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1449:(IMF). Measures taken by Pérez included privatizing state companies, tax reform, reducing customs duties, and diminishing the role of the state in the economy. He also took measures to decentralize and modernize the Venezuelan political system by the direct election of state governors, who had previously been appointed by the president. The most controversial part of the economic reform package was the reduction of the gasoline subsidies, which had long maintained domestic gasoline prices far beneath international levels and even the production costs. In response to the government's economic reforms and the resulting increase in the price of gasoline and transportation, a wave of protests and riots known as
1924:
6,000 soup kitchens. Mercal employs 85,000 workers. In 2006, some 11.36 million
Venezuelans benefited from Mercal food programs on a regular basis. At least 14,208 Mission Mercal food distribution sites were spread throughout Venezuela and 4,543 metric tons of food distributed each day. In recent times, customers who had to wait in long lines for discounted products say that there were a lack of products in Mercal stores and that items available at the stores change constantly. Some customers complained about rationing being enforced at Mercal stores due to the lack of products. In some cases, protests have occurred due to the shortages in stores.
1908:
2072:. It has been calculated that from 1998 to 2013 over 1.5 million Venezuelans, between 4% and 6% of the Venezuela's total population, left the country following the Bolivarian Revolution. Many of former Venezuelan citizens studied gave reasons for leaving Venezuela that included lacking of freedom, high levels of insecurity and lacking opportunity in the country. It has also been stated that some parents in Venezuela encourage their children to leave the country in protection of their children due to the insecurities Venezuelans face. This has led to
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locales in order to reach the most undereducated, neglected and marginalized adult citizens to give them regular schooling and lessons. On 28 October 2005, Venezuela declared itself a "Territory Free of
Illiteracy", having raised in its initial estimates the literacy rate to around 99%, although the statistic was changed to 96%. According to
1787:, Chávez wanted to "send the message that the military was not a force of popular repression, but rather a force for development and security". The United States State Department also commented that this happened "only 23 days after his inauguration" and that he wanted to show his closest supporters "that he had not forgotten them". Several
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The social programs (called "missions" in
Venezuela) that came into being during the term of Hugo Chávez sought to reduce social disparities and were funded in large part by oil revenues. The sustainability and design of the welfare programs have been both praised and criticized. Specific examples of
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Chávez refocused
Venezuelan foreign policy on Latin American economic and social integration by enacting bilateral trade and reciprocal aid agreements, including his so-called "oil diplomacy", making Venezuela more dependent on using oil (its main commodity) and increasing its longterm vulnerability.
1337:
As of 2018, the vast majority of mayoral and gubernatorial offices are held by PSUV candidates, while the opposition
Democratic Unity (MUD) coalition won two thirds of parliamentary seats in 2015. Political hostility between the PSUV and MUD have led to several incidents where both pro-government and
1923:
The
Mission involves a state-run company called Mercados de Alimentos, C.A. (MERCAL), which provides subsidised food and basic goods through a nationwide chain of stores. In 2010 Mercal was reported as having 16,600 outlets, "ranging from street-corner shops to huge warehouse stores", in addition to
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Bolivarianism was emulated in
Bolivia and Ecuador, which experienced crises of political parties. According to a 2017 study, Bolivarianism failed to spread further through Latin America and the Caribbean "in nations where political parties and democratic institutions remained functioning, and where
1970:
There's not much left of the so-called
Bolivarian Revolution—a socialist political process that began in 1999, headed by then-President Hugo Chávez. Endless food lines, a severe shortage of basic goods and an annual inflation rate estimated at 160 percent became the standard image of a country long
2017:
To silence critics, the government has conducted widespread arrests and other repression. Since 2014, we have been documenting the violent response of security forces to protests, with beatings and arrests of peaceful demonstrators and even bystanders and torture in detention. The
Venezuelan Penal
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responded to these doubts, finding that the data used by Rodríguez and Ortega was too crude a measure since the
Household Survey from which it derived was never designed to measure literacy or reading skills and their methods were inappropriate to provide statistical evidence regarding the size of
2006:
and a dramatic loss of jobs and income (consumer prices rose 800% and the economy contracted by 19% during 2016), widespread hunger (the "Venezuela's Living Conditions Survey" (ENCOVI) found nearly 75% of the population had lost an average of at least 8.7 kg in weight due to a lack of proper
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The program uses volunteers to teach reading, writing and arithmetic to the more than 1.5 million Venezuelan adults who were illiterate prior to Chávez's election to the presidency in 1999. The program is military-civilian in nature and sends soldiers to—among other places—remote and dangerous
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both praised the program. Although positive outcomes have come from the mission, there have been some struggles as well. In July 2007, Douglas León Natera, chairman of the Venezuelan Medical Federation, reported that up to 70% of the modules of Barrio Adentro were either abandoned or were left
1950:
and Daniel Ortega of IESA, there has been "little evidence" of "statistically distinguishable effect on Venezuelan illiteracy". The Venezuelan government claimed that it had taught 1.5 million Venezuelans to read, but the study found that "only 1.1m were illiterate to begin with" and that the
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A few year after Chávez rose to power in 1999, he began implementing a political-strategic plan he called the 'Bolivarian Revolution,' which threatened North American rule by promising a Latin American liberation from the Monroe doctrine. Chávez's plan was characterized by a hostile and
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Mission Habitat's goal is the construction of thousands of new housing units for the poor. The program also seeks to develop agreeable and integrated housing zones that make available a full range of social services—from education to healthcare—which likens its vision to that of
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On his 57th birthday, while announcing that he was being treated for cancer, Chávez announced that he had changed the slogan of the Bolivarian Revolution from "Motherland, socialism, or death" to "Motherland and socialism. We will live, and we will come out victorious."
