Migrant worker - Knowledge

214:(TFWP) or the International Mobility Program (IMP); the key distinction between the programs being the requirement for Canadian employers to obtain a positive or neutral labour market impact assessment (under the TFWP) or an exemption from this process (IMP). Most work permits (~70%) issued in 2018 were under the IMP. Around 495,000 work permits were issued in 2018, while closer to 328,000 were issued in 2008, representing an increase of over 50 percent over the decade. All work authorizations under the TFWP are granted by the issuance of work permits conditional to one employer and job offer, also called "employer-specific" or "closed" work permits. The IMP facilitates both employer-specific and open work permits, as well as work permit exemptions. Open work permits allow migrant workers to change employers, with limited exceptions. With respect to the difference in volumes and admissions of permanent immigrants (i.e., those who have the right to reside permanently) and migrant workers, in 2008, the intake of non-permanent immigrants, had overtaken the intake of permanent immigrants (247,243). The contributions that migrant workers make in Canada are diverse and significant as they work in a wide range of occupations - harvesting fruits and vegetables, caring for children and the elderly, driving long-haul transport trucks, as well as working in IT, academica and medicine. 2241:"The Philippine government has long lauded the fact that, every day, some 4,500 Filipinos are sent abroad to work. The remittances they send back keeps the Philippine economy afloat. The government doesn't seem to provide any protection when these overseas Filipino workers run into distress. This labour export policy is still one of their pillars of development – pushing people to other countries instead of addressing poverty or lack of jobs at home." Instead of sending workers out just because the process helps the economy at their countries of origin, the country needs to examine ways to work with its people to obtain jobs or at least to create more jobs. When their skilled workers come to the United States and are often sexually, physically, and mentally exploited, it affects the workers but also the country upon their return, if they are able to return at all because of the conditions that they face. They are risky jobs, and journeys taken by migrants to ensure themselves better lives and also families make governments need to do more. "The exploitative immigration system of the U.S. works hand-in-hand with the corrupt labour export policy of the Philippines to maintain a steadily increasing flow of cheap, temporary migrant labour." 1902: 992:

only sends workers overseas to one that both sends and receives migrant workers. Thousands of foreign workers have entered the country from other Asian countries to work in Sri Lanka with 8000 coming from China and others coming from Nepal, Myanmar, Bangladesh and India. In addition to lawfully residing and working foreigners in the country, there are those that have over-stayed their visas or have illegally entered the country. In 2017, there were 793 investigations on unauthorised workers in the country and 392 foreign nationals were removed. The number of illegal Nepali migrants hiding in Sri Lanka prompted Nepal to launch an investigation in 2016 in order to crack down on the illegal movement of its citizens into Sri Lanka. An estimate from a Sri Lankan minister in 2017 put the number of foreign workers in the country at 200,000. However this number has been disputed. Additionally, there have been allegations that there are 200,000 illegal workers from China, India and Bangladesh working in the country, however certain parties have also dismissed this claim.

190:, herbicides, and fertilizers, which can lead to respiratory illness, dermatitis, cancer, and reproductive problems. If these workers do get injured or sick from work, they are left to navigate the American healthcare system without insurance and with a language barrier. The undocumented nature of many migrant workers in the United States leads to the exploitation of the population as a whole. The lack of government regulation of employers that hire migrant workers means that the workers work long hours in adverse conditions for little pay. These workers often live in unsafe living conditions that are overcrowded and often unsanitary. Additionally, they are at constant risk of sudden deportation, which leads to migrant workers accepting poor working conditions and unlivable wages from their employers. This leads to employers exploiting migrant workers by subjecting them to unhealthy working conditions for poverty wages. Socially, migrant workers face social stigma and discrimination as they are referred to as "illegal migrants". 1764: 951:

government has increased the quota for migrant workers by 5,000, to 62,000 individuals in 2013. In addition, on 31 January 2013, the minimum wage for migrant workers increased to 38,880 KRW for eight hours per day or a monthly rate of 1,015,740 KRW. Programs were put into place to protect migrant workers and ease their integration to Korean society. Programs sponsored by the government such as Sejonghakdang (세종학당), Multicultural Center of Gender Equality and Family Program, Foreign Ministry Personnel Center Program, and Ministry of Justice Social Integration Program provide free Korean language lessons for migrant workers. In addition, by fulfilling all the requirements of the Ministry of Justice Social Integration Program, migrant workers can apply for Korean citizenship without taking the Naturalization exams.

730: 1402:

countries put limits on hiring foreign workers. Weaknesses in the financial sector and in government administration impose substantial transaction costs on migrant workers who send them. Costs, although difficult to estimate, consist of salaries and the increased spending required to expand educational and health services, housing, roads, communications, and other infrastructure to accommodate the basic needs of the newcomers. The foreign labor force is a substantial drain of the GCC states' hard currency earnings, with remittances to migrants' home countries in the early 2000s amounting to $ 27 billion per year, including $ 16 billion from Saudi Arabia alone. It has been shown that the percentage of the GDP that foreign labor generates is roughly equal to what the state has to spend on them.

1597:

access to basic medical aid such as sanitary pads to women. ImpACT International and Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor released a report detailing the accusations of racially motivated human rights violations. According to the report, more than a dozen female African workers arrested were subjected to sexual harassment by the officers who raided their houses and touched their private parts while they were asleep in their nightwear during the raid. Some of these African migrants worked as waiters, assistant nurses, teachers, oil and gas contractors, nannies, etc. More than 20 people went on record to share their testimonies about the abuse by UAE officials against them and their fellow workers from Cameron, Uganda, and Nigeria on the night of the raid.

1458:, or "sponsorship" system. Migrant work is typically for a period of two years. Recruitment agencies in sending countries are the main contributors of labor to GCC countries. Through these agencies, sponsors must pay a fee to the recruiter and pay for the worker's round-trip airfare, visas, permits, and wages. Recruiters charge high fees to prospective employees to obtain employment visas, averaging between $ 2,000 and $ 2,500 in such countries as Bangladesh and India. Contract disputes are also common. In Saudi Arabia, foreign workers must have employment contracts written in Arabic and have them signed by both the sponsor and themselves in order to be issued a work permit. With other GCC countries, such as Kuwait, contracts may be written or oral. 840:

52.6%) originally came from Indonesia. This was followed by Bangladesh (316,401), Philippines (26,713), Thailand (21,065) and Pakistan (21,278). The total number of migrant workers from other countries was 591,481. Their arrival, if not controlled, will decrease the local population's employment opportunities. However, the arrival of migrant workers increased the country's output and reduced the wage rates in the local labor market. Despite the benefits achieved by both the sending and receiving countries, many problems arise in the receiving country, Malaysia. The number of migrant workers currently in Malaysia is very difficult to determine, although the numbers working legally, with a passport and a work permit, are known.

1477:

market strategies to improve this situation, to create sufficient employment opportunities for nationals, and to limit the dependence on expatriate labor. Restrictions have been imposed: the sponsorship system, the rotational system of expatriate labor to limit the duration of foreigners' stay, curbs on naturalization and the rights of those who have been naturalized, etc. This has also led to efforts to improve the education and training of nationals. Localization remains low among the private sector, however, because of the traditionally-low income that the sector offers. Other reasons are long working hours, a competitive work environment, and the need to recognize an expatriate supervisor, often difficult to accept.

955:

China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Myanmar and East Timor. A new visa, known as the C-3 visa, was launched on 3 December 2018 which allows one to stay in South Korea for up to 90 days within the visa's validity period of up to 10 years with no restrictions on the number of visits to the country. The visa is specifically designed for professionals like doctors, lawyers or professors, graduates who are enrolled in four-year-plus programs in South Korean universities and those with master's degrees or above from overseas. The visa is only granted to people from 11 Asian countries those being Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.

2164:

in L.A., put the Filipinos to work on an oil production platform owned by Black Elk Energy, a U.S. company that, according to federal regulators, had racked up 315 documented "incidents of safety non-compliance" offshore since 2010.The problems at Black Elk Energy were amplified following an explosion in November on a platform in the Gulf of Mexico that claimed the lives of three Filipino workers, while three others were seriously injured." The problem became known because the work at the company had been very dangerous even before they were hired and so work was stopped. However, that did not stop GIS, which needed to make money. Unfortunately the migrant workers were the ones who suffered.

1465:) naturally creates room for violations of the rights of foreign workers. Debt causes workers to work for a certain period of time without a salary to cover these fees. This bondage encourages the practice of international labour migration as women in situations of poverty are able to find jobs overseas and pay off their debts through work. It is common for the employer or the sponsor to retain the employee's passport and other identity papers as a form of insurance for the amount an employer has paid for the worker's work permit and airfare. Sponsors sell visas to the foreign worker with the unwritten understanding that the foreigner can work for an employer other than the sponsor. 2072:. Especially members of underprivileged communities are attracted by the opportunities of living and working in the US. Some of these agencies make fraudulent promises. But even worse than false promises, some migrants are abused and mistreated by the agencies and their middlemen. Some migrant workers may have their passports and mobile phones confiscated, are imprisoned in the employer's home or at least strictly overseen and disconnected from society, friends and family; some may not receive their full wage and have to work unrestrained long hours without breaks or days off. Migrant workers may also be denied adequate food and living conditions, as well as medical treatment. 2138:

University. Instead, they were sent to "work in nursing homes. The facilities paid Kalu's company, Foreign Health Care Professionals Group, $ 35 per hour for one of the nurses. Kalu then pocketed almost half the wage and paid the nurse $ 20 an hour." He continued to exploit these workers by allowing them to work while he was gaining their profit. He had to report to the government about these women and that they were in fact working in the country so that he could continue to receive funds while they continued to work. "Documents he submitted to the government didn't indicate that he and his partner, Philip Langerman, were taking a large portion of the visa-holders' wages."

790:, there were 2.05 million foreign residents registered as workers as of October 2023, which is a 185% increase since 2013. Vietnam (26.2%), China (23.0%), and the Philippines (11.1%) were the largest sources of these workers, while the number of Indonesian and Burmese workers has increased by more than 50% since 2022. The manufacturing industry was the largest employer. A Ministry of Foreign Affairs report concludes there were 1.29 million Japanese people residing overseas as of October 2023, but this number includes people such as those studying abroad and those living with families abroad, and the exact number of Japanese nationals working overseas is not clear. 741:

percent of the total population.9 This includes inter-state migrants and intra-state migrants. Out of 455.8 million migrants, 67.93% are women and 32.07% are men. The predominant reason for migration among women was cited as marriage. This reason for migration was stated by around 42.4 million migrants out of 65.4 million female migrants in total. Among males, ‘Work/Employment’ was the most significant reason for migration, 12.3 million out of 32.8 million total male migrants cited this reason for migration. There has been a substantial flow of people from Bangladesh and Nepal to India over recent decades in search of better work. Researchers at the

1395:, as well as to Lebanon and Jordan. The increase of Arab women in the labour force, and changing conceptions of women's responsibilities, have resulted in a shift in household responsibilities to hired domestic workers. Domestic workers perform an array of work in the home: cleaning, cooking, child care, and elder care. Common traits of the work include an average 100-hour work week and virtually non-existent overtime pay. Remuneration differs greatly according to nationality, often depending on language skills and education level. This is seen with Filipina domestic workers receiving a higher remuneration than Sri Lankan and Ethiopian nationals. 1871: 1236:: Anwerbeabkommen). The initial plan was a rotation principle: a temporary stay (usually two to three years), followed by a return to their homeland. The rotation principle proved inefficient for the industry, because the experienced workers were constantly replaced by inexperienced ones. The companies asked for legislation to extend the residence permits. Many of these foreign workers were followed by their families in the following period and stayed forever. Until the 1970s, more than four million migrant workers and their families came to Germany like this, mainly from the Mediterranean countries of Italy, Spain, the former Yugoslavia, 1776:. Young girls and women are singled out in families to be migrant workers because they have no viable alternative role to fulfil in the local village. If they go to work in the urban centres as domestic workers, they can send home money to help provide for their younger siblings. Many of these women come from developing countries, and are low skilled. Additionally women who are widowed or divorced and have limited economic opportunities in their native country may be forced to leave out of economic necessity. Migration can also substitute for divorce in societies that do not allow or condone divorce. 947:

medium-sized businesses. However, these workers were considered trainees and not official employees, so they could not receive protection under Korean labour laws. On 14 February 1995 Guidelines for the Protection and Management of Foreign Industrial Trainees provided legal and social welfare for migrant workers. The Act on the Employment of Foreign Workers which states that "a foreign worker shall not be given discriminatory treatment on the ground that he/she is a foreigner", was put into force on 16 August 2003. Later that year the numbers of migrant workers multiplied dramatically.

1727:. The schemes have been touted as providing significant income and remittance opportunities for Pacific nations, as well as providing vital labour for industries such as horticulture in Australia and New Zealand. However, the impact of the schemes on Pacific countries is increasingly perceived as negative, removing skilled workers from these countries' economies, separating families, and failing to up-skill temporary workers. Despite being entitled to the same employment rights and minimum wage as New Zealanders, several instances of exploitation of RSE workers have been reported. 1887:

children of migrant workers become migrant workers themselves. There is concern that this may have negative psychological effects on the children who are left behind. Although this has not been proven to be entirely true or false, studies have been done which show that many children of migrant workers manage reasonably well. One theory states that remittances to some degree make up for the lack of care by providing more resources for food and clothing. Additionally, some migrant mothers take great care in attempting to maintain familial relationships while abroad.

1481:

harsh working conditions, low or delayed pay, and general lack of rights. Sexual harassment of Filipina housemaids by local employers, especially in Saudi Arabia, has become a serious matter. In recent years, this has resulted in a ban on the migration of females under 21. Such nations as Indonesia have noted the maltreatment of women in the GCC states, with governments calling for an end to the sending of housemaids altogether. In GCC countries, a chief concern with foreign domestic workers is childcare without the desired emphasis on Islamic and Arabic values.

897:

of Singapore's foreign workers fall under the category of unskilled or low-skilled. In 2019, there were 322,700 male construction workers and 222,500 female domestic workers in Singapore. Many came from Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines or Thailand. In 2020, it was reported that of the 1.4 million foreign workers in Singapore, nearly 1 million were in low paid, low skilled work. Such jobs are often perceived by local Singaporeans as less attractive since they are dirty, physically demanding, and potentially dangerous.

1283:

International Labor Organization, the Armenian economy has been in recession since 2009, with unemployment rising from 10.3% in 2009 to 20.4% in 2015. This has led many Armenians to seek better economic opportunities abroad. The Armenian government has taken steps to protect its citizens from exploitation and abuse while working abroad, such as establishing the State Migration Service of Armenia (SMS) in 2016. The SMS is responsible for promoting safe and legal labor migration, as well as for providing assistance for returning migrants.

1445:. Emigrants are offered substandard wages and living conditions and are compelled to work overtime without extra payment. With regards to injuries and death, workers or their dependents are not paid due compensation. Citizenship is rarely offered and labor can often be acquired below the legal minimum wage. Foreign workers often lack access to local labor markets. Often, these workers are legally attached to a sponsor/employer until completion of their employment contract, when a worker must either renew a permit or leave the country. 1274:

number of people who leave the country permanently slowed down, whereas, the number of seasonal labor migrants mainly to Russia increased. According to a study conducted by the Ministry of Territorial Development and Administration, 95% of seasonal migrants and 75% of long-term migrants work in Russia as of the end of the year 2018, and the reason is supposed to be the membership with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The First Deputy Minister of Territorial Administration and Development of Armenia, Vache Terteryan, once said:

1801:

children at home. Although they are from the Singaporean middle class, they are stuck at almost the same level and share status with the third group, foreign domestic workers. Because of global economic restructuring and global city formation, the mobility of female labours is increasing. However, they are controlled through strict enforcement and they are statistically invisible in migration data. The female foreign domestic workers are always gender-stereotyped as maids and generalized as low wages workers in society.

438: 2190:"The police found a squalid, land-based equivalent of a 19th-century slave ship." There were doorless bathrooms, decaying sinks and mattresses, morning after pills (medications that can induce abortion) and girls were pale, exhausted and malnourished. However, this is just an example of one of the apartments and houses that were affected by this type of abuses. Many other houses or neighborhoods in the U.S that seem to be upscale and upper class are infested with these types of illegal actions. 371: 222:(CSAWP). This federal initiative allows for the organized entry into Canada of low- to mid-level skilled farm workers for up to eight months a year to fill labour shortages on Canadian farms during peak periods of planting, cultivating, and harvesting of specified farm commodities. The program is run jointly with the governments of Mexico and the participating Caribbean states, which recruit the workers and appoint representatives in Canada to assist in the program's operations. 186:

injury. In the domestic field many, often female, migrant workers are subject to physically demeaning cleaning jobs that involve harsh chemical cleaners that have adverse health effects. Industrial workers often have to use heavy machinery without proper training or safety protocols. In the agricultural field, the workers spend long days doing intense physical labor often in extreme weather conditions such as storms and heat. The workers are also exposed to unsafe levels of

512: 971:

2013, there were 479,426 foreigners working in South Korea and holding nonprofessional working visas and 99% of them came from other Asian countries with ethnic Koreans from China at 45.6%, Vietnamese at 11.8%, Indonesians at 5.9%, Uzbeks at 5.1%, ethnic Chinese at 4.2%, Cambodians at 4%, Sri Lankans at 3.9%, Thais at 3.9%, Filipinos at 3.8% and Nepalis at 3.3%. The vast majority of foreign workers in South Korea come from other parts of Asia with most coming from China,

636: 9104: 293: 1797:. Studies have also been done which point to changes in family structures as a result of migrant labour. These changes include increased divorce rates and decrease in household stability. Additionally, female migrant labour has been indicated as a source for more egalitarian relationships within the family, decline of extended family patterns, and more nuclear families. There is also a risk for infidelity abroad, which also erodes the family structure. 319: 554: 475: 306: 711:, including pensions and other insurance. In 2012, there were a reported 167 million migrant workers in China, with trends of working closer to home within their own or a neighbouring province but with a wage drop of 21%. Because so many migrant workers are moving to the city from rural areas, employers can hire them to work in poor working conditions for low wages. Migrant workers in China are notoriously marginalized, especially because of the 358: 332: 2184:

four girls between the ages of 14 and 17. They were all Mexican nationals without documentation. But they weren't prostitutes; they were sex slaves. The distinction is important: these girls weren't working for profit or a paycheck. They were captives to the traffickers and keepers who controlled their every move." These girls, a large percentage underage, are forcefully lured from their homeland in Mexico and other parts of Latin America.

