:
248:
243:
226:
224:
220:
216:
210:
207:
204:
200:
191:
188:
183:
174:
171:
166:
162:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
125:
119:
115:
112:
108:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
66:
61:
55:
47:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5351:coat of arms
5228:Demographics
5172:Oil industry
5162:Cooperatives
5149:
5051:Popular Will
4896:Constitution
4748:Coups d'état
4698:El Porteñazo
4673:World War II
4449:Schlumberger
4379:Baker Hughes
4271:Marathon Oil
4261:Imperial Oil
4256:Husky Energy
4246:Galp Energia
4236:Devon Energy
4122:Saudi Aramco
4102:Petrovietnam
4066:
4047:NNPC Limited
3951:National oil
3831:Petrofiction
3799:Orphan wells
3767:Other topics
3738:Persian Gulf
3665:Saudi Arabia
3635:Standard Oil
3443:Well logging
3320:Petrophysics
2991:
2982:
2973:
2963:
2946:September 8,
2944:. Retrieved
2937:
2928:
2920:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2894:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2871:(in Spanish)
2868:
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2843:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2818:the original
2813:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2787:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2761:
2752:
2744:
2728:
2698:
2693:
2665:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2616:
2606:
2594:. Retrieved
2590:
2565:. Retrieved
2560:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2438:
2414:. Retrieved
2408:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2368:
2358:
2350:
2330:February 21,
2328:. Retrieved
2322:
2313:
2301:. Retrieved
2291:
2277:
2271:
2263:the original
2253:
2243:September 1,
2241:. Retrieved
2237:the original
2227:
2198:. Retrieved
2193:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2167:
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:Cutting Edge
2104:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:
2047:
2038:Cutting Edge
2037:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2005:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1918:
1913:Vegard Bye,
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1883:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1856:
1847:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1779:(1): 21–23.
1776:
1772:
1747:. Retrieved
1741:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1713:
1701:
1688:
1659:. Retrieved
1654:
1645:
1626:
1603:. Retrieved
1596:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:the original
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1480:
1456:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1279:
1006:
1002:
994:Organization
974:
961:
944:
936:
920:
907:
891:
883:Donald Trump
880:
869:
841:
830:
798:
781:
770:
752:
741:
697:
677:
673:shanty towns
670:
658:
646:Pennsylvania
642:Rhode Island
619:
592:
576:
547:
543:
538:
528:
523:
507:
505:
500:
493:oil reserves
483:), Maraven (
481:Standard Oil
470:
443:
423:
397:
385:
373:Orinoco Belt
361:oil reserves
354:
320:
280:
276:
275:
237:PDV Deltaven
223:Subsidiaries
187:Total assets
110:Headquarters
72:Company type
54:
41:
33:
5248:Immigration
5135:Agriculture
4796:Earthquakes
4658:1895 crisis
4648:Federal War
4618:New Granada
4419:Halliburton
4291:Phillips 66
4112:QatarEnergy
4082:Petrobangla
4017:KazMunayGas
3907:Supermajors
3856:heavy crude
3743:Prudhoe Bay
3723:Niger Delta
3703:Caspian Sea
3466:Concessions
3416:Measurement
3382:Geosteering
3365:Squeeze job
3275:Exploration
3224:Consumption
3183:Consumption
3176:Natural gas
3105:Bonny Light
2699:Yahoo! News
2567:January 23,
2376:January 31,
2303:October 22,
1572:January 31,
1546:February 1,
1421:Petrocaribe
1310:Netherlands
1083: [
984: [
964:Juan Guaidó
859:. The 2022
630:heating oil
628:to provide
615:natural gas
599:oil tankers
531:Hugo Chávez
400:Hugo Chávez
377:hydrocarbon
348:PDVSA Gas,
308:natural gas
301:state-owned
142:natural gas
129:, President
116:, Venezuela
86:Oil and gas
5413:Categories
5311:Literature
5243:Healthcare
4743:Civil wars
4469:Transocean
4336:Tullow Oil
4326:TechnipFMC
4092:PetroChina
3930:ExxonMobil
3836:Shale band
3713:East Texas
3686:and fields
3500:Downstream
3453:Production
3360:Completion
3288:Geophysics
3229:Production
3188:Production
3125:Indonesian
3100:Argus Sour
3092:Benchmarks
2939:La Patilla
1273:Venezuela.