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occurring in Venezuela. It is important to note that much of the reasons that people have for fleeing Venezuela can be traced back to illegal sanctions imposed on the country by the United States with the intent of hurting the Venezuelan people and causing instability.
1885:, one of the Chávez administration's outstanding weaknesses is the failure to meet its goals of construction of housing. Chávez promised to build 150,000 houses in 2006, but in the first half of the year completed only 24 percent of that target, with 35,000 houses.
1960:
Venezuela's national literacy program. Rodríguez responded to Weisbrot's rebuttal by showing that Weisbrot used biased, distorted data and that the illiteracy argument Weisbrot used showed the exact opposite of what Weisbrot was attempting to convey.
2030:. As a result of the Bolivarian government's policies, Venezuelans suffered from shortages, inflation, crime and other socioeconomic issues, with many Venezuelans resorting to leave their native country to seek a better life elsewhere.
2026:, "he Bolivarian revolution is a failure not because its ideals were unachievable but because its leaders were as corrupt as those they decry", with the Bolivarian government relying on oil for its economy, essentially suffering from
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confrontational posture toward the United States, actions designed to export Chávez's autocratic, socialist model to other countries of the region, and a foreign policy that embroiled Venezuela in international-level conflicts.
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was able to restructure the country's debt repayments and offset an economic crisis but allow for the continuation of the government's policies of social spending and state-sponsored subsidies. Lusinchi's political party, the
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the left and civil society valued democracy, pluralism, and liberal rights due to brutal autocratic experiences". The study also found that "the fear of Bolivarianism also led to a coup against president Zelaya in Honduras".
1408:
As a military cadet, Hugo Chávez was "a celebrant of the Bolivarian passion story". Chávez relied upon the ideas of Bolívar and on Bolívar as a popular symbol later in his military career as he put together his
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In 1998, the year Chavez was first elected, only 14 Venezuelans were granted asylum in the United States. In just twelve months in September 1999, 1,086 Venezuelans were granted asylum according to the
2007:
nutrition) and a soaring murder rate (90 people per 100,000 had been murdered in Venezuela in 2015 compared to 5 per 100,000 in the United States according to the Observatory of Venezuelan Violence).
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1851:. As of 2006, the staff included 31,439 professionals, technical personnel, and health technicians, of which 15,356 were Cuban doctors and 1,234 Venezuelan doctors. The Latin American branch of the
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is a reversal of fortune on a massive scale" where the reversal is a comparison to when in the 20th century "Venezuela was a haven for immigrants fleeing Old World repression and intolerance".
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in Venezuela has been caused by the "deterioration of both the economy and the social fabric, rampant crime, uncertainty and lack of hope for a change in leadership in the near future."
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in an attempt to reshape South America, it was later seen as being erratic and his influence internationally became exaggerated, with the pink tide beginning to subside in 2009.
1338:
opposition demonstrations have turned violent, with an estimated 150 dead as a result in 2017. Several opposition figures have been subject to politically motivated detentions.
2088:(International Organization for Migration) said the number of refugees had risen to 3 million, most of which had gone to other Latin American countries and the Caribbean.
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affected the program as allegations of corruption were formulated against Generals involved in the plan, arguing that significant amounts of money had been diverted.
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caused an economic crisis to take hold in Venezuela, and the country had accrued significant levels of debt. Nevertheless, the administration of the
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and surrounding towns. The weeklong clashes resulted in the deaths of hundreds of people, mostly at the hands of security forces and the military.
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Plan Bolívar 2000 was the first of the Bolivarian Missions enacted under of administration of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. According to the
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1999:. The Chávez and Maduro administrations often blamed difficulties that Venezuela faced on foreign intervention in the country's affairs.
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from Spanish rule. According to Chávez and supporters, the Bolivarian Revolution seeks to build an inter-American coalition to implement
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2018:
Forum, a nongovernmental group that provides legal assistance to detainees, counts more than 90 people it considers political prisoners.
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too. In January 2007, Chávez proposed to build the communal state, whose main idea is to build self-government institutions like
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unfinished. In 2014, residents in Caracas also complained of the service despite large funding from the Venezuelan government.
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da Cruz, Jose de Arimateia (2015). "Strategic Insights: From Ideology to Geopolitics: Russian Interests in Latin America".
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Following the Bolivarian Revolution, initially many wealthy Venezuelans sought residence in other countries. According to
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3895:– Venezuela's National Institute of Statistics which has web several portals for accessing demographic and economic data.
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illiteracy reduction of less than 100,000 can be attributed to adults that were elderly and died. David Rosnick and
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This article is about 21st century politics in Venezuela. For the political process involving Simon Bolivar, see
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standards, a country can be declared "illiteracy-free" if 96% of its population over age 15 can read and write.
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992:
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UN, Venezuela: Wound Still Gaping 20 Years after 'Caracazo', By Humberto Márquez, Caracas, 27 Feb 2009 (IPS),
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4155:
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http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/venezuela/jaime_lusinchi#2
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1975:". But with the price of oil as low as $ 35 a barrel recently, it's long been on its way to total collapse.
