101:
1653:
141:
49:
1648:
81:
121:
511:
161:
181:
580:(POEA) was a government agency tasked with supervising labor recruitment agencies in the Philippines. Recruitment and deployment agencies are mandated by the POEA to monitor the situation of Overseas Filipino Workers, including if they are with their supposed employers and if employers provide assistance to the Filipino worker in case of emergency.
499:
compensation by ensuring that recruitment agencies provide them with adequate information about onboard conditions and laws that apply to
Filipino seafarers; it also aims to address the lack of domestic laws vis-Ă -vis the country's compliance with international maritime standards, as well as the seafarers' rights and welfare."
440:
The Marcos administration continued to expand the policy, since it served a double function: it helped relieve economic pressure by bringing in dollar revenues, and it also relieved social pressure, because many of the highly educated young people who formed the bulk of Marcos' political critics left
596:
is imposed on transfer fees charged by the remittance companies. Under
Presidential Decree No. 1183 and Republic Act No.8042, or the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act of 1995, Overseas Filipino Workers are exempt from travel tax and airport terminal fees when traveling out of the Philippines
498:
in
February 2024 but was put on hold for review. Senate Bill No. 2221, "An Act Providing for the Magna Carta of Filipino Seafarers" (and the House of Representatives' version, House Bill 7325, approved on March 6, 2024) "seeks to provide seafarers with the right to humane working conditions and just
357:
Following the end of World War II, some
Filipinos who served in the U.S. Army became American citizens. The United States also saw increased immigration of Filipino medical professionals, accountants, engineers, and other technical workers after the war. From the 1950s to the 1960s, non-professional
605:
Despite many
Filipina migrant workers having received higher education and working as skilled nurses, 58 out of 100 overseas Filipino women workers are categorized as laborers and unskilled workers compared to 13 out of 100 overseas Filipino male workers in a 2007 survey. Filipino women often fill
432:
in its scope. The decree formally established a recruitment and placement program "to ensure the careful selection of
Filipino workers for the overseas labor market to protect the good name of the Philippines abroad". Three government agencies were created to tend to the needs of Filipino migrant
283:
who reside in another country for a limited period of employment. The number of these workers was roughly 1.77 million between April and
September 2020. Of these, female workers comprised a larger portion, making up 59.6 percent, or 1.06 million. However, this number declined to 405.62 thousand
651:
has demonstrated that
Filipino migrants and the remittances they send back to families are correlated with better governance. Exposure to the democratic politics and efficient bureaucracies in host countries allows migrants to use their remittances to urge relatives back home to demand better
631:
Despite financial benefits from working overseas, separation from family and cultural ties have proved detrimental to the health of
Filipino migrant workers. Many Filipino women working abroad have experienced worsening mental health, reporting symptoms of depression from a loss of belonging,
296:
The term "Overseas
Filipino Worker" (OFW) was used as early as the 1990s to refer to Filipino migrant workers, when Republic Act 8042, also known as the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 was enacted. The term was officially adopted by the Philippine government when the
622:
has found that because they are afraid of losing employment and since most clinics are closed on Sundays, which is the typical OFW's day off, a majority of female OFWs find it difficult to obtain medical treatment, resorting to self-medication instead.
311:
For statistical and probability purposes, the term "Overseas Contract Worker" refers to OFWs with an active employment contract, while OFWs who are not OCWs are migrant workers currently without a contract who had one within a given period of time.
635:
Unsafe workplaces and abuse are another big problem, with "more than 40% of labour Filipino migrants in the USA report high levels of workplace discrimination". Filipino women are often associated with stereotypes such as being
287:
OFW money remittances to relatives in the Philippines are a major contributor to the Philippine economy, reaching a total of P1.9 trillion in 2022, which represented some 8.9% of the Philippines' Gross Domestic Product.
417:. More Filipino medical workers began to search for work in Australia, Canada, and the United States. This compelled the Marcos administration to create a short-term labor policy that included overseas employment.
