411:, which he edited from Beijing. Rather than have bland official statements, he made it his policy to make the journal a "forum of controversy". As he later recalled, he was "continually in hot water, especially with the Japan Council, which thought I was too anti-imperialist, and the Soviet Council, which thought that its own anti-imperialist line was the only permissible one...." As explained below, others later accused him of motives which were less scholarly than political. Lattimore sought articles from a wide range of perspectives and made the journal a forum for new ideas, especially from the social sciences and social philosophy. Scholars and writers of all persuasions were contributors, including
258:
2116:"'Is it assumed that a visit of this kind affords an ideal opportunity to snoop on one's hosts?'... He went so far as to imply that after all Nikishov, the camp commander, could not have been such a tyrant ("the unspeakable Nikishov... must have slipped up in his control") since Elinor Lipper survived to write her book. He seemed to suggest that being on a goodwill mission and allied to the Soviet Union were good enough explanations for the euphoric accounts he and Wallace produced.'" Paul Hollander,
903:(IPR). The twelve days of testimony were marked by shouting matches, which pitted McCarran and McCarthy on one side against Lattimore on the other. Lattimore took three days to deliver his opening statement: the delays were caused by frequent interruptions as McCarran challenged Lattimore point by point. McCarran then used the records from the IPR to ask questions that often taxed Lattimore's memory. Budenz again testified, but this time claimed that Lattimore was both a Communist and a Soviet agent.
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is doing more to spread
Communism than the teaching of the Chinese Communists themselves or the influences of Russia. It supplies the pressure under which the detonative ideas can work. At the same time it destroys Chinese wealth of every kind – capital, trade, revenue from agricultural rent – thus weakening that side of Chinese society which is most antagonistic to Communism."
196:, mentioned in his memoirs that Lattimore placed a request for a Chinese assistant through Comintern channels. Chen’s superiors dispatched him to the United States in 1936 to serve as Lattimore’s coeditor at Pacific Affairs, a position Chen used to carry out espionage activities in New York, with the help of another agent, Rao Shu-shi. The controversy put an end to Lattimore's role as a consultant of the
1018:
948:, in his memoirs, suggests that Wittfogel may have said this because he had been made to leave Germany for having views unacceptable to the powers that be, and he did not want to make the same mistake twice. They also asserted that the influence of Marxism on Lattimore was shown by his use of the word "
887:
Now, however, Budenz testified that
Lattimore was a secret Communist but not a Soviet agent; he was a person of influence who often assisted Soviet foreign policy. Budenz said his party superiors had told him that Lattimore's "great value lay in the fact that he could bring the emphasis in support of
516:
he was expected to maintain a balance, but writing in another journal in the spring of 1940 he urged that "Above all, while we want to get Japan out of China, we do not want to let Russia in. Nor do we want to 'drive Japan into the arms of Russia.'" He continued: "the savagery of the
Japanese assault
426:
on his way back to the States. Lattimore had never been to the Soviet Union, having been denied a visa, and felt eager to obtain contributions from Soviet scholars, who had a distinguished tradition in
Central Asian studies. But he was also wary because of the attacks Soviet scholars had made on him
989:
Four of the charges were dismissed as insubstantial and not judicable; denying that he was sympathetic to communism was too vague to be fairly answered; and the other counts were matters of little concern, those for which a jury would be unlikely to convict on matters of political judgment. In his
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to testify. Budenz had no first-hand knowledge of
Lattimore's Communist allegiance and had never previously identified him as a Communist in his extensive FBI interviews. In addition, Budenz had in 1947 told a State Department investigator that he "did not recall any instances" that suggested that
211:
Lattimore's "lifetime intellectual project", notes one recent scholar, was to "develop a 'scientific' model of the way human societies form, evolve, grow, decline, mutate and interact with one another along 'frontiers'." He eclectically absorbed and often abandoned influential theories of his day
549:, who caused the plan to collapse. Ma Hongbin's Hui Muslim troops launched further attacks against Japan in the Battle of West Suiyuan. In Suiyuan 300 Mongol collaborators serving the Japanese were fought off by a single Muslim who held the rank of Major at the Battle of Wulan Obo in 1939 April.
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because they strengthened the Soviet Union for the coming battle against
Germany and Japan. Lattimore famously stated that the show trials "sound to me like democracy". Lattimore's misjudgment of the purge trials was undoubtedly influenced by his generally favorable evaluation of Soviet foreign
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Institute of
Pacific Relations : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Subcommittee Investigating the Institute of Pacific Relations, Eighty-Second
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307:
scholar. His commercial travels also gave him a feel for the realities of life and the economy. A turning point was negotiating the passage of a trainload of wool through the lines of two battling warlords early in 1925, an experience which led him the next year to follow the caravans across
524:
ran an article by Owen
Lattimore which reported on Japan's planned offensive into a Hui Muslim region of China in 1938, which predicted that the Japanese would suffer a massive crushing defeat at the hands of the Muslims. In 1940, the Japanese were crushed and routed by the Muslims at the
33:
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The
American Centre for Mongolian Studies, together with the International Association of Mongolian Studies and the National University of Mongolia School of Foreign Service, organized a conference entitled "Owen Lattimore: The Past, Present, and Future of Inner Asian Studies" in
846:
Lattimore, he said, "in view of his position of tremendous power at the State
Department" was the "'architect' of our Far Eastern policy" and asked whether Lattimore's "aims are American aims or whether they coincide with the aims of Soviet Russia." At the time, Lattimore was in
843:, was investigating McCarthy's claims of widespread Soviet infiltration of the State Department. When the accusation was leaked to the press, McCarthy backed off from the charge that Lattimore was a spy but continued the attack in public session of the committee and in speeches.
2055:), pg. 7 (PDF pg. 12): Six years prior to Barmine's 1948 FBI interview, the agency had already compiled a thick security dossier at the onset of World War II on Lattimore, recommending that he be put under "Custodial Detention in case of National Emergency".