1557:", a turn towards left-wing governments in Latin American democracies. Analysts have pointed out additional
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2884:"Venezuelan Soldiers Leave Their Barracks ... To Implement Chavez's Civil-Military Public Works Program"
2624:
Reid, Michael (September–October 2015). "Obama and Latin America: A Promising Day in the Neighborhood".
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2492:, March 1990, Reports of Arbitrary Killings and Torture:, February/March 1989, AI Index: AMR 53/02/90,
2188:"Del Estado Comunicador Al Estado De Los Medios. Catorce Años De Hegemonía Comunicacional En Venezuela"
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3504:
3299:"How Not to Defend the Revolution: Mark Weisbrot and the Misinterpretation of Venezuelan Evidence"
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1847:, seeking to guarantee access to quality and cradle-to-grave medical attention for all Venezuelan
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http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/02/venezuela-wound-still-gaping-20-years-after-lsquocaracazorsquo/
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Pérez proposed a major shift in policy by implementing economic reforms recommended by the
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8:
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The Paradox of Democracy in Latin America: Ten Country Studies of Division and Resilience
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1512:) and opposition to liberalization reforms (particularly the policies of the IMF and the
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Torre, Carlos de la (10 April 2017). "Hugo Chávez and the diffusion of Bolivarianism".
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2011:
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or doctor's offices—as well as staffing with resident certified medical professionals.
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faced the consequences of Chávez's policies, with Maduro's approval declining and
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3036:
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2363:"Venezuela plan to rewrite constitution branded a coup by former regional allies"
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3269:""Illiteracy" Revisited: What Ortega and Rodríguez Read in the Household Survey"
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4614:
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2985:"Mission Barrio Adentro: The right to health and social inclusion in Venezuela"
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2003:
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Though Chávez inspired other movements in Latin America to follow his model of
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Colmenares, Leopoldo E. G. (February 2016). "Criminal Networks in Venezuela".
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90:
49:
4804:
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4629:
4579:
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3421:"Venezuela 2016 inflation hits 800 percent, GDP shrinks 19 percent: document"
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Watts, Jonathan; correspondent, Latin America; López, Virginia (2 May 2017).
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1952:
1652:
1647:
1566:
1358:
1327:
1323:
870:
803:
4333:
2744:"Using oil to spread revolution" (retitled to "Venezuela and Latin America")
140:
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Guyana Diary (Monthly Newsletter of the Guyana Embassy, Caracas, Venezuela)
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featured the construction of thousands of iconic two-story medical clinics—
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2560:"The Communal State: Communal Councils, Communes, and Workplace Democracy"
1318:, an early 19th-century Venezuelan revolutionary leader, prominent in the
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https://cepr.net/images/stories/reports/venezuela-sanctions-2019-04.pdf
1972:
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1220:
813:
652:
3838:"República Bolivariana de Venezuela: Cumpliendo las Metas del Milenio"
3805:"Venezuela's Barrio Adentro: A Model of Universal Primary Health Care"
3128:"Usuarios molestos por venta racionada de alimentos en Pdval y Mercal"
43:
3649:"El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria"
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2156:
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Aspects of Bolivarianism were adopted by the Spanish political party
1916:
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Current Politics and Economics of Russia, Eastern and Central Europe
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https://www.democracynow.org/2023/5/12/migrants_venezuela_sanctions
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2046:
1839:
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1450:
865:
109:
3720:"Number of refugees and migrants from Venezuela reaches 3 million"
3070:"Datanálisis: Mercal es el lugar preferido para comprar alimentos"
4414:
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3338:
3005:"Cabildo Metropolitano evaluará funcionamiento de Barrio Adentro"
1982:
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828:
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3879:– official government website detailing the Bolivarian Missions.
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3333:"Venezuelan Jews Hoping for Economic, Regime Change – Americas"
2310:"Venezuelan opposition activists march to Leopoldo Lopez' jail"
1940:
1856:
823:
3898:
2533:"Plan Chávez prevé crear 30 mil empresas de propiedad social"
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in 2013, the revolution has gone into social decline and the
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Chávez' Government has built 24 percent of scheduled houses.
2084:(the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) and the
4721:
4183:
1472:
and initiated the constituent process that resulted in the
860:
1516:). According to Hugo Chávez, Venezuelan socialism accepts
3885:
3832:
3447:"Venezuela: 75% of population lost 19 pounds amid crisis"
2933:
2862:
2760:"Guyana to Try for Better Oil Rates Under Caracas Accord"
2243:
4189:
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
2831:"The Year the 'Pink Tide' Turned: Latin America in 2015"
2794:"Venezuela's foreign policy: a mirage based on a curse"
2494:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr53/002/1991/en/
2360:
2328:
2646:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. xiii.
2460:"Venezuela exhumes unnamed dead in riot investigation"
3672:"Liceístas pasan de grado sin cursar varias materias"
3472:"The biggest worry in crisis-ridden Venezuela: crime"
2915:
Opinión y análisis – ¿Sabe el Ejército de Corrupción?
3158:"#27M Protestan frente a Mercal de Patarata (Fotos)"
2244:
Aponte-Moreno, Marco; Lance Lattig (26 March 2012).