948:Crystallex
894:confidence
733:World Bank
708:ExxonMobil
563:See also:
465:See also:
418:See also:
298:Venezuelan
227:PDV Marina
170:Net income
144:and other
122:Key people
44:April 2024
5278:Squatting
5258:Languages
5238:Education
5197:Transport
5145:Companies
5056:A New Era
4938:President
4931:President
4901:Elections
4762:Geography
4594:Venezuela
4464:TC Energy
4365:companies
4195:Trafigura
4142:Sonatrach
4087:Petrobras
4077:Pertamina
3987:Ecopetrol
3953:companies
3897:companies
3895:petroleum
3871:tight oil
3866:oil shale
3861:oil sands
3841:Shale gas
3782:sweet oil
3753:Venezuela
3728:North Sea
3684:Provinces
3675:Venezuela
3522:Midstream
3217:Petroleum
3077:Petroleum
2544:citizens.
2539:USA Today
2200:March 26,
2174:March 26,
2148:March 26,
2100:"Red Oil"
2084:April 30,
2062:March 20,
2033:"Red Oil"
2016:April 30,
1939:“PDVSA."
1894:0099-9660
1801:157630783
1793:1071-4839
1489:March 13,
1458:April 28,
1282:Argentina
1163:), M.Sc.
981:El Palito
680:Petrobras
539:Apertura,
444:In 2006,
439:Ecopetrol
437:, joined
279:(acronym
235:PDVSA Gas
114:Maracaibo
5393:Category
5331:Religion
5273:Refugees
5233:Diaspora
5140:Currency
5021:Tupamaro
4965:In exile
4921:Missions
4916:Military
4840:Politics
4703:Caracazo
4598:articles
4552:Category
4459:Subsea 7
4439:Petrofac
4434:NOV Inc.
4414:GE Power
4409:Enbridge
4363:services
4185:Mercuria
4175:Glencore
4137:Sonangol
4097:Petronas
4032:Naftogaz
3804:Peak oil
3787:sour oil
3542:Upstream
3537:Refining
3532:Pipeline
3488:Pumpjack
3483:Gas lift
3404:invasion
3347:Drilling
3234:Reserves
3193:Reserves
2745:Reuters,
2640:Archived
2445:July 16,
2416:June 15,
2392:E&P,
2010:Archived
1971:24357788
1899:July 17,
1863:July 17,
1721:June 15,
1693:Archived
1361:See also
1342:Ruhr Oel
1338:in 2011.
1294:Colombia
1184:, B.Sc.
1180:–
1141:–
1117:–
1106:–
923:gasoline
654:Delaware
607:fuel oil
548:Apertura
544:Apertura
524:Apertura
517:Chávez's
508:Apertura
501:Apertura
435:Colombia
391:and the
316:exporter
244:(93.62%)
239:Palmaven
231:Pequiven
134:Products
82:Industry
5377:Outline
5341:Symbols
5306:Cuisine
5293:Culture
5211:Society
5192:Tourism
5123:Economy
4982:Parties
4953:Cabinet
4884:Regions
4791:Climate
4774:Borders
4606:History
4127:Sinopec
4117:Rosneft
3997:Gazprom
3992:Equinor
3920:Chevron
3567:History
3433:Tracers
3355:Blowout
3244:Exports
3239:Imports
3203:Exports
3198:Imports
2997:"PDVSA"
2814:Reuters
2788:Reuters
2762:Reuters
2617:Reuters
2591:Reuters
2519:May 31,
2439:Reuters
2410:Reuters
2283:Reuters
2108:. 2009.
