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Degrowth recognizes ecosystems as valuable entities beyond their utility as mere sources of resources. During the Second
International Conference on degrowth, discussions encompassed concepts like implementing a maximum wage and promoting open borders. Degrowth advocates an ethical shift that challenges the notion that high-resource consumption lifestyles are desirable. Additionally, alternative perspectives on degrowth include addressing perceived historical injustices perpetrated by the global North through centuries of colonization and exploitation, advocating for wealth redistribution. Determining the appropriate scale of action remains a focal point of debate within degrowth movements.
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1537:. This concept is based on observations that when a less resource-exhaustive technology is introduced, behavior surrounding the use of that technology may change, and consumption of that technology could increase or even offset any potential resource savings. In light of the rebound effect, proponents of degrowth hold that the only effective "sustainable" solutions must involve a complete rejection of the growth paradigm and a move to a degrowth paradigm. There are also fundamental limits to technological solutions in the pursuit of degrowth, as all engagements with technology increase the cumulative matter-energy
1967:. In 2021, Club of Rome committee member Gaya Herrington published an article comparing the proposed models' predictions against empirical data trends. The BAU2 ("Business as Usual 2") scenario, predicting "collapse through pollution", as well as the CT ("Comprehensive Technology") scenario, predicting exceptional technological development and gradual decline, were found to align most closely with data observed as of 2019. In September 2022, the Club of Rome released updated predictive models and policy recommendations in a general-audiences book titled
1471:. While the concept of sustainability aligns with some aspects of degrowth philosophy, sustainable development, as conventionally understood, is based on mainstream development principles focused on augmenting economic growth and consumption. Degrowth views sustainable development as contradictory because any development reliant on growth within a finite and ecologically strained context is deemed intrinsically unsustainable. Development based on growth in a finite, environmentally stressed world is viewed as inherently unsustainable.
1486:, and decreased income per capita. Many who believe in negative environmental consequences of growth still advocate for economic growth in the South, even if not in the North. Slowing economic growth would fail to deliver the benefits of degrowth — self-sufficiency and material responsibility — and would indeed lead to decreased employment. Rather, degrowth proponents advocate the complete abandonment of the current (growth) economic model, suggesting that relocalizing and abandoning the global economy in the
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2464:, degrowth is often seen as an ambiguous concept due to its various interpretations, which can lead to confusion rather than a clear and constructive debate on environmental policy. Many interpretations of degrowth do not offer effective strategies for reducing environmental impact or transitioning to a sustainable economy. Additionally, degrowth is unlikely to gain significant social or political support, making it an ineffective strategy for achieving environmental sustainability.
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power structures and avoid critical thought concerning the relations between those in power, ethics, authority, history, and knowledge. The degrowth movement, based on the empirical assumption that resources are finite and growth is limited, clashes with the limitless growth ideology associated with neoliberalism and the market values affirmed in schools, and therefore faces a major social barrier in gaining widespread support in the US.
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this, land privatisation is a structural impediment to moving forward that makes degrowth economically and politically unviable. They conclude that without addressing land privatisation (the market's inaugural privatisation – primitive accumulation) the degrowth movement's strategies cannot succeed. Just as land enclosure (privatisation) initiated capitalism (economic growth), degrowth must start with reclaiming land commons.
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on oil is crucial for averting societal collapse as non-renewable resources dwindle. Degrowth can also be interpreted as a plea for resource reallocation, aiming to halt unsustainable practices of transforming certain entities into resources, such as non-renewable natural resources. Instead, the focus shifts towards identifying and utilizing alternative resources, such as renewable human capabilities.
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energy, economic growth, industry and infrastructure and sustainable consumption and production (Sustainable
Development Goals 7, 8, 9 and 12), as well as targets related to poverty, food security and cities (Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2 and 11), could have substantial positive or negative impacts on nature and therefore on the achievement of other Sustainable Development Goals".
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role in social practices and in socio-economic institutions present unique challenges to the success of the degrowth movement. Another potential barrier to degrowth is the need for a rapid transition to a degrowth society due to climate change and the potential negative impacts of a rapid social transition including disorientation, conflict, and decreased well-being.
2680:, have co-evolved with growth to sustain them. A degrowth transition thus requires not only a change of the economic system but of all the systems on which it relies. As most people in modern societies are dependent on those growth-oriented institutions, the challenge of a degrowth transition also lies in individual resistance to move away from growth.
2088:: Since exponential growth in a finite world leads to disasters of all kinds, ecological salvation lies in the stationary state. ... The crucial error consists in not seeing that not only growth, but also a zero-growth state, nay, even a declining state that does not converge toward annihilation, cannot exist forever in a finite environment.
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between prioritizing the ecological integrity and the ensuing collective health or maximizing the healthcare provided to individuals. However, many degrowth scholars argue that the current system produces both psychological and physical damage to people. They insist that societal prosperity should be measured by well-being, not GDP.
2045:, who had earlier been introduced to Georgescu-Roegen's works by an academic advisor. Georgescu-Roegen and Grinevald became friends, and Grinevald devoted his research to a closer study of Georgescu-Roegen's work. As a result, in 1979, Grinevald published a French translation of a selection of Georgescu-Roegen's articles entitled
2246:" is a myth: "we have to get away from our obsession with economic growth—we really need to start managing our economies in a way that protects our climate and natural resources, even if this means less, no or even negative growth." They conclude that a change in economic paradigms is imperative to prevent
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during that time; while also pointing to the rise in income inequality in the 1970s following the collapse of labor unions and weakening of state welfare measures. Others also argue that modern capitalism maintains gender inequalities by means of advertising, messaging in consumer goods, and social media.
2614:. Many degrowth theories and ideas are based on neo-Marxist theory. Foster emphasizes that degrowth "is not aimed at austerity, but at finding a 'prosperous way down' from our current extractivist, wasteful, ecologically unsustainable, maldeveloped, exploitative, and unequal, class-hierarchical world."
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Some argue the political economy of capitalism has allowed social emancipation at the level of gender equality, disability, sexuality and anti-racism that has no historical precedent. However, others dispute social emancipation as being a direct product of capitalism or question the emancipation that
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They are saying that land (something we all need like air and water) privatisation creates an absolute economic growth determinant. They point out that even one who is fully committed to degrowth nevertheless has no option but decades of market growth participation to pay rent or mortgage. Because of
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When reading this particular passage of the text, Grinevald realised that no professional economist of any orientation had ever reasoned like this before. Grinevald also realised the congruence of
Georgescu-Roegen's viewpoint and the French debates occurring at the time; this resemblance was captured
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in 2023 it was found that progress toward 50% of the minimum viable SDG's have stalled and 30% of these verticals have reversed (or are getting worse, rather than better). Thus, while it may be true that
Degrowth will be 'a difficult sell' (per Ezra Klein) to introduce via democratic voluntarism, the
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ideology by means of privatization schemes such as commercialization and performance contracting, implementation of standards and accountability measures incentivizing schools to adopt a uniform curriculum, and higher education accreditation and curricula designed to affirm market values and current
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levels of energy and material use. Some researchers, however, argue that the decline in income inequality and rise in social mobility occurring under capitalism from the late 1940s to the 1960s was a product of the heavy bargaining power of labor unions and increased wealth and income redistribution
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The first step is to abandon GDP as a measure of progress – as New
Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern recently pledged to do – and focus instead on human well-being and ecology. There is a strong scientific consensus forming around this approach. A new paper signed by more than 11,000 scientists
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It has been pointed out that there is an apparent trade-off between the ability of modern healthcare systems to treat individual bodies to their last breath and the broader global ecological risk of such an energy and resource intensive care. If this trade-off exists, a degrowth society must choose
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The structural properties of growth present another barrier to degrowth as growth shapes and is enforced by institutions, norms, culture, technology, identities, etc. The social ingraining of growth manifests in peoples' aspirations, thinking, bodies, mindsets, and relationships. Together, growth's
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has shown that the initial negative association of a concept, such as of "degrowth" with the negatively perceived "down", can bias how the subsequent information on that concept is integrated at the unconscious level. At the conscious level, degrowth can be interpreted negatively as the contraction
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The use of the term "degrowth" is criticized for being detrimental to the degrowth movement because it could carry a negative connotation, in opposition to the positively perceived "growth". "Growth" is associated with the "up" direction and positive experiences, while "down" generates the opposite
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Critiques of degrowth concern the poor study quality of degrowth studies, negative connotation that the term "degrowth" imparts, the misapprehension that growth is seen as unambiguously bad, the challenges and feasibility of a degrowth transition, as well as the entanglement of desirable aspects of
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and exploitation of
Southern resources by the North. Supporters of degrowth view it as a potential method to shield ecosystems from human exploitation. Within this concept, there is an emphasis on communal stewardship of the environment, fostering a symbiotic relationship between humans and nature.
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The ecological footprint measures human demand on the Earth's ecosystems by comparing human demand with the Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area required to regenerate the resources a human population consumes and to absorb
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Supporters of degrowth contend that reducing demand is the sole permanent solution to bridging the demand gap. To sustain renewable resources, both demand and production must be regulated to levels that avert depletion and ensure environmental sustainability. Transitioning to a society less reliant
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as well as collective, secondary, and primary forms of caring, and simultaneous encouragement of mistrust of others, highly competitive interpersonal relationships, blame of failure on individual shortcomings, prioritization of one's self-interest, and peripheralization of the conceptualization of
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A 2024 review of degrowth studies over the past 10 years showed that most were of poor quality: almost 90% were opinions rather than analysis, few used quantitative or qualitative data, and even fewer ones used formal modelling; the latter used small samples or a focus on non-representative cases.
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The degrowth movement has a variety of relations to other social movements and alternative economic visions, which range from collaboration to partial overlap. The
Konzeptwerk Neue Ă–konomie (Laboratory for New Economic Ideas), which hosted the 2014 international Degrowth conference in Leipzig, has
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and waste, fishing quotas and collaborative water management. Page 8 of the report proposes "enabling visions of a good quality of life that do not entail ever-increasing material consumption" as one of the main measures. The report states that "Some pathways chosen to achieve the goals related to
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Degrowth's ideas around open localism share similarities with ideas around the commons while also having clear differences. On the one hand, open localism promotes localized, common production in cooperative-like styles similar to some versions of how commons are organized. On the other hand, open
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requires 12.5 gHa. Each inhabitant of North
America uses 22.3 times as much land as a Bangladeshi. According to the same report, the average number of global hectares per person was 2.1, while current consumption levels have reached 2.7 hectares per person. For the world's population to attain the
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A 2024 review of degrowth studies over the past 10 years showed that most were of poor quality: almost 90% were opinions rather than analysis, few used quantitative or qualitative data, and even fewer ones used formal modelling; the latter used small samples or a focus on non-representative cases.
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distinguish between two types of value creation: that which is useful to mankind, and that which only serves the purpose of accumulating capital. Traditional
Marxists consider that it is the exploitative nature and control of the capitalist production relations that is the determinant and not the
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to form part of the title of the French translation of
Georgescu-Roegen's work, the term had already permeated French intellectual circles since the early 1970s to signify a deliberate political action to downscale the economy on a permanent and voluntary basis. Simultaneously, but independently,
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states can issue the money needed to pay for anything available in the national economy without the need to first tax their citizens for the requisite funds. Taxation, credit regulations and price controls could be used to mitigate the inflation this may generate, while also reducing consumption.
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A 2022 paper by Mark Diesendorf found that limiting global warming to 1,5 degrees with no overshoot would require a reduction of energy consumption. It describes (chapters 4–5) degrowth toward a steady state economy as possible and probably positive. The study ends with the words: "The case for a
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values in a degrowth society. At the same time, the goal of the degrowth movement is progression rather than regression, and researchers point out that neoclassical economic models indicate neither negative nor zero growth would harm economic stability or full employment. Several assert the main
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called stated that "not only is there no empirical evidence supporting the existence of a decoupling of economic growth from environmental pressures on anywhere near the scale needed to deal with environmental breakdown", and that reported cases of existing eco-economic decouplings either depict
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There is a wide range of policy proposals associated with degrowth. In 2022, Nick Fitzpatrick, Timothée Parrique and Inês Cosme conducted a comprehensive survey of degrowth literature from 2005 to 2020 and found 530 specific policy proposals with "50 goals, 100 objectives, 380 instruments". The
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rebound- and relocation-effects. However, structurally realigning 'economic growth' and socioeconomic activity determination-structures may not be widely debated in both the degrowth community and in degrowth research which may largely focus on reducing economic growth either more generally or
1610:, suggesting that prioritizing human well-being and ecological sustainability would be preferable to overgrowth in current metrics of economic growth. The word 'degrowth' was mentioned 28 times in the United Nations IPCC Sixth Assessment Report by Working Group III published in April 2022.
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Degrowth proponents argue that economic expansion must be met with a corresponding increase in resource consumption. Non-renewable resources, like petroleum, have a limited supply and can eventually be exhausted. Similarly, renewable resources can also be depleted if they are harvested at
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The conferences have also been accompanied by informal degrowth assemblies since 2018, to build community between degrowth groups across countries. The 4th Assembly in Zagreb in 2023 discussed a proposal to create a more intentional organisational structure and led to the creation of the
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relative decoupling and/or are observed only temporarily and/or only on a local scale, arguing that alternatives to eco-economic decoupling are needed. This is supported by several other studies which state that absolute decoupling is highly unlikely to be achieved fast enough to prevent
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In the United States, a large barrier to the support of the degrowth movement is the modern education system, including both primary and higher learning institutions. Beginning in the second term of the Reagan administration, the education system in the US was restructured to enforce
2503:, which incentivize behavior changes that reduce environmental impact and which provide essential information for consumers and help manage rebound effects. Effective environmental regulation through pricing is crucial for transitioning from polluting to cleaner consumption patterns.