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Historian Peter Perdue wrote that "Modern historians, anthropologists, and archaeologists have revised many of Lattimore's arguments, but they still rely on his insights. All of the themes addressed by Lattimore continue to inspire world historians today."
573:, arguing that China should adopt a cultural autonomy policy based on the Soviet Union's minority policy, which he regarded as "one of the most successful Soviet policies." His advice was mostly disregarded by Chiang's officials, as defense secretary
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with their five-year-old son before arriving in Moscow for a two-week stay toward the end of March 1936. Soviet officials coldly demanded that the IPR and its journal support collective security arrangements against Japan. Lattimore responded that
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2193:, July 31, 1951, U. S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, Institute of Pacific Relations, Hearings, 82nd Congress, First Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1951), Part 1, pp. 199–200
662:, a manufacturer with long experience in the China trade whose visit to China in 1943 convinced him that stories of Chiang Kai-shek's corruption were false. He accused Lattimore of being hostile to Chiang and too sympathetic towards the
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on seven counts. Six of the counts related to various discrepancies between Lattimore's testimony and the IPR records; the seventh accused Lattimore of seeking to deliberately deceive the SISS. Lattimore's defenders, such as his lawyer
1037:. In addition to setting up Chinese Studies, he promoted Mongolian Studies, building good relations between Leeds and Mongolia and establishing a programme in Mongolian Studies in 1968. He remained at Leeds until he retired as
939:
Lattimore acknowledged that Wittfogel's thought had been tremendously influential but said that if there had been a smile, it was a "non-Communist smile". Wittfogel and Taylor charged that Lattimore had done "great harm to the
179:
accused Lattimore in particular of being "the top Russian espionage agent in the United States." The accusations led to years of Congressional hearings that did not substantiate the charge that Lattimore had been a spy. Soviet
328:, a mammoth feat in the first half of the 20th century. In the event, the plans were disrupted and she had to travel alone by horse-drawn sled for 400 miles (640 km) in February to find him. She described her journey in
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explained: "We have to squeeze everything out of a prisoner in the first three months – after that we don't need him anymore." The system of hard labor and minimal or no food reduced most prisoners to helpless "goners"
2272:(Soviet Military Intelligence) chief General Berzin informed him prior to his 1937 defection that Owen Lattimore was a Soviet agent; FBI Report, "Owen Lattimore, Internal Security – R, Espionage – R", September 8, 1949 (
592:. By this time, Lattimore's political activities and associations had been under scrutiny for the last two years by the FBI, which recommended Lattimore be put under "Custodial Detention in case of National Emergency".
323:
as government liaison. During this year in Beijing before departing on his expedition, he met his wife, Eleanor Holgate. For their honeymoon they planned to travel from Beijing to India, he overland, she by rail across
2326:. (1951) (Opening statement of Senator Pat McCarran, Chairman). pg. 2-4. Pg. 63 Edward Carter (IPR Sec. General) testifies: " the Senate committee not only took IPR files but took four drawers of my personal files."
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504:. As editor, he then made what Robert Newman, a sympathetic biographer, called "the most serious error of his career." Lattimore published an article by a pro-Soviet writer, whom Lattimore did not know, praising
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Growing and evolving, the society begins to change the environment. For example, depleting its game supply and wild crops, it begins to domesticate animals and plants. It deforests land to create room for these
1951:
1934:
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not as the history of China and its influence on its neighbors, but as the interaction between two types of civilizations, settled farming and pastoral, each of which had its role in changing the other.
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policy, which emphasized international cooperation against Japan and Germany and his judgment that the Soviets had been supportive of Mongol autonomy. He was "nonetheless wrong," Newman concluded.
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He worked first for a newspaper and then for a British import/export related business. This gave him the opportunity to travel extensively in China and time to study Chinese with an old-fashioned
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2242:(New York: Crown Forum, 2007), pp. 385–398. Further documentation of specifics charges is to be found in: FBI Report, "Owen Lattimore, Internal Security – R, Espionage – R", September 8, 1949 (
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The conference website includes links on the conference and Owen Lattimore: "Who was Owen Lattimore?"; Digital Books; Articles; Archives; Bibliography: Bookshop; Conference Presentations
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to be a Communist; that he collaborated with Field after he possessed this knowledge; and that he did not tell the truth before the subcommittee about this association with Field...."
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and the American government and contributed extensively to the public debate on U.S. policy toward Asia. From 1963 to 1970, Lattimore was the first Professor of Chinese Studies at the
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Lattimore had a lifelong dedication to establishing research centres to further the study of Mongolian history and culture. In 1979 he became the first Westerner to be awarded the
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had informed him prior to Barmine's 1937 defection that Lattimore was a Soviet agent, an allegation Barmine would repeat under oath before the Senate McCarran Committee in 1951.
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issued its 226-page, unanimous final report. This report stated that "Owen Lattimore was, from some time beginning in the 1930s, a conscious articulate instrument of the Soviet
888:
Soviet policy in non-Soviet language." The majority report of the Tydings committee cleared Lattimore of all charges against him; the minority report accepted Budenz's charges.
1795:. citing Chen Han-Shen, Sige Shidai de Wo (My Life During Four Ages), Beijing, People’s Republic of China: Chinese Culture and History Press, 1988. New York : Free Press.
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1964:
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273:, China, where his parents, David and Margaret Lattimore, were English teachers at a Chinese university. (His brother was the poet and classics scholar and translator
918:, resisted the committee's invitation to label Lattimore a Communist but found some of his writings superficial and uncritical. The most damaging testimony came from
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was denied on the grounds that "Mongolia now is constantly ready for war and conditions are very unstable." And in the end, Soviet scholars sent only one article to
485:. He was impressed with their candor, but had a less favorable experience on his visit to the party school for national minorities. When he spoke to the Mongols in
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963:," and that on "at least five separate matters," Lattimore had not told the whole truth. One example: "The evidence... shows conclusively that Lattimore knew
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Society changes in response, and reacts to the new opportunities as a new society. For example, the once-nomads build permanent settlements and shift from a
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The Mongols of Manchuria: Their Tribal Divisions, Geographical Distribution, Historical Relations With Manchus and Chinese, and Present Political Problems.
