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120:
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36:
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523:) and prominent, often European-educated bureaucrats, who recognised that the old religious and military institutions no longer met the needs of the empire. Most of the symbolic changes, such as uniforms, were aimed at changing the mindset of imperial administrators. Many of the officials affiliated with the government were encouraged to wear a more western style of dress. Many of the reforms were attempts to adopt successful European practices. The reforms were heavily influenced by the
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681:, had fallen from grace in terms of military prestige and a European-inspired reconstruction was a necessary change to be made. The Ottoman Empire consisted of a multitude of different cultures and the secondary priorities of the Tanzimat reforms were aimed at balancing the social structure that previously favoured Muslim subjects. Another vital section of these reforms was the abolition of
1139:
1913:. As part of the Charter of 1856, European powers demanded a much stronger sovereignty for ethnic communities within the empire, differing from the Ottomans, who envisioned equality meaning identical treatment under the law for all citizens. That served to strengthen the Christian middle class, increasing their economic and political power.
457:. The Tanzimat era began with the purpose not of radical transformation, but of modernization, desiring to consolidate the social and political foundations of the Ottoman Empire. It was characterised by various attempts to modernise the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against internal
2006:
were able to collectively register village lands under their own name. Thus, they were able to later claim ownership and to sell the local peasants' lands out from under their feet to the new Jewish immigrants, as they themselves relocated permanently to Syria or Turkey. Alternately, rich
Christian
1789:
The reaction to the edict was not entirely positive. Christians in the
Balkans refused to support the reforms because they wanted an autonomy that became more difficult to achieve under centralized power. In fact, its adoption spurred some provinces to seek independence by rebelling. It took strong
1764:
system in the
Ottoman Empire. The millet system created religiously based communities that operated autonomously, so people were organized into societies, some of them often receiving privileges. This clause terminated the privileges of these communities and constructed a society where all followed
2073:
Despite progressive intentions, the policy of reform in the form of
Tanzimat ultimately failed. The historical circumstances of the reforms, the reasons for this failure and the consequences of the reforms are of interest for historical analysis and are considered by historians all over the world.
1768:
The new reforms called for an almost complete reconstruction of public life in the
Ottoman Empire. Under the reconstruction, a system of state schools was established to produce government clerics. Ottomans were encouraged to enroll. Each province was organized so that each governor would have an
484:
of 1838. Many changes were made to improve civil liberties, but many
Muslims saw them as a foreign influence on the world of Islam. That perception complicated reformist efforts made by the state. During the Tanzimat period, the government's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern
1828:
illegal. Despite the official position of the state in the midst of the
Tanzimat reforms, this tolerance of non-Muslims seems to have been seriously curtailed, at least until the Reform Edict of 1856. The Ottoman Empire had tried many different ways to reach out to non-Muslims. First it tried to
1823:
of 1856 was intended to carry out the promises of the
Tanzimat. The Edict is very specific about the status of non-Muslims, making it possible "to see it as the outcome of a period of religious restlessness that followed the Edict of 1839". Officially, part of the Tanzimat's goal was to make the
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would create a more centralized government, as well as increased legitimacy of the
Ottoman rule, thus gaining direct control of its citizens. Another major hope was that being more open to various demographics would attract more people into the empire. There was fear of internal strife between
1805:
693:
Muslims and non-Muslims, and allowing more religious freedom to all was supposed to diminish this threat. Giving more rights to the
Christians within the empire was considered likely to reduce the danger of outside intervention on their behalf.
673:
The ambitious project was launched to combat the slow decline of the empire that had seen its borders shrink and its strength wane in comparison to the European powers. There were both internal and external reasons for the reforms.
480:); other historians have argued that the decreased ability of non-Muslims to assert their legal rights during this period led to the land seizure and emigration. Part of the reform policy was an economic policy based on the
1759:
system, which allowed the ruler's servants to be executed or have their property confiscated at his desire. These reforms sought to establish legal and social equality for all Ottoman citizens. The reforms eliminated the
1189:
In the edict the Sultan stated that he wished "to bring the benefits of a good administration to the provinces of the Ottoman Empire through new institutions". Among the reforms thereafter included were the following:
2395:
Maksudyan, Nazan (2019). "review of This Is a Man's World?: On Fathers and Architects: Talaat Pasha father of modern Turkey, architect of genocide, by Hans-Lukas Kieser, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2018".