2431:, where resources are sustainably shared in a decentralised and self-managed manner, instead of through capitalist organization. For example, initiatives inspired by commons could be food cooperatives, open-source platforms, and group management of resources such as energy or water.
2834:, Holmstrom notes that women were granted state-assisted freedoms to equal education, childcare, healthcare, abortion, marriage, and other social supports. Thus, whether the social emancipation achieved in Western society under capitalism may coexist with degrowth is ambiguous.
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Ripple, William J; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M; Gregg, Jillian W; Lenton, Timothy M; Palomo, Ignacio; Eikelboom, Jasper A J; Law, Beverly E; Huq, Saleemul; Duffy, Philip B; Rockström, Johan (September 2021). "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency 2021".
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Major criticism of this view points out that Degrowth is politically unpalatable, defaulting towards the more free market green growth orthodoxy as a set of solutions that is more politically tenable. The problems with the SDG process are political rather than technical,
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was to be translated from French back into English as the catchy banner for the new social movement, the original term "decline" was deemed inappropriate and misdirected for the purpose: "Decline" usually refers to an unexpected, unwelcome, and temporary economic
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It is reasonable for society to worry about recession as economic growth has been the unanimous goal around the globe in the past decades. However, in some advanced countries, there are attempts to develop a model for a regrowth economy. For instance, the
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is possible. One way to avoid giving attention to growth might be extending from the economic concept of growth, which proponents of both growth and degrowth commonly adopt, to a broader concept of growth that allows for the observation of growth in other
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describes an increase in resource use and GHG emissions lower than the increase in GDP growth. The degrowth movement heavily critiques this idea and argues that absolute decoupling is only possible for short periods, specific locations, or with small
1581:(IPCC), finding that investigated degrowth scenarios "minimize many key risks for feasibility and sustainability compared to technology-driven pathways" with a core problem of such being feasibility in the context of contemporary decision-making of
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of Earth—that is, Earth's capacity to sustain human populations and consumption levels—is bound to decrease sometime in the future as Earth's finite stock of mineral resources is presently being extracted and put to use; and consequently, that the
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Baumann, Alexander and Burdon suggest that "the Degrowth movement needs to give more attention to land and housing costs, which are significant barriers hindering true political and economic agency and any grassroots driven degrowth transition."
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In stressing the negative rather than the positive side(s) of growth, the majority of degrowth proponents remain focused on (de-)growth, thus giving continued attention to the issue of growth, leading to continued attention to the arguments that
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Open localism is a direct challenge to the acts of closure regarding identitarian politics. By producing and consuming as much as possible locally, community members enhance their relationships with one another and the surrounding environment.
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In his scientific paper, Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh concludes that a degrowth strategy, which focuses on reducing the overall scale of the economy or consumption, tends to overlook the significance of changes in production composition and
2610:. Foster and Magdoff develop Marx's own concept of the metabolic rift, something he noted in the exhaustion of soils by capitalist systems of food production, though this is not unique to capitalist systems of food production as seen in the
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The main drivers of this deterioration have been changes in land and sea use, exploitation of living beings, climate change, pollution and invasive species. These five drivers, in turn, are caused by societal behaviors, from consumption to
2122:"degrowth" was coined to signify a deliberate political action to downscale the economy on a permanent, conscious basis—as in the prevailing French usage of the term—something good to be welcomed and maintained, or so followers believe.
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Degrowth ideology opposes all manifestations of productivism, which advocates that economic productivity and growth should be the primary objectives of human organization. Consequently, it stands in opposition to the prevailing model of
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human work required to create and sustain people. In this view, the widespread individuation resulting from capitalism may impede degrowth measures, requiring a change in actions to benefit society rather than the individual self.
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has resulted. The feminist writer Nancy Holmstrom, for example, argues that capitalism's negative impacts on women outweigh the positive impacts, and women tend to be hurt by the system. In her examination of China following the
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in the title of the French translation. The book gained influence in French intellectual and academic circles from the outset. Later, the book was expanded and republished in 1995 and once again in 2006; however, the word
1718:, which refers to putting an end to the perpetuation of political, social, economic, religious, racial, gender, and epistemological relations of power, domination, and hierarchy of the global north over the global south.
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The movement has included international conferences promoted by the network Research & Degrowth (R&D). The First International Conference on Economic Degrowth for Ecological Sustainability and Social Equity in
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and is based on values such as diversity, ecologies of knowledge, and openness. Open localism does not look to create an enclosed community but rather to circulate production locally in an open and integrative manner.
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Hickel, Jason; Kallis, Giorgos; Jackson, Tim; O’Neill, Daniel W.; Schor, Juliet B.; Steinberger, Julia K.; Victor, Peter A.; Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana (15 December 2022). "Degrowth can work — here's how science can help".
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Haberl, Helmut; Wiedenhofer, Dominik; Virág, Doris; Kalt, Gerald; Plank, Barbara; Brockway, Paul; Fishman, Tomer; Hausknost, Daniel; Krausmann, Fridolin; Leon-Gruchalski, Bartholomäus; Mayer, Andreas (2020-06-10).
1702:. Synergies and opportunities for cross-fertilization between degrowth and feminism were proposed in 2022, through networks including the Feminisms and Degrowth Alliance (FaDA). FaDA argued that the 2023 launch of
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transition to a steady-state economy with low throughput and low emissions, initially in the high-income economies and then in rapidly growing economies, needs more serious attention and international cooperation.
2785:(material conditions of life, division of labor). A degrowth society, with its drastically different material conditions, could produce equally drastic changes in society's cultural and ideological spheres. The
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quantity. According to Jean Zin, while the justification for degrowth is valid, it is not a solution to the problem. Other Marxist writers have adopted positions close to the de-growth perspective. For example,
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Muller, Adrian; Schader, Christian; El-Hage Scialabba, Nadia; BrĂĽggemann, Judith; Isensee, Anne; Erb, Karl-Heinz; Smith, Pete; Klocke, Peter; Leiber, Florian; Stolze, Matthias; Niggli, Urs (14 November 2017).
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Open localism is a concept that has been promoted by the degrowth community when envisioning an alternative set of social relations and economic organization. It builds upon the political philosophies of
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Kostakis, Vasilis; Latoufis, Kostas; Liarokapis, Minas; Bauwens, Michel (October 2018). "The convergence of digital commons with local manufacturing from a degrowth perspective: Two illustrative cases".
2545:, which would reinforce the initial positive attitude toward growth. "Degrowth" is also criticized for being a confusing term, since its aim is not to halt economic growth as the word implies. Instead, "
372:
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Technologies designed to reduce resource use and improve efficiency are often touted as sustainable or green solutions. Degrowth literature, however, warns about these technological advances due to the
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Schneider, François; Kallis, Giorgos; Martinez-Alier, Joan (April 2010). "Crisis or opportunity? Economic degrowth for social equity and ecological sustainability. Introduction to this special issue".
2549:" is proposed as an alternative concept that emphasizes that growth ceases to be an important policy objective, but that it can still be achieved as a side-effect of environmental and social policies.
2284:, "shift from GDP growth and the pursuit of affluence toward sustaining ecosystems and improving human well-being by prioritizing basic needs and reducing inequality." In an opinion piece published in
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advocates suggest that contemporary socioeconomic mechanisms and metrics – including for economic growth – can be continued with forms of nonstructural "energy-GDP decoupling". A study concluded that
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of the economy, although this is not the goal of a degrowth transition, but rather one of its expected consequences. In the current economic system, a contraction of the economy is associated with a
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is a primary driver of the overexploitation of ecosystems, and to preserve the biosphere and mitigate climate change civilization must, in addition to other fundamental changes including stabilizing
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Through colonial domination, capital depresses the prices of inputs and colonial cheapening occurs to the detriment of the oppressed countries. Degrowth criticizes these appropriation mechanisms and
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Merz, Joseph J; Barnard, Phoebe; Rees, William E; Smith, Dane; Maroni, Mat; Rhodes, Christopher J; Dederer, Julia H; Bajaj, Nandita; Joy, Michael K; Wiedmann, Thomas; Sutherland, Rory (July 2023).
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through degrowth. The constraints on resources would eventually lead to a forced reduction in consumption. A controlled reduction of consumption would reduce the trauma of this change, assuming no
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model of economic development, arguing that an increasing "standard of living", based on consumption is absurd as a goal of economic activity and development. Instead, under what he refers to as
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situation has also been of interest to degrowth advocates because its limits on growth were socially imposed (although as a result of geopolitics), and has resulted in positive health changes.
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claiming that capitalist growth builds on the exploitation of women's work. Instead of devaluing it, degrowth centers the economy around care, proposing that care work should be organized as a
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commented on the use of the term: "When you say 'degrowth' it frightens people. It's like saying you're going to have to be poorer tomorrow than you are today, and it doesn't mean that."
2371:(2023). The 10th International Degrowth Conference will be held in Pontevedra in June 2024. Separately, two conferences have been organised as cross-party initiatives of Members of the
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In June 2020, the official site of one of the organizations promoting degrowth published an article by Vijay Kolinjivadi, an expert in political ecology, arguing that the emergence of
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Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
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states that this paper, which has more than 11,000 scientist cosigners, demonstrates that there is a "strong scientific consensus" towards abandoning "GDP as a measure of progress."
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as indicators of both ecosystems and human well-being. Degrowth theorists posit that this would increase human living standards and ecological preservation even as GDP growth slows.
1452:. Multiple studies now demonstrate that in many affluent countries per-capita energy consumption could be decreased substantially and quality living standards still be maintained.
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Kothari, Ashish; Demaria, Federico; Acosta, Alberto (December 2014). "Buen Vivir, Degrowth and Ecological Swaraj: Alternatives to sustainable development and the Green Economy".
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in his article, "Energy and Economic Myths", delivered as a series of lectures from 1972, but not published before 1975. In the article, Georgescu-Roegen stated the following:
4079:"Discursive Synergies for a 'Great Transformation' Towards Sustainability: Pragmatic Contributions to a Necessary Dialogue Between Human Development, Degrowth, and Buen Vivir"
2443:, which offers a framework for localising collaborative forms of production while sharing resources globally as digital commons, to reduce dependence on global value chains.
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claims in summary of these criticisms, and degrowth has less plausibility than green growth as a democratic political platform. However, in a recent review of efforts toward
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Another way of looking at the argument that the development of desirable aspects of modernity require unsustainable energy and material use is through the lens of the
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on Earth. It argues that economic growth measured by GDP should be abandoned as a policy objective. Policy should instead focus on economic and social metrics such as
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Also most studies offered subjective policy advice, but lacked policy evaluation and integration with insights from the literature on environmental/climate policies.
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Also most studies offered subjective policy advice, but lacked policy evaluation and integration with insights from the literature on environmental/climate policies.
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Gomiero, Tiziano (October 2018). "Agriculture and degrowth: State of the art and assessment of organic and biotech-based agriculture from a degrowth perspective".
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Ripple, William J; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M; Barnard, Phoebe; Moomaw, William R (5 November 2019). "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency".
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Nevertheless, co-evolving aspects of global capitalism, liberal modernity, and the market society, are closely tied and will be difficult to separate to maintain
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Demaria, Federico; Schneider, Francois; Sekulova, Filka; Martinez-Alier, Joan (April 2013). "What is Degrowth? From an Activist Slogan to a Social Movement".
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Some researchers believe that the world is poised to experience a Great Transformation, either by disastrous events or intentional design. They maintain that
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published a project entitled "Degrowth in movement(s)" in 2017, which maps relationships with 32 other social movements and initiatives. The relation to the
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Doyal and Gough allege that the modern capitalist system is built on the exploitation of female reproductive labor as well as that of the Global South, and
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of one territory over another and proposes a provision of human needs through disaccumulation, de-enclosure, and decommodification. It also reconciles with
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Robra, Ben; Pazaitis, Alex; Giotitsas, Chris; Pansera, Mario (July 2023). "From creative destruction to convivial innovation - A post-growth perspective".
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Olk, Christopher; Schneider, Colleen; Hickel, Jason (December 2023). "How to pay for saving the world: Modern Monetary Theory for a degrowth transition".
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Demaria, Federico; Schneider, François; Sekulova, Filka; Martinez-Alier, Joan (2013). "What is Degrowth? From an Activist Slogan to a Social Movement".
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as the basic principle and goal of capitalism. This is the source of economic growth and, in the view of these writers, results in an unsustainable
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that state the parallel of the exploitation of women and nature in growth-based societies and proposes a subsistence perspective conceptualized by
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to prevent what the authors referred to as "the breakdown of society and the irreversible disruption of the life-support systems on this planet".
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in the title of the French edition. The translation of Georgescu-Roegen's work into French both fed on and gave further impetus to the concept of
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is the 4-in-1 perspective that proposes 4 hours of wage work per day, freeing time for 4 hours of care work, 4 hours of political activities in a
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reduction. As this does not necessarily lead to gender justice, the redistribution of care work has to be equally pushed. A concrete proposal by
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Lynch, Kathleen; Kalaitzake, Manolis (May 2020). "Affective and calculative solidarity: The impact of individualism and neoliberal capitalism".
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of non-industrial agriculture is significantly lower due to the reduced use or absence of fossil fuels, which leaves much less labour for other
2721:. In the case of organic agriculture, Germany, for example, would not be able to feed its population under ideal organic yields over all of its
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The contemporary degrowth movement can trace its roots back to the anti-industrialist trends of the 19th century, developed in Great Britain by
9072:
8945:
2077:
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559:
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argues that high-income nations must shift to post-growth economic models if we are going to have any chance of preventing climate breakdown.
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Antal, MiklĂłs; Van Den Bergh, Jeroen C.J.M. (17 February 2016). "Green growth and climate change: conceptual and empirical considerations".
