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1071:, as well as reduce the "stress and psychological expense that may accompany economic materialism". This new social trend emphasizes finding an improved balance between leisure and work, while also focusing life goals on personal fulfillment, as well as building personal relationships instead of the all-consuming pursuit of economic success.
1321:
In the United States, the UK, and
Australia, a significant minority, approximately 20 to 25 percent, of these countries' citizens identify themselves in some respect as downshifters. Downshifting is not an isolated or unusual choice. Politics still centers around consumerism and unrestricted growth,
1169:
On an individual level, work downshifting is a voluntary reduction in annual income. Downshifters desire meaning in life outside of work and, therefore, will opt to decrease the amount of time spent at work or work hours. Reducing the number of hours of work, consequently, lowers the amount earned.
1313:
as the source of much personal discontent. By redefining life satisfaction in non-material terms, downshifters assume an alternative lifestyle but continue to coexist in a society and political system preoccupied with the economy. In general, downshifters are politically apathetic because mainstream
1113:
Because of its personalized nature and emphasis on many minor changes, rather than complete lifestyle overhaul, downshifting attracts participants from across the socioeconomic spectrum. An intrinsic consequence of downshifting is increased time for non-work-related activities, which, combined with
1223:. Men who down-shift their work life to part time hours at the age of 60 to 65 however benefit from continuing to work a part-time job through a semi retirement even over the age of 70. This is an example of how flexible working policies can be a key to being healthy while in retirement.
1250:-conscious. These consumption habits also facilitate the option of working and earning less because annual spending is proportionally lower. Reducing spending is less demanding than more extreme downshifts in other areas, like employment, as it requires only minor lifestyle changes.
1098:
in their lives. A few of the main practices of down-shifters include accepting less money for fewer hours worked, while placing an emphasis on consuming less in order to reduce their ecological footprint. One of the main results of these practices is being able to enjoy more
1300:
Downshifting geographically is a relocation to a smaller, rural, or more slow-paced community. This is often a response to the hectic pace of life and stresses in urban areas. It is a significant change but does not bring total removal from mainstream culture.
1279:
The catch-phrase of
International Downshifting Week is "Slow Down and Green Up". Whether intentional or unintentional, generally, the choices and practices of down-shifters nurture environmental health because they reject the fast-paced lifestyle fueled by
1150:
The most common form of down-shifting is work (or income) down-shifting. Down-shifting is fundamentally based on dissatisfaction with the conditions and consequences of the workplace environment. The philosophy of work-to-live replaces the social
1125:
The scope of participation is limitless, because all members of society—adults, children, businesses, institutions, organizations, and governments—are able to downshift even if many demographic strata do not start "high" enough to "down"-shift.
1078:. However, it is distinguished as an alternative form by its focus on moderate change and concentration on an individual comfort level and a gradual approach to living. In the 1990s, this new form of simple living began appearing in the
1266:
work, and other non-traditional work arrangements that enable people to work less, while still maintaining employment. Small business legislation, reduced filing requirements and reduced tax rates encourage small-scale individual
1211:. People are retiring later in life than previous generations. As can be seen by looking at The Health and Retirement Study, done by the Health and Retirement Study Survey Research Center, women can show the long term
357:
1166:, work hours, and spending levels. Following a path of earnings that is lower than the established market path is a downshift in potential earnings in favor of gaining other non-material benefits.
1185:. Quitting a job to work locally in the community, from home or to start a business are examples of career downshifts. Although more radical, these changes do not mean stopping work altogether.
1763:
1133:. The majority of these down-shifts are voluntary choices. Natural life course events, such as the loss of a job, or birth of a child can prompt involuntary down-shifting. There is also a
1110:, and removing the clutter of unnecessary possessions. The personal goals of downshifting are simple: To reach a holistic self-understanding and satisfying meaning in life.
1243:. Instead of buying goods for personal satisfaction, consumption down-shifting, purchasing only the necessities, is a way to focus on quality of life rather than quantity.
1246:
This realignment of spending priorities promotes the functional utility of goods over their ability to convey status which is evident in downshifters being generally less
1860:
Etziomi, Amitai. (1998). Voluntary simplicity: Characterization, select psychological implications, and societal consequences. Journal of
Economic Psychology 19:619–43.