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said that, despite Hoover's relentless efforts, the FBI never found "anything substantial" and that the accusations against Lattimore were "ridiculous."
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936:, Lattimore knew of his Communist background; even though they had not exchanged words on the matter, Lattimore had given Wittfogel a "knowing smile."
979:, claimed that the discrepancies were caused by McCarran deliberately asking questions about arcane and obscure matters that took place in the 1930s.
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McCarthy, who had no evidence of specific acts of espionage and only weak evidence that Lattimore was a concealed Communist, in April 1950 persuaded
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296:, England (1915–1919). He pursued literary interests, especially poetry, and briefly converted to Catholicism. He did well on the entrance exams for
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Ti-Ch'in in Amsterdam (the Netherlands), 1967. (Teach-in on China). Left to right: K.S. Karol (=Karol Kewes), Bertus Hendriks, George Cammelbeeck,
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and his treatment of the great civilizations as organic wholes which were born, matured, grew old, and died. Lattimore's most influential book,
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had the obligation to serve all the national councils, even the Japanese, and could not take political sides. Lattimore's request to visit the
261:"A halt on the march": Owen Lattimore in late 1926, on his first journey across Inner Asia. His diary from this journey on the "desert road to
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859:. Lattimore dismissed the charges against him as "moonshine" and hurried back to the United States to testify before the Tydings Committee.
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accused Lattimore of being the top Soviet agent, either in the US, in the State Department, or both. The committee, chaired by Senator
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The managers of his firm saw no advantage in subsidizing his travels but did send him to spend a final year of employment with them in
2437:; pg. 47; US Senate, 82nd Congress, 2nd Session, Committee on the Judiciary, Institute of Pacific Relations, Report No. 2050, pg. 224
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and is changed by it, and concluded that civilization is molded by its own impact on the environment. He lists the following pattern:
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Within three years, four of the seven indictments were thrown out by the courts and the government subsequently dropped the others.
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Prominent figures in the anti-Communist American political left offered mixed evaluations of Lattimore's legacy in foreign policy.
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in 1968, Lattimore justified himself by arguing his role had not been one to "snoop on his hosts." (In contrast, camp commander
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640:"a trained and sensitive interest in art and music and also a deep sense of civic responsibility". In a letter written to the
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After sojourns in New York and London, the Lattimores returned to Beijing in 1937. Owen visited the Communist headquarters at
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1989:
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After being schooled at home by his mother, he left China at the age of twelve and attended Collège Classique Cantonal near
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1843:; pp. 5–8. He euphemistically describes the experience as being "sent 'up-country' once to try to get hold of some wool".
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In 1944, relations between Kohlberg and Lattimore became so bad that Kohlberg left the IPR and founded a new journal,
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1979:
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dismissed the perjury charges on technical grounds. United States v. Lattimore, 127 F. Supp. 405 (D.D.C. 1955).
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363:. He did not, however, enroll in a doctoral program, but returned to China 1930–1933 with fellowships from the
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similarly proclaimed Latimore "a devious and skillful follower of the Communist Party line on Asian affairs”.
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232:; and some aspects of Marxist modes of production and stages of history, especially through the influence of
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The Diluv Khutagt: Memoirs and Autobiography of a Mongol Buddhist Reincarnation in Religion and Revolution
899:. Before Lattimore was called as witness, investigators for the SISS had seized all of the records of the
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landings, Wallace and his delegates stayed 25 days in Siberia and were given a tour of the Soviet Union's
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Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight against America's Enemies
2240:
Blacklisted by History: The untold story of Senator Joe McCarthy and his fight against America's enemies
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964:
687:, and it is possible that McCarthy first learned of Lattimore's communist tendencies through Kohlberg.
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In 1952, after 17 months of study and hearing, involving 66 witnesses and thousands of documents, the
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cables, decoded during WWII and declassified decades later, did not refer to Lattimore as one of the
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603:, China, and Mongolia in 1944 for the U.S. Office of War Information. The trip had been arranged by
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679:. By the late 1940s, Lattimore had become a particular target of Kohlberg and other members of the
607:, who recommended to FDR that Lattimore accompany Wallace. During this visit, which overlapped the
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was eager to solicit the participation of Soviet scholars, and insisted that Lattimore meet him in
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137:
75:
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The Survival of the Adversary Culture: Social Criticism and Political Escapism in American Society
2005:
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During the 1940s, Lattimore came into increasing conflict with another member of the IPR's board,
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288:, Switzerland. After war broke out in 1914, he was sent to England, where he was enrolled at
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Recast All Under Heaven: Revolution, War, Diplomacy, and Frontier China in the 20th Century
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213:
2985:. Brief biography of Lattimore, with links to books by or about him and relevant websites.
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He also soon wrote prominently against allowing Soviet expansion into China. As editor of
340:(1930). This trip laid the ground for his lifelong interest in all matters related to the
265:" enabled him to write his first book, the start of his career as a scholar of the region.
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that dealt with the great themes of history. These included the ecological determinism of
8:
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636:, remarking on how strong and well-fed the inmates were and ascribing to camp commandant
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FBI Report, "Owen Lattimore, Internal Security – R, Espionage – R," September 8, 1949 (
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1183:; 1972 (reprint with new introduction): New York: AMS Press; 1995 (reprint): New York:
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1792:
Joseph McCarthy : reexamining the life and legacy of America's most hated senator
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1059:, the highest award that the Mongolian state gives to foreigners. The State Museum in
952:." Lattimore replied that he did not think that Marxists had a "patent" on that word.