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When the first international degrowth conference was held in Paris in 2008, the participants honoured Georgescu-Roegen and his work. In his
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Although not explicitly called degrowth, movements inspired by similar concepts and terminologies can be found around the world, including
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The reports (also known as the Meadows Reports) are not strictly the founding texts of the degrowth movement, as these reports only advise
1602:
satisfaction and lower energy requirements while contemporary forms of economic growth are linked with the opposite, with the contemporary
377:
4552:
Schneider, François; Nelson, Anitra (2018). "'Open localism'–on Xue and Vansintjan III". In Nelson, Anitra; Schneider, François (eds.).
1947:
movement. Still, they are considered the first studies explicitly presenting economic growth as a key reason for the increase in global
8437:
2220:
for poverty, hunger, health, water, cities' climate, oceans and land. It can cause problems with food, water and humanity's air supply.
1324:
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countries to satisfy lifestyles that consume more food and energy, and produce greater waste, at the expense of the Global South (see
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1578:
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2158:
predates a unified degrowth movement but nonetheless serves as an important basis for degrowth ideas. In this book he critiques the
8965:
6723:"Appropriation, Activation and Acceleration: The Escalatory Logics of Capitalist Modernity and the Crises of Dynamic Stabilization"
6340:
Meier, Brian P.; Robinson, Michael D. (April 2004). "Why the Sunny Side Is Up: Associations Between Affect and Vertical Position".
4399:
2339:(2008) was a discussion about the financial, social, cultural, demographic, and environmental crisis caused by the deficiencies of
2010:
457:
5821:
4380:
2321:"suggest that degrowth policies should be considered in the fight against climate breakdown and biodiversity loss, respectively".
2049:('Tomorrow, the Decline: Entropy – Ecology – Economy'). Georgescu-Roegen, who spoke French fluently, approved the use of the term
2030:
Georgescu-Roegen's intellectual inspiration to degrowth dates back to the 1970s. When Georgescu-Roegen delivered a lecture at the
8960:
7724:
7066:
Quilley, Stephen (April 2013). "De-Growth Is Not a Liberal Agenda: Relocalisation and the Limits to Low Energy Cosmopolitanism".
2488:
remains unchanged. Alternatively, it could lead to savings, which would provide additional funds for others to borrow and spend.
1632:
localism does not impose any set of rules or regulations creating a defined boundary, rather it favours a cosmopolitan approach.
7440:
Zywert, Katharine; Quilley, Stephen (2018). "Health systems in an era of biophysical limits: The wicked dilemmas of modernity".
4783:
Sourayan Mookerjea; Susan Paulson; Corinna Dengler; Nadine Gerner; TaĂs Sonetti–González; Lina Hansen; Anna Saave (3 May 2023).
5675:
1043:
3655:"A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of GDP, resource use and GHG emissions, part II: synthesizing the insights"
2484:. For instance, reducing consumption of certain goods and services might result in an increase in spending on other items, as
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Beling, Adrián E.; Vanhulst, Julien; Demaria, Federico; Rabi, Violeta; Carballo, Ana E.; Pelenc, Jérôme (11 September 2017).
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for a report on the limits of our world system and the constraints it puts on human numbers and activity. The report, called
1927:
442:
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Kallis, Giorgos; Kostakis, Vasilis; Lange, Steffen; Muraca, Barbara; Paulson, Susan; Schmelzer, Matthias (17 October 2018).
4826:
GĂłmez VĂ©lez, Martha Isabel; Saldarriaga Grisales, Dora Cecilia; LĂłpez Gil, MarĂa Claudia; Zapata Botero, Lina MarĂa (2017).
3450:
2375:: the Post-Growth 2018 Conference and the Beyond Growth 2023 Conference, both held in the European Parliament in Brussels.
2084:
were set exclusively on proving the impossibility of growth ... were easily deluded by a simple, now widespread, but false
1385:
unsustainable rates for prolonged periods. An example of this depletion is evident in the case of caviar production in the
6493:
4652:
Dengler, Corinna; Lang, Miriam (2022). "Commoning Care: Feminist Degrowth Visions for a Socio-Ecological Transformation".
4452:"Socio-economic conditions for satisfying human needs at low energy use: An international analysis of social provisioning"
2427:
Another set of movements the degrowth movement finds synergy with is the wave of initiatives and networks inspired by the
1370:
critique of SDG's and decoupling against green capitalism leveled by Degrowth theorists appear to have predictive power.
1278:
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6805:
5321:
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Scientists report that degrowth scenarios, where economic output either "declines" or declines in terms of contemporary
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8080:
7520:
6706:
6519:
van den Bergh, Jeroen C. J. M. (February 2017). "A third option for climate policy within potential limits to growth".
5620:
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Economic De-Growth for Ecological Sustainability and Social Equity
5494:
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Economic De-Growth for Ecological Sustainability and Social Equity
5419:
5024:
D'Alisa, Giacomo; Demaria, Federico; Cattaneo, Claudio (June 2013). "Civil and Uncivil Actors for a Degrowth Society".
3617:
Gupta, Shilpi (2 November 2015). "Decoupling: a step toward sustainable development with reference to OECD countries".
5650:
5202:
Dixson-Declève, Sandrine; Gaffney, Owen; Ghosh, Jayati; Randers, Jørgen; Rockström, Johan; Stoknes, Per Espen (2022).
2106:
in France—and everywhere else in the francophone world—thereby creating something of an intellectual feedback loop.
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7039:
6623:
5618:
5482:
5384:
4586:
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3159:
2737:. Potential solutions to this challenge include scaling up approaches such as community-supported agriculture (CSA).
2576:
1733:, perpetuating asymmetric power relationships between territories. Colonialism is understood as the appropriation of
1036:
399:
3258:
2567:
of society. A corresponding "recoding" of "growth-obsessed", capitalist organizations was proposed by Steffen Roth.
9067:
9057:
7120:
Gill, Rosalind; Kanai, Akane (April 2018). "Mediating Neoliberal Capitalism: Affect, Subjectivity and Inequality".
2853:) argue that there cannot be equality regarding gender and the hierarchy between the Global North and South within
2813:. At the same time, some argue the widespread individualization promulgated by a capitalist political economy is a
2718:
1985:
966:
481:
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A 2017 review of the research literature on degrowth, found that it focused on three main goals: (1) reduction of
8709:
5918:
3009:
338:
7619:
5728:
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2480:
Van den Bergh also highlights that a focus solely on reducing consumption (or consumption degrowth) may lead to
1440:
to be achieved with the currently available resources, proponents say rich countries would have to reduce their
8830:
8227:
8130:
8115:
7313:
BĂĽchs, Milena; Koch, Max (January 2019). "Challenges for the degrowth transition: The debate about wellbeing".
7150:
Kish, Kaitlin; Quilley, Stephen (2017). "Wicked Dilemmas of Scale and Complexity in the Politics of Degrowth".
5564:
5329:
1721:
The foundation of this relationship lies in the claim that the imminent socio-ecological collapse is caused by
308:
7603:
4450:
Vogel, Jefim; Steinberger, Julia K.; O'Neill, Daniel W.; Lamb, William F.; Krishnakumar, Jaya (29 June 2021).
3335:
2137:, credited Georgescu-Roegen as the "main theoretical source of degrowth". Likewise, Italian degrowth theorist
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8234:
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1423:(gHa), while those from low-income countries live off of a single gHa. For example, while each inhabitant of
1341:
1262:
1083:
5159:
Herrington, Gaya (June 2021). "Update to limits to growth: Comparing the World3 model with empirical data".
4364:
3576:
1117:
Degrowth's main argument is that an infinite expansion of the economy is fundamentally contradictory to the
8453:
6651:
3313:
3289:
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2141:
considered Georgescu-Roegen's work to be "one of the analytical cornerstones of the degrowth perspective".
1706:
created "a convivial space for generating and exploring knowledge and practice from diverse perspectives".
1366:
931:
542:
361:
7378:
Kallis, Giorgos; Kerschner, Christian; Martinez-Alier, Joan (December 2012). "The economics of degrowth".
6237:
5702:
4603:
2250:, and suggest a range of ideas from the reformist to the radical, with the latter consisting of degrowth,
8860:
8492:
7807:
7717:
5598:
4828:"Estudios decoloniales y poscoloniales. Posturas acerca de la modernidad/colonialidad y el eurocentrismo"
4493:"How the corporate interests and political elites watered down the world's most important climate report"
3749:"Decoupling debunked – Evidence and arguments against green growth as a sole strategy for sustainability"
2923:
2882:
barriers to the movement are social and structural factors clashing with implementing degrowth measures.
2564:
1079:
721:
452:
31:
4034:
1759:
In practice, decolonial practices close to degrowth are observed, such as the movement of Buen vivir or
1180:
or as a radical alternative to the market-based, sustainable development goal (SDG) model of addressing
8978:
8825:
8477:
8386:
8161:
6549:
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2209:
Over the last 50 years, the state of nature has deteriorated at an unprecedented and accelerating rate.
1303:
971:
906:
811:
588:
462:
213:
143:
35:
6843:"Access to land is a barrier to simpler, sustainable living. Public housing could offer a way forward"
6194:"Beyond global versus local: illuminating a cosmolocal framework for convivial technology development"
3931:
2034:
in 1974, he made a lasting impression on the young, newly graduated French historian and philosopher,
1936:, published in 1972, became the first significant study to model the consequences of economic growth.
1891:
The world's leaders are correctly fixated on economic growth as the answer to virtually all problems,
8805:
7999:
7983:
6644:
6128:
Asara, Viviana; Profumi, Emanuele; Kallis, Giorgos (April 2013). "Degrowth, Democracy and Autonomy".
5510:
5438:
5400:
5322:"Sustainable de-growth: Mapping the context, criticisms and future prospects of an emergent paradigm"
2969:
2798:
2632:
strategy has proven to be instructive for Japan, which has been a static economy for almost decades.
2247:
2005:
1979:
1546:
1274:
1240:
1107:
826:
611:
523:
118:
45:
17:
5514:
5288:
4830:[Decolonial and postcolonial studies. Positions on modernity/coloniality and Eurocentrism].
4425:
8785:
8507:
7762:
6105:
The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba
5593:
2902:
2794:
2778:
2474:
2439:
and socially useful production are prioritised over capital gain. This could happen in the form of
2285:
2186:
1852:
1675:
Centering care goes hand in hand with changing society's time regimes. Degrowth scholars propose a
1416:
921:
554:
183:
168:
7093:
Nelson, Joel I. (January 2001). "Inequality in america: The case for post-industrial capitalism".
5683:. the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. 6 May 2019
5614:
5489:
2216:
Damage to ecosystems undermines 35 of 44 selected UN targets, including the UN General Assembly's
1590:
without structural alternative but with e.g. nonsystemic political interventions. Similarly, many
1331:
refers to GDP growth coinciding with a reduction in natural resource use and GHG emissions, while
9047:
9042:
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8512:
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8411:
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2019:
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living standards typical of European countries, the resources of between three and eight planet
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8724:
8502:
8304:
8009:
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7710:
3577:"Assessing the degrowth discourse: A review and analysis of academic degrowth policy proposals"
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2702:
1827:
1801:
1773:
1586:
1503:
1145:
518:
467:
437:
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Roth, Steffen (2016). "Growth and function: a viral research program for next organisations".
1510:, and degrowth to affect the change necessary to avoid these potentially catastrophic events.
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without meaningful changes to patterns of consumption, such as reducing meat consumption and
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1138:
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951:
781:
756:
530:
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418:
138:
6806:"Land Commodification as a Barrier to Political and Economic Agency: A Degrowth Perspective"
6608:
6014:
3425:
Demaria, Federico; Kothari, Ashish; Salleh, Ariel; Escobar, Arturo; Acosta, Alberto (2019).
8910:
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7387:
7159:
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6424:(2011). "Environment versus growth — A criticism of "degrowth" and a plea for "a-growth"".
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348:
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198:
6752:
Luhmann, Niklas (1976). "The Future Cannot Begin: Temporal Structures in Modern Society".
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3013:
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8:
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6722:
6673:
6669:
6603:
5459:
5317:
4117:"Scenarios for mitigating CO2 emissions from energy supply in the absence of CO2 removal"
3500:"Reviewing studies of degrowth: Are claims matched by data, methods and policy analysis?"
2710:
2587:
2417:
2372:
2191:
2014:, Georgescu-Roegen argues that economic scarcity is rooted in physical reality; that all
1948:
1856:
1813:
1729:. This economic growth in turn can only be maintained under the eaves of colonialism and
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societies such that it is necessary for their stability. Moreover, the institutions of
2559:
2541:
Since "degrowth" contains the term "growth", there is also a risk of the term having a
2243:
2163:
2154:
1991:
1653:
1641:
1566:
1441:
1436:
would be required with current levels of efficiency and means of production. For world
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108:
98:
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1819:
To address the common criticism that such policies are not realistically financeable,
1561:
1.5 °C scenario map under different levels of energy-GDP decoupling, RE speed and NETs
1114:. Degrowth theory has been met with both academic acclaim and considerable criticism.
9032:
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8885:
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8527:
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7353:
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4769:
4717:
4692:
4673:
4582:
4557:
4336:
4178:
4078:
3976:
3909:
3813:"Like blending chalk and cheese - the impact of standard economics in IPCC scenarios"
3797:
3731:
3688:
3561:
3521:
3430:
3408:
3367:
3235:
3204:
3155:
3106:
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2485:
2310:
2281:
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1449:
1437:
1157:
1067:
731:
696:
564:
278:
233:
93:
6369:
4626:
Crisis of Care? On the Social-Reproductive Contradictions of Contemporary Capitalism
4476:
4451:
4179:"Technological Progress and Sustainable Development: What About the Rebound Effect?"