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as a primary source of stress and dissatisfaction because it creates a society of individualistic consumers who measure both social status and general happiness by an
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The significant number and diversity of downshifters are a challenge to economic approaches to improving society. The rise in popularity of downshifting and similar,
1215:
of down-shifting their work lives by working part time hours over a long period of years. Men however prove to be more unhealthy if they work part time from
1913:
Nelson, Michelle R., Paek, Hye-Jin, Rademacher, Mark A. (2007). Downshifting
Consumer = Upshifting Citizen?: An Examination of a Local Freecycle Community.
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of the individual down-shifter. An example is to shift from a corporate suburban rat race lifestyle to a small eco friendly farming lifestyle.
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of current working situations and desired extracurricular activities. High stress, pressure from employers to increase productivity, and long
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1894:
Juniu, Susana (2000). Downshifting: Regaining the
Essence of Leisure, Journal of Leisure Research, 1st Quarter, Vol. 32 Issue 1, p69, 5p.
442:
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1978:
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Although downshifting is primarily motivated by personal desire and not by a conscious political stance, it does define societal
1889:
1028:
2467:
1785:
The
Ultimate Growth Business; Many corporate refugees think green acres are the place to be. How do they make the transition?
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but downshifting values, such as family priorities and workplace regulation, appear in political debates and campaigns.
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1671:
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Schor, Juliet B (1998). Voluntary
Downshifting in the 1990s. In E. Houston, J. Stanford, & L. Taylor (Eds.),
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like leisure time, a healthy family life, or personal freedom then switching jobs could be a desirable option.
293:
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1951:
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Hamilton, C., Mail, E. (January 2003). Downshifting in
Australia: A sea-change in the pursuit of happiness.
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Career downshifts are another way of downshifting economically and entail lowering previous aspirations of
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1931:(pp. 66–79). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003. Text from University of Chapel Hill Library Collections.
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1905:. The Day the World Stops Shopping: How ending consumerism gives us a better life and a greener world,
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and therefore help individuals quit their jobs altogether and work for themselves on their own terms.
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politicians mobilize voters by proposing governmental solutions to periods of financial hardship and
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30:
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1086:, especially the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia, as well as Russia.
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McDonough, Peggy; Worts, Diana; Corna, Laurie M.; McMunn, Anne; Sacker, Amanda (December 2017).
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1964:
1326:
1318:. This economic rhetoric is meaningless to downshifters who have forgone worrying about money.
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can be factors that contribute to the costs of being employed. If the down-shifter wants more
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Economically, work downshifts are defined in terms of reductions in either actual or potential
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452:
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or actively practicing alternative forms of consumption. Proponents of down-shifting point to
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The long-term effect of downshifting can include an escape from what has been described as
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Power, Employment, and
Accumulation: Social Structures in Economic Theory and Practice
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Levy, Neil (2005). Downshifting and
Meaning in Life, Ratio, Vol. 18, Issue 2, 176–89.
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Many reasons are cited by workers for this choice and usually center on a personal
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without political aspirations or motivating grievances. This is a result of their
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1900:
1643:
Lewis, Suzan; Roper, Ian (2009-09-02). Cartwright, Susan; Cooper, Cary L (eds.).
1469:
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1119:
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The primary motivations for downshifting are gaining leisure time, escaping from
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and according to Paul Ray, are followed by at least a quarter of U.S. citizens.
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is another social movement whose ideology and practices diverge from mainstream
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1857:
Bull, Andy. (1998). Downshifting: The Ultimate Handbook. London: Thorsons
1645:"Flexible Working Arrangements: From Work–Life to Gender Equity Policies"
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nature and relatively inconspicuous, non-confrontational subcultures.
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the diverse demographics of downshifters, cultivates higher levels of
1082:, and has continually grown in popularity among populations living in
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2011:
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Beyond Consumer Culture: A Study of Revaluation and Voluntary Action
1756:"Much shorter working weeks needed to tackle climate crisis – study"
2655:
2583:
2121:
1910:
Mazza, P. (1997). Keeping it simple. Reflections 36 (March): 10–12.
1614:
Gustman, Alan; Mitchell, Olivia; Steinmeier, Thomas (August 1994).
1394:
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or taking a half-day a week for leisure time, are work downshifts.
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776:
1915:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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where individuals adopt simpler lives from what critics call the "
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1868:
Downshifting in Britain: A sea-change in the pursuit of happiness
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559:
408:
1956:
1738:
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2268:
2081:
2001:
1942:
The Homemade Life, a web forum aimed at promoting simple living
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of consumption down-shifting is to reduce, to some degree, the
1178:
1163:
1137:, because a down-shift could be either temporary or permanent.