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930:. Wittfogel, a former Communist, said that at the time Lattimore edited the journal
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Buck, David (1999). "Owen Lattimore". In Garraty, John A.; Carnes, Mark C. (eds.).
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Meanwhile, accusations were made, which later became public. On 14 December 1948,
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pursues some agricultural activities, but is aware that it has many limitations.
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to establish the Department of Chinese Studies (now East Asian Studies) at the
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1981:
Frontier Passages: Ethnopolitics and the Rise of Chinese Communism, 1921–1945
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The environment changes, offering new opportunities. For example, it becomes
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magazine in 1949 that Lattimore had never "acted as a Communist in any way."
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2420:, "Why are the Liberals Whitewashing? Owen Lattimore in the Liberal Press",
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541:. The following year in 1940, the Japanese were defeated militarily by the
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126:. Although he never earned a college degree, in the 1930s he was editor of
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Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia.
944:" in disregarding the need to defeat world Communism as a first priority.
2645:
2610:
Asian Frontier Nationalism: Owen Lattimore and the American Policy Debate
2238:
Quotes from "Owen Lattimore, Espionage – R", Ch 29 of M. Stanton Evans's
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1110:(1947), Lattimore explored the system through which humanity affects the
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655:, in Russian). Conditions varied depending on the state of the country.)
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appointed Lattimore to serve as US advisor to Chinese Nationalist leader
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Early Cold War Spies: the Espionage Trials That Shaped American Politics
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Silks, Spices, and Empire: Asia Seen Through the Eyes of Its Discoverers
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in 1942 for his travels in Central Asia. In 1943, he was elected to the
220:, though only to the extent of seeing characteristics which grew out of
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941:
759: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2371:"U.S. Grand Jury Indicts Lattimore, Charges Perjury in Senate Hearing"
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thought that while Lattimore was not a Soviet spy, he may have been a
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Upon his return to America in 1928, he received a fellowship from the
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and the Soviet Union, however. In 1988 Chen Han-shen, a member of the
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At President Roosevelt's request, he accompanied U.S. Vice-President
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188:. The hearings did document Lattimore's sympathetic statements about
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In 1944, Lattimore was placed in charge of the Pacific area for the
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1545:. Introduction by Blanche Wiessen Cook. Preface by David Lattimore.
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America and Asia: Problems of Today's War and the Peace of Tomorrow
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1763:"Owen Lattimore, Far East Scholar Accused by McCarthy, Dies at 88"
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994:, Lattimore gives his own account of these events up until 1950.
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628:, Lattimore described what little he saw as a combination of the
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1463:"An Inner Asian Approach to the Historical Geography of China."
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for one and a half years. Lattimore advocated on behalf of the
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In February 1952, Lattimore was called to testify before the
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from 1939 to 1953. During World War II, he was an advisor to
2397:"United States v. Lattimore, 112 F. Supp. 507 (D.D.C. 1953)"
1470:(UK), vol. 110, no. 4/6 (Oct./Dec. 1947), pp. 180–187.
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An Inner Asian Approach to the Historical Geography of China
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The Lattimores left China in 1938. Owen spent six months in
477:, an activist journal of political commentary. There he met
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suspected Lattimore of understating Soviet interference in
1143:
The reciprocal process continues, offering new variations.
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Lattimore was a Communist and had also told his editor at
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and eventually to his academic career. He died in 1989 in
2936:
FBI reports from the espionage investigation of Lattimore
2833:(2007). "Owen Lattimore, Asia, and Comparative History".
2484:
University of Leeds, List of Honorary Graduates 1904–2014
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China Memoirs: Chiang Kai-shek and the War Against Japan.
415:, some Chinese literary figures, and dedicated Marxists.
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In 1934, on the recommendation of treaty port journalist
236:. The most important and lasting influence, however, was
1605:
Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928–1958
1044:
In 1984 the University of Leeds conferred the degree of
2749:. Australia: Australian Centere on China in the World.
359:, then for the academic year 1928/1929 as a student at
1809:
1230:
The Gold tribe, "Fishskin Tatars" of the lower Sungari
244:(1940), used these theories to explain the history of
3073:
People of the United States Office of War Information
2157:
Owen Lattimore, Internal Security – R, Espionage – R,
2099:(New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, (1988) 1991;
1965:"Middlesboro Daily News – Google News Archive Search"
1386:
1942: "China Opens Her Wild West." Washington, D.C.:
683:. Kohlberg was later to become an advisor to Senator
2142:
John Thomas, Ch. 2, "Kohlberg and the China Lobby,"
1821:
1735:
675:, in which he attempted to rebut the claims made in
269:Born in the United States, Lattimore was raised in
142:
Walter Hines Page School of International Relations
2805:A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
2769:
2713:
2637:
2530:Sidney Hook Was Right, Arthur Schlesinger Is Wrong
2252:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992),
1090:who was deeply committed to communist ideals, and
2689:Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective
2575:
2202:
2067:The Life and Political Economy of Lauchlin Currie
1623:From China, Looking Outward: An Inaugural Lecture
970:On December 16, 1952, Lattimore was indicted for
2999:
2876:No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities
431:'s madness" – and for publishing an article by
110:(July 29, 1900 – May 31, 1989) was an American
1644:ed. with Eleanor Holgate Lattimore. New York:
724:
3088:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2976:American Center for Mongolian Studies Library
2446:
2208:"McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America"
1946:"American Responsibilities in the Far East."
1335:, in conjunction with the Secretariat of the
114:and writer. He was an influential scholar of
1977:
1552:"The New Political Geography of Inner Asia."
1487:, with Eleanor Holgate Lattimore. New York:
1422:, with Eleanor Holgate Lattimore. New York:
2906:Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America
2453:The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover's FBI
1419:The Making of Modern China: A Short History
895:(SISS), headed by McCarthy's ally, Senator
870:former editor of the Communist Party organ
831:In March 1950, in executive session of the
489:, his Chinese hosts broke off the session.