4030:
3122:
1960:
1223:
The destabilization of Earth's ecosystems upon which all life on Earth depends (see
8890:
8865:
8754:
8605:
8532:
8319:
8299:
8166:
8125:
8065:
7837:
7777:
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7449:
7422:
7399:
7395:
7345:
7322:
7205:
7197:
7171:
7167:
7129:
7102:
7075:
7002:
6969:
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6919:
6908:"Permaculture for agroecology: design, movement, practice, and worldview. A review"
6880:
6784:
6734:
6637:
6573:
6544:
6536:
6472:
6445:
6441:
6388:
6349:
6312:
6285:
6281:
6272:
Drews, Stefan; Antal, MiklĂłs (2016). "Degrowth: A 'missile word' that backfires?".
6253:
6249:
6213:
6172:
6164:
6137:
6085:
5897:
5889:
5859:
5851:
5792:
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5585:
5581:
5529:
5350:
5346:
5280:
5176:
5033:
4980:
4976:
4939:
4929:
4910:"Exploring degrowth policy proposals: A systematic mapping with thematic synthesis"
4875:
4839:
4804:
4757:
4661:
4471:
4326:
4318:
4276:
4240:
4198:
4144:
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4018:
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3511:
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3227:
3196:
3102:
3072:
2913:
2762:
2714:
2343:
and an explanation of the main principles of degrowth. Further conferences were in
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2175:
2149:
2015:
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1684:
1177:
1165:
986:
821:
746:
661:
656:
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238:
53:
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4244:
4140:
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3400:
3076:
8749:
8736:
8714:
8699:
8610:
8522:
8349:
8039:
7943:
7933:
6827:
6652:"Harmony and Ecological Civilization: Beyond the Capitalist Alienation of Nature"
6238:"Environment versus growth — A criticism of "degrowth" and a plea for "a-growth""
5373:
From Bioeconomics to Degrowth: Georgescu-Roegen's "New Economics" in eight essays
5051:
5037:
4879:
4387:
4149:
3723:
3458:
2985:
2958:
2878:
2810:
2806:
2758:
2754:
2542:
2491:
He emphasizes the importance of (global) environmental policies, such as pricing
2421:
2273:
2058:('tomorrow') was removed from the book's title in the second and third editions.
1899:
1749:
1726:
1661:
1603:
1595:
1549:
technologies may arguably hold potential for building degrowth future scenarios.
1542:
1491:
1490:
would allow people of the South to become more self-sufficient and would end the
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806:
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128:
113:
103:
83:
5405:
3947:"World scientists' warning: The behavioural crisis driving ecological overshoot"
2749:, there is an apparent compromise between desirable aspects of modernity (e.g.,
2203:
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
2199:
largest, most comprehensive study to date of biodiversity and ecosystem services
9004:
8895:
8422:
8406:
8391:
8359:
8176:
8090:
8085:
8075:
7923:
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7802:
7694:
7479:
6965:
6678:
6615:
6218:
6193:
5788:
5367:
4351:
4322:
3996:"Strong sustainable consumption governance – precondition for a degrowth path?"
3748:
3679:
3654:
3200:
2750:
2481:
2384:
International Degrowth Network, which organised the 5th assembly in June 2024.
2302:
2138:
2134:
1848:
1657:
1534:
1420:
1362:
1346:
1266:
1232:
1149:
1106:. It argues that modern capitalism's unitary focus on growth causes widespread
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886:
881:
771:
751:
636:
596:
548:
512:
447:
258:
178:
7453:
7244:
7049:
6924:
6907:
6317:
6300:
5221:
4511:
3962:
2133:("Farewell to Growth"), the leading French champion of the degrowth movement,
1606:
being fundamentally misaligned with the twin goals of meeting human needs and
9026:
9011:
8905:
8835:
8792:
8759:
8744:
8562:
8517:
8186:
8171:
8145:
8120:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8055:
7872:
7733:
7201:
6738:
6633:
6577:
6392:
5893:
4800:
4754:
Ecofeminism as Politics; Nature, Marx and the Postmodern. When Feminism Fails
3525:
2866:
2766:
2496:
2492:
2255:
2251:
2180:
2159:
2024:
2008:
as the main intellectual figure inspiring the movement. In his 1971 work,
1994:
1781:
1715:
1428:
916:
801:
741:
536:
288:
6942:"Strategies for feeding the world more sustainably with organic agriculture"
5855:
4808:
4061:
2701:
When it comes to agriculture, a degrowth society would require a shift from
1552:
626:
8694:
8672:
8667:
8657:
8364:
8324:
8095:
7953:
7918:
7832:
7822:
7817:
7792:
7752:
7552:
7506:
6983:
6361:
6326:
5806:
5654:
4844:
4827:
4426:"Securing decent living standards for all while reducing global energy use"
4340:
3980:
3208:
2963:
2706:
2661:
2653:
2591:
2535:
2436:
2306:
2289:
1998:
1911:
1879:
1875:
1823:
1793:
1789:
1777:
1760:
1734:
1730:
1699:
1676:
1665:
1591:
1487:
1479:
1228:
1197:
1173:
991:
981:
706:
646:
621:
601:
303:
243:
228:
188:
163:
123:
8542:
7584:
7349:
7006:
3876:"Resource shifting: Resourcification and de-resourcification for degrowth"
2095:
is that the most desirable state is not a stationary, but a declining one.
8662:
8557:
8396:
8314:
8309:
8284:
8140:
8070:
7948:
7938:
7842:
7133:
6540:
5446:
4785:"Why are feminist perspectives, analyses, and actions vital to degrowth?"
4218:"Degrowth by means of technology? A treatise for an ethos of releasement"
3222:
Kallis, Giorgos; Demaria, Federico; d'Alisa, Giacomo (2015). "Degrowth".
2846:
2745:
Given that modernity has emerged with high levels of energy and material
2722:
2599:
2460:
According to a highly cited scientific paper of environmental economist
2073:
2018:
are irreversibly degraded when put to use in economic activity; that the
1923:
1860:
1844:
1797:
1785:
1691:
1680:
1386:
1201:
1196:
The "degrowth" movement arose from concerns over the consequences of the
1016:
876:
851:
786:
736:
651:
631:
606:
569:
501:
158:
6938:
6089:
6059:"Buen vivir: the social philosophy inspiring movements in South America"
5729:"Overconsumption and growth economy key drivers of environmental crises"
4944:
4299:"1.5 °C degrowth scenarios suggest the need for new mitigation pathways"
3146:
3114:
1349:
over 1.5 °C or 2 °C, even under optimistic policy conditions.
8704:
8577:
8354:
8339:
8289:
8181:
7908:
7903:
7782:
7767:
7670:
7283:
Chertkovskaya, Ekaterina; Paulsson, Alexander; Barca, Stefania (2019).
6192:
Kostakis, Vasilis; Niaros, Vasilis; Giotitsas, Chris (September 2023).
5541:
5180:
3259:"Degrowth: what's behind this economic theory and why it matters today"
2874:
2854:
2818:
2746:
2726:
2629:
2340:
1919:
1915:
1809:
1722:
1695:
1538:
1507:
1424:
1354:
1337:
1205:
1021:
766:
691:
411:
248:
223:
203:
68:
7210:
6177:
5993:
5902:
5864:
4554:
Housing for Degrowth: Principles, Models, Challenges and Opportunities
3547:
3092:
2705:
to less intensive and more sustainable agricultural practices such as
1737:, resources, and labor, which is antagonistic to degrowth principles.
1660:. Further, degrowth draws on the critique of socialist feminists like
1327:
from the use of natural resources and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
8279:
7963:
7928:
7812:
7787:
7757:
5979:
4908:
Fitzpatrick, Nick; Parrique, Timothée; Cosme, Inês (September 2022).
4714:
Die Vier-in-einem-Perspektive. Politik von Frauen fĂĽr eine neue Linke
2822:
2789:
of global capitalism has generated a lot of social and environmental
2713:. Still, it is not clear if any of those alternatives could feed the
2665:
2649:
2531:
2527:
2344:
2166:, we should aim to maximize well-being while minimizing consumption.
2126:
2119:
2115:
2085:
2002:
1952:
1951:
such as pollution, shortage of raw materials, and the destruction of
1741:
1649:
1236:
1209:
1169:
1153:
1130:
1011:
911:
726:
490:
293:
73:
6773:"Challenges for the degrowth transition: The debate about wellbeing"
6301:"Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas"
5533:
3773:
3619:
International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
3314:"Opinion | Do We Need to Shrink the Economy to Stop Climate Change?"
2223:
To fix the problem, humanity needs transformative change, including
8679:
8401:
7867:
7685:
5822:"This pandemic IS ecological breakdown: different tempo, same song"
5703:"Why Biodiversity Loss Hurts Humans as Much as Climate Change Does"
4863:
4634:
Social Reproduction Theory: Remapping Class, Recentering Oppression
4365:"1.5°C degrowth scenarios suggest need for new mitigation pathways"
2611:
2360:
2348:
2262:
1893:
but they're pushing it with all their might in the wrong direction.
1867:
1753:
1582:
1217:
996:
791:
8999:
6674:"Planned Degrowth: Ecosocialism and Sustainable Human Development"
5496:. Paris: European Society of Ecological Economics. pp. 14–17.
3838:
3224:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
2364:
7958:
7772:
7691:
Planned Degrowth: Ecosocialism and Sustainable Human Development.
6032:
Burkhart, Corinna; Schmelzer, Matthias; Treu, Nina, eds. (2020).
5965:
5201:
5104:
Meadows, Donella H.; Randers, Jørgen; Meadows, Dennis L. (2004).
4257:
2908:
2845:
are embedded in its structure. Therefore, some theories (such as
2774:
2677:
2669:
2657:
2582:
2546:
2428:
2356:
2092:
the necessary conclusion of the arguments in favor of that vision
1805:
1669:
1483:
1255:
1161:
1134:
574:
423:
7702:
7539:"New Research Explores a Restorative Climate Path for the Earth"
6721:
Rosa, Hartmut; Dörre, Klaus; Lessenich, Stephan (January 2017).
5651:"A Blueprint for Survival, The Ecologist Vol. 2, No. 1. Preface"
1772:
survey found that the ten most frequently cited proposals were:
1281:
locally and globally; (3) promotion of a social transition from
8987:
8262:
8014:
7827:
7747:
6804:
Baumann, Alex; Alexander, Samuel; Burdon, Peter (Summer 2020).
5756:
4449:
2842:
2838:
2409:
2368:
2352:
2190:, which called for a radical programme of decentralisation and
1251:
1126:
856:
776:
333:
6299:
Warriner, Amy Beth; Kuperman, Victor; Brysbaert, Marc (2013).
6034:
Degrowth in movement(s): exploring pathways for transformation
4532:"Open-localism: degrowth as a way to challenge social closure"
2097:
Undoubtedly, the current growth must cease, nay, be reversed.
8191:
7898:
7882:
7377:
6492:
Levy, Andrea; Gonick, Cy; Lukacs, Martin (January 22, 2014).
6154:
4999:
D'Alisa, Giacomo; Demaria, Federico; Kallis, Giorgos (2014).
4346:
4292:
4290:
3054:
3032:
Kallis, Giorgos; Demaria, Federico; D'Alisa, Giacomo (2015).
2336:
2318:
2027:
as a whole is heading towards an inevitable future collapse.
1433:
1419:
report, inhabitants of high-income countries live off of 6.4
1409:
936:
496:
7510:
2622:
2118:, something to be avoided or quickly overcome. Instead, the
1959:
was published in 2004, and in 2012, a 40-year forecast from
1756:, which is postulated as impossible without decolonization.
7671:
List of International Degrowth conferences on degrowth.info
3575:
Cosme, Inês; Santos, Rui; O’Neill, Daniel W. (April 2017).
3424:
3290:"To save the world, does the economy need to stop growing?"
2314:
2205:. The report was finalised in Paris. The main conclusions:
1599:
1090:. The idea of degrowth is based on ideas and research from
7282:
6906:
Ferguson, Rafter Sass; Lovell, Sarah Taylor (April 2014).
6702:"Degrowth: Japan models design for steady state economies"
5023:
4776:
4739:
The Subsistence Perspective: Beyond the Globalised Economy
4287:
3651:
3177:
2467:
6997:
Giampietro, Mario; Mayumi, Kozo; Sorman, AlevgĂĽl (2011).
6458:
6298:
4076:
2673:
1645:
1644:
that has criticized measures of economic growth like the
1570:
1553:
Mitigation of climate change and determinants of 'growth'
1176:. Degrowth theory partly orients itself as a critique of
7680:
7675:
7620:"The illusion of 'degrowth' in a poor and unequal world"
6610:
The ecological rift : capitalism's war on the earth
6267:
6265:
6263:
5947:
5845:
4998:
4907:
3811:
Spangenberg, Joachim H.; Polotzek, Lia (19 March 2019).
3221:
3031:
1973:
1687:, and 4 hours of personal development through learning.
1648:
as it excludes work mainly done by women such as unpaid
1315:
denotes decoupling economic growth, usually measured in
6191:
4895:"Reconciling catch-up industrialisation with de-growth"
2941:
Power Down: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World
1963:, one of the book's original authors, was published as
1455:
7287:. Rowman & Littlefield International. p. 77.
6996:
6803:
5878:
5757:
Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; KeyĂźer, Lorenz T.;
5414:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
3040:
Kallis, Giorgos; Demaria, Federico; D'Alisa, Giacomo.
2577:
Steady-state economy § Capitalism without growth
2446:
2435:
also guides the role of technology in degrowth, where
2242:, a group of scientists argue that "green growth" or "
2047:
Demain la décroissance: Entropie – Écologie – Économie
8976:
6292:
6260:
6031:
5103:
4736:
4400:"Green growth vs degrowth: are we missing the point?"
2387:
6596:
6075:
4062:
Degrowth Economics: Why less should be so much more.