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Le mezzaluna sul filo : la riforma ottomana di Mahmûd II (1808-1839) : politica, società, arte e cultura di un grande impero euro-asiatico all'alba della modernità e del confronto con l'Occidente
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1955:
assumed that the underlying hierarchical social order would remain unchanged. Instead, the upheavals of reform would allow for different understandings of the goals of the Tanzimat. The elites in
1722:, was the first major reform in the Tanzimat reforms under the government of sultan Abdulmejid and a crucial event in the movement towards secularization. The decree, named after the rosehouse (
542:
was meant to unite all the different peoples living in Ottoman territories, "Muslim and non-Muslim, Turkish and Greek, Armenian and Jewish, Kurd and Arab". The policy officially began with the
2592:
1939:. In their view, these were inevitable backlashes from the Muslim community to the legal changes, as the Tanzimat's values were imposed from above and did not reflect those of society.
1927:
Some scholars argue that from the Muslim population's traditional Islamic view, the Tanzimat's fundamental change regarding the non-Muslims, from a status of a subjugated population (
1125:
1186:. The edict gave guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property. This was followed by several statutes enacting its policies.
1916:
The reforms peaked in 1876 with the implementation of an Ottoman constitution checking the autocratic powers of the Sultan. The details of this period are covered under the
1738:. It also created a bureaucratic system of taxation with salaried tax collectors. This reflects the centralizing effects of the Tanzimat reforms. Additionally, the Edict of
989:
1905:
Still, the Tanzimat reforms had far-reaching effects overall. Those educated in the schools established during the Tanzimat period included major personalities of the
535:
system of conscription in favour of universal conscription; educational, institutional and legal reforms; and systematic attempts at eliminating political corruption.
2205:
1902:
Although the Edict of Gülhane and the Tanzimat provided strong guidelines for society, they were not a constitution and did not replace the authority of the sultan.
1753:
decree was the one enforcing the rule of law for all subjects, including non-Muslims, by guaranteeing the right to life and property for all. This put an end to the
1347:
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has argued that the reforms led to "the rhetorical promotion of equality of non-Muslims with Muslims on paper vs. the primacy of Muslims in practice" (see Tanzimat
2220:
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was approved by the Ottoman government. The "Code of Regulations" consisted of 150 articles drafted by the Armenian intelligentsia and defined the powers of the
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The primary purpose of the Tanzimat was to reform the military by modernizing and taking inspiration from European armies. The traditional Ottoman army, the
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grant freedom to an idealized female figure representing Turkey, whose chains are being smashed. The flying angel displays a banner with the motto of the
1833:
status. Having Dhimmi status gave non-Muslims the ability to live in the Ottoman Empire and own property, but this ability was not without special taxes (
1994:. In order to boost its tax base, the Ottoman state required Arabs in Palestine, as elsewhere, to register their lands for the first time. As a rule the
1963:. As a result, "European and Ottoman officials engaged in a contest to win the loyalty of the local inhabitants — the French by claiming to protect the
1894:
scenery. Reproduced from a 1908 postcard (the printed caption of 1895 is inaccurate) celebrating the re-introduction of the constitution thanks to the
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119:
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advisory council and specified duties in order to better serve the territory. The new reforms also called for a modern financial system with a
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Une ville du Maghreb entre ancien régime et réformes ottomanes : genèse des institutions municipales à Tripoli de Barbarie, 1795-1911
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Deringil, Selim (July 2003). "There Is No Compulsion in Religion': On Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire: 1839–1856".
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Reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service (1843–44)
1917:
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The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p536
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The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p536
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The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p536
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The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p536
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Istanbul im 19. Jahrhundert. Die Modernisierungsbestrebungen in der osmanischen Hauptstadt – lokale Faktoren und globale Einflüsse
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as a direct result of the increasing number of Ottoman students being educated in France. Changes included the elimination of the
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1909:
that would develop from the Ottoman Empire. The system was ultimately undone by negotiations with the Great Powers following the
3085:
Movsesian, Mark (2010-05-05). "Elusive Equality: The Armenian Genocide and the Failure of Ottoman Legal Reform". Rochester, NY.
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3731:
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Makdisi, Ussama (2000). "Corrupting the Sublime Sultanate: The Revolt of Tanyus Shahin in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon".
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1781:. Finally, the reforms implemented the expansion of roads, canals and rail lines for better communication and transportation.
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1951:, the Tanzimat reforms were intended to return to the tradition of equality for all subjects before the law. However, the
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The Syrian Land: Processes of Integration and Fragmentation : Bilād Al-Shām from the 18th to the 20th Century
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Currently, in French, the word "Tanzimat" is used as a plural, as in "Les Tanzimat". At the time, when French was
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318:
234:
17:
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Deringil, Selim (1993). "The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808 to 1908".
2015:
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Istanbul in the 19th century. Modernization efforts in the Ottoman capital: local factors and global influence
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wrote: "In summary, from 1838 to 1908 the Ottoman Empire staged its final but doomed struggle for survival."