427:– Lattimore's "scholasticism is similar to
16:American Orientalist and writer (1900–1989)
3038:American expatriates in the United Kingdom
140:from 1938 to 1963. He was director of the
31:
3018:20th-century American non-fiction writers
2899:
2869:
2711:
2305:"Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2006)
1584:Nomads and Commissars: Mongolia Revisited
1563:Reprint: London: William Clowes and Sons.
1331:International Research Series. New York:
1322:, vol. 1, no. 1 (August 1935), pp. 47–62.
906:The subcommittee also summoned scholars.
819:Learn how and when to remove this message
369:John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
2966:Owen Lattimore: A Register of His Papers
2799:
2246:), pg. 1 (PDF p. 2); Robert P. Newman,
1048:(DLitt) on Emeritus Professor Lattimore
1016:
1008:
439:. The Lattimores spent two weeks on the
256:
252:
2740:
1971:
1140:mentality to a farming society culture.
690:
204:, having resided in his later years in
3000:
2772:Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China
2767:
2636:(2007). "Chapter 29: Owen Lattimore".
2607:
2541:
2532:," The New York Sun, December 16, 2002
2501:
2249:Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China
1905:
1827:
1788:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1571:Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia
922:, supported by his colleague from the
393:and the Institute of Pacific Relations
167:" were accused of being agents of the
2743:"Inside Out: Owen Lattimore on China"
2741:Loubere, Nicholas (January 8, 2016).
2686:
2632:
2556:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935369.013.26
2118:The Survival of the Adversary Culture
1950:16 (Spring 1940): 161–174, quoted in
997:In his 1979 memoir, former FBI agent
893:Senate Internal Security Subcommittee
557:Following the German invasion of the
3028:Academics of the University of Leeds
2829:
2582:
1815:
1760:
1315:"On the Wickedness of Being Nomads."
1266:1969 (reprint): New York: H. Fertig.
1247:"The Unknown Frontier of Manchuria."
1234:American Anthropological Association
910:, a Russian émigré and a scholar of
757:adding citations to reliable sources
728:
401:, Lattimore was appointed editor of
3053:Anti-communism in the United States
2036:
1747:
13:
2144:The Institute of Pacific Relations
1574:, with Sh. Nachukdorgi. New York:
1429:1944 (reprint): Washington, D.C.:
1392:, Vol. 182, No. 3, September 1942.
1376:"The Fight for Democracy in Asia."
982:Within three years, federal judge
533:from Suiyuan in 1939 and create a
471:, who were gathering material for
242:The Inner Asian Frontiers of China
14:
3099:
3068:People educated at St Bees School
2929:
2753:from the original on July 8, 2019
2544:"Owen Lattimore: World Historian"
2274:FBI File: Owen Lattimore, Part 1A
2161:FBI File: Owen Lattimore, Part 1A
2010:. J.W. Powell. 1937. p. 320.
1854:"List of Past Gold Medal Winners"
1697:Compiled by Fujiko Isono. Tokyo:
1560:, vol. CXIX, no. 1 (March 1953).
529:. The Japanese planned to invade
2716:Encyclopedia of the McCarthy Era
2260:, pg. 52; On December 14, 1948,
1662:History and Revolution in China.
1263:New York: John Day (with maps).
1254:, vol. 11, no. 2 (January 1933).
855:, on a cultural mission for the
733:
277:. One of his sisters was author
155:In the early post-war period of
3078:Social Science Research Council
2535:
2522:
2511:
2477:
2440:
2427:
2411:
2389:
2362:
2346:
2329:
2324:Congress, first session, part 1
2316:
2299:
2279:
2232:
2196:
2184:
2181:magazine, Monday, Mar. 10, 1952
2166:
2149:
2136:
2123:
2110:
2089:
2058:
2045:
2030:
2014:
1998:
1957:
1940:
1928:
1915:
1713:Japanese translation available.
1328:Inner Asian Frontiers of China.
1147:
1029:In 1963, he was recruited from
744:needs additional citations for
711:Federal Bureau of Investigation
552:
353:Social Science Research Council
2778:University of California Press
2674:Devin-Adair Publishing Company
2614:Humanities Press International
2576:References and further reading
2191:Testimony of Alexander Barmine
1874:
1846:
1833:
1782:
1371:, vol. 19, no. 3 (April 1941).
1337:Institute of Pacific Relations
901:Institute of Pacific Relations
498:Inner Asian Frontiers of China
409:Institute of Pacific Relations
384:American Philosophical Society
186:Soviet agents active in the US
134:Institute of Pacific Relations
91:
1:
3033:American expatriates in China
3023:20th-century American writers
2845:Association for Asian Studies
2456:. WW Norton. pp. 45–46.
1984:. Stanford University Press.
1729:
1383:, vol. 20, no. 4 (July 1942).
1333:American Geographical Society
1217:Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict
1157:The Desert Road to Turkestan.
1079:, on August 20 and 21, 2008.
132:, a journal published by the
3043:American non-fiction writers
2989:The Papers of Owen Lattimore
2041:. Continuum. pp. 88–89.
1841:The Desert Road to Turkestan
500:and continuing as editor of
334:The Desert Road to Turkestan
37:Owen Lattimore (around 1945)
7:
2943:United States vs. Lattimore
2712:Klingaman, William (1996).
2586:American National Biography
2341:Manchester University Press
1923:Studies in Frontier History
1761:Pace, Eric (June 1, 1989).
1389:National Geographic Society
1273:"China and the Barbarians."
1013:Lattimore (Amsterdam, 1967)
725:Congressional investigation
450:Mongolian People's Republic
10:
3104:
2768:Newman, Robert P. (1992).