468:
issued Executive Order No. 126, which renamed the Welfare Fund as the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA). In 1995, the Republic Act 8042, or Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act, became law.
413:, these resulted in a spike in unemployment, an urgent need for foreign exchange to resolve the country's balance of payments, and a period of social unrest that kicked off with what is now known as the
552:. On December 30, 2021, then-President Duterte signed into law the "Department of Migrant Workers Act" (Republic Act 11641), which consolidates all OFW-related services into one department. The new
502:
On September 23, 2024, President Marcos signed into law Republic Act No. 12021, or the Magna Carta of Filipino Seafarers, which provides protection for domestic and overseas Filipino seafarers.
737:
483:
announced that in 2021, the Philippines would limit the annual number of health professionals (including nurses) it sends abroad to 5,000, from about 13,000 that currently leave every year.
588:
Remittances sent by Overseas Filipino Workers to the Philippines from abroad are not themselves subject to taxation by the Philippine government, which has no jurisdiction over foreign
405:
Overseas employment first became the subject of Philippine government policy in the early 1970s, in response to a series of crises brought about by heavy government spending linked to
301:(POEA) adopted the 2002 POEA Rules and Regulations Governing the Recruitment and Employment of Land-based Overseas Workers. Historically, particularly during the administration of
610:
in high-income countries". They are encouraged to take these overseas jobs due to high unemployment rates in the Philippines and the economy benefiting from remittances.
777:
433:
workers: the National Seamen Board, Overseas Employment Development Board, and the Bureau of Employment Services, which were later merged in 1978 to create the
537:
Overseas Employment Development Board (OEDB) – To "promote the overseas employment of Filipino workers through a comprehensive market and development program".
382:, and civilian agencies began recruiting Filipinos to work in jobs in the construction and service sector. This was encouraged by the passage in the US of the
1547:
1718:
1514:
661:
1033:
540:
Bureau of Employment Services (BES) – responsible for the regulation of "private sector participation in the recruitment of (local and overseas) workers".
337:
to work in hotels, restaurants, and sawmills, as well as getting involved in railroad construction. They also worked in plantations in California and the
1574:
1386:
741:
518:
The Philippine government has stated officially for decades that it doesn't maintain a labor export policy, and has continued to claim so as of 2012.
1110:
564:
The Migrante Partylist has cited two reasons that the Philippine government created a more systemic labor export policy during the administration of
1612:
375:
1451:
Limpangog, Cirila P. (2013). "Racialised and Gendered Workplace Discrimination: The Case of Skilled Filipina Immigrants in Melbourne, Australia".
568:: To quell dissent brought about by massive domestic unemployment and the political crisis, and to consolidate foreign exchange from remittances.
378:, "active and systemic migration" of Filipinos for temporary employment began by the 1960s, when the United States government, contractors of the
1267:
850:
325:
Filipino migrant workers were working outside the Philippine islands as early as the 1900s, when Filipino agricultural workers were deployed to
1387:""A significant number of women OFWs in Asia eschew health treatments when they are ill" – Ramirez Study of Women OFWs' common health problems"
1618:
577:
545:
434:
298:
1692:
428:—the Philippine government came up with the Labor Code of the Philippines (Presidential Decree 442, series 1974), which included Filipino
1624:
974:
667:
491:
406:
410:
358:
contract workers began migrating to other Asian countries; artists, barbers, and musicians worked in East Asia, and loggers worked in
1302:"A qualitative study of Filipina immigrants' stress, distress and coping: The impact of their multiple, transnational roles as women"
387:
17:
1084:
494:
undersecretary Eduardo De Vega has put forward the so-called "Magna Carta for Seafarers", a bill that was to be signed by President
910:
876:
1630:
1567:
383:
886:
619:
1748:
684:
534:
National Seamen Board (NSB) : To "develop and maintain a comprehensive program for Filipino seamen employed overseas".
444:
Soon, construction workers and engineers also began to be recruited by multinational companies in oil-rich nations in the
1775:
767:
1220:
1560:
549:
425:
1478:
Tusalem, Rollin F. (2018). "Do migrant remittances improve the quality of government? Evidence from the Philippines".