384: 1148: 768:

construction, transportation, and the service sector. Malaysia now employs the largest numbers of Indonesian migrant workers, followed by Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, and Singapore. These are official numbers, but the actual numbers might be far larger because of unrecorded illegal entry of Indonesian workers into foreign countries. They are prone to exploitation, extortion, physical and sexual abuses, suffered by those enduring

399: 2167:"The main is the sleep deprivation that they experience – just long hours of work that the workers don't face. They're forced to work sometimes for two weeks straight, 70 hours a week." Many skillful men from the Philippines who were "welders, pipefitters and scaffolders were trafficked under "fraudulent" contracts that promised high pay and safe working conditions. But many were placed for work on dangerous oil rig platforms." 280: 43: 62: 2226:, should be extended on equal terms to migrant workers. The Recommendation treated labour migration as a state-directed programme, referring to "condition of reciprocity and upon terms to be agreed between the countries concerned". In the light of this principle of equality, most of the ILO instruments intended to protect the rights of migrant workers are the generic ones which refer to the rights of all workers. 594: 345: 1278:"We must ensure that our labor force feels comfortable both at home and in EAEU countries," said Mr. Terteryan, speaking at a meeting of the Advisory Committee on Migration Policy under the UNECE (UN Economic Commission for Europe). "They must also feel comfortable in third countries. The principles of reciprocity in terms of length of service, pay, pensions, medical care and so on should be respected." 1945: 1363:, created an unprecedented demand for labor in the oil, construction and industrial sectors. Development demanded a labor force. This demand was met by foreign workers, primarily those from the Arab states, with a later shift to those from Asian countries. A rise in the standards of living for citizens of Middle Eastern countries also created a demand for domestic workers in the home. 692: 1789:. This can be seen to strengthen women's position in the family by improving their relative bargaining position. They have more leverage in controlling the household because they have control over a degree of economic assets. However, this can lead to hostility between wives and husbands who feel inadequate or ashamed at their inability to fulfil their traditional role as 1377:. In 2001, $ 72.3 billion was sent as remittances to the countries of origin of foreign workers, equivalent to 1.3% of the world GDP. The source of income remains beneficial as remittances are often more stable than private capital flows. Despite fluctuations in the economy of GCC countries, the amount of dollars in remittances is usually stable. 1052:

more than 0.5% of employees were not citizens. United Kingdom 0.91%, Germany 0.94% are countries where more than 0.9% of employees were from non-EU countries. countries with more than 0.5% employees were from another EU country were Spain 0.54%, United Kingdom 0.55%, Italy 0.72%, Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 0.87%.

2151:

in restitution. He was convicted of 89 counts of mail fraud, visa fraud, human trafficking and money laundering. Kalu's partner, Philip Langerman, 78, of McDonough, Ga., was sentenced to three years of probation for his role in the criminal scheme. He, too, must pay restitution of $ 3.8 million." U.S. District Chief Judge

2142:

Kalu $ 1,200 a month, or Kalu would send a letter to the Department of Homeland Security and they would lose their visas, prosecutors said. Soon, the nurses realized this kind of unfair treatment and mode of oppression and stopped paying him. Therefore, their visas got revoked because he reported the matter to officials.

242:

below the poverty level. Immigrants try to find a way to feed their families, and may end up being exploited. Triplett also notes that since 1989, "their average real hourly wages (in 1998 dollars) had dropped from $ 6.89 to $ 6.18", and that immigrants suffer physical as well as economic exploitation in the work place.

1544:

since 2009 to enforce a midday break rule, these are frequently flouted. Those labourers who do receive a midday break often have no suitable place to rest and tend to seek relief in bus or taxi stands and gardens. Initiatives taken have brought about a huge impact on the conditions of the laborers. According to

1556:, which has been affected largely by the economic crisis caused by coronavirus pandemic in the United Arab Emirates. The migrant workers are said to have become a target of the financial shortages and piling debts, forcing many to go days without food. Therefore, more than 200,000 migrant workers from 3041: 2361:

In 2012-2014, economists Giovanni Peri (University of California, Davis), Pia Orrenius (Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas) and Madeline Zavodny (Agness Scott College) suggested reforming the allocation of H1B and H2A visas from a lottery to an auction. Subsequently, the auction mechanism was elaborated.

2163:

There are other fraudulent cases by United States companies that recruit and employ Filipino workers. On 19 March 2013, in an article titled, "Filipino Workers Urge Overhaul of U.S. Guest Worker Policies", information is provided about the corruption in labor. "The shipyard, Grand Isle Shipyard (GIS)

1771:

Women migrate in search of work for a number of reasons and the most common reasons are economic: the husband's wage is no longer enough to support the family. In some places, like China, for instance, rapid economic growth has led to an imbalance in the modernization of rural and urban environments,

1759:

which are considered part of the informal sector and lack a degree of government regulation and protection. Minimum wages and work hour requirements are ignored and piece-rates are sometimes also implemented. Women's wages are kept lower than men's because they are not regarded as the primary source

1543:

following their arrival in the UAE. Confiscation of passports, although illegal, occurs on a large scale, primarily from unskilled or semi-skilled employees. Labourers often toil in intense heat with temperatures reaching 40–50 degrees Celsius in the cities in August. Although attempts have been made

1525:

has been likened to "modern-day slavery". Migrant workers are excluded from the UAE's collective labour rights, hence migrants are vulnerable to forced labour. Migrant workers in the UAE are not allowed to join trade unions. Moreover, migrant workers are banned from going on strike. Dozens of workers

1502:

In 2010, the US Department of State issued a report which stated that "the Government of Israel does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking however it is making significant efforts to do so." It noted that Israel continued law enforcement actions against human

1484:

Possible developments in the future include a slowdown in the growth of foreign labor. One contributor is a dramatic change in demographic trends. The growing birth rate of nationals in the GCC states will lead to a more competitive workforce. That could also lead to a rise in the numbers of national

1480:

In 2005, low-paid Asian workers staged protests in some GCC countries, including Bahrain and Kuwait, for not receiving salaries on time, and some of them were violent. In March 2006, hundreds of mostly South Asian construction workers stopped work and went on a rampage in Dubai, UAE, to protest their

1269:

In 2016, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) reported that Armenia had the highest rate of labor migration in the South Caucasus and Eastern Europe region, with an estimated 5.2 million people having migrated between 2010 and 2016. The report also noted that over half of these migrants

991:

Sri Lanka is currently a net emigration country, however in recent years a gradual rise in immigrant workers in Sri Lanka has coincided with the decline in the departure of Sri Lankans leaving the country for overseas employment. As a result, the country has now been transitioning from a country that

904:

economist Selena Ling say migrant workers are necessary given the ageing labour force and a low fertility rate. In order to control the large amount of these workers, Singapore implemented migration policies with visa categories for different skill levels. Employers are regulated in the proportion of

2310:

Like transnational migration, national (internal) migration plays an important role in poverty reduction and economic development. For some countries, internal migrants outnumber those who migrate internationally. For example, 120 million people were estimated to migrate internally in China compared

2083:, 22 alleged that their sponsors had physically abused them. Workers refuse to report their abuse for fear of deportation and not being able to find a better job. It is common in some cases for a woman to fall victim to sexual violence and harassment because stories by employer will be trusted more. 1754:

According to the ILO, 48 per cent of all international migrants are women and they are increasingly migrating for work purposes. In Europe alone there are 3 million women migrant workers. The 1970s and 1980s have seen an increase in women migrant labourers in France and Belgium. In China, as of 2015

1702:

Migrant workers in Australia hold the same employment rights as Australian citizens, regardless of their migration status. In 2019-2021 temporary migrants held 7.8% of jobs in Australia. In 2023 there were 1.9 million people (7% of the population) living in Australia on a temporary visa with working

1448:

Racism is prevalent towards migrant workers. With an increasing number of unskilled workers from Asia and Africa, the market for foreign workers became increasingly racialized, and dangerous or "dirty" jobs became associated with Asian and African workers noted by the term "Abed", meaning dark skin.

1291:

Since December 2008, Sweden has more liberal rules for labor immigration from 'third countries' – countries outside the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) – than any other country in OECD. The introduction of employer-driven labor immigration, motivated by the need to address labor

1282:

The Armenian government has attempted to reduce labor migration by developing the economy and creating jobs. However, these efforts have been hindered by the country's volatile economic situation, which is largely due to the conflict with Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. According to the

1273:

The main destination for Armenian seasonal workers is Russia. Until the end of the 1990s, there was an act of a third huge wave of Armenian emigrants, which accounted for about one million people. The main destination was the Russian Federation (620,000) ․ When Armenia became Independent (1991), the

946:

Like many nations, South Korea started as a labour exporter in the 1960s before its economic development in the 1980s changed it to a labor importer. In 1993, the Industrial Trainee Program was established to meet the needs of migrant workers. It provided work for foreigners as trainees in small and

931:

Singapore issues a particular category of work permit for foreigners limited to domestic work. The number of foreign domestic workers (FDWs) increased from about 201,000 in 2010 to 255,800 in 2019, or by 27 percent. As of 2019, one of every five Singaporean household hires a maid. In 1990, the ratio

896:

Since the late 1970s, Singapore has become one of the major receiving countries of migrant workers in Southeast Asia with 1,340,300 foreign workers constituting 37% of the total workforce in December 2014. This is the largest foreign labour force in Asia as a proportion of population. About 991,300

2183:

An article, "Girl Next Door", by Peter Landsman examines the system, which is said to be brutal and inhumane oppression of migrant workers. "On a tip, the Plainfield police raided the house in February 2002, expecting to find illegal aliens working an underground brothel. What the police found were

2150:

Kizzy Kalu was guilty of "trafficking in forced labor for luring foreign nurses to the United States with promises of high-paying jobs but then demanding they kick back a portion of their wages or face deportation." He was sentenced to nearly 11 years in prison and ordered to pay $ 3.8 million

2044:

has created more migrant workers than ever existed before. While developed countries have increased their demand for labour, especially unskilled labour, workers from developing countries are also used. As a result, millions of workers and their families travel to other countries to find work. This

1886:

Migrant labour of women also raises special concerns about children. Female migrant workers may not have enough possibilities to care for their own children whilst being abroad. Their children may learn to regard their relatives at home as their parents and may rarely see their mothers. Frequently,

1682:

in 2010 which drew attention to the abuses of Qatar’s migrant population as the country planned to spend over 200 billion dollars on World Cup-associated construction projects, which would require upwards of 1.5 million new labor migrants to enter the country. These infrastructure projects increase

1638:

In March 2021, Saudi Arabia introduced some amendments to the existing labour laws. Despite claiming to improve working conditions for all migrant workers, the new reforms still bar formations of trade unions and strikes. Also, it doesn't include over 3.7 million domestic workers who become victims

1409:

In immigrant-producing countries, individuals with less than a high school education continue to be a fiscal burden into the next generation. Skilled workers, however, pay more in taxes than what they receive in social spending from the state. Emigration of highly skilled workers has been linked to

1387:

In detailed studies of Pakistani migrants to the Middle East in the early 1980s, the average foreign worker was of age 25–40 years. 70 percent were married, while only 4 percent were accompanied by families. Two thirds hailed from rural areas, and 83 percent were production workers. At the time, 40

1083:

1 March has become a symbolic day for transnational migrants' strike. This day unites all migrants to give them a common voice to speak up against racism, discrimination and exclusion on all levels of social life. The transnational protests on 1 March were originally initiated in the US in 2006 and

970:

launched in 2004 for foreign worker registration, 55% of those registered in 2007 were ethnic Koreans, mostly Chinese nationals of Korean descent. Among those who weren't ethnic Koreans, most were Asian with the largest groups being the Vietnamese, Thais, Mongolians, Indonesians and Sri Lankans. In

241:

Immigrants often take any available job, often in the fields. The work often consists of hard manual labour, often with unfair pay. The article "Migrant Farmworkers: Is government doing enough to protect them?" by William Triplett states that the median annual income was $ 7,500, and 61% had income

2141:

Eventually, the scheme that Kalu and his partner, Phillip Langerman created, began to become known to the public. Instead of the facilities paying the company that they had created together from the work the women were doing, the nurses were paid directly by the facilities but were required to pay

1909:

Children of migrant workers struggle to achieve the same level of educational success as their peers. Relocation, whether a singular or a regular occurrence, causes discontinuity in education, which causes migrant students to progress slowly through school and drop out at high rates. Additionally,

1587:

to run black-market networks, where women recruited from Africa and Asia are being advertised to be picked for domestic jobs by employers. Nearly 200 accounts in the Persian Gulf are operating on the basis of these services, where the pictures of women along with their personal details are posted.

1405:

The main concerns of developed countries regarding immigration centers are: (1) the local job seekers' fear of competition from migrant workers, (2) the fiscal burden that may result on native taxpayers for providing health and social services to migrants, (3) fears of erosion of cultural identity

1304:

services by the state and the society of the host countries, but also by the migrants themselves. Switzerland's transformation into a country of immigration was not until after the accelerated industrialization in the second half of the 19th century. Switzerland was no longer a purely rural Alpine

193:

Additionally migrant workers are one of the most vulnerable groups in regards to the impending climate crisis. These workers are already exposed to long work days in extreme conditions. The nature of agricultural work, industrial, and construction work puts these migrant workers at higher rates of

1857:

Partly because of complex migration issues, which include the restructuring of gendered and familiar relations, women migrant workers frequently care for children without a local family network. The informal sector allows for public and private space to be merged and accommodate their care-taking

1814:

women tended not to be previously employed in the formal sector, if at all. Frequently, the cheap and flexible labor is sought in more developed areas. Also, these women migrant workers are often considered an asset to employers who think of these individuals as docile, compliant, and disposable.

1813:

has contributed to physically displaced people, which translates to displaced workers, worldwide. Due to the national and transnational economic push and pull of migration, growing numbers of women migrant workers find themselves employed in the underground and informal sector. To be clear, these

1670:

Due to Qatar’s goal of becoming an “advanced nation” by 2030, the largest growing migrant sector has become construction. Migrant construction workers in Qatar face unique abuses in the form of poor living and labor conditions. In the three years leading up to 2013, the Qatari construction sector

1468:

When a two-year work period is over, or a job loss is lost, workers must either find another employer willing to sponsor them or return to their nation of origin within a short time. Failing to do this entails imprisonment for violation of immigration laws. Protections are nearly non-existent for

1051:

In 2016, around 7.14% (15,88,300 people) of total EU employment were not citizens, 3.61% (8,143,800) were from another EU Member State, 3.53% (7.741.500) were from a non-EU country. Switzerland 0.53%, France 0.65%, Spain 0.88%, Italy 1.08%, United Kingdom 1.46%, Germany 1.81% were countries where

954:

The E-9 Non-professional Employment visa was launched in order to hire foreigners to work in the manual labour field. The visa is only limited to people that come from 15 Asian countries including, the Philippines, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Cambodia,

2119:

Signal International "had to compensate workers $ 14.4 million in a jury ruling to five Indian guest workers, one of the largest settlements of its kind in U.S. history. The ruling was based on the finding that the company and its agents engaged in labor trafficking, fraud, racketeering and

1596:

Near the end of June 2021, security officers in the UAE raided the residential buildings in Abu Dhabi to arrest about 700 African migrants. The workers were cuffed during the first two weeks of their detention and besides being subjected to racial slurs and physical abuse, they were also refused

1476:

The population in the current GCC states has grown more than eight times during 50 years. Foreign workers have become the primary and dominant labor force in most sectors of the economy and the government bureaucracy. With rising unemployment, GCC governments embarked on the formulation of labor

1401:

is the largest source of remittance payments in the world. Remittance payments from Saudi Arabia, similar to other GCC countries, rose during the oil boom years of the 1970s and early 1980s, but declined in the mid-1980s. As oil prices fell, budget deficits mounted, and most governments of GCC

1380:

The spending of remittances is seen in two ways. Principally, remittances are sent to the families of guest workers. Though often put towards consumption, remittances are also directed to investment. Investment is seen to lead to the strengthening of infrastructure and facilitating international

1075:

were given the rights to impose various transitional arrangements to limit access to their labour markets. After the Second World War, Germany did not have enough workers so laborers from other European states were invited to work in Germany. This invitation ended in 1973 and these workers were

232:

In 2002, the federal government introduced the Low Skill Pilot Project to allow companies to apply to bring in temporary foreign workers to fill low skill jobs. The classification of "low skill" means that workers require no more than high school or two years of job-specific training to qualify.

2128:

There have been many cases of corruption among brokers who often act as if they have companies, often encouraging migrants to come to the United States. This was the case with broker, Kizzy Kalu was, "a naturalized United States citizen from Nigeria". "He secured government approval to bring in

1621:

revealed abhorrent condition of migrant workers held in Saudi Arabia's detention centers, which were terribly overcrowded with insanitary conditions and lack of adequate healthcare. The report also revealed cases of physical abuse inside the immigration detention centers. In a time of increased

839:

During the Seventh Malaysia Plan (1995–2000), Malaysia's total population increased by 2.3% per year, while foreign residents (non-citizens) make up 7.6% of the total working-age population in Malaysia, not including illegal foreign residents. In 2008 the majority of migrant workers (1,085,658:

2133:

did exist in Colorado, however Adam University was nonexistent just as much as the jobs that were supposed to be there for migrants. "Kalu promised the nurses, most from the Philippines, jobs as nurse instructors/supervisors." "He arranged with the Departments of Labor and Homeland Security to

1833:

production. These positions are frequently precarious and lack the social contracts often found between employee and employer in the formal sector. This unofficial economy is often found in locations that are between home and work and combine personal and private spaces. Because migrant women

1800:

Researchers identified three groups of women to represent the dimensions of gender roles in Singapore. The first group is made up of expatriate wives who are often reduced to dependent spouse status by immigration laws. The second group are housewives who left work in order to take care of the

1735:

The search for work drives migratory patterns. Work determines much of people's lives and often those who have migrated for work face unique challenges in the workplace especially as it relates to health. Occupational health extends beyond the workplace itself. Both migration and work are both

1505:

The 2015 US Department of State report stated that some foreign workers experienced conditions of forced labour, including "the unlawful withholding of passports, restrictions on freedom of movement, limited ability to change or otherwise choose employers, nonpayment of wages, exceedingly long

1366:

Since the 1970s, foreign workers have become a large percentage of the population in most nations in the Persian Gulf region. Growing competition with nationals in the job sector, along with complaints regarding treatment of foreign workers, have led to rising tensions between the national and

950:

Even though there has been a drastic rise of migrant workers in Korea and policies are in place for their protection, the lack of cheap labour in Korea has forced the Korean community to condone the maltreatment of illegal migrant workers, and other unsavoury practices. In response, the Korean

740:

Migration in India is induced by both penuriousness and prosperity. India has an astronomically immense migrant population as every third person in India is a migrant. As per the 2011 census, migrants constitute 455.8(approx.) millions of India’s 1.21 billion(approx.) population which is 37.68

185:

The jobs available to undocumented migrant workers in America are often in the domestic, industrial and agricultural field. These jobs are often physically demanding and are often dangerous. All of these workers are exposed to fast paces, and repetitive motions at work which can easily lead to

2273:

Migrant workers often work in more hazardous occupations, under informal work arrangements and to lower wages compared to non-migrant workers, which pose them at an increased risk of work related illness. Studies show that migrant workers are at higher risk of work injuries than non-immigrant

1600:

Some of the African migrants deported by the UAE amongst the approximately 700 workers, included Cameroonians, who feared returning to their country due to the region being mired in violent crime due to the ongoing conflict. Ngang Rene, one of the many Cameroonian migrant workers arrested and