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761:
318:
1952:
How To Be Rich Today – downloadable guide to Downshifting (UK)
2445:
2152:
2136:
1247:
921:
481:
1616:"Retirement Research Using the Health and Retirement Survey"
1155:
of live-to-work. Reorienting economic priorities shifts the
1134:
1686:
1613:
1074:
Downshifting, as a concept, shares characteristics with
1258:
Unions, business, and governments could implement more
1533:
1531:
1203:
Work down-shifting may also be a key to considerable
1094:"Down-shifters" refers to people who adopt long-term
1494:
1492:
1490:
1253:
1922:
Downshifting: Reinventing Success on a Slower Track
1743:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1528:
1487:
1129:In practice, down-shifting involves a variety of
1103:in the company of others, especially loved ones.
2678:
1540:
1886:The Australia Institute Discussion Paper No. 50
1872:The Australia Institute Discussion Paper No. 58
1689:"Later-life employment trajectories and health"
1295:
1730:
1304:
1972:
1274:
1241:unattainable quantity of material possessions
1029:
1591:"Welcome to the Health and Retirement Study"
1284:and adopt more sustainable lifestyles. The
1231:Another aspect of down-shifting is being a
1979:
1965:
1642:
1036:
1022:
358:The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures
1704:
1627:
443:Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers
1854:. Unpublished thesis, Tufts University.
1664:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0018
1525:Both of Hamilton's case studies in 2003
2679:
1947:Official website for the Slow Movement
1753:
1736:
1346:relates followers of downshifting and
19:For the shifting of actual gears, see
2468:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral
1960:
1089:
428:Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic
13:
1844:
1361:ideologies represents unorganized
1226:
1145:
14:
2718:
1986:
1935:
1254:Policies that enable downshifting
415:Profit over People: Neoliberalism
385:Future Primitive and Other Essays
1693:Advances in Life Course Research
1131:behavioral and lifestyle changes
887:
886:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1777:
1766:from the original on 2019-05-22
1747:
1721:
1680:
1636:
1607:
1583:
324:The Theory of the Leisure Class
1754:Taylor, Matthew (2019-05-22).
1574:
1565:
1556:
1519:
1510:
1501:
294:Sustainable consumer behaviour
1:
2489:The Moon and the Sledgehammer
1829:Hamilton Nov. 2003, pp. 35–37
1802:Hamilton Jan. 2003, pp. 11–12
1481:
343:The Society of the Spectacle
16:Adoption of simpler lifestyle
1850:Blanchard, Elisa A. (1994).
1296:Down-shifting geographically
528:Institute for Social Ecology
7:
1924:. New York: Harper Collins.
1811:Hamilton, Both 2003 Studies
1372:
1305:Sociopolitical implications
707:Anti-globalization movement
10:
2723:
1706:10.1016/j.alcr.2017.09.002
1450:Minimalism / Simple living
1275:Environmental consequences
1140:
957:Natural resource economics
199:Feminist political ecology
129:Compulsive buying disorder
18:
2526:
2459:
2408:
2302:
2246:
2238:Twelve Tribes communities
2145:
1994:
1838:Hamilton Nov. 2003, p. 25
1620:NBER Working Paper Series
1159:away from the workplace.
597:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
104:Collaborative consumption
1181:, a promotion or higher
907:Gross National Happiness
665:Related social movements
540:Rage Against the Machine
467:Organizations and groups
154:Criticism of advertising
2228:Testimony of simplicity
2146:Religious and spiritual
2107:Subsistence agriculture
2102:Slow movement (culture)
1920:Saltzman, Amy. (1991).
1791:The Wall Street Journal
1652:Oxford Handbooks Online
1595:hrsonline.isr.umich.edu
1385:Conspicuous consumption
1325:Like downshifters, the
927:Influence of mass media
857:Consumption (sociology)
852:Consumption (economics)
702:Anti-corporate activism
299:Sustainable consumption
134:Conspicuous consumption
2559:Appropriate technology
2117:Sustainable sanitation
2062:Low-impact development
1820:Hamilton Nov. 2003, 14
1737:Zehner, Ozzie (2012).
1571:Schor 1998, pps. 66–69
1260:flexible working hours
504:Earth Liberation Front
448:So, What's Your Price?