3944:
3874:
Corvellec, Hervé; Paulsson, Alexander (2023-03-01).
3039:
3012: by Savin and van den Bergh available under the
2144:
1986:
Steady-state economy § Declining-state economy
1714:
A relevant concept within the theory of degrowth is
6841:Baumann, Alex; Alexander, Samuel (21 August 2019).
5638:
Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered
3810:
1652:(the work performed to fulfill people's needs) and
7340:Saltman, Kenneth; Gabbard, David A., eds. (2003).
6720:
6607:
6127:
5626:. Paris: European Society of Ecological Economics.
5404:
4958:
3701:
3574:
3497:
3336:"Degrowth as a Concept and Practice: Introduction"
1307:Examples of countries with eco-economic decoupling
6231:
6229:
4737:Mies, Maria; Bennholdt-Thomsen, Veronika (1999).
4297:KeyĂźer, Lorenz T.; Lenzen, Manfred (2021-05-11).
3873:
3498:Savin, Ivan; van den Bergh, Jeroen (2024-12-01).
2378:
9024:
8452:
6840:
6491:
5509:
5437:
5399:
5131:2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years
3916:
2270:World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency
1965:2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years
1427:lives off of what they produce from 0.56 gHa, a
1216:The reduced availability of energy sources (see
1148:, and it highlights the importance of extensive
7187:
6602:
5483:"Introduction to Georgescu-Roegen and Degrowth"
5452:La Décroissance: Entropie – Écologie – Économie
4647:
4645:
4643:
4551:
3366:. National Geographic Books. pp. 170–179.
2953:The Path to Degrowth in Overdeveloped Countries
2635:
2552:
2169:
1110:and is unnecessary for the further increase of
7339:
7260:Capitalism, For and Against: A Feminist Debate
7095:Research in Social Stratification and Mobility
7029:
6905:
6566:International Journal of Technology Management
6494:"The greening of Noam Chomsky: a conversation"
6226:
6036:. Winchester, UK Washington, USA: Zero Books.
5612:
5316:
4857:
4855:
3772:Hickel, Jason; Kallis, Giorgos (6 June 2020).
3364:Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World
1204:associated with industrial societies (whether
8438:
7718:
7439:
7413:Akbulut, Bengi (2 January 2021). "Degrowth".
7257:
6591:L'écologie politique à l'ère de l'information
6518:
6420:
6339:
6235:
5256:"Economic de-growth vs. steady-state economy"
4595:
4509:
3387:Akbulut, Bengi (2 January 2021). "Degrowth".
3311:
2801:, which in turn have also generated a lot of
2640:According to some scholars in Sociology, the
1969:Earth for all – A survival guide to humanity.
1517:
1044:
7224:
5204:Earth for All: A Survival Guide for Humanity
4640:
4296:
3771:
3312:Bokat-Lindell, Spencer (16 September 2021).
3173:
3171:
3152:(Book info page containing download samples)
3145:D'Alisa, Giacomo; et al., eds. (2015).
3027:
3025:
2090:... he important, yet unnoticed point that
1656:(the work sustaining life), first argued by
1474:Critics of degrowth argue that a slowing of
1246:The rise of negative societal side-effects (
7149:
6550:1871.1/55d55cfa-2617-4e8a-b21c-fbc02ee19eea
5819:
5122:
5097:
4852:
4651:
4617:
4570:
4215:
4056:
4054:
3144:
2197:In 2019, a summary for policymakers of the
1690:Furthermore, degrowth draws on materialist
1573:, have been neglected in considerations of
8445:
8431:
7725:
7711:
7557:"Degrowth: A Response to Branko Milanovic"
6557:
6465:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
6382:
6271:
5158:
4604:"Feminism and the Politics of the Commons"
4579:If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics
4176:
4114:
3993:
3743:
3741:
2781:(culture, ideology, institutions) and the
1838:
1051:
1037:
373:The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures
7614:
7312:
7209:
7119:
6973:
6923:
6788:
6771:BĂĽchs, Milena; Koch, Max (January 2019).
6770:
6548:
6476:
6383:Lodge, Milton; Taber, Charles S. (2013).
6316:
6217:
6176:
5901:
5863:
5796:
5624:(PDF contains all conference proceedings)
5486:(PDF contains all conference proceedings)
5477:
5253:
5058:. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 146.
4943:
4933:
4843:
4475:
4330:
4148:
3970:
3899:
3678:
3515:
3427:Pluriverse. A Post-Development Dictionary
3168:
3022:
2623:Lack of macroeconomics for sustainability
2066:Georgescu-Roegen criticised the ideas of
2061:By the time Grinevald suggested the term
1943:, and have also been used to support the
1866:Degrowth movements draw on the values of
1792:caps, declining caps on resource use and
1579:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
7478:
6699:
6102:
5505:
5503:
5433:
5431:
5407:The Entropy Law and the Economic Process
5366:
5238:
5106:The Limits to Growth: The 30-year Update
4864:"The anti-colonial politics of degrowth"
4631:
4601:
4051:
3493:
3491:
3287:
2011:The Entropy Law and the Economic Process
1957:The Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update
1556:
1302:
458:Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers
7515:. Lincoln & London: U. Neb. Press.
7412:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7285:Towards a Political Economy of Degrowth
7258:Cudd, Ann E.; Holmstrom, Nancy (2011).
7145:
7143:
7065:
6862:
6813:Journal of Australian Political Economy
6751:
6700:Tunstall, Elizabeth Dori (2015-05-05).
6452:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5362:
5360:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5249:
5247:
5233:
5231:
5128:
5050:
4490:
3753:EEB – The European Environmental Bureau
3738:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3386:
2534:measures, job cuts, or lower salaries.
2515:
2468:Ineffectiveness and better alternatives
2272:and its 2021 update have asserted that
2131:Petit traité de la décroissance sereine
1885:
1396:
1261:The ever-expanding use of resources by
27:Political, economic and social movement
14:
9025:
7601:
7574:
7551:
7536:
7505:
7092:
7061:
7059:
6858:
6856:
6668:
6606:; Clark, Brett; York, Richard (2010).
6416:
6414:
6412:
5916:
5591:
5554:
4892:
4861:
4751:
4686:
4636:. London: Pluto Press. pp. 21–36.
4623:
4576:
4510:Schneider, Francois; Sekulova, Filka.
4164:
3420:
3418:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3333:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
1408:and render harmless the corresponding
1144:Degrowth theory is highly critical of
9073:Environmental social science concepts
8426:
8214:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral
7706:
6478:10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025941
6236:van den Bergh, Jeroen C.J.M. (2011).
6056:
5500:
5428:
5393:
5154:
5152:
5150:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4529:
3836:
3616:
3488:
3479:
3329:
3327:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3044:. New York: Routledge. pp. 1–17.
2683:
2178:and Robert Prescott-Allen—editors of
1974:Lasting influence of Georgescu-Roegen
1928:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1855:(1819–1900), in the United States by
1373:
443:Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic
7472:
7366:
7301:
7140:
6912:Agronomy for Sustainable Development
6563:
5606:
5548:
5466:
5377:(Book info page at publisher's site)
5357:
5305:
5244:
5228:
5001:Degrowth: A Vocabulary for a New Era
4711:
3994:Lorek, Sylvia; Fuchs, Doris (2013).
3532:
3288:Horowitz, Julia (13 November 2022).
3253:
3251:
3148:Degrowth: A Vocabulary for a New Era
3088:
3086:
2452:modernity with the growth paradigm.
2324:
2265:is linked to the ecological crisis.
1456:Degrowth and sustainable development
7577:Foundations of Real-World Economics
7056:
6853:
6764:
6409:
5919:"The dark side of the Nordic model"
5820:Kolinjivadi, Vijay (2 April 2020).
3415:
3352:
3129:
2570:
2447:Criticisms, challenges and dilemmas
1279:redistribution of income and wealth
24:
7530:
6999:The Metabolic Pattern of Societies
6707:Swinburne University of Technology
6169:10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102760
5948:"Research & Degrowth homepage"
5763:"Scientists' warning on affluence"
5147:
4987:
4893:Wuttke, Tobias (19 January 2021).
4392:
4216:Heikkurinen, Pasi (October 2018).
4115:Diesendorf, Mark (22 April 2022).
3324:
3300:
3276:
3232:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.91041-9
3042:Degrowth: Vocabulary for a New Era
2388:Relation to other social movements
2236:In a June 2020 paper published in
1826:sees an opportunity to learn from
1608:ensuring ecological sustainability
25:
9084:
7732:
7638:
7602:Kallis, Giorgos (February 2015).
7190:European Journal of Social Theory
6057:Balch, Oliver (4 February 2013).
5917:Hickel, Jason (6 December 2019).
5592:Kallis, Giorgos (February 2015).
4602:Federici, Silvia (17 June 2020).
3340:The Commons Social Change Library
3248:
3083:
2590:and Fred Magdoff, in common with
2145:Schumacher and Buddhist economics
1990:The degrowth movement recognises
1598:are associated with higher human
430:Profit over People: Neoliberalism
400:Future Primitive and Other Essays
9010:
8998:
8986:
8936:
8935:
8925:
8541:
7645:
7433:
7406:
7333:
7276:
7251:
7218:
7113:
7086:
7080:10.3197/096327113X13581561725310
7023:
6990:
6932:
6899:
6834:
6797:
6745:
6714:
6693:
6662:
6584:
6512:
6485:
6376:
6354:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00659.x
6333:
6185:
6142:10.3197/096327113X13581561725239
5996:. International Degrowth Network
5412:(Full book accessible at Scribd)
4345:
3562:10.3197/096327113X13581561725194
3107:10.3197/096327113X13581561725194
3008: This article incorporates
3003:
2506:
2397:movement is especially visible.
1709:
1640:The degrowth movement builds on
1613:
1119:finiteness of material resources
902:
901:
8710:Science, technology and society
7537:Berwyn, Bob (January 9, 2024).
6148:
6121:
6096:
6069:
6050:
6025:
6007:
5986:
5980:"Beyond Growth 2023 Conference"
5972:
5958:
5940:
5910:
5872:
5839:
5813:
5750:
5738:. University of New South Wales
5721:
5695:
5668:
5643:
5630:
5195:
5072:
5044:
5017:
4952:
4901:
4886:
4819:
4745:
4730:
4705:
4680:
4556:. Routledge. pp. 223–230.
4545:
4523:
4503:
4491:Bordera, Juan (27 April 2022).
4484:
4477:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102287
4443:
4418:
4357:
4251:
4209:
4170:
4157:
4108:
4070:
3987:
3938:
3867:
3849:
3830:
3804:
3765:
3695:
3645:
3610:
3568:
3482:Slow Down: A Degrowth Manifesto
3473:
3443:
3380:
2295:In a 2022 comment published in
1763:by various indigenous peoples.
1137:, and ecologically sustainable
339:The Theory of the Leisure Class
7681:International Degrowth Network
7400:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.017
7262:. Cambridge University Press.
7172:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.008
6446:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.035
6286:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.04.001
6254:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.035
6019:International Degrowth Network
5640:. New York: Perennial Library.
5586:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.12.007
5351:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.04.017
4981:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107968
4095:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.025
3901:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107703
3659:Environmental Research Letters
3517:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108324
3215:
3048:
2696:
2379:International Degrowth Network
2329:
1859:(1817–1862), and in Russia by
1541:. However, the convergence of
309:Sustainable consumer behaviour
13:
1:
8235:The Moon and the Sledgehammer
7427:10.1080/08935696.2020.1847014
7327:10.1016/j.futures.2018.09.002
7107:10.1016/S0276-5624(01)80022-6
7030:Pinker, Steven (2019-01-03).
6885:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.237
6865:Journal of Cleaner Production
6790:10.1016/j.futures.2018.09.002
6727:Theory, Culture & Society
5966:"Post-Growth 2018 Conference"
5285:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.10.019
5264:Journal of Cleaner Production
5254:Kerschner, Christian (2010).
5161:Journal of Industrial Ecology
5056:Thinking in Systems: A Primer
5054:(2008). Wright, Diana (ed.).
4935:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132764
4914:Journal of Cleaner Production
4762:10.1080/08854300.2018.1509619
4666:10.1080/13545701.2021.1942511
4281:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.077
4261:Journal of Cleaner Production
4245:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.070
4225:Journal of Cleaner Production
4203:10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00214-7
4141:10.1080/14693062.2022.2061407
4023:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.008
4003:Journal of Cleaner Production
3826:: 196–213 – via Paecon.
3790:10.1080/13563467.2019.1598964
3639:10.1080/13504509.2015.1088485
3604:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.016
3584:Journal of Cleaner Production
3401:10.1080/08935696.2020.1847014
3334:Nelson, Anitra (2024-01-31).
3077:10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.01.014
3057:Journal of Cleaner Production
2997:
2919:Critique of political economy
2885:
2617:
2462:Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh
2455:
2433:Commons-based peer production
2313:and others say that both the
2218:Sustainable Development Goals
1545:of knowledge and design with
1524:Rebound effect (conservation)
1342:European Environmental Bureau
1292:
1191:
358:The Society of the Spectacle
8454:Environmental social science
7229:. Harvard University Press.
6422:van den Bergh, Jeroen C.J.M.
6107:. Univ of California Press.
5133:. Chelsea Green Publishing.
5038:10.1080/17448689.2013.788935
4880:10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102404
4716:. Hamburg: Argument Verlag.
3724:10.1080/14693062.2014.992003
2832:Chinese Communist Revolution
2636:Political and social spheres
2602:and others focus on endless
2565:sociological characteristics
2553:Systems theoretical critique
2170:Ecological and social issues
1367:Council of Foreign Relations
1184:and environmental collapse.
543:Institute for Social Ecology
7:
8493:Environmental communication
7697:issue on "Planned Degrowth"
7608:Great Transition Initiative
7491:. Cambridge: Polity Press.