802:
1770:
1058:
1606:
652:
governance, at least in the context of enhancing the efficient provision of public goods at the provincial level.
1723:
235:
1522:
1667:
1245:
1780:
1600:
553:
1697:
302:
218:
640:
and having submissive attributes, which further adds to their discrimination in and out of the workplace.
1743:
738:"Table 3: Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers by Region of Origin and Place of Work Abroad: 2019"
379:
280:
1785:
1702:
1583:
1114:
694:
715:
1548:
POEA Rules and Regulations. Governing the Recruitment and Employment of Land-based Overseas Workers
530:, three government agencies were created to tend to the needs of Filipino migrant workers, namely:
243:
1376:, March 2, 2017, www.migrationpolicy.org/article/labor-export-government-policy-case-philippines.
461:
1000:
666:
Overseas Filipino Workers can only be legally deployed to countries certified by the Philippine
1636:
1196:
1168:
1141:
472:
700,000 of the world's mariners come from the Philippines, being the world's largest origin of
334:
966:
106:
1363:
UN Women. "Filipino Women Migrant Workers". Fact Sheet. New York, United States. N.d. Web.
29:
This article is about Filipino migrant workers. For the Filipino diaspora in general, see
8:
414:
342:
330:
326:
803:"2017 Survey on Overseas Filipinos (Results from the 2017 Survey on Overseas Filipinos)"
670:
to be compliant with Republic Act 10022, also known as the Amended Migrant Workers Act.
386:, which ended national immigration quotas and provided an unlimited number of visas for
1738:
1680:
1495:
1433:
1328:
1301:
925:
689:
679:
648:
256:
211:
30:
1499:
1333:
882:
421:
203:
1001:"Education in the 'New Society' and the Philippine Labour Export Policy (1972–1986)"
1685:
1552:
1487:
1460:
1425:
1323:
1313:
1012:
637:
565:
527:
305:
1675:
1372:
O'Neil, Kevin. “Labor Export as Government Policy: The Case of the Philippines.”
607:
593:
495:
480:
276:
48:
772:
465:
429:
394:
and Southeast Asia, namely Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and the US territories of
1318:
1764:
1491:
1017:
449:
391:
911:"IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines"
476:; In 2018, Filipino seafarers sent home the equivalent of US$ 6.14 billion.
1337:
346:
86:
1300:
Straiton, Melanie L.; Ledesma, Heloise Marie L.; Donnelly, Tam T. (2017).
1191:
1163:
1136:
1111:"De Vega on Magna Carta for Seafarers bill: 'I hope it passes right away'"
445:
399:
1059:"Filipino seafarers send home a record amount of $ 6.14 Billion in 2018"
1437:
1413:
1268:"Bello reminds airlines of travel tax, terminal fee exemption for OFWs"
589:
359:
1464:
1429:
510:
273:
126:
967:"Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship | 31 years of amnesia"
1221:"'Recruiter's responsibility doesn't end after deployment' – POEA"
950:
Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines".
1414:"'Frustrated and Displaced': Filipina Domestic Workers in Canada"
338:
407:
Ferdinand Marcos' 1969 campaign for his second presidential term
473:
363:
222:
166:
146:
54:
1085:"World's Supplier of Nurses to Limit Sending New Hires Abroad"
544:
In 1982, these three agencies were consolidated to create the
1034:"Pinoy seafarers' concerns taken up with US Coast Guard head"
460:
After Ferdinand Marcos was removed from office following the
333:'s agricultural sector. Filipino workers then went on to the
186:
1354:, June 11, 2009, psa.gov.ph/content/overseas-filipino-women.
1350:
Philippine Statistics Authority. "Overseas Filipino Women".
514:
Official sample of an Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) ID card
849:
Medina, Andrei; Pulumbarit, Veronica (September 21, 2012).
395:
1164:"Duterte signs law creating Department of Migrant Workers"
1299:
1192:"Department of Migrant Workers may start by 2023: POEA"
761:
759:
308:, the term "Overseas Contract Worker" (OCW) was used.