2111:
3620:"Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros"
3584:"Venezuelans, fleeing Chavez, seek U.S. safety net"
2889:. United States Department of State. Archived from
2717:"Once Saudi Venezuela, now a 'pink tide' casualty"
2668:Boston Globe: The many stripes of anti-Americanism
2070:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
1991:Following the death of Hugo Chávez, his successor
1903:Shoppers waiting in line at a Mercal store in 2014
1322:in achieving the independence of most of northern
3643:
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4802:
3523:
2504:
2147:Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez administration
3389:
3387:
3385:
3354:
3266:
3098:"En Mercal hay mucha cola para pocos productos"
2336:"World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Venezuela"
2002:As of 2016, Bolivarian Venezuela suffered from
63:(25 years, 7 months and 18 days)
3638:
3394:Green, Daniel; Hall, Patrick (14 March 2016).
3326:
3324:
2212:
1413:movement which would become a vehicle for his
4363:
4349:
3914:
3617:
3550:
3548:
3238:"Venezuela se declara libre de analfabetismo"
2185:
1749:
1486:Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government
1347:political and economic situation in Venezuela
1268:
621:
3382:
2822:
2574:
2223:. Penguin Books: New York. pp. 182–94.
2091:
2033:
1434:, was able to remain in power following the
1405:in particular and South America in general.
4722:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
4184:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
3669:
3613:
3611:
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3575:
3321:
3267:Rosnick, David; Weisbrot, Mark (May 2008).
3183:
3181:
3179:
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2628:. Vol. 94, no. 5. pp. 45–53.
2483:
1314:. The Bolivarian Revolution is named after
16:21st-century political process in Venezuela
4420:United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)
4356:
4342:
3921:
3907:
3545:
2580:
2562:. North American Congress on Latin America
2454:
2452:
2434:Barcelona Centre for International Affairs
2186:Canelón-Silva, Agrivalca Ramsenia (2014).
1756:
1742:
1308:United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)
1275:
1261:
628:
614:
4494:2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis
3618:Maria Delgado, Antonio (28 August 2014).
3555:Olivares, Francisco (13 September 2014).
3393:
3278:. Center for Economic and Policy Research
2749:, (28 July 2005). Retrieved 11 June 2005.
2617:
2505:Sivaramakrishnan, Arvind (6 March 2013).
2221:Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela
2203:
1805:The mission was to provide comprehensive
1794:
1671:Indigenous Rights, Land & Environment
4462:2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations
4223:Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century
3812:Immunization Plus Quarterly E-Newsletter
3606:
3554:
3176:
2977:
2926:
2787:
2785:
2679:BBC News: South America's leftward sweep
2641:
2632:
2530:
1906:
1898:
3330:
3235:
3229:
3120:
3090:
2876:
2850:
2690:"Latin America's 'pragmatic' pink tide"
2604:
2600:
2598:
2449:
1997:protests in Venezuela beginning in 2014
1957:Center for Economic and Policy Research
1542:United States Army Combined Arms Center
1330:, nationalism and a state-led economy.
4803:
4554:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election
4095:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election
4075:2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election
4065:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003
3799:
2946:
2660:
2179:
1580:
1569:-leaning traits in those governments.
4337:
3902:
3845:Organización Panamericana de la Salud
3751:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3581:
3362:"Devaluing the Bolivarian revolution"
3296:
3236:Márquez, Humberto (28 October 2005).
2997:
2856:
2782:
2682:
2557:
1419:A fall in oil prices in the mid-1980s
1320:Spanish American wars of independence
21:Spanish American wars of independence
4682:National Center for Foreign Commerce
3531:"Hugo Chavez is Scaring Away Talent"
3331:Pachter, Damian (3 September 2016).
2828:
2709:
2623:
2595:
2218:
1919:promoting the education of the Wayuu
1837:constitutes an attempt to deliver a
1772:
1553:Chávez was seen as a leader of the "
1362:
4851:Democratic backsliding in Venezuela
4836:Left-wing populism in South America
4029:United Socialist Party of Venezuela
3670:Montilla K., Andrea (4 July 2014).
3215:"Bolivia declares literacy success"
2791:
2671:
2507:"Hugo Chávez: Death of a socialist"
1927:
1401:has left a long lasting imprint on
1291:is an ongoing political process in
13:
3738:
3464:
3439:
3134:. 26 February 2014. Archived from
2983:Pan American Health Organization,
2857:Justo, Marcelo (27 January 2009).
1863:
1769:social programs are listed below.
48:Soldiers carrying flags featuring
14:
4862:
4425:Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni
4243:Hugo Chávez's cult of personality
4039:Constitutional referendum of 2009
4034:Constitutional referendum of 2007
3886:Instituto Nacional de Estadística
3867:
3622:. El Nuevo Herald. Archived from
2859:"Entre los números y la realidad"
2829:Noel, Andrea (29 December 2015).
2531:Salmerón, Víctor (13 June 2012).
2246:"Chavez: Rhetoric Made in Havana"
1888:
1785:United States Department of State
4841:Political movements in Venezuela
4410:Assassination of Danilo Anderson
4317:
4316:
3990:
3985:
2960:Abandonados 70% de módulos de BA
2114:
1821:and marginalized communities in
1535:
1532:, communes and communal cities.