5599:Great Transition Initiative
5515:"Energy and Economic Myths"
4862:Hickel, Jason (June 2021).
4456:Global Environmental Change
3820:Real-World Economics Review
3774:"Is Green Growth Possible?"
3429:. New Delhi: Tulika Books.
2894:
2740:
2719:projected global population
1926:, asked researchers at the
1766:
1748:and seeks to recognize the
1635:
1074:critical of the concept of
722:Anti-globalization movement
10:
9089:
8478:Environmental anthropology
7604:"The Degrowth Alternative"
7442:Social Theory & Health
6966:10.1038/s41467-017-01410-w
6219:10.1007/s11625-023-01378-1
6015:"Pontevedra Assembly 2024"
5789:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y
5636:Schumacher, E. F. (1973).
5594:"The Degrowth Alternative"
5511:Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas
5439:Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas
5401:Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas
5206:. New Society Publishers.
5003:. Routledge. p. 134.
4323:10.1038/s41467-021-22884-9
3201:10.1038/d41586-022-04412-x
2817:due to its undermining of
2809:and increased spatial and
2574:
2521:associations. Research in
1983:
1977:
1521:
1478:would result in increased
1459:
1400:
1377:
1296:
972:Natural resource economics
214:Feminist political ecology
144:Compulsive buying disorder
29:
8921:
8770:
8550:
8539:
8460:
8272:
8205:
8154:
8048:
7992:
7984:Twelve Tribes communities
7891:
7740:
7454:10.1057/s41285-017-0051-4
6925:10.1007/s13593-013-0181-6
6318:10.3758/s13428-012-0314-x
6305:Behavior Research Methods
6103:Cederlof, Gustav (2023).
5522:Southern Economic Journal
5080:"The Limits to Growth+50"
3963:10.1177/00368504231201372
3837:Bardi, Ugo (2018-08-05).
2970:Prosperity Without Growth
2248:environmental destruction
2006:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
1980:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
1547:distributed manufacturing
1363:Sustain Development Goals
1275:environmental degradation
1248:unsustainable development
1241:current biodiversity loss
612:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
119:Collaborative consumption
8508:Environmental psychology
7489:(PDF contains full book)
7342:Education as Enforcement
7202:10.1177/1368431018786379
7122:Journal of Communication
6739:10.1177/0263276416657600
6578:10.1504/IJTM.2016.081574
6393:10.1017/cbo9781139032490
5557:"In defense of degrowth"
5555:Kallis, Giorgos (2011).
5456:(PDF contains full book)
5129:Randers, Jorgen (2012).
5026:Journal of Civil Society
4687:Kallis, Giorgos (2018).
4577:Waring, Marilyn (1989).
3680:10.1088/1748-9326/ab842a
2903:A Blueprint for Survival
2795:socioeconomic inequality
2644:is deeply entrenched in
2475:technological innovation
2187:A Blueprint for Survival
1853:Arts and Crafts movement
1725:, which is sustained by
1504:Postdevelopment theories
1417:Global Footprint Network
922:Gross National Happiness
680:Related social movements
555:Rage Against the Machine
482:Organizations and groups
169:Criticism of advertising
30:Not to be confused with
9068:Environmental economics
9058:Environmental movements
8513:Environmental sociology
8488:Environmental economics
8468:Ecological anthropology
7974:Testimony of simplicity
7892:Religious and spiritual
7853:Subsistence agriculture
7848:Slow movement (culture)
6385:The Rationalizing Voter
5458:(2nd ed.). Paris:
4177:Binswanger, M. (2001).
2652:societies, such as the
2408:in Mexico, the Kurdish
2225:sustainable agriculture
1945:sustainable development
1839:Origins of the movement
1821:economic anthropologist
1774:universal basic incomes
1469:sustainable development
1462:Sustainable development
1299:Eco-economic decoupling
942:Influence of mass media
872:Consumption (sociology)
867:Consumption (economics)
717:Anti-corporate activism
314:Sustainable consumption
149:Conspicuous consumption
8993:Business and economics
8503:Environmental politics
8305:Appropriate technology
7863:Sustainable sanitation
7808:Low-impact development
6461:"Research On Degrowth"
6198:Sustainability Science
5894:10.1093/biosci/biab079
5320:; et al. (2010).
4845:10.24142/raju.v12n24a2
4752:Salleh, Ariel (1997).
4624:Fraser, Nancy (2017).
3362:Hickel, Jason (2021).
3034:Introduction: Degrowth
2935:Postdevelopment theory
2799:ecological devastation
2703:industrial agriculture
2404:in Latin America, the
2099:
1949:environmental problems
1908:
1828:modern monetary theory
1562:
1448:increase the planet's
1308:
1146:free market capitalism
1112:human living standards
1100:environmental sciences
1080:gross domestic product
519:Earth Liberation Front
463:So, What's Your Price?
438:The Cultural Creatives
8598:Ecological humanities
8498:Environmental history
8221:Escape from Affluenza
7798:Intentional community
7676:Research and Degrowth
7618:(November 18, 2017).
7585:10.4324/9781003174356
7575:Komlos, John (2023).
7350:10.4324/9780203465585
7225:Felski, Rita (2009).
7007:10.4324/9780203635926
6946:Nature Communications
6593:, Ere, 2006, p. 68-69
6521:Nature Climate Change
6342:Psychological Science
5856:10.1093/biosci/biz088
5768:Nature Communications
5759:Steinberger, Julia K.
5488:. In Flipo, Fabrice;
5379:. London: Routledge.
4712:Haug, Frigga (2009).
4691:. Agenda Publishing.
4632:Bhattacharya, Tithi.
4581:. London: Macmillan.
4530:Schneider, François.
4303:Nature Communications
4150:1959.4/unsworks_80159
4065:Le Monde Diplomatique
4060:Latouche, S. (2004).
3778:New Political Economy
3480:Saito, Kohei (2023).
3154:. London: Routledge.
2395:environmental justice
2280:and adopting largely
2239:Nature Communications
2201:was published by the
2082:
1889:
1560:
1460:Further information:
1446:technological changes
1325:GNI per capita growth
1321:GDP per capita growth
1306:
1287:participatory culture
1092:economic anthropology
952:Intentional community
782:Libertarian socialism
757:Fossil fuel phase-out
507:Deep Green Resistance
468:What Would Jesus Buy?
419:Escape from Affluenza
9063:Environmental ethics
9053:Ecological economics
8690:Integrated geography
8568:Behavioral geography
8473:Ecological economics
8345:Front Porch Republic
8335:Ecological footprint
8155:Modern-day adherents
7555:(October 27, 2020).
7380:Ecological Economics
7152:Ecological Economics
7068:Environmental Values
6670:Foster, John Bellamy
6604:Foster, John Bellamy
6541:10.1038/nclimate3113
6426:Ecological Economics
6274:Ecological Economics
6242:Ecological Economics
6130:Environmental Values
5565:Ecological Economics
5330:Ecological Economics
5318:MartĂnez-Alier, Juan
4961:Ecological Economics
4756:. pp. 153–174.
4183:Ecological Economics
4167:), pp.172–73, 333–34
4083:Ecological Economics
3928:footprintnetwork.org
3880:Ecological Economics
3843:The Oil Drum: Europe
3550:Environmental Values
3504:Ecological Economics
3263:World Economic Forum
3095:Environmental Values
2981:Steady-state economy
2777:, which relates the
2604:capital accumulation
2596:Immanuel Wallerstein
2523:political psychology
2516:Negative connotation
2078:steady-state economy
2069:The Limits to Growth
2032:University of Geneva
1933:The Limits to Growth
1886:Club of Rome reports
1830:, which argues that
1814:housing cooperatives
1500:ecological economics
1415:According to a 2005
1403:Ecological footprint
1397:Ecological footprint
1283:economic materialism
1182:ecological overshoot
1096:ecological economics
1088:economic development
977:Non-monetary economy
897:Economic materialism
892:Ecological economics
349:The Affluent Society
299:Steady-state economy
269:Planned obsolescence
199:Ecological economics
8961:Research institutes
8483:Environmental crime
8412:Work–life interface
8295:Anarcho-primitivism
8136:Henry David Thoreau
8020:Open Source Ecology
7544:Inside Climate News
7392:2012EcoEc..84..172K
7227:Gender of Modernity
7164:2017EcoEc.142..306K
6958:2017NatCo...8.1290M
6877:2018JCPro.197.1823G
6533:2017NatCC...7..107V
6438:2011EcoEc..70..881V
6210:2023SuSc...18.2309K
6090:10.1057/dev.2015.24
5781:2020NatCo..11.3107W
5615:Schneider, François
5578:2011EcoEc..70..873K
5490:Schneider, François
5343:2010EcoEc..69.1741M
5277:2010JCPro..18..544K
5173:2021JInEc..25..614H
5052:Meadows, Donella H.
4973:2023EcoEc.21407968O
4926:2022JCPro.36532764F
4868:Political Geography
4539:University of Leeds
4468:2021GEC....6902287V
4315:2021NatCo..12.2676K
4273:2018JCPro.197.1684K
4237:2018JCPro.197.1654H
4195:2001EcoEc..36..119B
4133:2022CliPo..22..882D
4015:2013JCPro..38...36L
3892:2023EcoEc.20507703C
3863:. October 20, 2009.
3716:2016CliPo..16..165A
3671:2020ERL....15f5003H
3631:2015IJSDW..22..510G
3596:2017JCPro.149..321C
3484:. Astra Publishing.
3451:"What is degrowth?"
3193:2022Natur.612..400H
3069:2010JCPro..18..511S
2731:labour productivity
2711:organic agriculture
2588:John Bellamy Foster
2418:sufficiency economy
2373:European Parliament
2192:deindustrialization
2109:By the 2000s, when
1904:Thinking in Systems
1857:Henry David Thoreau
1802:deliberative forums
1340:rates. In 2021 NGO
1333:relative decoupling
1329:Absolute decoupling
1225:Holocene Extinction
1104:development studies
1002:Subsistence economy
927:Heterodox economics
847:Advanced capitalism
702:Anarcho-primitivism
687:Alter-globalization
667:Henry David Thoreau
354:One-Dimensional Man
219:Food loss and waste
209:Ethical consumerism
194:Earth Overshoot Day
154:Consumer capitalism
134:Commodity fetishism
89:Autonomous building
79:Alternative culture
8931:Environment portal
8685:Industrial ecology
8370:Intentional living
8256:Small Is Beautiful
8131:George Skene Keith
7979:Tolstoyan movement
7878:War tax resistance
7858:Sustainable living
7655:has a profile for
7485:Farewell to Growth
7415:Rethinking Marxism
7134:10.1093/joc/jqy002
6498:Canadian Dimension
5994:"Movement History"
5479:Grinevald, Jacques
5443:Grinevald, Jacques
5181:10.1111/jiec.13084
4654:Feminist Economics
4386:2023-04-10 at the
3857:"Peak Oil Reports"
3461:on 30 January 2021
3389:Rethinking Marxism
3318:The New York Times
3226:. pp. 24–30.
2924:Degrowth advocates
2684:Land privatisation
2560:sustainable growth
2416:in India, and the
2244:sustainable growth
2164:Buddhist economics
2155:Small Is Beautiful
1832:monetary sovereign
1642:feminist economics
1563:
1442:standard of living
1380:Resource depletion
1374:Resource depletion
1309:
957:Left-wing politics
862:Consumer behaviour
797:Occupy Wall Street
390:Small Is Beautiful
109:Buddhist economics
62:Theories and ideas
8974:
8973:
8813:Green criminology
8573:Community studies
8528:Political ecology
8420:
8419:
8380:Rainbow Gathering
8249:The Power of Half
8242:Mother Earth News
8061:Ernest Callenbach
7993:Secular movements
7661:
7616:Milanovic, Branko
7594:978-1-003-17435-6
7498:978-0-7456-4616-9
7473:Reference details
7359:978-1-134-00081-4
7294:978-1-78660-896-3
7269:978-1-139-49379-6
7034:. Penguin Books.
7032:Enlightenment Now
7016:978-1-136-61994-6
6500:. Open Publishing
6402:978-0-521-76350-9
6114:978-0-520-39313-4
6043:978-1-78904-186-6
5968:. September 2018.
5213:978-0-86571-986-6
5140:978-1-60358-422-7
5115:978-1-931498-51-7
5108:. Chelsea Green.
5065:978-1-60358-055-7
5010:978-1-134-44977-4
4723:978-978-3-88619-3
4698:978-1-911116-79-0
4563:978-1-351-36523-9
3373:978-1-78609-121-5
3241:978-0-08-097087-5
3187:(7940): 400–403.
2991:Uneconomic growth
2947:Paradox of thrift
2930:Political ecology
2851:political ecology
2807:individualization
2787:political economy
2775:Marxist tradition
2646:market capitalist
2642:growth imperative
2608:growth imperative
2486:disposable income
2420:in Thailand. The
2325:Degrowth movement
2311:Julia Steinberger
2282:plant-based diets
2278:population growth
2174:In January 1972,
2036:Jacques Grinevald
2020:carrying capacity
2016:natural resources
1992:Romanian American
1918:headquartered in
1804:, reclaiming the
1796:, not-for-profit
1654:reproductive work
1533:", also known as
1502:must incorporate
1450:carrying capacity
1438:economic equality
1158:self-organization
1108:ecological damage
1061:
1060:
907:Economic problems
732:Diggers (theater)
697:Anarcho-communism
565:The Venus Project
395:To Have or to Be?