2691:. New York & Toronto:
2612:. Atlantic Highlands, NJ:
2337:Asian Frontier Nationalism
2311:Cambridge University Press
1861:Royal Geographical Society
1541:2004 (reprint): New York:
1205:1994 (reprint): New York:
634:Tennessee Valley Authority
571:ethnic minorities in China
380:Royal Geographical Society
365:Harvard–Yenching Institute
312:to the end of the line in
171:or under the influence of
2993:Dartmouth College Library
2853:10.1017/S0021911807000952
1948:Virginia Quarterly Review
1699:University of Tokyo Press
1097:
1065:newly discovered dinosaur
1004:
705:at the Soviet Embassy in
590:Office of War Information
496:, writing a draft of the
463:to act as translator for
344:and other peoples of the
279:Eleanor Frances Lattimore
97:
83:
64:
42:
30:
23:
2949:Owen Lattimore interview
2836:Journal of Asian Studies
2268:investigators that then-
2244:FBI file: Owen Lattimore
2174:Absent-Minded Professor?
2064:Roger James Sandilands,
2053:FBI file: Owen Lattimore
2007:The China Monthly Review
1925:, London 1962, pp. 12–20
1651:1973 (reprint): London:
1342:1967 (reprint): Boston:
1031:Johns Hopkins University
924:University of Washington
561:in June 1941, President
435:, who they considered a
202:Providence, Rhode Island
138:Johns Hopkins University
76:Providence, Rhode Island
2961:University of Cambridge
2909:. Boston & London:
2881:Oxford University Press
2693:Oxford University Press
2687:Fried, Richard (1990).
2591:Oxford University Press
2548:Oxford Handbooks Online
2418:William F. Buckley, Jr.
1839:Lattimore, Owen (1928)
1789:Herman, Arthur (2000).
1611:Oxford University Press
1589:Oxford University Press
1576:Oxford University Press
1084:Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
1057:Order of the Polar Star
664:Chinese Communist Party
441:Trans-Siberian Railroad
3083:Victims of McCarthyism
2981:April 1, 2016, at the
2608:Cotton, James (1989).
2542:Perdue, Peter (2018).
2450:; Brown, Bill (1979).
2309:(Cambridge; New York:
2037:Liu, Xiaoyuan (2010).
1632:Leeds University Press
1497:The Situation in Asia.
1484:China: A Short History
1207:Kodansha International
1185:Kodansha International
1026:
1014:
622:. In a travelogue for
527:Battle of West Suiyuan
522:Middlesboro Daily News
355:for further travel in
266:
3048:American orientalists
2399:. Justia. May 2, 1953
2335:Cotton, James (1989)
2131:The Gulag Archipelago
2076:Duke University Press
1978:Xiaoyuan Liu (2004).
1364:"Stalemate in China."
1020:
1012:
920:Karl August Wittfogel
563:Franklin D. Roosevelt
506:Stalin's purge trials
260:
253:Early life and travel
234:Karl August Wittfogel
198:U.S. State Department
2843:(3). Ann Arbor, MI:
2593:. pp. 248–250.
2448:Sullivan, William C.
2435:Early Cold War Spies
2276:), pg. 2 (PDF pg. 7)
1886:search.amphilsoc.org
1882:"APS Member History"
1557:Geographical Journal
1467:Geographical Journal
1025:& Owen Lattimore
753:improve this article
719:Yan Karlovich Berzin
691:Accused of espionage
630:Hudson's Bay Company
494:Berkeley, California
214:Ellsworth Huntington
163:, American wartime "
2970:Library of Congress
2959:(May 21, 1983) via
2670:The Lattimore Story
2433:Haynes & Klehr
2377:. December 17, 1952
2220:on October 12, 2007
2159:September 8, 1949 (
2026:. 1940. p. 18.
1818:, pp. 758–760.
1680:: O. Harrassowitz.
1402:Claremont, Calif.:
1067:after him in 1986.
1041:Professor in 1970.
1035:University of Leeds
999:William C. Sullivan
713:agents that Soviet
625:National Geographic
407:, published by the
374:He was awarded the
175:. In 1950, Senator
150:University of Leeds
101:Orientalist, writer
2678:Also available at
2666:Flynn, John Thomas
2489:2015-04-04 at the
2339:. Manchester, UK:
2286:Navasky, Victor S.
2163:), p. 2 (PDF p. 7)
1768:The New York Times
1543:Carroll & Graf
1523:Ordeal by Slander.
1491:. Revised edition.
1404:Claremont Colleges
1319:T'ien Hsia Monthly
1282:Empire in the East
1225:. Revised in 1935.
1027:
1015:
965:Frederick V. Field
957:McCarran Committee
709:, Greece, advised
361:Harvard University
275:Richmond Lattimore
267:
226:economic geography
2953:Caroline Humphrey
2813:Collier Macmillan
2793:Full text online.
2634:Evans, M. Stanton
2565:978-0-19-993536-9
2353:Report on the IPR
2262:Alexander Barmine
2204:Evans, M. Stanton
2146:, esp. pp. 39–40.
2133:, vol. 2, pg. 49.
2129:Solzhenitsyn, A.
1991:978-0-8047-4960-2
1802:978-0-684-83625-6
1667:Studentlitteratur
1443:Solution in Asia.
1120:primitive society
1046:Doctor of Letters
992:Ordeal by Slander
833:Tydings Committee
829:
828:
821:
803:
702:chargé d'affaires
697:Alexander Barmine
330:Turkestan Reunion
298:Oxford University
238:Arnold J. Toynbee
218:biological racism
105:
104:
3095:
2924:
2901:Schrecker, Ellen
2894:
2871:Schrecker, Ellen
2864:
2831:Rowe, William T.
2826:
2791:
2775:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2735:
2719:
2706:
2677:
2659:
2643:
2627:
2602:
2570:
2569:
2539:
2533:
2528:Ronald Radosh, "
2526:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2499:
2493:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2424:, July 14, 1989.
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2366:
2360:
2359:, July 14, 1952.
2350:
2344:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2314:
2303:
2297:
2283:
2277:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2216:. Archived from
2206:(May 30, 1997).