767:

to seek work abroad. It is estimated that around 4.5 million Indonesians work abroad; 70% of them are women: most are employed in the domestic sector as maids and in the manufacturing sector. Most of them are between 18 and 35 years old. Around 30% are men, mostly working in plantations,

2137:

Kizzy Kalu and "other foreign nationals" received compensation for these visas after they had secured and received them for the soon-to-be-workers. "Kalu $ 6,500 for assistance in obtaining them. Upon arrival in Denver, Colorado, the nurses were told that there was no such place as Adam

1579:

application highlighting the other side. While influencers with even few thousand followers received free meals, free products and free trips in exchange of promotion, the viral videos and million views on the videos of these low-paid blue collar workers of the UAE provided no enhancement in

1440:

As of 2007, 10 million workers from Southeast Asia, South Asia, or Africa live and work in the countries of the Persian Gulf region. Xenophobia in receiving nations is often rampant, as menial work is often allocated only to foreign workers. Expatriate labor is treated with prejudice in host

2357:

In 2005, economist Ivan Png, then a nominated Member of Parliament, proposed that the government of Singapore stipulate the number of foreign workers to admit and then auction the rights to employ the foreign workers. The government rejected the proposal as artificial and not meeting social

749:, violence, and discrimination during their journeys at their destinations and when they return home. Bangladeshi women appear to be particularly vulnerable. The findings highlight the need to promote migrants' rights with, among others, health staff, police and employers at destination. 865:

More than a million Filipinos every year leave to work abroad through overseas employment agencies, and other programs, including government-sponsored initiatives. Overseas Filipinos often work as doctors, physical therapists, nurses, accountants, IT professionals, engineers, architects,

1240:

and Turkey. Since about 1990, with the disintegration of the Soviet bloc and the enlargement of the European Union, guest workers have primarily been coming to Western Europe from Eastern Europe. Sometimes, a host country sets up a program in order to invite guest workers, as did the

2111:, beginning in 2006, they discovered that they wouldn't receive the green cards or permanent residency, and that in fact, each would have to pay $ 1,050 a month to live in isolated, guarded labor camps where as many as 24 men shared a space the size of a double-wide trailer." 1635:(HRW) researchers interviewed migrants in Saudi detention centers, where nearly 350 of them are kept in unsanitary rooms. Many of them are beaten to death by guards. The migrants kept in camps included Indians, Pakistanis, Chadians, Ghanaians, Kenyans, Nigerians and Somalis. 1309:, later also the mechanical and chemical industries. Since the middle of the 19th century especially German academics, self-employed and craftsmen, but also Italians, who found a job in science, industry, construction and infrastructure construction migrated to Switzerland. 2311:

to 458,000 people who migrated internationally for work. Situations of surplus labour in rural areas because of scarcity of arable land is a common "push factor" in the move of individuals to urban-based industries and service jobs. Environmental factors including drought,

2102:

guest worker program, to work as welders, pipefitters, and in other positions to repair damaged oil rigs and related facilities. Each worker paid the labor recruiters between $ 10,000 and $ 20,000 or more in recruitment fees and other costs after being promised good jobs,

2592: 1503:

trafficking, and established a shelter for labor traffic victims. However, the government did not identify the victims, and law enforcement and protection efforts diminished since transferring anti-trafficking duties from Immigration police to the Ministry of Interior.

1000:

As of June 2016, there are more than 600,000 migrant workers in Taiwan which are spread across different sectors of industry, ranging from construction workers, domestic helpers, factory workers and other manual jobs. Most of them come from Southeast Asia. A 2020

2301:

and stroke events occurred in 2016 due to long working hours. Officials of the organizations noted that migrant workers were amongst the populations most exposed to long working hours, which put them at risk of fatalities and disability from cardiovascular diseases.

1861:

Case studies have determined that men and women migrate for similar reasons. Both leave places in search of better opportunities, most often financially. In addition to the financial push, women also migrate to escape oppressive environments and/or abusive spouses.

1784:

In terms of migrant labour, many women move from a more oppressive home country to a less oppressive environment where they have actual access to waged work. As such, leaving the home and obtaining increased economic independence and freedom challenges traditional

2006:

These literacies (acts of interpretation and communication) and rhetorics (organizational and community-building practices) ultimately build a theory that 1) recognizes the ways in which land can produce relations and 2) recognizes the value of embodied ways of

1918:

and must work with their parents to support their families. These barriers to equal educational attainment for children of migrant workers are present in countries all over the world. Although the inequality in education remains pronounced, government policies,

3038: 6916:"Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury" 1592:

said that migrant workers recruited through such informal channels are at a higher risk of trafficking and other forms of exploitation, even though the workers employed through licensed agency and proper documentation also face difficult situations.

2049:

and urban poverty, according to Mike Davis. Some of these workers, usually from rural areas, cannot afford housing in cities and thus live in slums. Some of these unskilled workers living in slums suffer from unemployment and make a living in the

1231:

The great migration phase of labor migrants in the 20th century began in Germany during the 1950s, as sovereign Germany since 1955 due to repeated pressure from NATO partners yielded to the request for closure of the so-called 'Anwerbe' Agreement

1410:

skill shortages, reductions in output, and tax shortfalls in many developing countries. These burdens are even more apparent in countries where educated workers emigrated in large numbers after receiving a highly subsidized technical education.

1526:

were deported in 2014 for going on strike. As migrant workers do not have the right to join a trade union or go on strike, they don't have the means to denounce the exploitation they suffer. Those who protest risk prison and deportation. The

194:

heat stroke, sun exposure, and injuries caused by storm conditions. The climate crisis will disproportionately affect migrant workers because of the intensive outdoor nature of their work and the lack of access they have to social resources.

1772:

leading women to migrate from rural areas into the city to be a part of the push for modernization. Other reasons include familial pressure, on a daughter, for instance, who is seen as a reliable source of income for the family only through

1025:

In Thailand, migrants come from bordering countries such as Burma, Laos and Cambodia. Many face hardships such as lack of food, abuse, and low wages with deportation being their biggest fear. In Bangkok, Thailand many migrant workers attend

2015:

incorporate their relationship to land and labor in addition to language. Comparing the "ideology of literacy" (the normative expectation that migrant workers should learn to read and write, or to "speak a language of power, particularly

157:

There are approximately 14 million non-permanent workers in the United States. Today it is estimated that there are about 10.7 million undocumented migrant workers in the United States, many of whom come from Mexico and other countries in

3503:

An estimated 10 percent of the country's population, or nearly 8,000,000 people, are overseas Filipino workers distributed in 182 countries, according to POPCOM. That is in addition to the estimated 3,000,000 migrants who work illegally

2281:

In Asia, a survey by Lien Centre for Social Innovation in Singapore found that over 60 per cent of lower-skilled South Asian migrant workers who are waiting for salary or injury compensation from employers were predicted to have serious

1663:, which makes up 9.65%. Migrant workers makeup the majority of Qatar's labor force at 94%. These populations are so large that in 2009 a study found that Nepalese migrant workers in Qatar were responsible for contributing 5% of Nepal’s 2365:

When the government of Hong Kong announced a new scheme to admit 20,000 migrant workers for the construction, aviation, and bus transport industries, Png suggested that the government allocate the rights to admit workers by auction.

2253:

about 370 Bangladeshi migrant workers after their return to the country from abroad. They had been detained on the allegation of committing criminal activities in foreign nations without any credible evidence of any kind in support.

1671:

accounted for 1200 labor migrant deaths. Numbers are especially high amongst private sectors, with statistics from 2008 reporting that 99.5% of non-citizens comprise the sector compared to 42% of non-citizens in the public sector.

927:

It was announced that from January 2021, a new insurance scheme would be introduced to cover migrant workers against critical illnesses, non-work related deaths, with the employers needing to pay premiums of $ 9 a year per worker.

905:

foreign workers (called the "dependency ratio ceiling") and must pay a tax called the foreign worker levy for each foreign worker. The maximum foreign worker quota and levy vary by industry and skill of the workers. The government

2175:

Since the early 1980s, increasing numbers of Mexican women have migrated to the United States in search of jobs. The women usually leave their families, including young children, behind to help maintain their families by sending

1853:

among women in the Global South. Commonly, the informal sector is the only place in which geographically-displaced workers can join the economy. Thus, women migrant workers perform much of the work found in the informal sector.

3009: 2098:, led by an immigration lawyer, Malvern C. Burnett, and an Indian labor recruiter, Sachin Dewan, "lured hundreds of Indian workers to a Mississippi shipyard with false promises of permanent US residency." This was under the 7309: 909:. In 2005, economist Ivan Png, then a nominated Member of Parliament, proposed to auction the rights to employ foreign workers. The proposal was rejected by the government as artificial and not meeting social objectives. 5434: 5344: 6872:

Rosales, Monica S. "Life in the Field: Migrant Farm Workers' Perceptions of Work Related Injuries." Colorado State University, 2008. United States – Colorado: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT). Web. 7 November

4540: 4175: 3277: 2277:

In the United States, migrant farm workers experience work-related bone problems, respiratory problems and allergic reactions. The life expectancy compared to average is 26 years less for a migrant worker in the U.S.

4108: 2953: 144:. It is estimated that around 5 million foreign workers live in northwestern Europe, half-a-million in Japan, and 5 million in Saudi Arabia. A comparable number of dependents are accompanying international workers. 2895: 5374: 4212: 4729: 3521:

Overseas Filipinos (2010): ~9.45 million Some sources have indicated that there are on the order of 3 million additional Filipinos working illegally abroad. These have not been included in this calculation.

217:

Since the 1960s, farmers in Ontario and other provinces have been meeting some of their seasonal labour needs by hiring temporary workers from Caribbean countries and, since 1974, from Mexico under the Canadian

5560: 4491: 4294: 3889: 1683:

abuses and international pressure to improve labor conditions, however, to relatively little effect. In 2015, it was projected that by 2022, there would be nearly 4,000 additional migrant deaths in Qatar.

6892: 2129:

Filipino nurses under a government visa program, claiming they would be paid up to $ 72,000 as instructors at an Adam University in Colorado, according to a 2012 criminal indictment of the labor broker."

6795: 4059: 874:

responsible for opening the benefits of the overseas employment program of the Philippines. It is the main government agency assigned to monitor and supervise recruitment agencies in the Philippines.

6407: 2187:"They had been promised jobs as models and babysitters in the glamorous United States, and they probably had no idea why they were sitting in a van in a backwater like Tijuana in the early evening." 1845:

Women are frequently at the bottom of the economic hierarchy from various factors, mainly a lack of opportunity to support themselves and their families and a lack of adequate education. Despite the

1373:

are becoming a prominent source of external funding for countries that contribute foreign workers to the countries of the GCC. On average, the top recipients globally are India, the Philippines, and

6464: 5593: 5283: 4272: 2180:. After arriving in the US, many are put to work and live in places that are neither clean nor safe. Companies and traffickers promise legitimate jobs in America because they make money doing so. 1601:

deported, warned Emirati authorities about the dangerous conditions in the North West region. Nevertheless, he was deported, forcing him to trek with his wife day and night to reach a safe zone.

786:

Japan, with the world’s most aged population and the resulting deficit in labour force, is a net importer of migrant workers, especially from the rest of Asia and South America. According to the

2322:

Rural-rural migration: in many poor countries like Senegal, rural-rural migration occurs when labourers from poorer regions travel to agriculturally-rich and irrigated areas that have more work.

1384:

With this jump in earnings, one benefit that has been seen is the nutritional improvement in households of migrant workers. Other benefits are the lessening of underemployment and unemployment.

3919: 6757: 6284: 4816: 1506:

working hours, threats, sexual assault, and physical intimidation." The most vulnerable were foreign agricultural workers, construction workers, and nursing care workers (particularly women).

4362: 1469:

migrant workers. With work conditions often equating to modern-day slavery, it has also been reported that suicide rates are over five times higher for migrant workers than citizens of the

4668: 1321:, migrant workers, including seasonal workers, are protected by national employment laws. They should receive equal pay to British workers doing the same job and must be paid at least the 162:. These workers often travel to the United States to look for occupational opportunities and to provide economic stability for their families. These workers risk their lives to cross the 6816:

Benach J, Muntaner C, Chung, H and Benavides, FG. "Immigration, Employment Relations, and Health: Developing a Research Agenda". American Journal of Industrial Medicine 53:338-343 (2010)

2134:

provide H-1B visas for the workers, saying that Adam University faced a labor shortage and needed foreign labor to serve as nursing instructors/supervisors," as a way to lure workers in.

866:

entertainers, technicians, teachers, military servicemen, seafarers, students and fast food workers. Also, a sizable number of women work overseas as domestic helpers and caregivers. The

6705:

Recommendation concerning reciprocity of treatment of foreign workers [electronic resource] / General Conference of the International Labour Organisation of the League of Nations

1715:

Tens of thousands of migrant workers travel to Australia and New Zealand on seasonal work visas every year under Australia's Pacific Australia Mobility Scheme (PALM, which also includes

3235: 2328:

Urban-rural migration: migration that occurs when individuals retire back to their villages. Often, migrants who return bring back skill sets that benefit their home areas tremendously.

6429: 5699: 6566: 3494: 1105: 3439: 5955: 4332: 3004: 1817:

Work found in the informal economy is defined as being outside the legal regulation of the state. The underground sector includes nontraditional types of employment: intimate care,

1343:. The forms of exploitation they referred to included excessive costs being charged before migration for travel costs and paperwork, bullying and harassment and discrimination over 5094: 1719:) and New Zealand's Recognised Seasonal Employer Scheme (RSE). In 2023 almost 48,000 workers participated in the two schemes, including over 20% the male working-age population of 3722: 1901: 1639:

of serious abuses in the country. Many workers have complained of forced confinement, long working hours without any day off and rampant physical and sexual abuse in the country.

5426: 5336: 3318: 6854:

Schenker, M. "Work-related injuries among immigrants: a growing global health disparity." Occupational Environmental Medicine. (2008) Vol 65. No 11 doi: 10.1136/oem.2008.040907

5860: 5225: 4145: 3796: 1740:. Migration for work can have positive and/or negative impacts on the physical, mental, and social health of those who migrate, those who remain at home, and those who return. 797:, and more recently the weak yen beginning in 2022, have made Japan less attractive as a work-abroad destination, but so far the rapid influx of migrant workers has continued. 4532: 2054:. According to the International Labor Organization, as of 2013 there were approximately 175 million migrants around the world. In 2020 world migration 281 millions workers. 3284: 2086:

Some migrant workers flee from their abusive employers and seek help at the embassy or consulate of their home country, but that is difficult to achieve in remote locations.

7553: 4993: 4104: 2946: 5194: 3977: 3858: 4704: 4457: 3827: 2884: 763:

The population of Indonesia, the world's fourth largest, has contributed to the surplus of work forces. Combined with a scarcity of jobs at home, that has led numbers of

6642: 5806: 5366: 4204: 2679: 2543: 1270:(55.3%) were temporary workers and that the majority of them had migrated to four countries: Russia (33.5%), the United States (14.2%), Germany (7%), and France (6.7%). 6502: 5464: 4726: 5552: 4483: 1858:

responsibilities. New immigrants are often concerned with leaving children unattended and the informal sector allows for care-taking alongside of economic activities.

4234: 58:

within a home country or outside it to pursue work. Migrant workers usually do not have an intention to stay permanently in the country or region in which they work.

6529: 4302: 5619: 4394: 3881: 2346:

Some countries regulate the absolute number of foreign workers admitted on an annual basis. For instance, each year, the United States stipulates fixed numbers of

7496: 5404: 2002:

published "Cultivating Land-Based Literacies and Rhetorics, in which she theorizes the phrase "land-based literacies and rhetorics". Her definition is as follows:

6884: 2032:

states that, for him and other migrant workers, "due to the transient nature of their labor, learning English is the last thing on the list of important needs".

2155:

said in this case unlike many others, "Kalu did not sexually assault, isolate or strike his victims. She describe these cases as "fraud and economic coercion."

7040: 6787: 6603: 5497: 8180: 5643:

Marzovilla, O. (2014, March 21). The Effect of the Global Economic Imbalance on Migrant Workers and Economies of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Google Books.

4594: 4055: 6403: 5584: 2120:

discrimination, News India Times reported at that time. The jury also found that one of the plaintiffs was a victim of false imprisonment and retaliation."

1292:

shortages, resulted in large inflows of migrants also in low-skilled occupations in labor surplus sectors, for example the restaurant and cleaning sectors.

6472: 5833: 2259: 1834:

workers often occupy the lowest economic positions, this leaves them especially vulnerable to exploitation and dangerous working conditions. Incidentally,

6839: 5751: 5314: 5275: 3233:

Stories of harassment, violence and discrimination: migrant experiences between India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Overseas Development Institute Briefing Paper

92:

estimated in 2019 that there were 169 million international migrants worldwide. Some countries have millions of migrant workers. Some migrant workers are

6835:

Sterud et al. "A systematic review of working conditions and occupational health among immigrants in Europe and Canada." BMC Public Health (2018) 18:770

4264: 7580: 2331:

Urban-urban migration: as the predominant form of internal migration, this movement takes place from the centre of towns to the outer areas of the town.

2325:

Rural-urban migration: seen in the urbanizing economies of Asia, migration of poor agricultural workers move to larger cities and manufacturing centers.

6989: 3911: 2233:

also advocates for the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies and a reduction in the transaction costs of migrant remittances.

4699: 2068:

The recruitment of international workers through employment agencies is a common phenomenon in developed countries, such as the United States or the

704: 7652: 7256: 6765: 6682: 6255:

Good Gingrich, Luann (2010). "The Symbolic Economy of Trans-Border Governance: A Case Study of Subjective Exclusion and Migrant Women from Mexico".

5530: 4806: 1332:

treatment unless they can afford to pay. Untreated illnesses can worsen and migrant workers can die from treatable illnesses that remain untreated.

920:

in the dormitories saw a more rapid spread of the virus compared to the rest of the population in Singapore. According to the Minister of Manpower,

1005:

investigation found significant evidence for the abuse of foreign laborers in the Taiwanese distant water fishing industry. Taiwanese conglomerate

5163: 5133: 4354: 6086: 4661: 2924: 1749: 4570: 6183:

Blackwell, Maylei (2010). "Lideres Campesinas: Nepantla Strategies and Grassroots Organizing at the Intersection of Gender and Globalization".

6017: 3945: 1763: 3369: 3232: 4033: 1846: 1755:

a third of their migrant workers were women who had moved from rural towns to bigger cities in search of employment. Female migrants work in

867: 6562: 6445:

Twohey, Megan. "Wanted: Foreign Workers — and the Labor Brokers Accused of Illegally Profiting from Them." Reuters. Thomson Reuters, (1–10).

3498: 3403: 2199: 7282:

Oranburg, Seth; Palagashvili, Liya (22 October 2018). "The Gig Economy, Smart Contracts, and Disruption of Traditional Work Arrangements".