279:Political ecology
234:Green consumption
94:Billboard hacking
16:(Redirected from
9080:
9015:
9014:
9003:
9002:
8991:
8990:
8982:
8939:
8938:
8929:
8861:natural resource
8545:
8533:Regional science
8447:
8440:
8433:
8424:
8423:
8320:Critique of work
8300:Anti-consumerism
8167:Robin Greenfield
8126:E. F. Schumacher
8066:G. K. Chesterton
8000:Back-to-the-land
7838:Self-sufficiency
7778:Forest gardening
7727:
7720:
7713:
7704:
7703:
7686:Degrowth Journal
7659:
7649:
7648:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7624:globalinequality
7611:
7598:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7548:
7526:
7502:
7490:
7466:
7465:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7410:
7404:
7403:
7375:
7364:
7363:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7310:
7299:
7298:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7185:
7176:
7175:
7147:
7138:
7137:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7063:
7054:
7053:
7027:
7021:
7020:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6977:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6860:
6851:
6850:
6847:The Conversation
6838:
6832:
6831:
6810:
6801:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6672:(July 1, 2023).
6666:
6660:
6659:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6638:Internet Archive
6613:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6418:
6407:
6406:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6320:
6311:(4): 1191–1207.
6296:
6290:
6289:
6269:
6258:
6257:
6233:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6204:(5): 2309–2322.
6189:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6084:(3–4): 362–375.
6073:
6067:
6066:
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6048:
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6029:
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6011:
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5944:
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5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5682:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5653:. Archived from
5647:
5641:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5613:Flipo, Fabrice;
5610:
5604:
5603:
5589:
5561:
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5519:
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5498:
5497:
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5475:
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5463:
5460:Sang de la terre
5457:
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5426:
5425:
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5391:
5390:
5378:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5337:(9): 1741–1747.
5326:
5314:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5293:
5287:. Archived from
5260:
5251:
5242:
5235:
5226:
5225:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5156:
5145:
5144:
5126:
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5092:
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5076:
5070:
5069:
5048:
5042:
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4949:
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4937:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4811:. Archived from
4789:Degrowth Journal
4780:
4774:
4773:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4649:
4638:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4507:
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4488:
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4481:
4479:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4396:
4390:
4381:Alternative Link
4379:
4377:
4375:
4361:
4355:
4350:Available under
4349:
4344:
4334:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4222:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4174:
4168:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4074:
4068:
4058:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4039:
4033:. Archived from
4000:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3951:Science Progress
3942:
3936:
3935:
3930:. Archived from
3920:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3581:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3545:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3457:. Archived from
3447:
3441:
3440:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3309:
3298:
3297:
3285:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3142:
3127:
3126:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3007:
2914:Anti-consumerism
2763:infant mortality
2571:Marxist critique
2530:and its ensuing
2227:, reductions in
2176:Edward Goldsmith
2150:E. F. Schumacher
2044:
1906:
1746:social movements
1704:Degrowth Journal
1685:direct democracy
1577:reported by the
1575:1.5 °C scenarios
1569:such as current
1567:economic metrics
1518:"Rebound effect"
1178:green capitalism
1166:relational goods
1082:as a measure of
1053:
1046:
1039:
987:Post-materialism
905:
904:
822:Social anarchism
747:Environmentalism
662:Bernard Stiegler
657:E. F. Schumacher
617:Edward Goldsmith
432:and Global Order
415:
381:
369:
284:Post-consumerism
239:Hyperconsumerism
54:Anti-consumerism
41:
40:
21:
9088:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9081:
9079:
9078:
9077:
9023:
9022:
9021:
9009:
8997:
8985:
8977:
8975:
8970:
8917:
8766:
8737:Systems ecology
8721:Sustainability
8715:science studies
8700:Rural sociology
8546:
8537:
8523:Human geography
8456:
8451:
8421:
8416:
8350:Green anarchism
8268:
8201:
8150:
8049:Notable writers
8044:
8040:Transition town
7988:
7944:New Monasticism
7887:
7736:
7731:
7699:. July 1, 2023.
7667:
7666:
7665:
7650:
7646:
7641:
7628:
7626:
7595:
7565:
7563:
7533:
7531:Further reading
7523:
7512:Green Illusions
7499:
7488:
7480:Latouche, Serge
7475:
7470:
7469:
7438:
7434:
7411:
7407:
7376:
7367:
7360:
7338:
7334:
7311:
7302:
7295:
7281:
7277:
7270:
7256:
7252:
7237:
7223:
7219:
7186:
7179:
7148:
7141:
7118:
7114:
7091:
7087:
7064:
7057:
7042:
7028:
7024:
7017:
6995:
6991:
6937:
6933:
6904:
6900:
6861:
6854:
6839:
6835:
6815:(86): 379–405.
6808:
6802:
6798:
6769:
6765:
6754:Social Research
6750:
6746:
6719:
6715:
6698:
6694:
6684:
6682:
6667:
6663:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6626:
6601:
6597:
6589:
6585:
6562:
6558:
6517:
6513:
6503:
6501:
6490:
6486:
6457:
6453:
6419:
6410:
6403:
6381:
6377:
6338:
6334:
6297:
6293:
6270:
6261:
6234:
6227:
6190:
6186:
6153:
6149:
6126:
6122:
6115:
6101:
6097:
6074:
6070:
6055:
6051:
6044:
6030:
6026:
6013:
6012:
6008:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5927:
5925:
5915:
5911:
5877:
5873:
5844:
5840:
5830:
5828:
5818:
5814:
5755:
5751:
5741:
5739:
5732:(Press release)
5731:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5660:
5658:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5635:
5631:
5623:
5617:, eds. (2008).
5611:
5607:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5534:10.2307/1056148
5517:
5508:
5501:
5485:
5476:
5467:
5455:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5411:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5376:
5368:Bonaiuti, Mauro
5365:
5358:
5324:
5315:
5306:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5258:
5252:
5245:
5236:
5229:
5214:
5200:
5196:
5157:
5148:
5141:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5049:
5045:
5022:
5018:
5011:
4997:
4988:
4957:
4953:
4906:
4902:
4891:
4887:
4860:
4853:
4824:
4820:
4781:
4777:
4750:
4746:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4685:
4681:
4650:
4641:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4550:
4546:
4534:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4489:
4485:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4388:Wayback Machine
4373:
4371:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4295:
4288:
4256:
4252:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4175:
4171:
4162:
4158:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4075:
4071:
4059:
4052:
4043:
4041:
4037:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3943:
3939:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3872:
3868:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3835:
3831:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3700:
3696:
3650:
3646:
3615:
3611:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3546:
3533:
3496:
3489:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3423:
3416:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3360:
3353:
3344:
3342:
3332:
3325:
3310:
3301:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3220:
3216:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3151:
3143:
3130:
3091:
3084:
3053:
3049:
3030:
3023:
3000:
2995:
2986:Transition town
2959:Post-capitalism
2897:
2888:
2821:, aligned with
2811:social mobility
2759:life expectancy
2755:gender equality
2743:
2699:
2686:
2638:
2625:
2620:
2579:
2573:
2555:
2543:backfire effect
2518:
2509:
2482:rebound effects
2470:
2458:
2449:
2390:
2381:
2332:
2327:
2274:economic growth
2172:
2147:
2089:
2038:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1907:
1900:Donella Meadows
1898:
1888:
1841:
1808:, establishing
1769:
1752:to achieve the
1750:ecological debt
1727:economic growth
1712:
1662:Silvia Federici
1638:
1616:
1604:economic system
1596:public services
1555:
1543:digital commons
1526:
1520:
1492:overconsumption
1476:economic growth
1464:
1458:
1421:global hectares
1405:
1399:
1382:
1376:
1311:The concept of
1301:
1295:
1194:
1150:public services
1123:life expectancy
1057:
1028:
1027:
1026:
962:McDonaldization
947:Informal sector
841:
833:
832:
831:
762:Green anarchism
712:Anti-capitalism
681:
673:
672:
671:
642:Donella Meadows
591:
581:
580:
579:
484:
474:
473:
472:
453:The Corporation
434:
431:
405:
385:Steal This Book
375:
359:
344:Brave New World
328:
320:
319:
318:
274:Right to repair
264:Overconsumption
254:Microgeneration
174:Culture jamming
129:Commodification
114:Buy Nothing Day
99:Buyer's remorse
84:Anti-capitalism
63:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9086:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9048:Green politics
9045:
9043:Sustainability
9040:
9035:
9020:
9019:
9007:
8995:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8933:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8914:
8913:
8908:
8900:
8899:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8870:
8869:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8840:
8839:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8815:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8795:
8790:
8789:
8788:
8783:
8774:
8772:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8763:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8739:
8734:
8733:
8732:
8727:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8676:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8655:
8654:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8617:Environmental
8615:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8600:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8554:
8552:
8548:
8547:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8464:
8462:
8458:
8457:
8450:
8449:
8442:
8435:
8427:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8409:
8407:Sustainability
8404:
8399:
8394:
8392:Low-technology
8389:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8377:
8367:
8362:
8360:Global warming
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8276:
8274:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8238:
8231:
8224:
8217:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8177:Pentti Linkola
8174:
8169:
8164:
8158:
8156:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8091:Harlan Hubbard
8088:
8086:Tom Hodgkinson
8083:
8078:
8076:Mahatma Gandhi
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8052:
8050:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7996:
7994:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7924:Jesus movement
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7803:Local currency
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7744:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7715:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7695:Monthly Review
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7651:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7639:External links
7637:
7636:
7635:
7612:
7599:
7593:
7572:
7549:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7522:978-0803237759
7521:
7503:
7497:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7448:(2): 188–207.
7432:
7405:
7365:
7358:
7332:
7300:
7293:
7275:
7268:
7250:
7235:
7217:
7196:(2): 238–257.
7177:
7139:
7128:(2): 318–326.
7112:
7085:
7074:(2): 261–285.
7055:
7040:
7022:
7015:
6989:
6931:
6918:(2): 251–274.
6898:
6852:
6833:
6796:
6763:
6744:
6713:
6692:
6679:Monthly Review
6661:
6656:Monthly Review
6643:
6624:
6616:Monthly Review
6595:
6583:
6572:(4): 296–309.
6556:
6527:(2): 107–112.
6511:
6484:
6471:(1): 291–316.
6451:
6432:(5): 881–890.
6408:
6401:
6375:
6348:(4): 243–247.
6332:
6291:
6259:
6248:(5): 881–890.
6225:
6184:
6147:
6136:(2): 217–239.
6120:
6113:
6095:
6068:
6049:
6042:
6024:
6006:
5985:
5971:
5957:
5939:
5909:
5888:(9): 894–898.
5871:
5838:
5812:
5775:(3107): 3107.
5749:
5720:
5707:Deutsche Welle
5694:
5667:
5642:
5629:
5605:
5572:(5): 873–880.
5547:
5528:(3): 347–381.
5499:
5465:
5427:
5421:978-0674257801
5420:
5392:
5385:
5370:, ed. (2011).
5356:
5304:
5271:(6): 544–551.
5243:
5227:
5212:
5194:
5167:(3): 614–626.
5146:
5139:
5121:
5114:
5096:
5071:
5064:
5043:
5032:(2): 212–224.
5016:
5009:
4986:
4951:
4900:
4885:
4851:
4834:(in Spanish).
4818:
4815:on 4 May 2023.
4775:
4744:
4729:
4722:
4704:
4697:
4679:
4639:
4616:
4594:
4587:
4569:
4562:
4544:
4522:
4502:
4497:Monthly Review
4483:
4442:
4417:
4391:
4356:
4286:
4250:
4208:
4169:
4156:
4127:(7): 882–896.
4121:Climate Policy
4107:
4069:
4050:
3986:
3937:
3934:on 2009-10-01.
3924:"Data Sources"
3915:
3866:
3861:Resilience.org
3848:
3829:
3803:
3784:(4): 469–486.
3764:
3737:
3710:(2): 165–177.
3704:Climate Policy
3694:
3644:
3625:(6): 510–519.
3609:
3567:
3556:(2): 191–215.
3531:
3487:
3472:
3442:
3435:
3414:
3379:
3372:
3351:
3323:
3299:
3275:
3247:
3240:
3214:
3167:
3160:
3128:
3101:(2): 191–215.
3082:
3063:(6): 511–518.
3047:
3020:
3019:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2779:superstructure
2751:social justice
2742:
2739:
2698:
2695:
2685:
2682:
2637:
2634:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2572:
2569:
2554:
2551:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2469:
2466:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2422:Cuban economic
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2303:Giorgos Kallis
2234:
2233:
2221:
2214:
2210:
2171:
2168:
2146:
2143:
2139:Mauro Bonaiuti
2135:Serge Latouche
1978:Main article:
1975:
1972:
1961:Jørgen Randers
1896:
1887:
1884:
1849:William Morris
1840:
1837:
1790:maximum income
1782:job guarantees
1768:
1765:
1711:
1708:
1658:Marilyn Waring
1637:
1634:
1615:
1612:
1554:
1551:
1535:Jevons paradox
1531:rebound effect
1522:Main article:
1519:
1516:
1457:
1454:
1429:North American
1401:Main article:
1398:
1395:
1378:Main article:
1375:
1372:
1359:New York Times
1347:global warming
1297:Main article:
1294:
1291:
1271:
1270:
1267:neocolonialism
1259:
1244:
1233:global warming
1221:
1193:
1190:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1007:Sustainability
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
899:
894:
889:
887:Disneyfication
884:
882:Counterculture
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
843:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
830:
829:
827:Social ecology
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
772:Green politics
769:
764:
759:
754:
752:Food Not Bombs
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
683:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
637:Serge Latouche
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
597:Mauro Bonaiuti
593:
592:
587:
586:
583:
582:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
560:Reverend Billy
557:
552:
549:Monthly Review
545:
540:
533:
528:
521:
516:
513:Democracy Now!