423:The Cultural Creatives
2475:Escape from Affluenza
2052:Intentional community
1907:Penguin Random House.
1440:Intentional community
1339:In Praise of Slowness
1207:as well as a healthy
1198:non-material benefits
1190:cost–benefit analysis
937:Intentional community
767:Libertarian socialism
742:Fossil fuel phase-out
492:Deep Green Resistance
453:What Would Jesus Buy?
404:Escape from Affluenza
2599:Front Porch Republic
2589:Ecological footprint
2409:Modern-day adherents
1410:Ecological economics
1108:work-and-spend cycle
1096:voluntary simplicity
1084:industrial societies
1069:economic materialism
962:Non-monetary economy
882:Economic materialism
877:Ecological economics
334:The Affluent Society
284:Steady-state economy
254:Planned obsolescence
184:Ecological economics
2666:Work–life interface
2549:Anarcho-primitivism
2390:Henry David Thoreau
2274:Open Source Ecology
1727:Nelson 2007, p. 145
1580:Juniu 2000, pp. 3–4
1537:Nelson 2007, p. 142
1420:Ethical consumerism
1316:economic recessions
1170:Simply not working
987:Subsistence economy
912:Heterodox economics
832:Advanced capitalism
687:Anarcho-primitivism
672:Alter-globalization
652:Henry David Thoreau
339:One-Dimensional Man
204:Food loss and waste
194:Ethical consumerism
179:Earth Overshoot Day
139:Consumer capitalism
119:Commodity fetishism
74:Autonomous building
64:Alternative culture
21:Manual transmission
2702:Waste minimisation
2624:Intentional living
2510:Small Is Beautiful
2385:George Skene Keith
2233:Tolstoyan movement
2132:War tax resistance
2112:Sustainable living
1498:Tracey Smith, 2008
1465:Sustainable living
1445:Intentional living
1327:Cultural Creatives
1233:conscious consumer
1135:temporal dimension
1120:social interaction
1090:Values and motives
942:Left-wing politics
847:Consumer behaviour
782:Occupy Wall Street
375:Small Is Beautiful
94:Buddhist economics
47:Theories and ideas
2707:Work–life balance
2674:
2673:
2634:Rainbow Gathering
2503:The Power of Half
2496:Mother Earth News
2315:Ernest Callenbach
2247:Secular movements
1866:(November 2003).
1788:October 12, 2012
1622:. Cambridge, MA.
1562:Schor 1998, p. 66
1553:Schor 1998, p. 68
1507:Schor 1998, p. 67
1157:work–life balance
1046:
1045:
892:Economic problems
717:Diggers (theater)
682:Anarcho-communism
550:The Venus Project
380:To Have or to Be?
264:Political ecology
219:Green consumption
79:Billboard hacking
2714:
2687:Personal finance
2574:Critique of work
2554:Anti-consumerism
2421:Robin Greenfield
2380:E. F. Schumacher
2320:G. K. Chesterton
2254:Back-to-the-land
2092:Self-sufficiency
2032:Forest gardening
1981:
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1526:
1523:
1517:
1516:Levy 2005, p.176
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1470:Transition towns
1380:Anti-consumerism
1363:social movements
1359:post-materialist
1290:carbon footprint
1269:entrepreneurship
1116:civic engagement
1080:mainstream media
1038:
1031:
1024:
972:Post-materialism
890:
889:
807:Social anarchism
732:Environmentalism
647:Bernard Stiegler
642:E. F. Schumacher
602:Edward Goldsmith
417:and Global Order
400:
366:
354:
269:Post-consumerism
224:Hyperconsumerism
39:Anti-consumerism
26:
25:
2722:
2721:
2717:
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2713:
2712:
2711:
2677:
2676:
2675:
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2604:Green anarchism
2522:
2455:
2404:
2303:Notable writers
2298:
2294:Transition town
2242:
2198:New Monasticism
2141:
1990:
1985:
1938:
1901:J. B. MacKinnon
1864:Hamilton, Clive
1847:
1845:Further reading
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1837:
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1815:
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1748:
1740:Green Illusions
1735:
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1497:
1488:
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1479:
1405:Eco-communalism
1375:
1311:overconsumption
1307:
1298:
1286:latent function
1277:
1256:
1229:
1227:Spending habits
1213:health benefits
1205:health benefits
1148:
1146:Work and income
1143:
1092:
1050:social behavior
1042:
1013:
1012:
1011:
947:McDonaldization
932:Informal sector
826:
818:
817:
816:
747:Green anarchism
697:Anti-capitalism
666:
658:
657:
656:
627:Donella Meadows
576:
566:
565:
564:
469:
459:
458:
457:
438:The Corporation
419:
416:
390:
370:Steal This Book
360:
344:
329:Brave New World
313:
305:
304:
303:
259:Right to repair
249:Overconsumption
239:Microgeneration
159:Culture jamming
114:Commodification
99:Buy Nothing Day
84:Buyer's remorse
69:Anti-capitalism
48:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2720:
2710:
2709:
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22:
2619:Hedonophobia
2579:Deep ecology
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2350:Satish Kumar
2208:Plain people
2173:Distributism
2087:Sattvic diet
2077:Permaculture
2072:Off-the-grid
2047:Gift economy
2017:Downshifting
2016:
2007:Cord-cutting
1928:
1921:
1914:
1904:
1885:
1871:
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1768:. Retrieved
1760:The Guardian
1759:
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1609:
1598:. Retrieved
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1455:Permaculture
1435:Homesteading
1356:
1337:
1336:In his book
1335:
1324:
1320:
1308:
1299:
1282:fossil fuels
1278:
1257:
1245:
1230:
1202:
1187:
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1168:
1161:
1149:
1128:
1124:
1112:
1105:
1101:leisure time
1093:
1073:
1066:
1054:downshifting
1053:
1047:
977:Productivism
967:Permaculture
692:Anarcho-punk
632:Pierre Rabhi
607:Paul Goodman
587:Noam Chomsky
532:
520:
510:Fifth Estate
509:
496:
474:
289:Subvertising
229:Laconophilia
214:Gift economy
174:Durable good
169:Downshifting
168:
149:Conviviality
109:Collapsology
89:Bioeconomics
2697:Subcultures
2651:Nonviolence
2569:Consumerism
2564:Bohemianism
2539:Agrarianism
2395:Leo Tolstoy
2325:Duane Elgin
2284:Small house
2203:Plain dress
2193:Monasticism
2188:Mindfulness
2097:Slow living
1658:: 413–437.
1460:Slow living
1344:Carl Honoré
1331:consumerism
1237:consumerism
1002:Veblen good
862:Cooperative
837:Advertising
772:Neo-Luddism
722:Ecofeminism
637:John Ruskin
617:Ivan Illich
592:Erich Fromm
555:The Yes Men
487:CrimethInc.
389:Fight Club
361: [
144:Consumerism
2681:Categories
2594:Food miles
2544:Amateurism
2436:Jim Merkel
2416:Mark Boyle
2370:Nick Rosen
2289:Tiny house
2223:Temperance
2168:Detachment
2163:Asceticism
2158:Aparigraha
2037:Freeganism
2022:Dry toilet
1770:2021-11-02
1600:2018-05-25
1482:References
1475:Workaholic
1415:Ecovillage
1400:Downsizing
1367:grassroots
1221:retirement
1217:middle age
1209:retirement
1007:Workaholic
997:Sweatshops
952:Mutual aid
752:Green left
677:Amateurism
612:André Gorz
234:Local food
209:Freeganism
189:Ecovillage
54:Asceticism
2641:Itinerant
2534:Affluenza
2218:Rastafari
2183:Mendicant
2067:No frills
2042:Frugality
2012:DIY ethic
1995:Practices
1917:, 141–56.
1880:1322-5421
1715:1040-2608
1699:: 22–33.
1430:Frugality
1264:part-time
897:Frugality
712:Communism
516:Freecycle
476:Adbusters
279:Slow Food
59:Affluenza
2656:Peak oil
2584:Degrowth
2400:Valluvar
2259:Car-free
2122:Veganism
1874:. 42p.
1764:Archived
1395:Demotion
1390:Degrowth
1373:See also
1194:commutes
1172:overtime
1153:ideology
1062:rat race
982:Shopping
825:See also
777:New Left
31:a series
29:Part of
2629:commune
2527:Related
2213:Quakers
2027:Fasting
1888:. 12p.
1141:Methods
560:350.org
433:Evasion
409:No Logo
124:Commune
2517:Walden
2451:Thomas
2269:Hippie
2082:Regift
2002:Barter
1903:(2021)
1878:
1713:
1670:
1179:wealth
1164:income
917:HospEx
842:Barter
762:Hippie
574:People
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