7081: 3435: 2351: 1101: 5944: 4324: 3692: 1339:'s Scotland division published a "Charter for Migrant Workers" in June 2008, citing concerns about the exploitation of migrant workers in 1084:

have encouraged migrants in other countries to organise and take action on that day. In Austria the first transnational migrants' strike (

8908: 8783: 7824: 3763:"10th Parliament of Singapore, Session 2, Sitting 8, 20-07-2005. Oral answers to questions: Foreign workers (Quota system of allocation)" 3111: 1516: 1433:, the maids were often tortured, beaten, burned, and even sexually assaulted. Embassies of the respective nations received complaints of 5098: 3970:"MigrantWorkers Center :: View topic – 62,000 foreign workers will come to Korea in 2013 (an increase of 5,000 laborers over 2012)" 3714: 2338:, the temporary and repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, can occur both internally and transnationally. 1575:

Paid social media influencers in the UAE promoted it as an ideal tourist destination. However, several migrant workers began to use the

8793: 4130: 2705: 1068: 211: 3310: 2274:

workers. Migrants also report higher level of perceived discrimination and bullying at the workplace compared to non-migrant workers.

9051: 5217: 3788: 1092:) took place in March 2011, in the form of common actions, e.g. a manifestation, but also in form of numerous decentralised actions. 967: 2982: 2229:

The People's Movement for Human Rights Education (PDHRE) composed a list of fourteen rights for migrant workers. The United Nations

1580:

lifestyle. Despite being famous on TikTok, these migrants continued to earn low wages and shared room with a dozen of other people.

7949: 7346: 3461: 1530:

has called on the United Nations to investigate evidence that thousands of migrant workers in the UAE are treated as slave labour.

729: 109: 7734: 6914:

Pega, Frank; Nafradi, Balint; Momen, Natalie; Ujita, Yuka; Streicher, Kai; Prüss-Üstün, Annette; Technical Advisory Group (2021).

4985: 4007: 8900: 8838: 1527: 703:

has tacitly supported migration as means of providing labour for factories and construction sites and for the long-term goals of

7625: 7512:

Menjívar, Cecilia (1999). "The intersection of work and gender: Central American immigrant women and employment in California".

5186: 3969: 3850: 3539: 8880: 8211: 7857: 4694: 4446: 4424: 3819: 3662: 1064: 787: 7702: 6704: 6634: 5779: 5724: 2683: 1707:. Although many of these migrants seek permanent residency in Australia, only 195,000 permanent visas were available in 2023. 8875: 7803: 7611: 7561: 7428: 6494: 5456: 4637: 2867: 2835: 2533: 219: 8885: 4242: 6537: 9133: 8918: 7773: 5615: 4970:

Manseau, Gwennan (2007). "Contractual solutions for migrant labourers: The case of domestic workers in the Middle East".

4384: 2523: 2104: 772:. Several cases of abuses upon Indonesian migrant workers have been reported, and some have gained worldwide attention. 7488: 9066: 9046: 9025: 7788: 5396: 2548: 1072: 2354:

for non-agricultural workers. Likewise, Japan and South Korea set annual quotas for the admission of foreign workers.

9030: 8913: 8756: 7766: 7206: 7134: 3627: 2294: 2211: 1985: 1195: 1056: 166:- facing extreme heat and the risk of being caught by border control to find jobs in the United States, often facing 117: 89: 7231: 6599: 6383:

Gupta, Indrani; Arup Mitra (2002). "Rural Migrants and Labour Segmentation: Micro-Level Evidence from Delhi Slums".

2040:

The migrant workforce has historically played a vital role nationally and across local communities in recent times.

1177: 8778: 7337: 6735: 5486: 4792: 2759: 924:, approximately 200,000 workers live in 43 dormitories in Singapore with about 10 to 20 workers sharing each room. 855: 4591: 2616:

Per source, temporary and permanent migrants held 26.3% of jobs, and temporary migrants held 29.5% of this amount.

85:, especially when they have been sent for or invited to work in the host country before leaving the home country. 5728: 2270:

Migrant workers often have poorer health and shorter life expectancy relative to the general population average.

2230: 2215: 1610: 1392: 1169: 818: 258:

offer workers. Their destinations include Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia.

17: 7622:"United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families" 2347: 8768: 7677: 7440: 6022: 5306: 3912:"The Big Read: As maids become a necessity for many families, festering societal issues could come to the fore" 2391: 2362:

However, Ray Marshall (University of Texas, Austin) critiqued the auction of rights to employ foreign workers.

2250: 2029: 1920: 1495: 1173: 913: 742: 7572: 7543: 5861:"Underpaid at home, vulnerable abroad: how seasonal job schemes are draining Pacific nations of vital workers" 2593:

United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

2222:

which recommended to each member state that their laws for the protection of their own workers, including the

1910:

relocation has negative social consequences on students: isolation from peers due to cultural differences and

906: 9061: 8833: 8828: 8312: 7514: 5276:"Building Towers, Cheating Workers: Exploitation of Migrant Construction Workers in the United Arab Emirates" 4295:"Over 200,000 Foreign Workers From China, India, Bangladesh and Maldives in Sri Lanka With and Without Visas" 3882:"New insurance scheme to cover migrant workers against critical illnesses, non-work related deaths from 2021" 3278:"25 Negara Terbesar Penempatan Tenaga Kerja Luar Negeri Indonesia Tahun 2014 (1 Januari s.d 31 Oktober 2014)" 1999: 1737: 885: 871: 834: 6364:

Todaro, Michael P. (1969). "A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries".

4902:

Ratha, Dilip (2005). "Workers' remittances: an important and stable source of external development finance".

3762: 3255: 225:

Non-agricultural companies in Canada have begun to recruit under the temporary foreign worker program since

9056: 8890: 8855: 8806: 8530: 7603: 5807:"NZ wants more seasonal workers – but Pacific nations no longer want to be the 'outposts' that 'grow' them" 878: 163: 4838: 3789:"Coronavirus: Workers describe crowded, cramped living conditions at dormitory gazetted as isolation area" 707:

from a rural-based economy to an urban-based one. Some inland cities have started providing migrants with

9010: 9000: 8867: 8075: 7642: 6678: 5522: 1651:

account for six times as many people as naturalized citizens, with the largest sending communities being

822: 4767: 3103: 8990: 8329: 7850: 7420: 7371: 5865: 5811: 5756: 5660:"Leveraging the World Cup: Mega Sporting Events, Human Rights Risk, and Worker Welfare Reform in Qatar" 4056:"South Korea to issue ten-year multi-entry visas to select Vietnamese groups - VnExpress International" 2724:

Duncan, Whitney (2015). "Transnational Disorders: Returned Migrants at Oaxaca's Psychiatric Hospital".

2312: 1870: 941: 5155: 5125: 4514: 2920: 9138: 9015: 8955: 3029:

Triplett, William. "Migrant Farmworkers." CQ Researcher 8 October 2004: 829–52. Web. 6 November 2013.

3017: 2406: 2290: 859: 758: 6055: 4562: 4205:"Sending Sri Lankans and Receiving Chinese Workers: Emerging Trend of Labour Migration in Sri Lanka" 1063:

have provided opportunities for many people to migrate to other EU countries for work. For both the

9143: 9128: 8960: 8950: 8307: 8119: 7454: 5024:

Temporary Foreign Worker Programmes: Policies, adverse consequences, and the need to make them work

3952: 3381: 2518: 1963: 1875: 1835: 1697: 1623: 1360: 1158: 917: 849: 806: 5072: 4029: 3715:"Can Singapore rely less on foreign workers? It's not just about dollars and cents, say observers" 1536:

have drawn attention to the mistreatment of migrant workers who have been turned into debt-ridden

9107: 9005: 8940: 5247:

Keane, D.; McGeehan, N. (2008). "Enforcing Migrant Workers' Rights in the United Arab Emirates".

3410: 2108: 1704: 1329: 1162: 724: 708: 5046: 4918:

Shah, Nasra M. (1983). "Pakistani Workers in the Middle East: Volume, Trends and Consequences".

4000:"MigrantWorkers Center :: View topic – South Korea increases minimum wage for workers" 858:(CFO) estimated that approximately 10.2 million Filipinos worked or resided abroad. In the 8965: 8594: 8336: 7449: 7302:"A Blockchain-Based Decentralized System for Proper Handling of Temporary Employment Contracts" 5889:"Im/migration, Work, and Health: Anthropology and the Occupational Health of Labor Im/migrants" 5367:"'In this world, social media is everything': how Dubai became the planet's influencer capital" 4880:

Ited Nations Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development in the Arab Region

3684: 2587: 2298: 2130: 2041: 1664: 1589: 1442: 1347:. The union called instead for migrant workers to be offered "a traditional Scottish welcome". 830: 826: 93: 7287: 7041:"Rationalizing U.S. Immigration Policy: Reforms for Simplicity, Fairness, and Economic Growth" 6309: 3436:"The 2010 Census of Population and Housing Reveals the Philippine Population at 92.34 Million" 3075:

Wong; et al. (2007). "Rural migrant workers in urban China: living a marginalised life".

1391:

Domestic work is the single most important category of employment among women migrants to the

9020: 8995: 8985: 8975: 8970: 8823: 7891: 7843: 7109: 4150: 2800: 2783: 2665: 2255: 2107:, and permanent U.S. residency. Some went deep into debt. "On arrival at Signal shipyards in 916:

led to further concerns about treatment of migrant workers, especially those in dormitories.

814: 210:, or under special permits. Migrant workers generally enter as work permit holders under the 6885:"Most migrant South Asian workers face mental health issues as they await claims settlement" 202:

Foreign nationals are admitted into Canada on a temporary basis if they have a work permit,

9148: 9081: 9076: 8980: 8850: 8801: 8195: 8161: 8146: 7982: 7929: 7408: 6927: 4788: 3851:"Singapore's migrant workers are suffering the brunt of the country's coronavirus outbreak" 2538: 2441: 2396: 2095: 2080: 1879: 1470: 1336: 781: 112:'s Global Migration Data Analysis Centre states that "there is no internationally accepted 6707:, First Session of the International Labour Conference in 1919, accessed 27 September 2022 6127:. Department of Geography, University of Singapore: Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG. 4986:"Gulf maids in slavery: The suffering of foreign servants at the hands of their employers" 2851: 2198:

In the agricultural sector (such as the strawberry industry) in some countries in Europe (

1425:

were subjected to dreadful abuse at the hands of their employers. From countries like the

8: 8465: 8270: 8245: 8225: 8129: 7232:"Migration and domestic labor markets: Auctions and employer demand versus public policy" 3006:

Migrant Workers in Canada: a review of the Canadian seasonal agricultural workers program

2978: 2577: 2497: 2416: 1967: 1955: 1822: 1679: 1109: 810: 6931: 5752:"How to improve the migration system for the good of temporary migrants – and Australia" 5585:"Abuse of detainees in Saudi camps continues despite international outcry, report shows" 4484:"Who is FCF? Taiwan's biggest tuna trader linked to forced labour & illegal fishing" 3468: 3138:"Migrant workers and human rights: A critical study on India's COVID-19 lockdown policy" 2012: 8622: 8604: 8599: 8587: 8421: 8240: 8220: 8190: 7972: 7944: 7722: 7694: 7597: 7547: 7531: 7475: 7467: 7413: 7388: 7188: 7160: 7015: 6950: 6915: 6563:"Highlands Ranch man sentenced to 11 years in human trafficking case – The Denver Post" 6039: 5921: 5888: 5681: 4935: 4878:

Kapiszewski, Andrzej (2006). "Arab versus Asian migrant workers in the GCC countries".

4167: 4146:""The Frog That Has Forgotten Its Past": Advocating for Migrant Workers in South Korea" 3999: 3595: 3570: 3214: 3167: 2563: 2482: 2335: 2076: 2024:", she notes that the farm worker activists with whom she has worked do not share this 1631: 1545: 1540: 1533: 1434: 1344: 1301: 764: 734: 700: 686: 4447:"Choppy Waters, Forced Labour and Illegal Fishing in Taiwan's Distant Water Fisheries" 3186: 1116:

sectors in Finland in 2012, in some cases reporting hourly wages as low as two euros.

8627: 8545: 8282: 8235: 8173: 8002: 7799: 7784: 7762: 7698: 7621: 7607: 7557: 7535: 7479: 7424: 7396: 7301: 7283: 7180: 6955: 6331: 6047: 5926: 5908: 5685: 5659: 4943: 4643: 4633: 4171: 4124: 3600: 3586: 3218: 3206: 3171: 3159: 3088: 2863: 2831: 2805: 2741: 2699: 2528: 2513: 2223: 2152: 2063: 1896: 1794: 1790: 1209: 769: 7192: 6635:"Filipino Workers Urge Overhaul of U.S. Guest Worker Policies | Inter Press Service" 3654: 3547: 9071: 8945: 8845: 8675: 8483: 8373: 8324: 8297: 8050: 8045: 7898: 7686: 7669: 7523: 7459: 7380: 7172: 6945: 6935: 6817: 6321: 6264: 6192: 6031: 5916: 5900: 5671: 5256: 5095:"Modern Day Slave Labor: Conditions for Abu Dhabi's Migrant Workers Shame the West" 4927: 4759: 4625: 4159: 3820:"Why Singapore's push to contain coronavirus among migrant workers is so difficult" 3590: 3582: 3198: 3149: 3084: 2855: 2795: 2733: 2502: 2453: 2448: 2429: 2021: 2017: 1928: 1911: 1121: 1113: 1035: 963: 179: 167: 35: 6717: 6155:

Globalizing Care Economies and Migrant Workers: Explorations in Global Care Chains

3571:"Nurse Migration from a Source Country Perspective: Philippine Country Case Study" 262:

Foreign workers from selected Asian countries, by destination, 2010-11: Thousands

8816: 8508: 8319: 8065: 8055: 7384: 6940: 6843: 6530:"U.S. Company To Pay $ 20 M To Exploited Indian Guest Workers – News India Times" 6282:

Kindler, Anneka L. (1995). "Education of Migrant Children in the United States".

6125:

Global Cities, Transnational Flows and Gender Dimensions, The View From Singapore

5427:"Instagram fuels rise in black-market sales of maids into Persian Gulf servitude" 4733: 4598: 3239: 3045: 3039:

Foreign workers from selected Asian countries, by destination, 2010-11: Thousands

3013: 2553: 2436: 2380: 2051: 1915: 1756: 1305:

area but became a European vanguard in various industries at that time, first of

1233: 1010: 959: 881: 715:

of residency permits, tying one stated residence to all social welfare benefits.

159: 55: 7438:

Hanson, Gordon H. (2006). "Illegal migration from Mexico to the United States".

7065:

Garcia, Cardiff (2 February 2013). "A cap and trade proposal… for immigration".

6212:

Intimate Migrations: Gender, Family, and Illegality Among Transnational Mexicans

5075:(Report). 2016 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. US Department of State 3344:"Summary of "Foreign Employment Status" Report (As of the end of October, 2023)" 3343: 3154: 3137: 8773: 8717: 8556: 8513: 8441: 8156: 8081: 8035: 7977: 7934: 7369:

Espenshade, Thomas J. (1995). "Unauthorized immigration to the United States".

6788:"Bangladesh: Hundreds of arbitrarily detained migrant workers must be released" 5676: 4533:"Labour market and Labour force survey (LFS) statistics - Statistics Explained" 3848: 3495:"Rapid Population Growth, Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines" 2573: 2567: 2492: 2472: 2411: 2283: 1818: 1452:

Foreign workers migrate to the Middle East as contract workers by means of the

1388:

percent of Pakistan's foreign exchange earnings came from its migrant workers.

1318: 1060: 972: 255: 226: 207: 175: 171: 141: 74: 31: 7549:

On the Road for Work: Migratory Workers on the East Coast of the United States

7527: 5553:"'We drink from the toilet': migrants tell of hellish Saudi detention centres" 4416: 1626:, the detainees suffered from high risk of infection in crowded institutions. 178:

upon reaching the United States. In the United States 65% of farm workers are

9122: 8614: 8411: 8200: 8070: 8060: 8018: 7992: 7987: 7924: 7884: 7690: 7184: 6335: 6196: 5912: 5260: 4647: 4163: 3210: 3163: 2466: 2375: 1810: 1454: 1217: 1031: 1006: 921: 133: 7723:"Globalization, Migration and Labour: Imperatives for a Rights Based Policy" 7350: 6836: 6731: 5859:

Movono, Apisalome; Faaiuaso, Leilani; Scheyvens, Regina (29 November 2022).

5070: 8647: 8574: 8353: 8343: 8262: 8012: 7919: 7869: 7400: 7257:"3 ways to improve Hong Kong's labour import scheme for the city's benefit" 6959: 6170:

Gender, Development, and Globalization: Economics As if all People Mattered

6051: 5930: 4947: 4811: 4752:"Historische und soziologische Übersicht über die Migration in der Schweiz" 3604: 2809: 2745: 2462: 2423: 1914:. Migrant children are also at a disadvantage because the majority live in 1786: 1617: 1398: 1356: 1322: 1246: 1242: 1225: 1137: 1077: 1014: 980: 794: 712: 203: 82: 5805:

Movono, Apisalome; Scheyvens, Regina; Auckram, Sophie (17 November 2023).

4617: 3619: 2249:

Between the months of July and September in 2020, Bangladeshi authorities

1829:

service, water selling, car cleaning, home cleaning, and various kinds of

120:(ILO)'s definition: "international migrants who are currently employed or 8811: 8642: 8632: 8582: 8564: 8475: 8436: 8230: 8141: 8124: 7647: 7463: 6268: 4629: 2860:

Forged under the sun: the life of María Elena Lucas = Forjada bajo el sol

2477: 1924: 1716: 1660: 1561: 1426: 1414: 1221: 641: 376: 7471: 3187:"Gender Discrimination and Marginalization of Women in North-East India" 2202:, Italy), sexual harassment, rape, and even sexual exploitation occurs. 1793:. The hostility and resentment from the husband can also be a source of 932:

was about one in 13, with about 50,000 maids in Singapore at that time.

8657: 7997: 7392: 6821: 6043: 5837: 4939: 2760:"Biden and businesses agree on one thing: U.S. Needs immigrant workers" 2558: 2401: 2177: 1773: 1406:

and problems of assimilation of immigrants, and (4) national security.

1374: 1370: 1213: 1117: 1027: 1002: 976: 862:

year of 2010, about 9.3 percent of Filipinos worked or resided abroad.

746: 298: 121: 113: 78: 5904: 5700:"Visa holders and migrant workers – workplace rights and entitlements" 3849:

Jessie Yeung; Joshua Berlinger; Sandi Sidhu; Manisha Tank; Isaac Yee.