509:
504:
499:
494:
486:
485:
480:
479:
476:
475:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
428:
426:
421:
416:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
370:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
259:Non-possession
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
179:Do it yourself
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
64:
61:
60:
57:
56:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9085:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9038:Simple living
9036:
9034:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8983:
8980:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8934:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8923:
8920:
8912:
8911:environmental
8909:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8876:environmental
8874:
8873:
8871:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8846:environmental
8844:
8843:
8841:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8821:environmental
8819:
8818:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8807:
8806:environmental
8804:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8793:Ecopsychology
8791:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8777:Architecture
8776:
8775:
8773:
8769:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8660:
8659:
8656:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8592:
8591:environmental
8589:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8563:Anthrozoology
8561:
8559:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8549:
8544:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8518:Human ecology
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8448:
8443:
8441:
8436:
8434:
8429:
8428:
8425:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8355:The good life
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8258:
8257:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8228:The Good Life
8225:
8223:
8222:
8218:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8204:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8187:Peace Pilgrim
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8172:Ted Kaczynski
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8121:Dugald Semple
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8111:Peace Pilgrim
8109:
8107:
8106:Scott Nearing
8104:
8102:
8101:Helen Nearing
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8081:Richard Gregg
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8056:Wendell Berry
8054:
8053:
8051:
8047:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8010:Environmental
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7991:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7890:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7873:Vegetarianism
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7734:Simple living
7728:
7723:
7721:
7716:
7714:
7709:
7708:
7705:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7663:
7662:
7654:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7600:
7596:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7573:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7553:Hickel, Jason
7550:
7546:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7534:
7524:
7518:
7514:
7513:
7508:
7507:Zehner, Ozzie
7504:
7500:
7494:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7477:
7476:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7436:
7428:
7424:
7421:(1): 98–110.
7420:
7416:
7409:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7361:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7296:
7290:
7286:
7279:
7271:
7265:
7261:
7254:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7236:9780674036796
7232:
7228:
7221:
7212:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7184:
7182:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7146:
7144:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7116:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7062:
7060:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7041:9780141979090
7037:
7033:
7026:
7018:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6993:
6985:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6935:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6871:: 1823–1839.
6870:
6866:
6859:
6857:
6848:
6844:
6837:
6829:
6825:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6791:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6767:
6759:
6755:
6748:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6717:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6696:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6625:9781583673898
6621:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6605:
6599:
6592:
6587:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6560:
6551:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6515:
6499:
6495:
6488:
6479:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6455:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6404:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6230:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6151:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6124:
6116:
6110:
6106:
6099:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6045:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6020:
6016:
6010:
5995:
5989:
5981:
5975:
5967:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5936:
5924:
5920:
5913:
5904:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5875:
5866:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5737:
5730:
5724:
5709:. May 6, 2019
5708:
5704:
5698:
5679:
5678:
5671:
5657:on 2009-09-07
5656:
5652:
5646:
5639:
5633:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5609:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5558:
5551:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5461:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5423:
5417:
5409:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5388:
5386:9780415587006
5382:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5363:
5361:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5294:on 2020-04-17
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5250:
5248:
5240:
5239:Latouche 2009
5234:
5232:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5142:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5117:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5067:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5012:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4856:
4846:
4841:
4838:(24): 27–60.
4837:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4635:
4627:
4620:
4605:
4598:
4590:
4588:0-333-49262-5
4584:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4515:
4514:
4513:open localism
4506:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4291:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4267:: 1684–1693.
4266:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4231:: 1654–1665.
4230:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4189:(1): 119–32.
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4040:on 2024-01-05
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3839:"Peak Caviar"
3833:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3665:(6): 065003.
3664:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3476:
3460:
3456:
3455:degrowth.info
3452:
3446:
3438:
3436:9788193732984
3432:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3395:(1): 98–110.
3394:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3161:9781138000766
3157:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3006:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Slow movement
2974:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2858:
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2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2767:unsustainable
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2513:
2507:Study quality
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:externalities
2489:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2465:
2463:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2441:cosmolocalism
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2256:eco-anarchism
2253:
2252:eco-socialism
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:The Ecologist
2177:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2152:'s 1973 book
2151:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2025:world economy
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:mathematician
1993:
1987:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:In 1968, the
1905:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:enlightenment
1869:
1864:
1863:(1828–1910).
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1716:decolonialism
1710:Decolonialism
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1614:Open Localism
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:) including:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
917:Green economy
915:
913:
910:
908:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
837:
836:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
817:Slow movement
815:
813:
812:Situationists
810:
808:
805:
803:
802:Postmodernism
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:Eco-socialism
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
677:
676:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
590:
585:
584:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
539:
538:
537:Green Anarchy
534:
532:
529:
527:
526:
522:
520:
517:
515:
514:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
492:
488:
487:
483:
478:
477:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
433:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
413:
409:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
379:
374:
371:
367:
363:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
327:Notable works
324:
323:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
289:Simple living
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
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187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
59:
58:
55:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
8831:occupational
8826:epidemiology
8797:Engineering
8695:Permaculture
8658:Ethnobiology
8365:Hedonophobia
8329:
8325:Deep ecology
8261:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8096:Satish Kumar
7954:Plain people
7919:Distributism
7833:Sattvic diet
7823:Permaculture
7818:Off-the-grid
7793:Gift economy
7763:Downshifting
7753:Cord-cutting
7693:
7657:
7627:. Retrieved
7623:
7607:
7576:
7564:. Retrieved
7561:Jason Hickel
7560:
7542:
7511:
7484:
7445:
7441:
7435:
7418:
7414:
7408:
7383:
7379:
7341:
7335:
7318:
7314:
7284:
7278:
7259:
7253:
7226:
7220:
7193:
7189:
7155:
7151:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7098:
7094:
7088:
7071:
7067:
7031:
7025:
6998:
6992:
6949:
6945:
6934:
6915:
6911:
6901:
6868:
6864:
6846:
6836:
6812:
6799:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6733:(1): 53–73.
6730:
6726:
6716:
6705:
6695:
6683:. Retrieved
6677:
6664:
6658:. June 2012.
6655:
6646:
6636:– via
6609:
6598:
6590:
6586:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6502:. Retrieved
6497:
6487:
6468:
6464:
6454:
6429:
6425:
6384:
6378:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6308:
6304:
6294:
6277:
6273:
6245:
6241:
6201:
6197:
6187:
6160:
6157:Technovation
6156:
6150:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6104:
6098:
6081:
6077:
6071:
6063:The Guardian
6062:
6052:
6033:
6027:
6021:. June 2024.
6018:
6009:
5998:. Retrieved
5988:
5974:
5960:
5952:Degrowth.org
5951:
5942:
5933:
5926:. Retrieved
5922:
5912:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5847:
5841:
5829:. Retrieved
5826:Uneven Earth
5825:
5815:
5772:
5766:
5752:
5740:. Retrieved
5735:
5723:
5711:. Retrieved
5706:
5697:
5685:. Retrieved
5676:
5670:
5659:. Retrieved
5655:the original
5645:
5637:
5632:
5619:
5608:
5597:
5569:
5563:
5550:
5525:
5521:
5493:
5451:
5406:
5395:
5372:
5334:
5328:
5296:. Retrieved
5289:the original
5268:
5262:
5241:), pp. 13-16
5203:
5197:
5164:
5160:
5130:
5124:
5105:
5099:
5087:. Retrieved
5084:Club of Rome
5083:
5074:
5055:
5046:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5000:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4945:10362/150706
4917:
4913:
4903:
4888:
4871:
4867:
4835:
4831:
4821:
4813:the original
4792:
4788:
4778:
4753:
4747:
4741:. Zed Books.
4738:
4732:
4713:
4707:
4688:
4682:
4657:
4653:
4633:
4625:
4619:
4607:. Retrieved
4597:
4578:
4572:
4553:
4547:
4538:
4525:
4512:
4505:
4496:
4486:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4433:. Retrieved
4429:
4420:
4408:. Retrieved
4406:. 2020-12-07
4403:
4394:
4372:. Retrieved
4368:
4359:
4306:
4302:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4228:
4224:
4211:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4159:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4098:. Retrieved
4086:
4082:
4072:
4064:
4042:. Retrieved
4035:the original
4006:
4002:
3989:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3932:the original
3927:
3918:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3832:
3823:
3819:
3806:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3756:. Retrieved
3752:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3662:
3658:
3647:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3587:
3583:
3570:
3553:
3549:
3507:
3503:
3481:
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3459:the original
3454:
3445:
3426:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3363:
3343:. Retrieved
3339:
3317:
3293:
3267:. Retrieved
3265:. 2022-06-15
3262:
3223:
3217:
3184:
3180:
3147:
3098:
3094:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3041:
3033:
3002:
3001:
2968:
2964:Productivism
2951:
2939:
2901:
2889:
2879:cosmopolitan
2872:
2863:
2859:
2847:Eco-Feminism
2836:
2828:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2772:
2744:
2729:. Moreover,
2707:permaculture
2700:
2691:
2687:
2662:labor market
2654:nation state
2639:
2626:
2592:David Harvey
2581:Traditional
2580:
2556:
2540:
2536:Noam Chomsky
2519:
2510:
2490:
2479:
2471:
2459:
2450:
2437:conviviality
2426:
2413:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2382:
2367:(2018), and
2333:
2307:Juliet Schor
2296:
2294:
2290:Jason Hickel
2267:
2260:
2237:
2235:
2196:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2153:
2148:
2130:
2124:
2111:décroissance
2110:
2108:
2104:décroissance
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2083:
2067:
2063:décroissance
2062:
2060:
2055:
2051:décroissance
2050:
2046:
2029:
2009:
1999:statistician
1989:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1938:
1931:
1912:Club of Rome
1909:
1903:
1892:
1890:
1880:human rights
1876:anthropology
1865:
1842:
1824:Jason Hickel
1818:
1798:cooperatives
1780:reductions,
1770:
1761:sumak kawsay
1758:
1739:
1735:common goods
1731:extractivism
1720:
1713:
1703:
1700:Ariel Salleh
1692:ecofeminisms
1689:
1677:working time
1674:
1666:Nancy Fraser
1639:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1592:green growth
1564:
1527:
1512:
1497:
1488:Global South
1482:, increased
1480:unemployment
1473:
1465:
1414:
1406:
1391:
1383:
1351:
1332:
1328:
1312:
1310:
1272:
1263:Global North
1229:Anthropocene
1198:productivism
1195:
1186:
1174:work sharing
1143:
1116:
1063:
1062:
992:Productivism
982:Permaculture
707:Anarcho-punk
647:Pierre Rabhi
622:Paul Goodman
602:Noam Chomsky
547:
535:
525:Fifth Estate
524:
511:
489:
304:Subvertising
244:Laconophilia
229:Gift economy
189:Durable good
184:Downshifting
164:Conviviality
124:Collapsology
104:Bioeconomics
9017:Environment
8842:Management
8786:sustainable
8558:Agroecology
8397:Nonviolence
8315:Consumerism
8310:Bohemianism
8285:Agrarianism
8141:Leo Tolstoy
8071:Duane Elgin
8030:Small house
7949:Plain dress
7939:Monasticism
7934:Mindfulness
7843:Slow living
7629:25 November
7566:25 November
7386:: 172–180.
7321:: 155–165.
7158:: 306–317.
6952:(1): 1290.
6783:: 155–165.
6280:: 182–187.
6078:Development
5982:. May 2023.
4832:Ratio Juris
4660:(1): 1–28.
4309:(1): 2676.
4165:Zehner 2012
4089:: 304–313.
3590:: 321–334.
2723:arable land
2697:Agriculture
2600:Paul Sweezy
2330:Conferences
2229:consumption
2213:governance.
2184:—published
2160:neo-liberal
2074:Herman Daly
2039: [
1941:zero growth
1924:Switzerland
1861:Leo Tolstoy
1845:John Ruskin
1810:ecovillages
1786:living wage
1681:Frigga Haug
1387:Caspian Sea
1202:consumerism
1070:and social
1017:Veblen good
877:Cooperative
852:Advertising
787:Neo-Luddism
737:Ecofeminism
652:John Ruskin
632:Ivan Illich
607:Erich Fromm
570:The Yes Men
502:CrimethInc.
404:Fight Club
376: [
159:Consumerism
9027:Categories
8801:ecological
8755:metabolism
8705:Sexecology
8602:Economics
8586:ecological
8578:Demography
8340:Food miles
8290:Amateurism
8182:Jim Merkel
8162:Mark Boyle
8116:Nick Rosen
8035:Tiny house
7969:Temperance
7914:Detachment
7909:Asceticism
7904:Aparigraha
7783:Freeganism
7768:Dry toilet
7245:1041150387
7211:10197/9557
7050:1083713125
6828:2539941234
6821:A663469452
6760:: 130–152.
6685:August 20,
6178:11093/4788
6163:: 102760.
6000:2024-05-20
5923:Al Jazeera
5903:1808/30278
5882:BioScience
5865:1808/30278
5848:BioScience
5661:2008-04-10
5298:2016-07-19
5222:1315537859
5089:7 November
4967:: 107968.
4920:: 132764.
4874:: 102404.
4809:Q118151474
4519:. Leipzig.
4462:: 102287.
4404:Resilience
4044:2020-01-17
3886:: 107703.
3758:2022-05-31
3510:: 108324.
3345:2024-02-20
3269:2023-09-11
2998:References
2926:(category)
2886:Healthcare
2867:neoliberal
2855:capitalism
2819:solidarity
2793:, such as
2747:throughput
2727:food waste
2630:Cool Japan
2618:Challenges
2575:See also:
2456:Criticisms
2414:Eco-Swaraj
2406:Zapatistas
2402:Buen Vivir
2341:capitalism
2301:, Hickel,
2286:Al Jazeera
1984:See also:
1953:ecosystems
1920:Winterthur
1916:think tank
1800:, holding
1723:capitalism
1696:Maria Mies
1587:globalized
1539:throughput
1508:Buen vivir
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