97:
548:(POEA), which later became an attached agency to the
345:. Some Filipinos also served in the U.S. Army during
1582:
1248:. Department of Finance (Philippines). June 21, 2017
756:
662:
List of deployment bans on Overseas Filipino Workers
486:
600:
1005:Journal of International and Comparative Education
851:"How Martial Law helped create the OFW phenomenon"
740:. Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from
1762:
1137:"Marcos signs Magna Carta of Filipino Seafarers"
848:
1352:National Statistics Office. Manila, Philippines
718:. Philippine Statistics Authority. June 4, 2020
716:"Total Number of OFWs Estimated at 2.2 Million"
455:
390:. Filipinos also worked in select areas in the
369:
77:
1619:Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
1568:
844:
842:
840:
618:A study conducted by Veronica Ramirez of the
578:Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
546:Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
435:Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
299:Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
1515:"POEA lists 24 countries off-limits to OFWs"
1135:Esguerra, Darryl John (September 22, 2024).
943:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
1411:
1391:CRC – Center for Research and Communication
1246:"OFW remittances not covered by tax reform"
958:
902:
117:
1575:
1561:
411:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis
362:, the Indonesian portion of the island of
47:
1512:
1450:
1327:
1317:
1016:
817:
626:
1693:2018 Kuwait–Philippine diplomatic crisis
1218:
1134:
998:
878:Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology
766:Villegas, Bernardo M. (August 1, 2023).
765:
509:
329:to satisfy temporary labor needs in the
157:
137:
1631:Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
1477:
994:
992:
908:
797:
795:
643:
384:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
177:
14:
1763:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1108:
708:
1556:
1513:Medenilla, Samuel (January 1, 2018).
1480:Asian Journal of Comparative Politics
949:
868:
620:Center for Research and Communication
556:is slated to be operational by 2023.
352:
1749:Foreign relations of the Philippines
1412:Grandea, Nona; Kerr, Joanna (1998).
989:
792:
685:Human trafficking in the Philippines
606:"the demand for unskilled, low-paid
505:
72:Regions with significant populations
1286:
1238:
1031:
952:DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05
780:from the original on August 2, 2023
613:
272:) is a term often used to refer to
24:
1613:Department of Labor and Employment
1357:
1219:Macasero, Ryan (August 13, 2015).
977:from the original on June 26, 2017
874:
550:Department of Labor and Employment
448:, which were then experiencing an
376:Department of Labor and Employment
25:
1797:
1541:
964:
918:Journal of Philippine Development
487:Magna Carta of Filipino seafarers
1672:OFWs convicted of death penalty
1651:
1646:
1607:Commission on Filipinos Overseas
1109:Cabato, Luisa (March 12, 2024).
768:"OFWs as a permanent phenomenon"
601:Female overseas Filipino workers
464:of February 1986, his successor
420:In 1974—two years after Marcos'
179:
159:
139:
119:
99:
79:
1724:Overseas Employment Certificate
1506:
1471:
1444:
1405:
1379:
1366:
1344:
1260:
1212:
1184:
1156:
1128:
1102:
1077:
1051:
1025:
999:Maca, Mark; Maca, Mark (2018).
909:Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992).
1668:Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz
730:
571:
320:
13:
1:
1625:Department of Foreign Affairs
1601:Department of Migrant Workers
701:
668:Department of Foreign Affairs
554:Department of Migrant Workers
492:Department of Foreign Affairs
1698:Death of Jeanelyn Villavende
655:
559:
456:Post–People Power Revolution
374:According to the Philippine
343:American territory of Alaska
291:
7:
1453:Journal of Workplace Rights
673:
583:
521:
370:Start of systemic migration
10:
1802:
1776:Economy of the Philippines
1744:Economy of the Philippines
1374:Migration Policy Institute
659:
441:the country to find work.
315:
28:
1732:
1711:
1703:Murder of Jullebee Ranara
1660:
1644:
1591:
1584:Overseas Filipino Workers
1319:10.1186/s12905-017-0429-4
1115:Philippine Daily Inquirer
597:from within the country.