1366:
1244:
659:
588:
139:
72:
42:
3928:
3712:
3701:
3690:
3663:
3557:"Best and brightest for export"
3497:
3413:
3290:
3260:
3207:
3150:
3062:
3045:
3023:
2994:, Caracas, Venezuela. July 2006
2952:
2908:
2766:. February 2004. Archived from
2752:
2737:
2551:
2524:
2498:
2471:
2130:Bolivarian Continental Movement
1474:Venezuelan Constitution of 1999
1453:started on 27 February 1989 in
4821:Far-left politics in Venezuela
4549:2009 constitutional referendum
4544:2007 constitutional referendum
4230:El ocaso del socialismo mágico
3559:. El Universal. Archived from
3505:"Venezuela's Deepening Crisis"
2934:World Health Organization 2005
2427:
2408:
2354:
2302:
2288:"Venezuela profile – Timeline"
2280:
2237:
120:Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela
1:
4846:Socialism of the 21st century
4694:Socialism of the 21st century
4479:2008 Andean diplomatic crisis
4156:Socialism of the 21st century
4044:Presidential election of 2012
4024:Presidential election of 2006
3972:Presidential election of 1998
3766:10.1080/13510347.2017.1307825
3726:. UNHCR, IOM. 8 November 2018
3674:. El Nacional. Archived from
2172:
2167:Socialism of the 21st century
2135:Bolivarian Revolution in film
1352:
4699:Venezuelan communal councils
4467:South American Energy Summit
4287:Venezuela Information Office
4277:The Silence and the Scorpion
4161:Venezuelan communal councils
3651:. El Impulso. 23 August 2014
3217:. BBC News. 21 December 2008
3104:. 1 May 2014. Archived from
3058:A Food Fight for Hugo Chavez
2642:Isbester, Katherine (2011).
2436:, Jaime Lusinchi, (Spanish)
1609:Food, Housing & Medicine
7:
4534:2005 parliamentary election
4517:2000 trade union referendum
4260:Public image of Hugo Chávez
3877:Gobierno en Línea: Misiones
3582:Brown, Tom (16 July 2007).
3400:International Policy Digest
2107:
2024:International Policy Digest
1879:. According to Venezuela's
1807:publicly funded health care
1490:
1479:
1447:International Monetary Fund
521:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
320:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
10:
4867:
4559:2012 presidential election
4539:2006 presidential election
3792:
2205:10.5294/pacla.2014.17.4.11
2037:
1963:
1931:
1892:
1867:
1798:
1776:
1584:
1483:
1356:
1349:has rapidly deteriorated.
61:2 February 1999 – present
18:
4744:Con mis hijos no te metas
4735:
4707:
4567:
4502:
4375:
4295:
4202:
4169:
4103:
4070:Recall referendum of 2004
4052:
3999:
3983:
3949:
3936:
3891:12 September 2019 at the
3834:World Health Organization
2965:27 September 2007 at the
2706:Pittsburgh Tribune-Herald
2290:. BBC News. 26 April 2017
2092:Impact on other countries
2062:Venezuelan migrant crisis
2040:Venezuelan refugee crisis
2034:Venezuelan refugee crisis
1853:World Health Organization
115:
100:
85:
67:
57:
41:
33:
4760:2002–2003 general strike
4445:2013 Uribana prison riot
4019:General election of 2000
3533:. Newsweek. 30 June 2009
3189:"Propaganda, not policy"
3078:(in Spanish). 4 May 2006
2262:10.1177/0740277512443528
1911:Mission Robinson of the
4755:Plaza Altamira military
4435:Death of Franklin Brito
3977:Death and state funeral
2416:"The Shah of Venezuela"
1506:social welfare programs
1466:Fifth Republic Movement
1304:Fifth Republic Movement
708:By other characteristic
577:Chávez's foreign policy
176:Constitutions of States
4522:2004 recall referendum
4489:Los Maniceros massacre
4473:¿Por qué no te callas?
4385:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez
4255:¿Por qué no te callas?
4009:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez
3942:President of Venezuela
3297:Rodriguez, Francisco.
2256:(Spring 2012): 33–42.
2219:Rory, Carroll (2014).
2020:
1977:
1920:
1904:
1801:Mission Barrio Adentro
1795:Mission Barrio Adentro
1551:
542:Diplomatic missions of
4831:Left-wing nationalism
4811:Bolivarian Revolution
4662:Bolivarian Revolution
4512:2000 general election
4457:Rodrigo Granda affair
4217:Bolivarian propaganda
4131:Bolivarian Revolution
3950:Early life and career
3396:"Venezuela in Crisis"
3035:11 April 2008 at the
2490:Amnesty International
2015:
1968:
1910:
1902:
1845:universal health care
1599:Bolivarian Revolution
1546:
1484:Further information:
1357:Further information:
1302:, the founder of the
1289:Bolivarian Revolution
1010:Bulgarian unification
686:Counter-revolutionary
132:Politics of Venezuela
29:Bolivarian Revolution
4816:Democratic socialism
4750:Coup attempt of 2002
4452:Daktari Ranch affair
4060:Coup attempt of 2002
3967:Coup attempt of 1992
2990:4 March 2016 at the
2920:6 March 2012 at the
2792:Marthoz, Jean-Paul.
2250:World Policy Journal
2074:human capital flight
1310:, and his successor
1297:Venezuelan President
1295:that was started by
782:Contentious politics
653:Political revolution
595:Venezuela portal
301:since 5 January 2021
4590:Bolivarian missions
4126:Bolivarian missions
3854:on 27 February 2008
3307:Wesleyan University
3242:Inter Press Service
2896:on 31 December 2016
2466:, 22 September 2009
2443:24 May 2014 at the
2162:Cultural Revolution
1948:Francisco Rodríguez
1587:Bolivarian missions
1581:Bolivarian missions
1510:Bolivarian missions
1440:Carlos Andrés Pérez
1425:-leaning President
1403:Venezuela's history
1251:Politics portal
30:
4585:Bolivarian Circles
4484:Operation Emmanuel
4121:Bolivarian Circles
3821:on 17 January 2006
3594:on 8 December 2015
3563:on 19 October 2017
3509:Human Rights Watch
3195:. 28 February 2008
3108:on 27 January 2016
2958:Matheus, Ricardo.
