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Illich believed that past this critical threshold, the product of industry served to deprive people of their native ability to subsist, to learn, move and heal autonomously, leaving them more ignorant, isolated and sick than if industry had not reached beyond the threshold of overdevelopment. Decay in the human condition appears because under industrial overdevelopment, "people are trained for consumption rather than for action, and at the same time their range of action is narrowed." Counterproductivity has been called "probably Illich's most original contribution".
81:, asking "questions about why excessive consumption amongst the affluent is not also seen foremost as an issue of development". By questioning how and why economic development is unevenly distributed around the world, one can evaluate the global North's role and responsibility as “overdevelopers” in producing global inequality. According to various surveys, the Wester consumer lifestyle fails to make people notably happy, while causing increasingly dire
137:, which is composed of longevity, knowledge, and standard of living, data reveal that lives worsen from west to east, with the worst conditions in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, environmental damage estimates, as determined by the EDI composite developed specifically for this investigation, demonstrate that wealthier nations create
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networks of exchange and exploitation in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries." This colonial mindset frames the fixation with the Global North coming to the aid of 'distant others'. This view could be countered with an equal attentiveness to the problems of 'overdevelopment' and the overdeveloped world.
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Mainstream development work aims at fighting poverty, sickness and crisis in 'underdeveloped' regions. This sentiment of "metropolitan responsibility for distant human suffering" is reminiscent of imperialist and colonial movements from Europe and North
America as they "became entwined within global
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drives the overdeveloping form of capitalism in the global North. "Almost everything we now eat and drink, wear and use, listen to and hear, watch and learn come to us in commodity form and is shaped by divisions of labour, the pursuit of product niches and the general evolution of discourses and
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describes a similar process by which industry develops a technology past the point of usefulness, so much so that industry's efforts effectively sabotage its stated aims. Thus, according to Illich, intensive schooling stupefies, high speed transport immobilizes, and hospitals kill, among others.
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Excessive consumption causes negative environmental impacts in both 'overdeveloped' and 'underdeveloped' regions. "Findings indicate that there are significant differences across countries of the world in the consumption quality of life of its citizens. Using the
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can be said to play a role in why overdevelopment has been largely unconsidered due to the "almost exclusive focus on 'underdevelopment' and the underdeveloped world that has characterized development studies and associated disciplines for so long needs".
206:. Their versions of these concepts overlap with those of environmental activism, but differ in many important ways, many of which relate to the ideal interrelation of humans and environment in the particular places in question.
61:, the 'underdevelopment' of states, regions or cultures is as a problem to be solved. Populations and economies are considered 'underdeveloped' if they do not achieve the levels of wealth through the
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ideologies that embody precepts of capitalism. "Circular and cumulative causation within the economy then ensures that capital rich regions tend to grow richer while poor regions grow poorer."
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is to produce inequality. The two faces of capitalism are underdevelopment, occurring in the 'third world' and overdevelopment, occurring in Europe and North
America. Consumption of
191:, anti-development and other local or indigenous resistance movements. One such method being put into place in different regions around the world is a population cap.
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Hill, Ronald Paul, Peterson, Robert M., Dhanda, Kanwalroop Kathy, "Global
Consumption and Distributive Justice: A Rawlsian Perspective",
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This article is about the general concept of economic overdevelopment. For the effects of land use overdevelopment, see
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that is consistent with their higher consumption patterns rather than their absolute numbers."
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movement, often have their own concepts of development, overdevelopment, and
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310:"Ivan Illich: deschooling, conviviality and lifelong learning | infed.org"
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Spaces of Global
Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development,
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Barkin, Samuel J. "Trade, Sustainable
Development and the Environment",
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