526:During the presidency of
254:
249:
233:
228:
201:
196:
176:
156:
136:
116:
96:
76:
71:
66:
61:
46:
42:Overseas Filipino Workers
18:Overseas Filipino Workers
1771:Overseas Filipino Worker
1594:State-owned corporations
1492:10.1177/2057891118757694
1032:VVP (January 19, 2013).
1018:10.14425/jice.2018.7.1.1
697:– Indonesian counterpart
695:Pekerja Migran Indonesia
266:Overseas Filipino Worker
1065:. Drupal. March 3, 2019
632:loneliness, and guilt.
462:People Power Revolution
284:between 2019 and 2020.
1637:Overseas Filipino Bank
1418:Gender and Development
1197:Philippine News Agency
1169:Philippine News Agency
1142:Philippine News Agency
627:Mental health concerns
515:
335:Mainland United States
1592:Government agencies /
931:on September 21, 2021
881:. SAGE. p. 216.
513:
409:. Beginning with the
341:industry of the then-
250:Related ethnic groups
1781:Filipino expatriates
924:(35). Archived from
875:Yo, Jackson (2006).
744:on February 19, 2022
644:Impact on governance
496:Ferdinand Marcos Jr.
388:family reunification
281:Filipino citizenship
219:Philippine languages
107:United Arab Emirates
1172:. December 30, 2021
971:The Philippine Star
415:First Quarter Storm
331:then-U.S. territory
43:
1739:Overseas Filipinos
1681:Flor Contemplacion
1393:. October 19, 2021
1306:BMC Women's Health
1200:. January 13, 2022
690:Flor Contemplacion
680:Overseas Filipinos
649:Empirical research
516:
353:After World War II
257:Overseas Filipinos
67:2.3 million (2019)
41:
31:Overseas Filipinos
1758:
1757:
1465:10.2190/wr.17.2.e
1430:10.1080/741922629
888:978-1-4129-0948-8
638:mail-order brides
506:Government policy
263:
262:
16:(Redirected from
1793:
1786:1990s neologisms
1686:Mary Jane Veloso
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1521:. Archived from
1510:
1504:
1503:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1321:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
996:
987:
986:
984:
982:
965:Diola, Camille.
962:
956:
955:
947:
941:
940:
938:
936:
930:
915:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
846:
815:
814:
812:
810:
799:
790:
789:
787:
785:
763:
754:
753:
751:
749:
734:
728:
727:
725:
723:
712:
614:Medical concerns
566:Ferdinand Marcos
528:Ferdinand Marcos
306:Ferdinand Marcos
241:
216:
209:
189:
185:
183:
182:
169:
165:
163:
162:
149:
145:
143:
142:
129:
125:
123:
122:
109:
105:
103:
102:
89:
85:
83:
82:
62:Total population
51:
44:
40:
21:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1728:
1719:Deployment bans
1707:
1676:Sarah Balabagan
1661:Relevant events
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1525:on May 17, 2018
1519:Manila Bulletin
1511:
1507:
1476:
1472:
1449:
1445:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1298:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1274:. March 3, 2017
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1030:
1026:
997:
990:
980:
978:
963:
959:
948:
944:
934:
932:
928:
913:
907:
903:
893:
891:
889:
873:
869:
859:
857:
847:
818:
808:
806:
801:
800:
793:
783:
781:
764:
757:
747:
745:
736:
735:
731:
721:
719:
714:
713:
709:
704:
676:
664:
658:
646:
629:
616:
603:
594:value-added tax
586:
574:
562:
524:
508:
489:
481:Rodrigo Duterte
479:Then-President
458:
430:migrant workers
380:US Armed Forces
372:
355:
323:
318:
294:
277:migrant workers
239:
217:
214:
207:
180:
178:
160:
158:
140:
138:
120:
118:
100:
98:
80:
78:
57:
39:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1542:External links
1540:
1537:
1536:
1505:
1486:(4): 336–366.
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