2810:on 6 February 2016
2558:Azzellini, Dario.
2400:has generic name (
2340:Human Rights Watch
2268:on 19 October 2017
2152:Petroleum politics
2080:In November 2018,
2050:, the "Bolivarian
2012:Human Rights Watch
1921:
1905:
1378:. You can help by
1226:Second Arab Spring
215:Capital punishment
110:political hegemony
28:
4798:
4797:
4717:Bank of the South
4568:Domestic policies
4390:Plan Bolívar 2000
4331:
4330:
4179:Bank of the South
4151:Plan Bolívar 2000
4014:1999 Constitution
3626:on 27 August 2014
3476:Los Angeles Times
3427:. 20 January 2017
3056:, 11 March 2010,
2342:. 12 January 2017
2060:explains how the
2022:According to the
1779:Plan Bolívar 2000
1773:Plan Bolívar 2000
1766:
1765:
1622:Plan Bolívar 2000
1540:According to the
1530:communal councils
1524:seeks to promote
1500:policies include
1432:Democratic Action
1415:1992 coup-attempt
1396:
1395:
1285:
1284:
819:Mass mobilization
809:Guerrilla warfare
638:
637:
564:Visa requirements
514:Foreign relations
396:Recent elections
392:Political parties
333:Federal divisions
282:National Assembly
125:
124:
104:Establishment of
4858:
4440:Yare prison riot
4358:
4351:
4344:
4335:
4334:
4320:
4319:
4308:Nicolás Maduro →
4301:← Rafael Caldera
4282:Venezuelanalysis
4237:El pueblo soy yo
4053:Political events
3994:
3989:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3884:
3875:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3847:, archived from
3842:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3814:, archived from
3809:
3786:
3785:
3760:(7): 1271–1288.
3749:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3716:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3615:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3590:. Archived from
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3391:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3303:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3273:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3244:. Archived from
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3185:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3066:
3060:
3049:
3043:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3001:
2995:
2981:
2975:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2803:. Archived from
2798:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2756:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2692:. Archived from
2686:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2502:
2496:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2456:
2447:
2431:
2425:
2421:The New Republic
2414:Enrique Krauze,
2412:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2264:. Archived from
2241:
2235:
2234:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2183:
2124:
2122:Venezuela portal
2119:
2118:
2117:
1987:
1986:, September 2016
1934:Mission Robinson
1928:Mission Robinson
1758:
1751:
1744:
1591:
1590:
1518:private property
1391:
1388:
1370:
1363:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1249:
1248:
1102:Hungarian (1956)
934:Spanish American
663:
640:
639:
630:
623:
616:
593:
592:
591:
294:
143:
127:
126:
89:Presidencies of
78:
76:
75:
46:
31:
27:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4731:
4703:
4677:Economic policy
4645:Vuelta al Campo
4563:
4498:
4371:
4362:
4332:
4327:
4291:
4198:
4165:
4146:Economic policy
4104:Domestic policy
4099:
4048:
3995:
3981:
3962:Military career
3945:
3932:
3927:
3893:Wayback Machine
3882:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3840:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3807:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3754:Democratization
3750:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3616:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3564:
3553:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3511:. 8 August 2016
3503:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3478:. 6 June 2016.
3470:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3392:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3329:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3248:on 2 April 2015
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3050:
3046:
3042:(31 July 2006).
3037:Wayback Machine
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2992:Wayback Machine
2982:
2978:
2974:(29 July 2007).
2967:Wayback Machine
2957:
2953:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2927:
2922:Wayback Machine
2913:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2770:on 6 March 2005
2758:
2757:
2753:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2722:Chicago Tribune
2715:
2714:
2710:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2640:
2633:
2626:Foreign Affairs
2622:
2618:
2603:
2596:
2584:Military Review
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2503:
2499:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2445:Wayback Machine
2432:
2428:
2413:
2409:
2397:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2316:. 28 April 2017
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2217:
2213:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2094:
2042:
2036:
1989:
1979:
1966:
1936:
1930:
1897:
1891:
1872:
1870:Mission Habitat
1866:
1864:Mission Habitat
1815:sports training
1803:
1797:
1781:
1775:
1762:
1699:Vuelta al Campo
1589:
1583:
1538:
1526:social property
1502:nationalization
1493:
1488:
1482:
1464:Chávez and his
1457:, spreading to
1392:
1386:
1383:
1376:needs expansion
1361:
1355:
1343:death of Chávez
1281:
1243:
1238:
1237:
894:
886:
885:
757:
749:
748:
709:
701:
700:
671:
634:
605:
601:Other countries
589:
587:
582:
581:
573:
554:Nationality law
550:
538:
527:Felix Plasencia
516:
506:
505:
500:
483:
466:
449:
432:
421:Parliamentary:
415:
387:
377:
376:
335:
325:
324:
315:
307:
306:
299:Jorge Rodríguez
292:Dinorah Figuera
286:
277:
269:
268:
257:Delcy Rodríguez
230:
222:
221:
164:
163:
134:
73:
71:
62:
53:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4864:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4709:Foreign policy
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Vargas tragedy
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4361:
4360:
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4274:
4269:
4266:¿¡Revolución!?