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2170:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2095:Paul Hollander,
2093:
2087:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1952:Newman pp. 44–45
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1921:Owen Lattimore,
1919:
1913:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1858:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1758:
1745:
1739:
1653:Universal-Tandem
1432:Infantry Journal
1411:Harry E. Yarnell
1300:1970 (reprint).
1175:1929 (reprint):
984:Luther Youngdahl
946:John K. Fairbank
824:
817:
813:
810:
804:
802:
768:"Owen Lattimore"
761:
737:
729:
599:on a mission to
597:Henry A. Wallace
136:, and taught at
93:
84:Other names
71:
57:Washington, D.C.
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:
2998:
2997:
2983:Wayback Machine
2957:Alan Macfarlane
2932:
2927:
2921:
2891:
2823:
2801:Oshinsky, David
2788:
2756:
2754:
2747:The China Story
2732:
2703:
2664:
2656:
2624:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2540:
2536:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2512:
2500:
2496:
2491:Wayback Machine
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2428:
2422:National Review
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2375:Harvard Crimson
2369:
2367:
2363:
2351:
2347:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2304:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2171:
2167:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2120:: ibid. pg. 181
2115:
2111:
2094:
2090:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2035:
2031:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1830:, pp. 5–6.
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1759:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1554:Great Britain:
1380:Foreign Affairs
1368:Foreign Affairs
1357:Doubleday Doran
1353:Mongol Journeys
1251:Foreign Affairs
1232:. Menasha, WI:
1150:
1138:hunter-gatherer
1100:
1088:fellow traveler
1007:
933:Pacific Affairs
864:Louis F. Budenz
841:Millard Tydings
837:Joseph McCarthy
825:
814:
808:
805:
762:
760:
750:
738:
727:
693:
685:Joseph McCarthy
677:Pacific Affairs
660:Alfred Kohlberg
648:Naftaly Frenkel
605:Lauchlin Currie
575:Wang Ch'ung-hui
567:Chiang Kai-shek
555:
545:Muslim General
514:Pacific Affairs
502:Pacific Affairs
454:Pacific Affairs
446:Pacific Affairs
404:Pacific Affairs
399:H.G.E. Woodhead
395:
391:Pacific Affairs
378:by the British
255:
230:location theory
177:Joseph McCarthy
146:Chiang Kai-shek
129:Pacific Affairs
79:
73:
69:
60:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
2996:
2995:
2986:
2973:
2963:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2930:External links
2928:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2866:
2865:
2827:
2821:
2796:
2795:
2787:978-0520073883
2786:
2776:. California:
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1744:, p. 527.
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1456:978-0404106355
1438:
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1414:
1406:. Foreword by
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1372:
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1348:
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1296:978-0836918632
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1006:
1003:
908:Nicholas Poppe
857:United Nations
827:
826:
741:
739:
732:
726:
723:
692:
689:
583:Outer Mongolia
554:
551:
418:IPR secretary
394:
388:
376:Patron's Medal
332:(1934), he in
310:Inner Mongolia
290:St Bees School
254:
251:
194:Sorge spy ring
108:Owen Lattimore
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
85:
81:
80:
74:
72:(aged 88)
66:
62:
61:
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
25:Owen Lattimore
24:
15:
9:
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2912:
2911:Little, Brown
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2722:Facts on File
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2105:1-56000-554-8
2102:
2098:
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2084:0-8223-1030-9
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
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2040:
2033:
2025:
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2017:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1906:Newman (1992)
1902:
1887:
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1877:
1862:
1855:
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1829:
1828:Newman (1992)
1824:
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1798:
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1770:
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1742:Newman (1992)
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1277:Joseph Barnes
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1197:
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1195:High Tartary.
1191:
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1050:honoris causa
1047:
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1040:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1023:Stuart Schram
1019:
1011:
1002:
1000:
995:
993:
987:
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978:
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968:
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929:
928:George Taylor
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
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902:
898:
894:
889:
885:
883:
882:
876:
874:
869:
868:anticommunist
865:
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844:
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838:
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823:
820:
812:
801:
798:
794:
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784:
780:
777:
773:
770: –
769:
765:
764:Find sources:
758:
754:
748:
747:
742:This section
740:
736:
731:
730:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
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688:
686:
682:
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661:
656:
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649:
645:
644:
643:New Statesman
639:
638:Ivan Nikishov
635:
631:
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626:
621:
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614:
610:
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602:
598:
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451:
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438:
434:
433:Harold Isaacs
430:
425:
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420:Edward Carter
416:
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413:Pearl S. Buck
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122:, especially
121:
117:
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109:
100:
98:Occupation(s)
96:
89:
86:
82:
77:
67:
63:
58:
53:July 27, 1900
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2955:, filmed by
2941:
2938:, 5161 pages
2905:
2879:. New York:
2875:
2840:
2834:
2807:. New York:
2804:
2771:
2755:. Retrieved
2746:
2720:. New York:
2715:
2688:
2680:Hathi Trust.
2672:. New York:
2669:
2644:. New York:
2639:
2609:
2589:. New York:
2585:
2547:
2537:
2524:
2513:
2497:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2452:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2374:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2343:; pp. 91–95.
2336:
2331:
2318:
2306:
2301:
2294:Viking Press
2290:Naming Names
2289:
2281:
2248:
2239:
2234:
2224:December 16,
2222:. Retrieved
2218:the original
2213:Human Events
2211:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2156:
2155:FBI Report,
2151:
2143:
2138:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2096:
2091:
2066:
2060:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2022:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1980:
1973:
1959:
1947:
1942:
1935:Newman 40–41
1930:
1922:
1917:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1848:
1840:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1791:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1766:
1737:
1692:
1673:
1660:
1638:
1622:
1604:
1587:. New York:
1582:
1570:
1555:
1528:Little Brown
1521:
1515:Little Brown
1508:
1502:Little Brown
1495:
1489:W. W. Norton
1483:
1465:
1448:Little Brown
1441:
1430:
1424:W. W. Norton
1418:
1397:
1387:
1378:
1366:
1355:. New York:
1352:
1344:Beacon Press
1326:
1317:
1290:, pp. 3–36.