2737: 8703: 8698: 8665: 8637: 8525: 8520: 8456: 8431: 8378: 8292: 8007: 7939: 6326: 4763: 2885:"Regulatory Approaches to International Labour Recruitment in Canada" 2862:. Women and culture series. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 2597: 2582: 2508: 2220:

Recommendation concerning Reciprocity of Treatment of Foreign Workers

2099: 1839: 1584: 1430: 1418: 1125: 901: 559: 480: 324: 311: 251: 187: 7016:"Korea opens up to more skilled workers, quota up 15-fold this year" 6668:

Landesman, Peter. 2004. The Girls Next Door. New York Times Magazine

6035: 4931: 4807:"NHS denied treatment for migrants who can't afford upfront charges" 3202: 2637: 1147: 73:

Migrant workers who work outside their home country are also called

8712: 8684: 8670: 8537: 8503: 8461: 8446: 8406: 8151: 7176: 5834:"Pacific Labor Mobility: The Benefits, Concerns, and Opportunities" 4389: 4325:"Nepal investigates if more migrants hiding illegally in Sri Lanka" 3377: 2947:"The Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program and Mexican Development" 2764: 2487: 2386: 2025: 1905:

A school for the children of white migrant farm workers, circa 1945

1850: 1565: 1441:

countries despite government attempts to eradicate malpractice and

1340: 1245:

from 1955 until 1973, when over one million guest workers (German:

517: 363: 337: 6000:. United States of America: University of Hawai'i. pp. 28–45. 2057: 1572:

have already left the emirate, as a result, according to Reuters.

8708: 8693: 8689: 8451: 8401: 8393: 8383: 8287: 8275: 8134: 8030: 8024: 7819: 6990:"Japan eyes shift in skilled-worker visas toward food production" 5218:"Call for UN to investigate plight of migrant workers in the UAE" 4417:"Number of migrant workers in Taiwan tops 600,000 - Focus Taiwan" 4355:"Acute labour shortage in Lanka; 200,000 foreigners working here" 3251: 1830: 1826: 1724: 1549: 1306: 682: 389: 229:'s 2002 expansion of an immigration program for migrant workers. 69:, a migrant hawker carries colorful textiles on his head for sale 61: 42: 5457:"Why did the UAE kidnap, abuse, and deport 700 African workers?" 3569:

Lorenzo, F. M.; Galvez-Tan, J.; Icamina, K.; Javier, L. (2007).

2315:, and river-bank erosion also contribute to internal migration. 1417:

revealed that the housemaids in the Arab region's Saudi Arabia,

8680: 8493: 8426: 8366: 8361: 8168: 7835: 6600:"Jury finds Kalu guilty of human trafficking – The Denver Post" 5523:"Cameroonian migrants deported from UAE face conflict or exile" 5337:"UAE's migrant workers fret over future in coronavirus economy" 5064: 3467:. Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. Archived from 3409:. Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. Archived from 2505:(a Canadian Supreme Court case ruling on foreign worker status) 1804: 1576: 1422: 1258: 1237: 443: 404: 137: 124:

and seeking employment in their present country of residence".

97: 5780:"Pacific labour mobility over the last year: continued growth" 5071:

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (13 April 2016).

4841:, Briefing 185, published June 2008, accessed 15 December 2023 4265:"Govt. approves 2500 construction workers from Nepal, Myanmar" 3568: 3101: 1548:, migrant workers in Dubai live in "inhumane" conditions. The 8488: 8416: 7967: 5187:"Conditions for Abu Dhabi's migrant workers 'shame the west'" 5036:

Vora, N. (2015). Expat/expert camps: Transit States, 170–197.

4751: 4727:

Labor Migration from Third Countries to Swedish Low-wage Jobs

1720: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1569: 1557: 1553: 1254: 1250: 599: 350: 285: 66: 7774:

Moving Here, Staying Here: The Canadian Immigrant Experience

7599:

Hired Hands and Plowboys: Farm Labor in the Midwest, 1815–60

6734:. The People's Movement for Human Rights Education (PDHRE). 4695:"Russia remains preferred destination for Armenian migrants" 4612: 4610: 3136:

Kumar, Shailendra; Choudhury, Sanghamitra (1 January 2021).

1552:

reported on 22 July 2020 about the expatriates community in

8498: 8040: 4090: 3748:. Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore. 3185:

Choudhury, Sanghamitra; Kumar, Shailendra (November 2022).

2544:

Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975

2461:, typically restricted to late-19th and early-20th century 2458: 2046: 1675: 7829: 7825:

Pictures of Austria's first Transnational Migrants' Strike

6495:"Exploited Indian workers in US awarded $ 14 million" 5132:. International Trade Union Confederation. 17 April 2016. 3620:"Duterte signs law creating Department of Migrant Workers" 3462:"Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2010" 3404:"Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2013" 3311:"Ship of Horrors: Life and Death on the Lawless High Seas" 2784:"Migrant workers and their occupational health and safety" 958:

Traditionally, South Korea has appeared to largely accept

691: 7643:"Convicted migrant worker killer waits for final verdict" 7082:"Proposal 12: Overhauling the Temporary Work Visa System" 6664: 6662: 6660: 6168:

Beneía, Lourdes; Berik, Günseli; Floro, Maira S. (2016).

5162:. International Trade Union Confederation. 3 March 2010. 4607: 4601: 2069: 1522: 7796:

Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies

7781:

Guest Workers and Resistance to U.S. Corporate Despotism

7339:

Internal Migration and Development: a Global Perspective

6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 2305: 1655:, amounting to 23.58% of the total population of Qatar, 1100:

According to the Finnish trade union organizations SAK (

5858: 5750:

Reysenbach, Tyler; Coates, Brendan (28 February 2023).

3527:

9.45 million is about 9.3% of 101.79 million.

2318:

There are four spatial patterns of internal migration:

1128:

were the most likely victimised in the building trade.

6657: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6242:

Servants of Globalization: Migration and Domestic Work

6077:

Dir. by Marlo Poras. Perf. La Tsuo, Jua Ma. 2012. DVD.

5804: 2244: 2236: 1767:

Migrant agricultural worker's family, California, 1936

745:

found that these migrant workers are often subject to

7080:

Orrenius, Pia M.; Peri, Giovanni; Zavodny, Madeline.

6913: 6448: 6401: 6140:

Disposable Women and Other Myths of Global Capitalism

5616:"Saudi Arabia: Proposed Reforms Neglect Basic Rights" 4858:

Asian migrant and contract workers in the Middle East

2265: 1865: 1038:, English language, computer skills and photography. 182:, with about half of the workers being undocumented. 7281: 7161:"A Property Rights Approach to Temporary Work Visas" 7159:

Casella, Alessandra; Cox, Adam B. (2 January 2018).

5582:

Brown, Will; Zelalem, Zecharias (15 December 2020).

3540:"2014 OFW Statistics – 2.3 million work abroad" 2260:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

2123: 2035: 132:

An estimated 14 million foreign workers live in the

7415:

Migrant Agricultural Workers in America's Northeast

6517: 5981:

Empowering Migrant Women as Entrepreneurs in China,

4592:

Unions: Foreign workers often underpaid, overworked

3283:(in Indonesian). BNP2TKI. p. 7. Archived from 3104:"China to migrant workers: Take your kids with you" 3102:David McKenzie and Serena Dong (16 February 2016). 2297:estimate that an estimated 745,000 fatalities from 2045:influx of migrant workers contributes to growth of 116:definition of labour migration", but refers to the 7412: 6557: 6555: 5583: 5249:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 4385:"New Immigration and Emigration Act from mid-2019" 1960:. In particular, it uses too much academic jargon. 7757:Knox, Paul; Agnew, John; McCarthy, Linda (2003). 7489:"Financial crisis hits migrant workers in Russia" 6310:"Cultivating Land-Based Literacies and Rhetorics" 6229:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 133–163. 3939: 3937: 3438:. Philippine Statistics Authority. 4 April 2012. 2921:"Foreign nationals working temporarily in Canada" 2668:. Global Migration Data Portal. 18 February 2022. 9120: 6167: 5749: 4756:Schweizerisches Jahrbuch für Entwicklungspolitik 4512: 3562: 3492: 3065:Dir. Micha X. Peled. Teddy Bear Films. 2005. DVD 2170: 1779: 1108:foreign workers were increasingly abused in the 7820:Migrant workers in the gulf and the Middle East 7079: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6552: 6382: 6224: 6087:Women Migrant Workers from Developing Countries 5397:"Meet the Unlikely TikTok Influencers of Dubai" 3131: 3129: 2830:. Berkeley CA: University of California Press. 2444:(a proposed foreign-worker program in the U.S.) 2089: 2058:Exploitation and enslavement of migrant workers 1934: 1838:has termed this kind of vulnerable worker, the 1750:Women migrant workers from developing countries 907:reports the numbers of foreign workers annually 7776:. Web exhibition. Library and Archives Canada. 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6441: 6439: 6011: 6009: 6007: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4567:European Commission Eurostat Products Datasets 4439: 3934: 3184: 3135: 1730: 7851: 6254: 6227:Immigrant Women Workers in the Neoliberal Age 5246: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3497:. Population Reference Bureau. Archived from 2781: 1998:In 2015, scholar Gabriela Raquel Ríos of the 868:Philippine Overseas Employment Administration 8755: 8535: 7207:"An Auctions Approach to Immigration Policy" 7135:"An Auctions Approach to Immigration Policy" 6618: 6244:. Stanford University Press. pp. 61–79. 6225:Flores-Gonzales, Nilda; et al. (2013). 5581: 4081: 4079: 4077: 3524:Total Filipinos (2010): ~101.79 million 3126: 2892:Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada 2882: 2193: 1966:. There might be a discussion about this on 1805:Women migrant workers in the informal sector 1102:Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions 1086: 6831: 6829: 6581: 6436: 6004: 5725:"New migrant jobs and income data released" 4877: 4864: 4749: 2452:, 1960 television documentary presented by 2218:, held in Washington DC in 1919, adopted a 1517:Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates 1176:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 7858: 7844: 7670:"Slavery and American agriculture history" 7336:Priya Deshingkar & Sven Grimm (2005). 7158: 6402:Labour Organization (ILO), International. 5487:"'They told us they hated black Africans'" 5160:Survey of violations of trade union rights 5130:Survey of violations of trade union rights 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4725:Olle Frödin & Anders Kjellberg (2018) 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 3946:"Foreign Workers in the Republic of Korea" 3879: 3642: 3518:Domestic population (2010): ~92.34 million 2383:(historical American guest-worker program) 2205: 1847:United Nations' Girls Education Initiative 1009:was specifically singled out for links to 884:, signed Republic Act 11641, creating the 795:country’s stagnant economy since the 1990s 136:, which draws most of its immigrants from 7830:Centro de los Derechos del Migrante, Inc. 7453: 6949: 6939: 6430:"International Migration 2020 Highlights" 6325: 6182: 6107: 6105: 5920: 5675: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4804: 4692: 4235:"Chinese workers settling down with ease" 4074: 3594: 3153: 2850: 2799: 2426:(historical German guest-worker program) 1986:Learn how and when to remove this message 1743: 1196:Learn how and when to remove this message 1030:school where they study subjects such as 733:Stranded migrant workers in India during 8743: 7347:International Organization for Migration 6837:http://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5703-3 6826: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6275: 6239: 5618:. Human Rights Watch. 25 February 2021. 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4805:Jayanetti, Chaminda (13 November 2018). 4563:"Employment by sex, age and citizenship" 3617: 3370:"止まらぬ円安1ドル＝150円に迫る海外生活を円で換算すると…各支局員が取材" 2801:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013714 2782:Moyce, Sally C.; Schenker, Marc (2018). 2642:International Organization for Migration 2341: 2258:called the detention a violation of the 1900: 1869: 1762: 1521:The treatment of migrant workers in the 1496:Human rights in Israel § Migrant workers 728: 690: 110:International Organization for Migration 60: 41: 7013: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6281: 5664:Journal on Migration and Human Security 5653: 5651: 5649: 5304: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4969: 4954: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4693:Karelidze, Tamara (25 September 2018). 4190: 3486: 3396: 3077:International Journal of Social Welfare 2979:"Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program" 1528:International Trade Union Confederation 1510: 14: 9121: 7783:Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 7064: 6363: 6214:. New York: New York University Press. 6152: 6137: 6102: 6070: 6068: 5995: 5991: 5989: 5639: 5637: 5533:from the original on 20 September 2021 5307:"Midday Break To Be Strictly Enforced" 5273: 5120: 5118: 5116: 4855: 4844: 4738:Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 4686: 4129:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3786: 3348:Ministry of Welfare, Labour and Health 3321:from the original on 27 September 2020 3308: 3048:. International Migration Outlook 2012 2825: 2723: 2704:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1825:, food selling, sewing and tailoring, 1437:from dozens of such maids every year. 1367:foreign populations in these nations. 788:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 725:Labour in India § Migrant labours 8742: 8099: 7839: 7793: 7312:from the original on 20 February 2022 6738:from the original on 26 November 2013 6410:from the original on 16 February 2018 6348: 6296: 6209: 5886: 5657: 5622:from the original on 25 February 2021 5503:from the original on 2 September 2021 5467:from the original on 8 September 2021 5228:from the original on 12 February 2018 5215: 5184: 4996:from the original on 4 September 2021 4901: 4886: 4819:from the original on 14 November 2018 4740:, vol. 8 no 1 (March 2018), pp. 65-85 4573:from the original on 18 December 2018 4397:from the original on 11 November 2019 4365:from the original on 1 September 2018 4335:from the original on 19 December 2018 4215:from the original on 19 December 2018 4178:from the original on 19 December 2018 4062:from the original on 30 November 2018 3757: 3755: 3338: 3336: 3142:Social Sciences & Humanities Open 3114:from the original on 26 November 2018 3058: 3056: 3054: 2959:from the original on 21 November 2021 2927:from the original on 24 December 2013 2660: 2658: 2534:Migrant Housing Act of North Carolina 2306:National vs. transnational migrations 1212:began its reliance on guest workers, 268: 220:Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program 7737:from the original on 16 January 2015 7655:from the original on 12 October 2008 7499:from the original on 7 February 2017 6966: 6505:from the original on 25 October 2017 6307: 6285:Directions in Language and Education 6185:Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 6122: 5979:AsiaFoundation. (9 September 2015), 5646: 5596:from the original on 12 January 2022 5197:from the original on 25 January 2018 5021: 5008: 4917: 4906: 4481: 4275:from the original on 1 November 2019 4087:International Migration Outlook 2008 4036:from the original on 16 January 2019 3817: 3695:from the original on 23 October 2019 3665:from the original on 23 October 2019 3630:from the original on 18 January 2022 3074: 2821: 2819: 2777: 2775: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2610: 2158: 1938: 1931:are working to reverse its effects. 1890: 1300:The underestimation of the required 1208:In Nazi Germany, from 1940 to 1942, 1174:adding citations to reliable sources 1141: 7798:. Cambridge: The University Press. 7641:Wang Zhenghua (21 September 2005). 7628:from the original on 15 August 2019 7573:"A good provider is one who leaves" 7487:Lowe, Christian (14 January 2009). 6895:from the original on 17 August 2017 6798:from the original on 3 October 2020 6645:from the original on 17 August 2017 6606:from the original on 17 August 2017 6569:from the original on 17 August 2017 6065: 5986: 5777: 5634: 5563:from the original on 2 January 2020 5286:from the original on 15 August 2020 5166:from the original on 1 January 2018 5136:from the original on 1 January 2018 5126:"United Arab Emirates: In Practice" 5113: 5073:Israel and The Occupied Territories 4427:from the original on 17 August 2017 4143: 4010:from the original on 17 August 2017 3980:from the original on 17 August 2017 3892:from the original on 1 October 2020 3618:Parrocha, Azer (30 December 2021). 2901:from the original on 27 August 2021 2524:Migrant domestic workers in Lebanon 2245:Bangladeshi migrant workers' rights 2237:Philippines migrant workers' rights 1088:Transnationaler Migrant innenstreik 793:Some news reports suggest that the 46:Migrant workers in California, 1935 24: 8101: 8100: 7761:(4th ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. 7759:The Geography of the World Economy 7751: 7708:from the original on 26 April 2012 7583:from the original on 12 March 2017 6732:"Human Rights and Migrant Workers" 6729: 6718:Migrant workers: The ILO standards 6685:from the original on 12 March 2020 6406:. International Labour Standards. 6157:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 5407:from the original on 29 April 2021 5377:from the original on 17 April 2021 5216:Batty, David (13 September 2014). 5097:. 23 December 2013. Archived from 4770:from the original on 11 April 2015 4463:from the original on 22 April 2020 4111:from the original on 4 August 2020 4030:"Non-professional Employment, E-9" 3922:from the original on 22 April 2020 3861:from the original on 26 April 2020 3830:from the original on 25 April 2020 3752: 3442:from the original on 14 March 2019 3333: 3051: 2655: 2549:Migrant workers in the Gulf region 2266:Effects on migrant workers' health 2011:Ríos argues that migrant workers' 1866:Children of female migrant workers 1710: 27:Person who migrates to pursue work 25: 9160: 7813: 7571:de Parle, Jason (22 April 2007). 6471:. 22 October 2014. Archived from 6142:. London and New York: Routledge. 6018:"Birds of passage are also women" 5945:"Setting A Fair Migration Agenda" 5347:from the original on 23 July 2020 5274:Ghaemi, Hadi (11 November 2006). 5185:Batty, David (22 December 2013). 4750:D'amato, Gianni (December 2008). 4494:from the original on 2 April 2020 3743: 3309:Urbina, Ian (12 September 2019). 2985:from the original on 28 June 2021 2816: 2772: 2712: 2295:International Labour Organization 2212:International Labour Organization 2124:Philippines migrant workers in US 2036:Migrant labour force in economies 1583:Agents in the UAE had been using 1312: 1046: 118:International Labour Organization 90:International Labour Organization 9103: 9102: 7865: 7727:Journal of Globalization Studies 7294: 7275: 7249: 7224: 7199: 7152: 7127: 7102: 7073: 7058: 7033: 7007: 6982: 6907: 6882: 6876: 6866: 6857: 6848: 6810: 6780: 6750: 6723: 6710: 6697: 6671: 6487: 6422: 6395: 6376: 6357: 6342: 6308:Rìos, Gabriela (16 March 2015). 6248: 6233: 6218: 6203: 6176: 6161: 6146: 6131: 6116: 6091: 6080: 5973: 5961:from the original on 25 May 2017 5937: 5880: 5852: 5826: 5798: 5771: 5743: 5717: 5692: 5608: 5575: 5545: 5317:from the original on 25 May 2017 4707:from the original on 12 May 2019 4674:from the original on 12 May 2019 4543:from the original on 19 May 2020 3880:hermesauto (30 September 2020). 3799:from the original on 18 May 2020 3725:from the original on 9 June 2020 3587:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00716.x 3258:from the original on 25 May 2017 3089:10.1111/j.1468-2397.2007.00475.x 1943: 1659:, which makes up 17.3%, and the 1494:This section is an excerpt from 1146: 1106:Finnish Service Union United PAM 856:Commission on Filipinos Overseas 634: 592: 552: 510: 473: 436: 397: 382: 369: 356: 343: 330: 317: 304: 291: 278: 236: 212:Temporary Foreign Worker Program 152: 7368: 7335: 6977: 6314:Literacy in Composition Studies 6015: 5729:Australian Bureau of Statistics 5515: 5479: 5449: 5437:from the original on 5 May 2021 5419: 5389: 5359: 5329: 5298: 5267: 5240: 5209: 5178: 5148: 5087: 5039: 5030: 4978: 4831: 4798: 4782: 4743: 4719: 4654: 4585: 4555: 4525: 4506: 4475: 4409: 4377: 4347: 4317: 4287: 4257: 4227: 4137: 4097: 4048: 4022: 3992: 3962: 3943: 3904: 3873: 3842: 3811: 3780: 3746:Migrant Labor in Southeast Asia 3737: 3707: 3677: 3611: 3532: 3509: 3454: 3428: 3362: 3302: 3270: 3254:(in Indonesian). Migrant Care. 3244: 3225: 3178: 3095: 3068: 3032: 3023: 2997: 2971: 2939: 2913: 2231:Sustainable Development Goal 10 2216:International Labour Conference 2145: 1874:Group of Florida migrants near 1611:Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia 1604: 1393:Arab States of the Persian Gulf 819:Indonesian citizens in Malaysia 8744: 7441:Journal of Economic Literature 7407: 7014:Jae-hee, Choi (29 June 2023). 6023:International Migration Review 5305:Mustafa, Awad (16 June 2011). 4920:International Migration Review 4241:. 14 July 2018. Archived from 3818:Cher, Audrey (23 April 2020). 3659:Ministry of Manpower Singapore 3493:Yvette Collymore (June 2003). 3350:(in Japanese). 26 January 2024 2876: 2844: 2788:Annual Review of Public Health 2752: 2672: 2630: 2392:Dirty, dangerous and demeaning 2079:of 99 domestic workers in the 2030:Coalition of Immokalee Workers 1921:non-governmental organizations 1849:, there remains high rates of 1361:Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) 1350: 1328:Migrant workers can be denied 1295: 935: 843: 743:Overseas Development Institute 13: 1: 7542: 7515:American Behavioral Scientist 7511: 7328: 6978:Deshingkar & Grimm (2005) 6385:Economic and Political Weekly 6097: 5156:"United Arab Emirates: Legal" 4839:A Charter for Migrant Workers 4622:IOM Migration Research Series 2883:Dixon-Perera, Leanne (2019). 2171:Mexican migrant workers in US 2114: 2075:In a study undertaken by the 2000:University of Central Florida 1780:Impact on roles within family 1738:Social Determinants of Health 886:Department of Migrant Workers 872:Government of the Philippines 835:Human trafficking in Malaysia 103: 7604:University of Illinois Press 7544:Lycklama à Nijeholt, Geertje 7385:10.1146/annurev.soc.21.1.195 7165:The Journal of Legal Studies 7110:"Auctioning Temporary Visas" 6941:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595 6720:, accessed 27 September 2022 6366:The American Economic Review 6016:Morokvasic, Mirjana (1984). 4795:, accessed 24 September 2022 3655:"Documents and Publications" 2623: 2576:: can be used for temporary 2350:for specialized workers and 2224:right of lawful organization 2090:Indian migrant workers in US 1935:Migrant workers and literacy 1691: 1678:named Qatar the host of the 1355:In 1973, an oil boom in the 986: 966:and other Asians. Under the 891: 752: 127: 7: 7667: 7554:Martinus Nijhoff Publishing 7437: 5893:Anthropology of Work Review 5786:. Development Policy Centre 4972:Human Rights Law Commentary 4618:"Migration and Development" 3685:"Summary Table: Employment" 3155:10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100130 2369: 1731:Migration, work, and health 1705:New Zealanders in Australia 1461:Dependence on the sponsor ( 1359:region, which includes the 1243:Federal Republic of Germany 1228:("volunteer") POW workers. 1020: 823:Nepalese people in Malaysia 800: 250:In Asia, some countries in 147: 140:, including 4 or 5 million 10: 9165: 9134:Employment classifications 7950:Weberian (three-component) 7794:Piore, Michael J. (1979). 7720: 7595: 7570: 7421:Holt, Rinehart and Winston 7411:; Nelkin, Dorothy (1971). 7372:Annual Review of Sociology 6210:Boehm, Deborah A. (2013). 6123:Yeoh, Brenda S.A. (2000). 6111: 5983:Retrieved 27 October 2016. 5887:Flynn, Michael A. (2018). 5677:10.1177/233150241600400403 4269:The Sunday Times Sri Lanka 3231:Samuels, F. et al. (2012) 2828:Fresh Fruit: Broken Bodies 2570:agreement to open borders) 2061: 1894: 1747: 1703:rights, including 680,000 1695: 1686: 1608: 1514: 1493: 1264: 1135: 1131: 1095: 942:Immigration to South Korea 939: 847: 804: 779: 756: 722: 695:A Mingong working in China 680: 77:. They may also be called 29: 9098: 9039: 8931: 8899: 8866: 8792: 8764: 8751: 8738: 8656: 8613: 8573: 8555: 8474: 8392: 8352: 8261: 8254: 8209: 8112: 8108: 8095: 7958: 7912: 7908: 7879: 7640: 7528:10.1177/00027649921954381 7486: 7236:Economic Policy Institute 6920:Environment International 6240:Parreñas, Rachel (2015). 3191:Journal of Public Affairs 3018:The North-South Institute 2407:Feminization of migration 2291:World Health Organization 2194:Migrant workers in Europe 2094:A United States company, 1760:of income in the family. 1488: 1286: 1041: 995: 759:Indonesian migrant worker 632: 590: 550: 508: 471: 434: 395: 380: 367: 354: 341: 328: 315: 302: 289: 276: 273: 197: 9072:Pre-industrial East Asia 7691:10.1525/ah.2003.77.4.527 7596:Schob, David E. (1975). 7261:South China Morning Post 6842:20 February 2022 at the 6257:Refugee Survey Quarterly 6197:10.1525/azt.2010.35.1.13 6138:Wright, Melissa (2006). 5996:Getano, Arianne (2015). 5261:10.1163/138548708X272537 4732:18 December 2018 at the 4515:"A rare chance to learn" 4164:10.1215/10679847-3618228 2603: 2519:Migrant domestic workers 2028:. Gerardo Reyes, of the 1876:Shawboro, North Carolina 1698:Immigration to Australia 1642: 1485:women in the workforce. 968:Employment Permit System 850:Overseas Filipino Worker 807:Bangladeshis in Malaysia 775: 718: 676: 8120:Administrative detainee 7721:Taran, Patrick (2011). 7620: 6153:Yeates, Nicola (2009). 4856:Abella, Manolo (1995). 3787:hermes (6 April 2020). 3238:5 November 2013 at the 2206:Migrant workers' rights 2109:Pascagoula, Mississippi 1443:exploitation of workers 1330:National Health Service 1249:) arrived, mostly from 1071:enlargements, existing 960:overseas ethnic Koreans 245: 94:undocumented immigrants 8536: 7779:Ness, Immanuel (2011) 7668:Wright, Gavin (2003). 6534:www.newsindiatimes.com 6465:"I Already Bought You" 6172:. New York: Routledge. 5658:Ganji, Sarath (2016). 4144:Jun, Euyryung (2016). 3624:Philippine News Agency 3044:16 August 2014 at the 2588:Third Country National 2299:ischemic heart disease 2131:Adams State University 2042:Economic globalization 2009: 1906: 1883: 1768: 1744:Female migrant workers 1629:In December 2020, the 1590:Human rights activists 1280: 1224:(Eastern workers) and 1087: 900:Observers such as the 877:On December 30, 2021, 831:Vietnamese in Malaysia 827:Pakistanis in Malaysia 737: 696: 70: 47: 9077:Pre-industrial Europe 7409:Friedland, William H. 6792:Amnesty International 5529:. 17 September 2021. 5022:Ruhs, Martin (2002). 4513:Post Publishing PCL. 4482:Monaghan, Elizabeth. 4151:Duke University Press 3501:on 16 February 2007. 2826:Holmes, Seth (2013). 2342:Foreign worker quotas 2256:Amnesty International 2004: 1904: 1873: 1809:The spread of global 1766: 1323:national minimum wage 1276: 940:Further information: 848:Further information: 815:Filipinos in Malaysia 757:Further information: 732: 694: 64: 45: 8934: or countries 8745:By country or region 7983:Class discrimination 7678:Agricultural History 7464:10.1257/jel.44.4.869 6679:"Rape in the fields" 6565:. 11 February 2014. 6349:Davis, Mike (2006). 5778:Bedford, Charlotte. 5463:. 8 September 2021. 4992:. 4 September 2021. 4630:10.18356/233f428c-en 4597:5 April 2016 at the 4211:. 18 December 2018. 4093:. 2008. p. 256. 3384:on 28 September 2023 2726:Medical Anthropology 2578:employment contracts 2539:Migrant prostitution 2442:Guest worker program 2397:Environmental racism 2251:arbitrarily detained 2096:Signal International 2081:United Arab Emirates 2013:rhetorical practices 1956:confusing or unclear 1880:Cranbury, New Jersey 1757:domestic occupations 1511:United Arab Emirates 1220:(civilian workers), 1170:improve this section 870:is an agency of the 782:Immigration to Japan 142:undocumented workers 8466:Vanniar (Chieftain) 6932:2021EnInt.15406595P 6768:on 27 November 2020 6730:Koenig, Shulamith. 6716:Vittin-Balima, C., 6475:on 11 November 2017 5704:Fair Work Ombudsman 5431:The Washington Post 4860:. pp. 418–423. 4662:"Webserver-Wartung" 4624:. 2 November 2003. 4245:on 18 December 2018 3958:on 27 January 2013. 3581:(3 Pt 2): 1406–18. 3012:25 May 2017 at the 2686:on 16 February 2017 2638:"Who is a Migrant?" 2498:Labour inspectorate 2417:Foreign Worker Visa 1964:clarify the section 1823:community gardening 1647:Migrant workers in 1541:indentured servants 811:Burmese in Malaysia 263: 9047:18th-century Spain 8901:Standard of living 8605:Upper middle class 8600:Lower middle class 8191:Political prisoner 7973:Chattering classes 7945:Spoon class theory 7624:. United Nations. 7114:Hoover Institution 6822:10.1002/ajim.20717 6469:Human Rights Watch 6269:10.1093/rsq/hdq008 6075:The Mosuo Sisters. 5840:. 15 November 2023 5731:. 19 December 2022 5280:Human Rights Watch 5101:on 10 October 2017 4488:www.greenpeace.org 4454:www.greenpeace.org 4423:. 29 August 2016. 4393:. 8 October 2018. 4305:on 30 October 2019 4032:. 17 August 2015. 3416:on 7 February 2017 2852:Lucas, María Elena 2666:"Labour migration" 2564:Schengen Agreement 2483:Internal migration 2336:Circular migration 2077:Human Rights Watch 1907: 1884: 1882:, to pick potatoes 1878:, on their way to 1769: 1632:Human Rights Watch 1615:On 4 August 2020, 1546:Human Rights Watch 1534:Human Rights Watch 1435:human rights abuse 1345:pay and conditions 1214:military internees 765:Native Indonesians 738: 705:transforming China 701:Chinese government 697: 687:Migration in China 261: 71: 48: 9116: 9115: 9094: 9093: 9090: 9089: 8927: 8926: 8734: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8628:Lumpenproletariat 8130:illegal immigrant 8091: 8090: 8003:Classless society 7805:978-0-521-28058-7 7613:978-0-252-00509-1 7563:978-0-89838-043-9 7430:978-0-03-086706-4 7171:(S1): S195–S227. 