4262:
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4233:
4226:
4219:
4214:
4211:Aló Presidente
4206:
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4175:
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4171:Foreign policy
4167:
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4079:2007 protests
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3869:
3868:External links
3866:
3864:
3863:
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3794:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3737:
3711:
3700:
3689:
3678:on 4 July 2014
3662:
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3522:
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3381:
3370:. 21 June 2014
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3240:(in Spanish).
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2861:(in Spanish).
2849:
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2781:
2751:
2736:
2725:. 30 June 2016
2708:
2696:on 16 May 2016
2681:
2670:
2659:
2653:978-1442601802
2652:
2631:
2616:
2613:(1/2): 175–85.
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2426:
2424:, 1 April 2009
2407:
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2230:978-0143124887
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2198:(4): 1243–78.
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2038:Main article:
2035:
2032:
2004:hyperinflation
1993:Nicolás Maduro
1971:considered a "
1967:
1965:
1962:
1932:Main article:
1929:
1926:
1915:government in
1895:Mission Mercal
1893:Main article:
1890:
1889:Mission Mercal
1887:
1868:Main article:
1865:
1862:
1835:Barrio Adentro
1827:Barrio Adentro
1799:Main article:
1796:
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1777:Main article:
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1585:Main article:
1582:
1579:
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1481:
1478:
1470:1998 elections
1468:party won the
1442:as president.
1427:Jaime Lusinchi
1394:
1393:
1373:
1371:
1354:
1351:
1341:Following the
1312:Nicolás Maduro
1306:and later the
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876:Tax resistance
873:
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777:Class conflict
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365:Municipalities
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252:Vice President
249:
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4580:Bolivarianism
4578:
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4575:Boliburguesía
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4249:Mi amigo Hugo
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4119:
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4116:Bolivarianism
4114:
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4111:Boliburguesía
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3442:
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3397:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3369:
3368:
3367:The Economist
3363:
3357:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3293:
3277:
3270:
3263:
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3243:
3239:
3232:
3216:
3210:
3194:
3193:The Economist
3190:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3164:. 27 May 2014
3163:
3159:
3153:
3138:on 8 May 2014
3137:
3133:
3132:El Carabobeno
3129:
3123:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3053:Business Week
3048:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3010:
3006:
3000:
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2786:
2769:
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2747:The Economist
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2723:
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2712:
2695:
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2577:
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2247:
2240:
2232:
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2222:
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2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:Palabra Clave
2189:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
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2128:
2127:
2123:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2098:
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2087:
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2075:
2071:
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2058:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2028:Dutch disease
2025:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:According to
2008:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:Mark Weisbrot
1949:
1946:According to
1944:
1942:
1935:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1871:
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1704:Vuelvan Caras
1702:
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1608:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1567:authoritarian
1564:
1560:
1559:anti-American
1556:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1536:International
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:1988 election
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:Simón Bolívar
1390:
1381:
1377:
1374:This section
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:Bolivarianism
1350:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1328:Bolivarianism
1325:
1324:South America
1321:
1317:
1316:Simón Bolívar
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
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1290:
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1125:
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1120:
1118:
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1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
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3337:Israel News
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3075:El Universal
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3040:El Universal
3039:
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3013:. Retrieved
3011:. 6 May 2014
3009:El Universal
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2539:(in Spanish)
2537:El Universal
2536:
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2510:
2500:
2485:
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2463:
2429:
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2378:. Retrieved
2367:The Guardian
2366:
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2266:the original
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2057:El Universal
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2021:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1990:
1981:
1978:
1969:
1945:
1937:
1922:
1882:El Universal
1880:
1877:New Urbanism
1873:
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1831:consultorios
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1380:adding to it
1375:
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1286:
1168:
1137:People Power
854:Disobedience
546:in Venezuela
409:
372:Dependencies
360:Legislatures
183:Human rights
169:Constitution
157:Constitution
34:Part of the
25:
4826:Hugo Chávez
4727:Petrocaribe
4600:Guaicaipuro
4527:Tascón List
4405:Tascón List
4400:Decree 1011
4369:Hugo Chávez
4194:Petrocaribe
3944:(1999–2013)
3930:Hugo Chávez
3730:13 November
3252:29 December
2971:Diario 2001
2947:UNICEF 2005
2842:30 December
2591:(1): 53–67.