1281:
1258:
1249:
1229:
1216:
1200:Little Brown
1193:
1181:Little Brown
1155:
1148:Publications
1107:
1105:
1101:
1081:
1069:
1054:
1043:
1028:
996:
991:
988:
981:
969:
954:
938:
931:
905:
897:Pat McCarran
890:
886:
879:
873:Daily Worker
871:
861:
845:
830:
815:
806:
796:
789:
782:
775:
763:
751:Please help
746:verification
743:
700:
694:
676:
670:
668:
657:
652:
641:
623:
594:
587:
559:Soviet Union
556:
553:World War II
539:puppet state
521:
519:
513:
511:
501:
497:
491:
472:
469:Philip Jaffé
465:T. A. Bisson
458:
453:
445:
417:
402:
396:
390:
373:
350:
338:High Tartary
337:
333:
329:
318:
302:
283:
268:
241:
210:
169:Soviet Union
154:
152:in England.
127:
120:Central Asia
107:
106:
70:(1989-05-31)
68:May 31, 1989
18:
3058:China Hands
3013:1989 deaths
3008:1900 births
2847:: 759–786.
2646:Crown Forum
2502:Newman 1992
2403:October 30,
2381:October 30,
1908:, pp.
1816:Rowe (2007)
1126:activities.
1112:environment
1092:Sidney Hook
1073:Ulaanbaatar
1061:Ulaanbaatar
853:Afghanistan
809:August 2022
681:China Lobby
336:(1928) and
165:China Hands
157:McCarthyism
112:Orientalist
3063:Mongolists
3002:Categories
2920:0316774707
2890:0195035577
2822:0029234905
2811:; London:
2809:Free Press
2731:0816030979
2702:019504360X
2623:0391036513
2504:, p.
2292:, pg. 13.
1866:August 24,
1730:References
1686:3447022213
1306:0836918630
1286:New York:
1221:New York:
1170:0404038875
1131:grasslands
977:Abe Fortas
961:conspiracy
942:free world
866:, the now-
835:, Senator
779:newspapers
672:Plain Talk
653:dokhodyaga
547:Ma Hongbin
543:Kuomintang
483:Zhou Enlai
479:Mao Zedong
437:Trotskyite
49:1900-07-27
2861:163037081
2107:, pg. 180
2086:, pg. 151
2078:, 1990),
1891:April 12,
1774:March 11,
1678:Wiesbaden
1646:Delacorte
1613:; Paris:
1288:Doubleday
1223:Macmillan
881:Collier's
717:Director
699:, former
487:Mongolian
357:Manchuria
346:Silk Road
305:Confucian
263:Turkestan
246:East Asia
206:Pawtucket
161:Red Scare
2979:Archived
2903:(1998).
2873:(1986).
2803:(1983).
2751:Archived
2668:(1953).
2599:39182280
2487:Archived
2469:July 11,
1609:London:
1526:Boston:
1513:Boston:
1500:Boston:
1446:Boston:
1198:Boston:
1160:London:
1077:Mongolia
1063:named a
1039:Emeritus
912:Mongolia
632:and the
618:camp at
579:Xinjiang
474:Amerasia
367:and the
314:Xinjiang
286:Lausanne
159:and the
124:Mongolia
2972:, 1998.
2968:in the
2757:July 8,
2296:, 1980.
1476:1789948
1408:Admiral
1162:Methuen
972:perjury
793:scholar
613:Magadan
601:Siberia
537:Muslim
531:Ningxia
342:Mongols
326:Siberia
321:Beijing
294:Cumbria
271:Tianjin
222:ecology
173:Marxism
92:欧文·拉铁摩尔
88:Chinese
2917:
2887:
2859:
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2256:
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2082:
2072:Durham
1988:
1799:
1718:
1705:
1691:1990:
1684:
1672:1982:
1665:Lund:
1659:1970:
1637:1968:
1620:1964:
1615:Mouton
1602:1962:
1595:
1581:1962:
1568:1955:
1550:1953:
1536:466941
1534:
1520:1950:
1507:1950:
1494:1949:
1481:1947:
1474:
1461:1947:
1454:
1440:1945:
1416:1944:
1395:1943:
1374:1942:
1362:1941:
1351:1941:
1325:1940:
1313:1935:
1304:
1294:
1279:, ed.
1271:1934:
1257:1934:
1245:1933:
1239:
1228:1933:
1214:1932:
1192:1930:
1177:Boston
1168:
1154:1928:
1098:Theory
1005:Legacy
950:feudal
795:
788:
781:
774:
766:
707:Athens
620:Kolyma
461:Yan'an
429:Hamlet
424:Moscow
224:; the
190:Stalin
182:Venona
90::
2857:S2CID
1910:28–29
1857:(PDF)
1628:Leeds
1472:JSTOR
990:book
916:Tibet
849:Kabul
800:JSTOR
786:books
616:Gulag
609:D-Day
116:China
2915:ISBN
2885:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2782:ISBN
2759:2019
2726:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2618:ISBN
2595:OCLC
2560:ISBN
2471:2020
2458:ISBN
2405:2018
2383:2018
2357:Time
2254:ISBN
2226:2009
2179:Time
2101:ISBN
2080:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1893:2023
1868:2015
1797:ISBN
1776:2008
1716:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1532:OCLC
1452:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1275:In:
1237:ISBN
1166:ISBN
914:and
772:news
581:and
520:The
481:and
467:and
228:and
118:and
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65:Died
59:, US
43:Born
2991:at
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2266:FBI
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535:Hui
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2228:.
2070:(
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1967:.
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1937:.
1912:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