6758:"Goal 10 targets" 6681:. 30 April 2018. 6641:. 19 March 2013. 6540:on 17 August 2017 6404:"Migrant Workers" 6061:on 15 April 2012. 5905:10.1111/awr.12151 5559:. 4 August 2020. 5403:. 29 April 2021. 5373:. 17 April 2021. 5282:(Press release). 4837:UNISON Scotland, 4758:(27–2): 177–195. 4639:978-92-1-363006-8 4361:. 30 April 2017. 4331:. 9 August 2016. 3886:The Straits Times 3793:The Straits Times 3550:on 17 August 2017 2923:. Statcan.gc.ca. 2869:978-0-472-09432-5 2856:Buss, Fran Leeper 2837:978-0-520-27514-0 2738:10.1111/maq.12138 2529:Migrant education 2514:Mexican Americans 2159:Other cases in US 2064:Human trafficking 1996: 1995: 1988: 1912:language barriers 1897:Migrant education 1891:Migrant education 1795:domestic violence 1210:Organization Todt 1206: 1205: 1198: 914:COVID-19 pandemic 770:human trafficking 735:COVID-19 lockdown 674: 673: 168:language barriers 16:(Redirected from 9156: 9139:Global workforce 9106: 9105: 8933: 8834:Mexican-American 8762: 8761: 8753: 8752: 8740: 8739: 8541: 8484:Business magnate 8374:Knowledge worker 8259: 8258: 8147:dual or multiple 8110: 8109: 8097: 8096: 8051:Social exclusion 8046:Social cleansing 7960: 7910: 7909: 7899:Economic classes 7860: 7853: 7846: 7837: 7836: 7809: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7707: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7617: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7567: 7539: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7483: 7457: 7434: 7418: 7404: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7355: 7349:. Archived from 7345:. Vol. 19. 7344: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7089:Hamilton Project 7086: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7020:The Korea Herald 7011: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6986: 6980: 6975: 6964: 6963: 6953: 6943: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6880: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6861: 6855: 6852: 6846: 6833: 6824: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6794:. October 2020. 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6764:. Archived from 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6727: 6721: 6714: 6708: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6631: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6596: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6536:. Archived from 6526: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6461: 6446: 6443: 6434: 6433: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6353:. London: Verso. 6346: 6340: 6339: 6329: 6327:10.21623/1.3.1.5 6305: 6294: 6293: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6120: 6114: 6109: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6054:. Archived from 6013: 6002: 6001: 5993: 5984: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5960: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5924: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5866:The Conversation 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5812:The Conversation 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5757:The Conversation 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5679: 5655: 5644: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5587: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5502: 5491: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5343:. 22 July 2020. 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5122: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5019: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4967: 4952: 4951: 4915: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4884: 4883: 4875: 4862: 4861: 4853: 4842: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4802: 4796: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4764:10.4000/sjep.340 4747: 4741: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4666: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4614: 4605: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4451: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4359:The Sunday Times 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4301:. Archived from 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4201: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4128: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4083: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3951:. Archived from 3950: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3767:sprs.parl.gov.sg 3759: 3750: 3749: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3689:stats.mom.gov.sg 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3651: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3598: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3546:. Archived from 3536: 3530: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3380:. Archived from 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3289: 3282: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3248: 3242: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3157: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3049: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2958: 2951: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2900: 2889: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2803: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2721: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2682:. Archived from 2676: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2634: 2617: 2614: 2503:Lavoie v. Canada 2454:Edward R. Murrow 2449:Harvest of Shame 2430:Turks in Germany 1991: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1947: 1946: 1939: 1929:social movements 1736:acknowledged as 1201: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1150: 1142: 1090: 1036:Burmese language 964:Koreans of China 640: 638: 637: 598: 596: 595: 558: 556: 555: 516: 514: 513: 479: 477: 476: 442: 440: 439: 403: 401: 400: 388: 386: 385: 375: 373: 372: 362: 360: 359: 349: 347: 346: 336: 334: 333: 323: 321: 320: 310: 308: 307: 297: 295: 294: 284: 282: 281: 264: 260: 54:is a person who 36:Economic migrant 21: 9164: 9163: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9153: 9144:Human migration 9129:Migrant workers 9119: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9086: 9035: 8923: 8895: 8862: 8846:Underprivileged 8788: 8747: 8746: 8722: 8652: 8609: 8569: 8551: 8470: 8388: 8348: 8250: 8205: 8104: 8103: 8087: 8066:Social position 8056:Social mobility 7954: 7904: 7875: 7874: 7864: 7816: 7806: 7754: 7752:Further reading 7749: 7740: 7738: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7672: 7658: 7656: 7631: 7629: 7614: 7586: 7584: 7564: 7502: 7500: 7431: 7359: 7357: 7356:on 20 June 2010 7353: 7342: 7331: 7326: 7325: 7315: 7313: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7280: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7255: 7254: 7250: 7240: 7238: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7213: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7118: 7116: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7084: 7078: 7074: 7067:Financial Times 7063: 7059: 7049: 7047: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7022: 7012: 7008: 6998: 6996: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6967: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6867: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6849: 6844:Wayback Machine 6834: 6827: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6799: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6771: 6769: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6728: 6724: 6715: 6711: 6702: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6677: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6658: 6648: 6646: 6639:www.ipsnews.net 6633: 6632: 6619: 6609: 6607: 6598: 6597: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6561: 6560: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6528: 6527: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6463: 6462: 6449: 6444: 6437: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6413: 6411: 6400: 6396: 6381: 6377: 6362: 6358: 6351:Planet of Slums 6347: 6343: 6320:(1): 60–70–70. 6306: 6297: 6280: 6276: 6253: 6249: 6238: 6234: 6223: 6219: 6208: 6204: 6181: 6177: 6166: 6162: 6151: 6147: 6136: 6132: 6121: 6117: 6112:de Parle (2007) 6110: 6103: 6098:Menjívar (1999) 6096: 6092: 6085: 6081: 6073: 6066: 6058: 6036:10.2307/2546066 6014: 6005: 5994: 5987: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5784:Dev Policy Blog 5776: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5706: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5656: 5647: 5642: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5494:Impact Policies 5489: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5350: 5348: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5272: 5268: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5167: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5124: 5123: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5020: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4990:The Independent 4984: 4983: 4979: 4968: 4955: 4932:10.2307/2545795 4916: 4907: 4900: 4887: 4876: 4865: 4854: 4845: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4803: 4799: 4793:Migrant workers 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4748: 4744: 4734:Wayback Machine 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4700:Emerging Europe 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4640: 4616: 4615: 4608: 4604:4 February 2013 4599:Wayback Machine 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4519:bangkokpost.com 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4329:Colombo Gazette 4323: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4239:Sunday Observer 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4203: 4202: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4142: 4138: 4122: 4121: 4114: 4112: 4105:"Archived copy" 4103: 4102: 4098: 4085: 4084: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3761: 3760: 3753: 3744:Piper, Nicola. 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3653: 3652: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3616: 3612: 3575:Health Serv Res 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3514: 3510: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3474:on 17 July 2016 3471: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3376:(in Japanese). 3368: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3240:Wayback Machine 3230: 3226: 3203:10.1002/pa.2625 3183: 3179: 3134: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3100: 3096: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3052: 3046:Wayback Machine 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3014:Wayback Machine 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2824: 2817: 2780: 2773: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2722: 2713: 2697: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2680:"Archived copy" 2678: 2677: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2554:Queer Migration 2437:Global mobility 2381:Bracero program 2372: 2344: 2308: 2268: 2247: 2239: 2208: 2196: 2173: 2161: 2148: 2126: 2117: 2092: 2066: 2060: 2052:informal sector 2038: 1992: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1961: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1916:extreme poverty 1899: 1893: 1868: 1807: 1782: 1752: 1746: 1733: 1713: 1711:Pacific Islands 1700: 1694: 1689: 1645: 1613: 1607: 1519: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1491: 1353: 1315: 1298: 1289: 1267: 1202: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1167: 1151: 1140: 1134: 1098: 1049: 1044: 1023: 1011:illegal fishing 998: 989: 944: 938: 894: 882:Rodrigo Duterte 852: 846: 837: 803: 784: 778: 761: 755: 727: 721: 709:social security 689: 681:Main articles: 679: 635: 633: 593: 591: 553: 551: 511: 509: 474: 472: 437: 435: 398: 396: 383: 381: 370: 368: 357: 355: 344: 342: 331: 329: 318: 316: 305: 303: 292: 290: 279: 277: 269:Source Country 248: 239: 200: 160:Central America 155: 150: 130: 106: 75:foreign workers 38: 28: 23: 22: 18:Migrant workers 15: 12: 11: 5: 9162: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9110: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9067:Ottoman Empire 9064: 9059: 9054: 9052:Ancient Greece 9049: 9043: 9041: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9026:United Kingdom 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8937: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8919:Home-ownership 8916: 8911: 8905: 8903: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8872: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8798: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8774:American Dream 8771: 8765: 8759: 8749: 8748: 8736: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8687: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8662: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8619: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8579: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8561: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8542: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8480: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8398: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8358: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8267: 8265: 8256: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8217: 8215: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8186:Migrant worker 8183: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8122: 8116: 8114: 8106: 8105: 8102:By demographic 8093: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8082:Status Anxiety 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8036:Ranked society 8033: 8028: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7978:Class conflict 7975: 7970: 7964: 7962: 7961: topics 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7935:Mudsill theory 7932: 7927: 7922: 7916: 7914: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7827: 7822: 7815: 7814:External links 7812: 7811: 7810: 7804: 7791: 7789:978-0252078170 7777: 7770: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7718: 7685:(4): 527–552. 7665: 7638: 7618: 7612: 7593: 7577:New York Times 7568: 7562: 7540: 7522:(4): 601–627. 7509: 7493:New York Times 7484: 7455:10.1.1.77.5215 7448:(4): 869–924. 7435: 7429: 7405: 7379:(1): 195–216. 7366: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7293: 7274: 7263:. 21 June 2023 7248: 7223: 7198: 7177:10.1086/694166 7151: 7126: 7101: 7072: 7057: 7032: 7006: 6981: 6965: 6906: 6883:Seow, Joanna. 6875: 6865: 6856: 6847: 6825: 6809: 6779: 6749: 6722: 6709: 6696: 6670: 6656: 6617: 6580: 6551: 6516: 6486: 6447: 6435: 6421: 6394: 6375: 6356: 6341: 6295: 6274: 6263:(1): 161–184. 6247: 6232: 6217: 6202: 6175: 6160: 6145: 6130: 6115: 6101: 6090: 6079: 6064: 6030:(4): 886–907. 6003: 5985: 5972: 5936: 5899:(2): 116–123. 5879: 5851: 5825: 5797: 5770: 5742: 5716: 5691: 5670:(4): 221–226. 5645: 5633: 5607: 5574: 5544: 5514: 5478: 5448: 5418: 5388: 5358: 5328: 5311:thenational.ae 5297: 5266: 5239: 5208: 5177: 5147: 5112: 5086: 5063: 5038: 5029: 5007: 4977: 4953: 4926:(3): 410–424. 4905: 4885: 4863: 4843: 4830: 4797: 4781: 4742: 4718: 4685: 4653: 4638: 4606: 4584: 4554: 4524: 4505: 4490:. Greenpeace. 4474: 4456:. Greenpeace. 4438: 4421:focustaiwan.tw 4408: 4376: 4346: 4316: 4299:Maldives Times 4286: 4256: 4226: 4189: 4158:(3): 669–692. 4136: 4096: 4073: 4047: 4021: 3991: 3961: 3933: 3903: 3872: 3841: 3810: 3779: 3751: 3736: 3706: 3676: 3641: 3610: 3561: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3508: 3485: 3453: 3427: 3395: 3361: 3332: 3301: 3290:on 25 May 2017 3269: 3243: 3224: 3177: 3125: 3094: 3067: 3050: 3031: 3022: 2996: 2970: 2938: 2912: 2875: 2868: 2843: 2836: 2815: 2794:(1): 351–365. 2771: 2751: 2711: 2671: 2654: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2574:Smart contract 2571: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2495: 2493:Labor shortage 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2473:Human Security 2470: 2456: 2445: 2439: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2412:Foreign worker 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2368: 2343: 2340: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2307: 2304: 2284:mental illness 2267: 2264: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2214:(ILO)'s first 2207: 2204: 2195: 2192: 2172: 2169: 2160: 2157: 2153:Marcia Krueger 2147: 2144: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2091: 2088: 2059: 2056: 2037: 2034: 1994: 1993: 1951: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1895:Main article: 1892: 1889: 1867: 1864: 1819:street vending 1806: 1803: 1781: 1778: 1748:Main article: 1745: 1742: 1732: 1729: 1712: 1709: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1680:2022 World Cup 1674:Additionally, 1644: 1641: 1609:Main article: 1606: 1603: 1515:Main article: 1512: 1509: 1500: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1352: 1349: 1319:United Kingdom 1314: 1313:United Kingdom 1311: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1266: 1263: 1204: 1203: 1154: 1152: 1145: 1136:Main article: 1133: 1130: 1114:transportation 1097: 1094: 1061:European Union 1048: 1047:European Union 1045: 1043: 1040: 1022: 1019: 997: 994: 988: 985: 973:Southeast Asia 937: 934: 893: 890: 845: 842: 802: 799: 777: 774: 754: 751: 723:Main article: 720: 717: 678: 675: 672: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 630: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 588: 587: 584: 581: 578: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 562: 548: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 506: 505: 503: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 483: 469: 468: 465: 462: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 446: 432: 431: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 415: 412: 409: 407: 393: 392: 379: 366: 353: 340: 327: 314: 301: 288: 275: 271: 270: 267: 256:Southeast Asia 247: 244: 238: 235: 227:Service Canada 208:seeking asylum 199: 196: 176:discrimination 174:, stigma, and 172:cultural shock 154: 151: 149: 146: 129: 126: 105: 102: 52:migrant worker 32:Foreign worker 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9161: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9109: 9101: 9100: 9097: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9032: 9031:United States 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8932:Other regions 8930: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8865: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8757:United States 8754: 8750: 8741: 8737: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8342: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8208: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8196:Socioeconomic 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8098: 8094: 8084: 8083: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8071:Social stigma 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8061:Social orphan 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8020: 8019:Nouveau riche 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7993:Class traitor 7991: 7989: 7988:Class society 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7925:Gilbert model 7923: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7861: 7856: 7854: 7849: 7847: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7807: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7767:0-340-80712-1 7764: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7719: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7671: 7666: 7654: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7594: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7510: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7367: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7068: 7061: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7021: 7017: 7010: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6961: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6894: 6890: 6889:Straits Times 6886: 6879: 6869: 6860: 6851: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6713: 6706: 6700: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6605: 6602:. July 2013. 6601: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6442: 6440: 6431: 6425: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6352: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6243: 6236: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6164: 6156: 6149: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6119: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6099: 6094: 6088: 6083: 6076: 6071: 6069: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5999: 5992: 5990: 5982: 5976: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5855: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5595: 5591: 5590:The Telegraph 5586: 5578: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5461:Quartz Africa 5458: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5255:(1): 81–115. 5254: 5250: 5243: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5074: 5067: 5048: 5042: 5033: 5025: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4973: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4881: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4840: 4834: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4588: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4442: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4380: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4126: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4009: 4005: 4004:migrantok.org 4001: 3995: 3979: 3975: 3974:migrantok.org 3971: 3965: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3938: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3756: 3747: 3740: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3515:Calculation: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3286: 3279: 3273: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3148:(1): 100130. 