1913:Hugo Chávez
1811:dental care
1725:Hugo Chávez
1679:Guaicaipuro
1663:Robinson II
1520:, but this
1451:El Caracazo
1387:August 2015
1300:Hugo Chávez
1199:Arab Spring
797:Human chain
787:Coup d'état
696:Proletarian
569:Visa policy
472:Municipal:
276:Legislature
210:Nationality
188:LGBT rights
91:Hugo Chávez
50:Chávez eyes
4805:Categories
4786:Referendum
4736:Opposition
4689:Snitch Law
4672:Colectivos
4595:Florentino
4365:Presidency
4141:Colectivos
4088:Referendum
4001:Presidency
3957:Early life
3858:30 January
3825:30 January
3162:El Impulso
2868:31 January
2814:25 January
2700:30 October
2566:3 February
2543:3 February
2516:3 February
2173:References
1973:petrostate
1658:Robinson I
1514:World Bank
1353:Background
1221:Euromaidan
1169:Bolivarian
1117:Nicaraguan
1097:Guatemalan
1035:Young Turk
1015:Philippine
844:Nonviolent
839:Resistance
814:Insurgency
724:Nonviolent
719:From above
691:Democratic
525:Minister:
455:Regional:
4764:Protests
4610:Identidad
4504:Elections
3782:218524439
3774:1351-0347
3655:28 August
3630:28 August
3484:0458-3035
3313:28 August
3282:27 August
3221:27 August
3102:El Tiempo
2836:VICE News
2511:The Hindu
2390:cite news
2375:0261-3077
2157:Pink tide
1917:Venezuela
1823:Venezuela
1684:Identidad
1640:Education
1603:Venezuela
1555:pink tide
1522:socialism
1293:Venezuela
1174:Bulldozer
1127:Carnation
1122:Argentine
1065:1917–1923
1053:Communist
998:Hungarian
834:Rebellion
772:Civil war
734:Permanent
681:Communist
676:Bourgeois
385:Elections
350:Governors
314:Judiciary
288:President
235:President
229:Executive
80:Venezuela
36:Pink tide
4667:Chavismo
4635:Robinson
4322:Category
4136:Chavismo
3889:Archived
3836:(2005),
3803:(2005),
3082:19 March
3033:Archived
2988:Archived
2963:Archived
2918:Archived
2900:23 April
2441:Archived
2141:Chavismo
2108:See also
2052:diaspora
2047:Newsweek
1849:citizens
1843:form of
1840:de facto
1789:scandals
1595:Missions
1575:chavismo
1563:populist
1497:Chavismo
1491:Domestic
1480:Policies
1455:Guarenas
1231:Sudanese
1209:Egyptian
1204:Tunisian
1157:Romanian
1058:Cultural
1044:Chinese
1019:Iranian
988:February
909:American
904:Atlantic
893:Examples
866:Samizdat
670:By class
645:a series
643:Part of
559:Passport
200:Abortion
106:cultural
68:Location
4620:Miranda
4605:Habitat
4415:teleSUR
4272:teleSUR
3793:Sources
3588:Reuters
3425:Reuters
3339:Haaretz
2774:14 June
2729:30 June
2464:Reuters
2346:10 July
2314:Reuters
2102:Podemos
1983:Haaretz
1964:Decline
1955:of the
1717:Leaders
1689:Miranda
1627:Hábitat
1597:of the
1459:Caracas
1411:MBR-200
1162:Singing
1112:Rwandan
1087:Spanish
1082:Siamese
1070:Russian
1040:Mexican
966:Belgian
941:Serbian
929:Haitian
914:Brabant
899:English
829:Protest
762:Boycott
756:Methods
729:Passive
340:Regions
264:Cabinet
116:Outcome
4655:Zamora
4615:Mercal
4377:Tenure
3801:UNICEF
3780:
3772:
3682:9 July
3482:
3276:Center
3168:28 May
2650:
2373:
2272:31 May
2227:
1941:UNESCO
1857:UNICEF
1709:Zamora
1632:Mercal
1214:Yemeni
1194:Kyrgyz
1184:Orange
1152:Velvet
1147:Yogurt
1092:August
1075:German
1048:Xinhai
1028:Second
1005:Eureka
993:German
924:French
881:Terror
824:Mutiny
739:Social
714:Colour
345:States
205:Labour
101:Motive
77:
4777:2007
4640:Sucre
4630:Ribas
4203:Image
3852:(PDF)
3841:(PDF)
3819:(PDF)
3808:(PDF)
3778:S2CID
3724:UNHCR
3515:3 May
3489:1 May
3456:1 May
3431:1 May
3302:(PDF)
3272:(PDF)
3199:3 May
3142:7 May
3112:7 May
3015:7 May
2894:(PDF)
2887:(PDF)
2808:(PDF)
2801:NOREF
2797:(PDF)
2380:3 May
2320:3 May
2294:3 May
2082:UNHCR
1653:Sucre
1648:Ribas
1189:Tulip
1107:Cuban
1023:First
973:Texas
946:Greek
919:Liège
849:Civil
86:Cause
4781:RCTV
4773:2004
4768:2002
4625:Piar
4083:RCTV
3939:45th
3860:2006
3827:2006
3770:ISSN
3732:2018
3684:2014
3657:2014
3632:2014
3600:2014
3569:2014
3539:2014
3517:2017
3491:2017
3480:ISSN
3458:2017
3433:2017
3407:2016
3376:2016
3348:2016
3341:.com
3315:2015
3284:2015
3254:2006
3223:2015
3201:2014
3170:2014
3144:2014
3114:2014
3084:2009
3017:2014
2902:2014
2870:2009
2844:2015
2816:2016
2776:2006
2731:2016
2702:2011
2648:ISBN
2568:2014
2545:2014
2518:2014
2402:help
2382:2017
2371:ISSN
2348:2019
2322:2017
2296:2017
2274:2012
2225:ISBN
1855:and
1819:poor
1813:and
1694:Piar
1565:and
1423:left
1287:The
1179:Rose
1142:1989
1132:Saur
978:1848
961:July
956:1830
951:1820
861:Riot
744:Wave
531:list
496:2017
491:2009
479:2018
474:2017
462:2021
457:2017
445:2017
440:1999
428:2020
423:2015
410:2024
404:2018
239:list
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4367:of
3762:doi
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2863:BBC
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