2041:. 2009.
2006:UN News
1749:July 2,
1743:Reuters
1517:July 2,
1482:Reuters
1451:Reuters
1354:Rosneft
1350:Aral AG
1286:Bolivia
1218:General
1067:of the
939:Rosneft
848:bribery
833:revenue
793:Perenco
784:Eni SpA
773:Antigua
724:Statoil
720:Chevron
661:Moody's
650:Vermont
477:Zumaque
456:History
431:Alberta
404:payroll
294:English
254:Website
152:Revenue
102:1976-01
100: (
92:Founded
34:updated
5398:Portal
5346:anthem
5301:Cinema
5167:Energy
4889:States
4779:Cities
4728:Crisis
4596:
4493:Others
4444:Saipem
4341:Tüpraş
4331:TNK-BP
4316:Sunoco
4306:Repsol
4266:Lukoil
4209:Others
4180:Gunvor
3814:timing
3748:Russia
3660:Norway
3645:France
3640:Canada
2794:May 7,
2768:May 7,
2681:
2622:May 7,
2596:May 7,
2493:May 7,
2471:May 7,
1969:
1892:
1799:
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1633:
1316:Former
1290:Brazil
1256:Sweden
1139:Rector
971:Safety
925:brand
788:Repsol
603:tonnes
261:.pdvsa
249:(100%)
217:70,000
5419:PDVSA
5384:Index
5336:Sport
5326:Music
5316:Media
5283:Women
5223:Crime
5150:PDVSA
5096:COPEI
4811:Flora
4806:Fauna
4360:Major
4226:Cepsa
4200:Vitol
4170:Enron
4132:SOCAR
4072:Pemex
4067:PDVSA
4062:Orlen
4027:Lotos
3967:ANCAP
3935:Shell
3892:Major
3650:India
3254:Price
3208:Price
3150:Urals
3145:Tapis
3115:Dubai
3110:Brent
3020:PDVSA
2648:Citgo
2646:, by
1989:JSTOR
1967:JSTOR
1797:S2CID
1512:PDVSA
1508:(PDF)
1432:Notes
1306:Spain
1298:China
1112:B.Sc.
1101:M.Sc.
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988:]
929:from
927:Citgo
904:2020s
898:bonds
716:Total
684:Pemex
638:Maine
634:Bronx
622:Citgo
595:China
489:Mobil
485:Shell
450:Miami
427:Pemex
281:PDVSA
247:Citgo
202:Owner
5356:flag
4943:List
4867:LGBT
4454:Snam
4394:CH2M
4147:TPAO
3655:Iraq
3625:OPEC
3620:GECF
3169:Data
2948:2018
2903:2023
2877:2023
2851:2012
2826:2012
2796:2023
2770:2023
2679:ISBN
2624:2023
2598:2023
2569:2019
2521:2017
2495:2023
2473:2023
2447:2018
2418:2018
2378:2017
2332:2015
2305:2014
2245:2012
2202:2012
2176:2012
2150:2012
2086:2019
2064:2023
2018:2019
1901:2021
1890:ISSN
1865:2021
1789:ISSN
1751:2018
1723:2018
1663:2012
1631:ISBN
1607:2012
1574:2009
1548:2009
1519:2018
1491:2018
1460:2018
1308:and
1302:Cuba
1196:UCAB
1129:Lic.
825:rigs
807:and
786:and
746:and
731:the
726:and
710:and
682:and
652:and
586:The
551:the
389:OPEC
330:US$
306:and
263:.com
233:CIED
161:US$
138:Fuel
5155:CVG
4389:CGG
4286:OMV
4152:YPF
3925:Eni
2671:doi
1781:doi
1190:LUZ
1159:, (
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1108:UCV
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