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3000: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2707: 2701: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2467:North America 2464: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2242: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2168: 2165: 2156: 2154: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2121: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1990: 1987: 1979: 1969: 1968:the talk page 1965: 1959: 1957: 1952:This section 1950: 1941: 1940: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1898: 1888: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1811:neoliberalism 1802: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1777: 1775: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1708: 1706: 1699: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1622:dangers from 1620: 1619: 1612: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1504: 1497: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1293: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218:Zivilarbeiter 1215: 1211: 1200: 1197: 1189: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1155:This section 1153: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1081: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1032:Thai language 1029: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 993: 984: 982: 978: 974: 969: 965: 961: 956: 952: 948: 943: 933: 929: 925: 923: 922:Josephine Teo 919: 915: 910: 908: 903: 898: 889: 887: 883: 880: 875: 873: 869: 863: 861: 857: 854:In 2013, the 851: 841: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 798: 796: 791: 789: 783: 773: 771: 766: 760: 750: 748: 744: 736: 731: 726: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 699:Overall, the 693: 688: 684: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 643: 631: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 601: 589: 585: 582: 579: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 563: 561: 549: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 519: 507: 504: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 484: 482: 470: 466: 463: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 447: 445: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 416: 413: 410: 408: 406: 394: 391: 378: 365: 352: 339: 326: 313: 300: 287: 272: 266: 265: 259: 257: 253: 243: 237:Latin America 234: 230: 228: 223: 221: 215: 213: 209: 205: 195: 191: 189: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 153:United States 145: 143: 139: 135: 134:United States 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 101: 99: 95: 91: 86: 84: 83:guest workers 80: 76: 68: 63: 59: 57: 53: 44: 40: 37: 33: 19: 9082:Soviet Union 9057:Ancient Rome 8914:Homelessness 8839:Upper Middle 8711: / 8692: / 8683: / 8648:Working poor 8544: 8531:Robber baron 8354:Intellectual 8344:Royal family 8308:Ancient Rome 8185: 8162:second-class 8080: 8023: 8022: / 8017: 8013:High society 7920:Elite theory 7897: 7890: 7883: 7870:Social class 7795: 7780: 7758: 7739:. Retrieved 7733:(1): 58–77. 7730: 7726: 7710:. Retrieved 7682: 7676: 7657:. Retrieved 7646: 7630:. Retrieved 7598: 7585:. Retrieved 7576: 7548: 7519: 7513: 7501:. Retrieved 7492: 7445: 7439: 7419:. New York: 7414: 7376: 7370: 7358:. Retrieved 7351:the original 7338: 7314:. Retrieved 7306:ResearchGate 7305: 7296: 7277: 7265:. Retrieved 7260: 7251: 7239:. Retrieved 7235: 7226: 7214:. Retrieved 7210: 7201: 7168: 7164: 7154: 7142:. Retrieved 7138: 7129: 7117:. Retrieved 7113: 7104: 7092:. Retrieved 7088: 7075: 7066: 7060: 7048:. Retrieved 7044: 7035: 7023:. Retrieved 7019: 7009: 6997:. Retrieved 6993: 6984: 6923: 6919: 6909: 6897:. Retrieved 6888: 6878: 6868: 6859: 6850: 6812: 6800:. Retrieved 6791: 6782: 6772:23 September 6770:. Retrieved 6766:the original 6761: 6752: 6740:. Retrieved 6725: 6712: 6699: 6687:. Retrieved 6673: 6647:. Retrieved 6638: 6608:. Retrieved 6571:. Retrieved 6542:. Retrieved 6538:the original 6533: 6507:. Retrieved 6498: 6489: 6477:. Retrieved 6473:the original 6468: 6424: 6412:. Retrieved 6397: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6350: 6344: 6317: 6313: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6241: 6235: 6226: 6220: 6211: 6205: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6169: 6163: 6154: 6148: 6139: 6133: 6124: 6118: 6093: 6082: 6074: 6056:the original 6027: 6021: 5997: 5980: 5975: 5963:. Retrieved 5951: 5939: 5896: 5892: 5882: 5870:. Retrieved 5864: 5854: 5842:. Retrieved 5828: 5816:. Retrieved 5810: 5800: 5788:. Retrieved 5783: 5773: 5761:. Retrieved 5755: 5745: 5733:. Retrieved 5719: 5707:. Retrieved 5703: 5694: 5667: 5663: 5624:. Retrieved 5610: 5598:. Retrieved 5589: 5577: 5565:. Retrieved 5557:The Guardian 5556: 5547: 5537:17 September 5535:. Retrieved 5526: 5517: 5505:. Retrieved 5493: 5481: 5469:. Retrieved 5460: 5451: 5439:. Retrieved 5430: 5421: 5409:. Retrieved 5400: 5391: 5379:. Retrieved 5371:The Guardian 5370: 5361: 5349:. Retrieved 5340: 5331: 5319:. Retrieved 5310: 5300: 5288:. Retrieved 5279: 5269: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5230:. Retrieved 5222:The Guardian 5221: 5211: 5199:. Retrieved 5191:The Guardian 5190: 5180: 5168:. Retrieved 5159: 5150: 5138:. Retrieved 5129: 5103:. Retrieved 5099:the original 5089: 5077:. Retrieved 5066: 5056:28 September 5054:. Retrieved 5041: 5032: 5023: 4998:. Retrieved 4989: 4980: 4971: 4923: 4919: 4879: 4857: 4833: 4821:. Retrieved 4812:The Guardian 4810: 4800: 4784: 4772:. Retrieved 4755: 4745: 4737: 4721: 4709:. Retrieved 4698: 4688: 4676:. Retrieved 4656: 4621: 4587: 4575:. Retrieved 4566: 4557: 4545:. Retrieved 4537:ec.europa.eu 4536: 4527: 4518: 4508: 4496:. Retrieved 4487: 4477: 4465:. Retrieved 4453: 4441: 4429:. Retrieved 4420: 4411: 4399:. Retrieved 4388: 4379: 4367:. Retrieved 4358: 4349: 4337:. Retrieved 4328: 4319: 4307:. Retrieved 4303:the original 4298: 4289: 4277:. Retrieved 4268: 4259: 4247:. Retrieved 4243:the original 4238: 4229: 4217:. Retrieved 4208: 4180:. Retrieved 4155: 4149: 4139: 4113:. Retrieved 4099: 4086: 4064:. Retrieved 4050: 4038:. Retrieved 4024: 4014:25 September 4012:. Retrieved 4003: 3994: 3984:25 September 3982:. Retrieved 3973: 3964: 3953:the original 3924:. Retrieved 3915: 3906: 3894:. Retrieved 3885: 3875: 3863:. Retrieved 3854: 3844: 3832:. Retrieved 3823: 3813: 3801:. Retrieved 3792: 3782: 3770:. Retrieved 3766: 3745: 3739: 3727:. Retrieved 3718: 3709: 3697:. Retrieved 3688: 3679: 3667:. Retrieved 3658: 3632:. Retrieved 3623: 3613: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3552:. Retrieved 3548:the original 3543: 3534: 3511: 3502: 3499:the original 3488: 3476:. Retrieved 3469:the original 3456: 3444:. Retrieved 3430: 3420:19 September 3418:. Retrieved 3411:the original 3398: 3388:28 September 3386:. Retrieved 3382:the original 3373: 3364: 3352:. Retrieved 3347: 3323:. Retrieved 3315:The Guardian 3314: 3304: 3292:. Retrieved 3285:the original 3272: 3260:. Retrieved 3246: 3227: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3145: 3141: 3116:. Retrieved 3107: 3097: 3083:(1): 32–40. 3080: 3076: 3070: 3062: 3034: 3025: 3005: 2999: 2987:. Retrieved 2973: 2961:. Retrieved 2941: 2929:. Retrieved 2915: 2903:. Retrieved 2891: 2878: 2859: 2846: 2827: 2791: 2787: 2763: 2754: 2732:(1): 24–41. 2729: 2725: 2688:. Retrieved 2684:the original 2674: 2645:. Retrieved 2641: 2632: 2612: 2463:trainhopping 2447: 2424:Gastarbeiter 2364: 2360: 2358:objectives. 2356: 2345: 2334: 2317: 2313:waterlogging 2309: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2248: 2240: 2228: 2219: 2209: 2197: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2149: 2140: 2136: 2127: 2118: 2093: 2085: 2074: 2067: 2039: 2010: 2005: 1997: 1982: 1973: 1962:Please help 1953: 1908: 1885: 1860: 1856: 1844: 1836:Guy Standing 1816: 1808: 1799: 1787:gender roles 1783: 1770: 1753: 1734: 1714: 1701: 1673: 1669: 1646: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1618:The Guardian 1616: 1614: 1605:Saudi Arabia 1599: 1595: 1582: 1574: 1537: 1532: 1520: 1501: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1413:A report by 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399:Saudi Arabia 1397: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1369: 1365: 1357:Persian Gulf 1354: 1335:Trade union 1334: 1327: 1316: 1299: 1290: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1247:Gastarbeiter 1230: 1226:Hilfswillige 1207: 1192: 1183: 1168:Please help 1156: 1138:Gastarbeiter 1110:construction 1099: 1085: 1082: 1078:Gastarbeiter 1054: 1050: 1024: 1015:forced labor 999: 990: 981:Central Asia 962:such as the 957: 953: 949: 945: 930: 926: 911: 899: 895: 876: 864: 853: 838: 792: 785: 762: 739: 713:hukou system 698: 274:Destination 249: 240: 231: 224: 216: 204:study permit 201: 192: 184: 156: 131: 107: 87: 72: 51: 49: 39: 9149:Immigration 9001:New Zealand 8718:Untouchable 8643:Proletariat 8633:Pea-pickers 8583:Bourgeoisie 8271:Aristocracy 8157:naturalized 8152:native-born 7648:China Daily 7632:30 November 7602:. Chicago: 7587:22 February 7503:22 February 7211:www.iza.org 7139:www.iza.org 6994:Nikkei Asia 6863:(Rosales 4) 5998:Out to Work 5965:19 February 5952:www.ilo.org 5872:5 September 5844:5 September 5818:5 September 5790:5 September 5763:4 September 5735:4 September 5709:4 September 5626:25 February 5600:15 December 5507:2 September 5471:8 September 5232:12 December 5201:12 December 5079:14 February 5052:. State.gov 5000:4 September 4823:14 November 4577:17 February 4401:11 November 4339:19 December 4249:19 December 4219:19 December 4182:19 December 4115:20 February 4066:27 December 3294:26 November 3262:26 November 3063:China Blue. 3003:Lois Ross, 2905:12 December 2690:20 November 2478:Immigration 2178:remittances 2105:green cards 1925:non-profits 1791:breadwinner 1774:remittances 1717:Timor-Leste 1661:Philippines 1562:Philippines 1427:Philippines 1415:Robert Fisk 1371:Remittances 1351:Middle East 1302:integration 1296:Switzerland 1222:Ostarbeiter 1055:The recent 936:South Korea 844:Philippines 642:South Korea 377:Philippines 114:statistical 79:expatriates 9123:Categories 8991:Luxembourg 8881:Inequality 8546:Superclass 8337:Hereditary 8313:Post-Roman 8304:Patrician 8174:adolescent 7998:Classicide 7741:25 January 7712:25 January 7552:. Boston: 7329:References 6926:: 106595. 6899:1 December 5838:World Bank 4369:30 October 4309:30 October 4279:23 October 4040:16 January 3699:23 October 3669:23 October 3634:17 January 3478:26 October 3446:21 January 3118:23 October 2559:Remittance 2402:Farmworker 2376:Body Shops 2352:H2-A visas 2348:H1-B visas 2146:Conviction 2115:Conviction 2062:See also: 1976:March 2019 1958:to readers 1851:illiteracy 1696:See also: 1375:Bangladesh 1118:Bulgarians 1104:) and PAM 1057:expansions 1028:Dear Burma 1003:Greenpeace 977:South Asia 805:See also: 780:See also: 747:harassment 299:Bangladesh 188:pesticides 122:unemployed 104:Definition 30:See also: 9016:Sri Lanka 8909:Education 8876:Household 8769:Affluence 8704:Rat tribe 8666:Ant tribe 8638:Precariat 8623:Lazzaroni 8565:Bohemians 8526:Overclass 8521:Old money 8457:Spartiate 8432:Kshatriya 8422:Hashashin 8379:Professor 8320:Political 8293:Oligarchy 8283:Hanseaten 8201:Stateless 8181:Convicted 8113:By status 8076:Subaltern 8008:Euthenics 7940:New class 7699:154395674 7536:144108646 7480:145485291 7450:CiteSeerX 7185:0047-2530 7045:Brookings 6802:1 October 6742:30 August 6414:30 August 6336:2326-5620 6191:: 13–47. 5913:0883-024X 5686:217344612 5321:4 January 5170:4 January 5140:4 January 5105:4 January 4648:2414-2573 4172:151716218 3896:1 October 3325:9 October 3219:234012283 3211:1472-3891 3172:234161193 3164:2590-2911 2931:1 January 2647:12 August 2624:Citations 2598:Work visa 2583:Sweatshop 2509:Mercenary 2488:Itinerant 2262:(ICCPR). 2100:H-2B visa 1840:Precariat 1692:Australia 1585:Instagram 1431:Sri Lanka 1419:Abu Dhabi 1157:does not 1126:Estonians 1076:known as 987:Sri Lanka 902:OCBC Bank 892:Singapore 879:President 753:Indonesia 560:Singapore 481:Hong Kong 325:Sri Lanka 312:Indonesia 128:Worldwide 9108:Category 9040:Historic 8961:Colombia 8951:Cambodia 8886:Personal 8784:Mobility 8713:Freedman 8699:Plebeian 8685:Prisoner 8671:Commoner 8557:Creative 8538:Seigneur 8504:Nobility 8462:Vanniyar 8447:Pendekar 8407:Cossacks 8041:Snobbery 7913:Theories 7735:Archived 7703:Archived 7653:Archived 7626:Archived 7581:Archived 7546:(1980). 7497:Archived 7472:30032389 7401:12291061 7360:22 April 7310:Archived 7193:56319986 6960:34011457 6893:Archived 6840:Archived 6796:Archived 6736:Archived 6683:Archived 6643:Archived 6604:Archived 6567:Archived 6503:Archived 6408:Archived 6052:12340339 5956:Archived 5931:31080311 5620:Archived 5594:Archived 5567:4 August 5561:Archived 5531:Archived 5498:Archived 5465:Archived 5435:Archived 5411:29 April 5405:Archived 5381:17 April 5375:Archived 5345:Archived 5315:Archived 5284:Archived 5226:Archived 5195:Archived 5164:Archived 5134:Archived 4994:Archived 4974:: 25–47. 4948:12279724 4817:Archived 4768:Archived 4730:Archived 4705:Archived 4669:Archived 4595:Archived 4571:Archived 4541:Archived 4492:Archived 4458:Archived 4431:9 August 4425:Archived 4395:Archived 4390:Daily FT 4363:Archived 4333:Archived 4273:Archived 4213:Archived 4209:News 1st 4176:Archived 4125:cite web 4109:Archived 4060:Archived 4034:Archived 4008:Archived 3978:Archived 3926:26 April 3920:Archived 3890:Archived 3865:26 April 3859:Archived 3834:26 April 3828:Archived 3797:Archived 3723:Archived 3693:Archived 3663:Archived 3628:Archived 3605:17489922 3554:6 August 3544:OFW Guru 3440:Archived 3378:TV Asahi 3319:Archived 3256:Archived 3252:"Profil" 3236:Archived 3112:Archived 3042:Archived 3010:Archived 2983:Archived 2954:Archived 2925:Archived 2896:Archived 2858:(1993). 2810:29400993 2765:Politico 2746:25294096 2700:cite web 2387:Dekasegi 2370:See also 2293:and the 2026:ideology 2007:knowing. 1624:COVID-19 1566:Pakistan 1538:de facto 1381:travel. 1341:Scotland 1186:May 2015 1122:Kosovars 1021:Thailand 918:COVID-19 801:Malaysia 518:Malaysia 364:Pakistan 338:Thailand 148:Americas 56:migrates 9011:Romania 9006:Nigeria 8891:Poverty 8794:Classes 8779:History 8690:Peasant 8676:Outcast 8615:Working 8595:Burgher 8452:Samurai 8442:Ocēlōtl 8402:Chhetri 8394:Warrior 8384:Scholar 8298:Russian 8288:Magnate 8276:Aristoi 8255:By type 8142:Citizen 8135:refugee 8031:Poverty 8025:Parvenu 7959:Related 7930:Marxian 7892:Stratum 7393:2083409 7288:3270867 7267:29 June 7144:28 June 7094:30 June 7025:29 June 6999:29 June 6951:8204267 6928:Bibcode 6689:9 March 6499:mid-day 6044:2546066 5922:6503519 5527:Reuters 5351:22 July 5341:Reuters 5290:31 July 5047:"Gabon" 4940:2545795 4774:4 April 4547:26 June 4498:3 April 4467:3 April 3803:6 April 3772:27 June 3596:1955369 3504:abroad. 3374:テレ朝news 3354:15 July 3020:, 2006) 2989:28 June 2963:28 June 2022:Spanish 2018:English 1954:may be 1831:artisan 1827:laundry 1725:Vanuatu 1687:Oceania 1550:Reuters 1317:In the 1307:textile 1265:Armenia 1178:removed 1163:sources 1132:Germany 1096:Finland 1059:of the 683:Mingong 390:Vietnam 8966:France 8946:Belize 8941:Africa 8868:Income 8824:Middle 8817:Gentry 8681:Outlaw 8588:Petite 8575:Middle 8509:Landed 8494:Gentry 8427:Knight 8367:Priest 8362:Clergy 8325:Family 8263:Ruling 8212:collar 8169:Clique 7885:Status 7802: 7787: 7765: 7697: 7659:21 May 7610: 7560: 7534: 7478: 7470: 7452: 7427: 7399: 7391: 7316:11 May 7286: 7241:1 July 7216:1 July 7191: 7183: 7119:1 July 7050:1 July 6958: 6948: 6649:15 May 6610:15 May 6573:15 May 6544:15 May 6509:15 May 6479:15 May 6334: 6050: 6042: 5929: 5919: 5911: 5684: 4946: 4938: 4789:Unison 4711:12 May 4678:12 May 4646: 4636: 4170: 3729:9 June 3603: 3593: 3217: 3209: 3170: 3162: 2866: 2834: 2808: 2744: 1927:, and 1577:TikTok 1568:, and 1489:Israel 1463:kafeel 1455:kafala 1423:Kuwait 1421:, and 1337:UNISON 1287:Sweden 1259:Turkey 1238:Greece 1234:German 1073:states 1042:Europe 996:Taiwan 979:, and 860:census 833:, and 639: 597: 557: 515: 478: 444:Taiwan 441: 405:Brunei 402: 387: 374: 361: 348: 335: 322: 309: 296: 283: 206:, are 198:Canada 180:Latino 164:border 138:Mexico 98:slaves 9062:Aztec 9021:Tibet 8996:Nepal 8986:Italy 8976:India 8971:Haiti 8956:China 8856:Under 8851:Lower 8829:Black 8812:Donor 8807:Black 8802:Upper 8709:Slave 8658:Under 8514:Petty 8489:Elite 8476:Upper 8417:Harii 8412:Cuāuh 8246:White 8226:Green 8125:Alien 7968:Caste 7832:, USA 7772:———. 7706:(PDF) 7695:S2CID 7673:(PDF) 7532:S2CID 7476:S2CID 7468:JSTOR 7389:JSTOR 7354:(PDF) 7343:(PDF) 7189:S2CID 7085:(PDF) 6873:2013. 6703:ILO, 6059:(PDF) 6040:JSTOR 5959:(PDF) 5948:(PDF) 5682:S2CID 5501:(PDF) 5490:(PDF) 5441:5 May 5050:(PDF) 4936:JSTOR 4672:(PDF) 4665:(PDF) 4461:(PDF) 4450:(PDF) 4168:S2CID 3956:(PDF) 3949:(PDF) 3944:Yoo. 3472:(PDF) 3465:(PDF) 3414:(PDF) 3407:(PDF) 3288:(PDF) 3281:(PDF) 3215:S2CID 3197:(4). 3168:S2CID 2957:(PDF) 2950:(PDF) 2899:(PDF) 2888:(PDF) 2604:Notes 2200:Spain 2047:slums 1721:Tonga 1657:Nepal 1653:India 1649:Qatar 1643:Qatar 1570:Nepal 1558:India 1554:Dubai 1255:Spain 1251:Italy 776:Japan 719:India 677:China 600:Japan 351:India 286:Nepal 67:Ghana 8981:Iran 8694:Serf 8499:Lord 8437:Nair 8330:List 8241:Pink 8231:Grey 8221:Blue 8210:By " 7800:ISBN 7785:ISBN 7763:ISBN 7743:2013 7714:2013 7661:2009 7634:2006 7608:ISBN 7589:2017 7558:ISBN 7505:2017 7425:ISBN 7397:PMID 7362:2011 7318:2021 7284:SSRN 7269:2023 7243:2023 7218:2023 7181:ISSN 7146:2023 7121:2023 7096:2023 7052:2023 7027:2023 7001:2023 6956:PMID 6901:2015 6804:2020 6774:2020 6762:UNDP 6744:2013 6691:2020 6651:2017 6612:2017 6575:2017 6546:2017 6511:2017 6481:2017 6416:2013 6391:(2). 6372:(1). 6332:ISSN 6292:(8). 6048:PMID 5967:2015 5927:PMID 5909:ISSN 5874:2024 5846:2024 5820:2024 5792:2024 5765:2024 5737:2024 5711:2024 5628:2021 5602:2020 5569:2020 5539:2021 5509:2021 5473:2021 5443:2021 5413:2021 5401:Vice 5383:2021 5353:2020 5323:2015 5292:2020 5234:2016 5203:2016 5172:2015 5142:2015 5107:2015 5081:2017 5058:2015 5002:2021 4944:PMID 4825:2018 4776:2015 4713:2019 4680:2019 4644:ISSN 4634:ISBN 4579:2019 4549:2016 4500:2020 4469:2020 4433:2021 4403:2019 4371:2019 4341:2018 4311:2019 4281:2019 4251:2018 4221:2018 4184:2018 4131:link 4117:2022 4091:OECD 4068:2018 4042:2019 4016:2013 3986:2013 3928:2020 3898:2020 3867:2020 3836:2020 3824:CNBC 3805:2020 3774:2023 3731:2020 3701:2019 3671:2019 3636:2021 3601:PMID 3556:2015 3480:2015 3448:2016 3422:2015 3390:2023 3356:2024 3327:2020 3296:2014 3264:2014 3207:ISSN 3160:ISSN 3120:2019 2991:2021 2965:2021 2933:2014 2907:2021 2864:ISBN 2832:ISBN 2806:PMID 2742:PMID 2706:link 2692:2019 2649:2023 2566:(an 2459:Hobo 2289:The 2210:The 1723:and 1676:FIFA 1429:and 1257:and 1161:any 1159:cite 1124:and 1112:and 1069:2007 1067:and 1065:2004 1013:and 912:The 685:and 254:and 252:East 246:Asia 108:The 88:The 34:and 8236:New 7687:doi 7524:doi 7460:doi 7381:doi 7173:doi 6946:PMC 6936:doi 6924:154 6818:doi 6322:doi 6265:doi 6193:doi 6032:doi 5917:PMC 5901:doi 5672:doi 5257:doi 4928:doi 4760:doi 4626:doi 4602:yle 4160:doi 3916:CNA 3855:CNN 3719:CNA 3591:PMC 3583:doi 3199:doi 3150:doi 3108:CNN 3085:doi 3016:, ( 2796:doi 2734:doi 2465:in 2070:UAE 2020:or 1665:GDP 1523:UAE 1471:UAE 1172:by 1007:FCF 546:12 528:134 522:106 502:101 467:28 96:or 81:or 65:In 9125:: 7729:. 7725:. 7701:. 7693:. 7683:77 7681:. 7675:. 7651:. 7645:. 7606:. 7579:. 7575:. 7556:. 7530:. 7520:42 7518:. 7495:. 7491:. 7474:. 7466:. 7458:. 7446:44 7444:. 7423:. 7395:. 7387:. 7377:21 7375:. 7308:. 7304:. 7259:. 7234:. 7209:. 7187:. 7179:. 7169:47 7167:. 7163:. 7137:. 7112:. 7087:. 7043:. 7018:. 6992:. 6968:^ 6954:. 6944:. 6934:. 6922:. 6918:. 6891:. 6887:. 6828:^ 6790:. 6760:. 6659:^ 6637:. 6620:^ 6583:^ 6554:^ 6532:. 6519:^ 6501:. 6497:. 6467:. 6450:^ 6438:^ 6389:37 6387:. 6370:59 6368:. 6330:. 6316:. 6312:. 6298:^ 6288:. 6261:29 6259:. 6189:35 6187:. 6104:^ 6067:^ 6046:. 6038:. 6028:18 6026:. 6020:. 6006:^ 5988:^ 5954:. 5950:. 5925:. 5915:. 5907:. 5897:39 5895:. 5891:. 5863:. 5836:. 5809:. 5782:. 5754:. 5727:. 5702:. 5680:. 5666:. 5662:. 5648:^ 5636:^ 5592:. 5588:. 5555:. 5525:. 5496:. 5492:. 5459:. 5433:. 5429:. 5399:. 5369:. 5339:. 5313:. 5309:. 5278:. 5253:15 5251:. 5224:. 5220:. 5193:. 5189:. 5158:. 5128:. 5115:^ 5010:^ 4988:. 4956:^ 4942:. 4934:. 4924:17 4922:. 4908:^ 4888:^ 4866:^ 4846:^ 4815:. 4809:. 4791:, 4766:. 4754:. 4736:, 4703:. 4697:. 4667:. 4642:. 4632:. 4620:. 4609:^ 4569:. 4565:. 4539:. 4535:. 4517:. 4486:. 4452:. 4419:. 4387:. 4357:. 4327:. 4297:. 4271:. 4267:. 4237:. 4207:. 4192:^ 4174:. 4166:. 4156:24 4154:. 4148:. 4127:}} 4123:{{ 4107:. 4089:. 4076:^ 4058:. 4006:. 4002:. 3976:. 3972:. 3936:^ 3918:. 3914:. 3888:. 3884:. 3857:. 3853:. 3826:. 3822:. 3795:. 3791:. 3765:. 3754:^ 3721:. 3717:. 3691:. 3687:. 3661:. 3657:. 3644:^ 3626:. 3622:. 3599:. 3589:. 3579:42 3577:. 3573:. 3542:. 3372:. 3346:. 3335:^ 3317:. 3313:. 3213:. 3205:. 3195:22 3193:. 3189:. 3166:. 3158:. 3144:. 3140:. 3128:^ 3110:. 3106:. 3081:16 3079:. 3053:^ 2981:. 2952:. 2894:. 2890:. 2854:; 2818:^ 2804:. 2792:39 2790:. 2786:. 2774:^ 2762:. 2740:. 2730:29 2728:. 2714:^ 2702:}} 2698:{{ 2657:^ 2640:. 2568:EU 2286:. 1923:, 1842:. 1821:, 1667:. 1564:, 1560:, 1473:. 1325:. 1261:. 1253:, 1216:, 1120:, 1080:. 1034:, 1017:. 983:. 975:, 888:. 829:, 825:, 821:, 817:, 813:, 809:, 670:9 667:12 658:11 652:11 628:5 622:45 586:0 583:70 580:16 575:11 569:48 566:39 543:10 537:21 499:22 489:50 464:37 457:48 452:76 425:66 414:11 170:, 100:. 50:A 8464:/ 8214:" 7859:e 7852:t 7845:v 7808:. 7769:. 7745:. 7731:2 7716:. 7689:: 7663:. 7636:. 7616:. 7591:. 7566:. 7538:. 7526:: 7507:. 7482:. 7462:: 7433:. 7403:. 7383:: 7364:. 7320:. 7290:. 7271:. 7245:. 7220:. 7195:. 7175:: 7148:. 7123:. 7098:. 7069:. 7054:. 7029:. 7003:. 6962:. 6938:: 6930:: 6903:. 6820:: 6806:. 6776:. 6746:. 6693:. 6653:. 6614:. 6577:. 6548:. 6513:. 6483:. 6432:. 6418:. 6338:. 6324:: 6318:3 6290:1 6271:. 6267:: 6199:. 6195:: 6034:: 5969:. 5933:. 5903:: 5876:. 5848:. 5822:. 5794:. 5767:. 5739:. 5713:. 5688:. 5674:: 5668:4 5630:. 5604:. 5571:. 5541:. 5511:. 5475:. 5445:. 5415:. 5385:. 5355:. 5325:. 5294:. 5263:. 5259:: 5236:. 5205:. 5174:. 5144:. 5109:. 5083:. 5060:. 5026:. 5004:. 4950:. 4930:: 4882:. 4827:. 4778:. 4762:: 4715:. 4682:. 4650:. 4628:: 4581:. 4551:. 4521:. 4502:. 4471:. 4435:. 4405:. 4373:. 4343:. 4313:. 4283:. 4253:. 4223:. 4186:. 4162:: 4133:) 4119:. 4070:. 4044:. 4018:. 3988:. 3930:. 3900:. 3869:. 3838:. 3807:. 3776:. 3733:. 3703:. 3673:. 3638:. 3607:. 3585:: 3558:. 3482:. 3450:. 3424:. 3392:. 3358:. 3329:. 3298:. 3266:. 3221:. 3201:: 3174:. 3152:: 3146:3 3122:. 3091:. 3087:: 2993:. 2967:. 2935:. 2909:. 2872:. 2840:. 2812:. 2798:: 2768:. 2748:. 2736:: 2708:) 2694:. 2651:. 2469:. 1989:) 1983:( 1978:) 1974:( 1970:. 1498:. 1232:( 1199:) 1193:( 1188:) 1184:( 1180:. 1166:. 664:2 661:- 655:5 649:3 646:4 625:6 619:- 616:9 613:0 610:2 607:0 604:1 572:1 540:2 534:4 531:4 525:1 494:3 428:8 422:1 419:3 411:2 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index