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Nationality Law creating a common Ottoman citizenship irrespective of religious divisions, another attack on
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imposed forced military conscription within the administrative districts based on their population size.
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Establishment of the School of Civil Service, an institution of higher learning for civilians under the
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1971:; and the Ottomans by proclaiming the sultan's benevolence toward all his religiously equal subjects."
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The Bulgarians and the Administrative Reforms in the Ottoman Empire in 50-60 Years at the XIX Century
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The Ottoman Municipal Reforms between Old Regime and Modernity: Towards a New Interpretative Paradigm
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with modern factories. The Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul on 23 October 1840.
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Various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce
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Municipalités méditerranéennes. Les réformes urbaines ottomanes au miroir d'une histoire comparée
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2291:, the word was often treated in the singular, as "Le Tanzimat". For why French is important, see
2023:
1998:
didn't trust the ailing regime, fearing that registration would only lead to higher taxation and
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2011:', were able to accumulate large amounts of land which they exploited by themselves or sold on.
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and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
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2593:"Peasant Protest in the Late Ottoman Empire: Moral Economy, Revolt, and the Tanzimat Reforms"
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For the "Ottoman ruling elite, 'freedom of religion' meant 'freedom to defend their religion
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British backing in maintaining Ottoman territory to ensure that the reforms were instated.
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History of the Ottoman Turks : from the beginning of their empire to the present time
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Merging of the Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances and Council of Reorganization (1861)
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Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
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2755:
2722:
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1936:
1875:
1286:
Institution of a Council of Public Instruction (1845) and the Ministry of Education (
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of 1839, declaring equality before the law for both Muslim and non-Muslim Ottomans.
4490:
4458:
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4235:
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3754:
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1959:, in fact, interpreted the Tanzimat far differently from one another, leading to
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524:
146:
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Regulation of foreigners to legally own Ottoman property, effectively weakening
778:
489:, banking system reforms, the replacement of religious law with secular law and
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4183:
3816:
3584:
3545:
2253:
1921:
1887:
1863:
1731:
1668:
1462:
1387:
1179:
878:
858:
755:
737:
709:
446:
260:
111:
3138:
3063:
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1615:), the latter of which acted as a supreme court of appeal and cassation (1868)
893:
442:
4676:
4612:
4552:
4453:
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4188:
3821:
3766:
3557:
3457:
3430:
3312:
3304:
3260:
3213:
1987:
1956:
1952:
1824:
state intolerant to forced conversion to Islam, also making the execution of
1644:
1074:
928:
923:
803:
689:
3287:
2002:. Prevailing illiteracy among the fellahin meant in the end that many local
1064:
873:
4584:
4542:
4168:
3619:
2670:
2150:
2135:
1983:
1906:
1867:
1770:
1434:
1254:
1175:
1059:
721:
713:
696:
Although the motives for the implementation of Tanzimât were bureaucratic,
603:
513:
352:
3324:
1978:, land reforms, especially the change in land ownership structure via the
590:
Necip Ahmed Pasha, career officer and composer in French-inspired uniform.
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3759:
3162:
Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 1882-1914
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2433:
Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923 – The Impact of the West
1991:
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among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire and attempted to stem the
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938:
863:
571:
539:
462:
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1964:
1891:
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Permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the
1393:
Legislative functions of the Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances (
1202:
1029:
953:
532:
502:
2471:(in Turkish). PTT Genel Müdürlüğü. 13 September 2008. Archived from
2263:
1084:
793:
4304:
2227:
1995:
1829:
reach out to them by giving all non-Muslims an option to apply for
1049:
1039:
838:
658:
4314:
1427:
promising full legal equality for citizens of all religions (1856)
828:
2181:
2008:
2003:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1723:
1706:
1681:
1653:
1567:
1483:
1454:
1444:
1438:
1415:
1409:
1367:
1338:
1325:
1319:
1274:
1268:
1234:
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948:
833:
575:
3018:
3016:
1138:
1019:
4309:
3502:
3497:
2166:
1928:
1830:
1648:
1626:), another institution of higher learning for civilians (1868);
1548:
Promulgation of a French inspired Maritime Commerce Code (1863)
979:
2896:
2785:
Introduction to the Modern Economic History of the Middle East
1524:
Promulgation of a French inspired Mixed Commercial Code (1861)
1381:
which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries (1851)
1311:
Establishment of the first telegraph networks (1847–1855) and
3013:
1990:
to buy land, thus enabling them to immigrate there under the
1968:
1931:) to that of equal subjects, was in part responsible for the
1924:
signed the first constitution, he quickly turned against it.
1835:
1804:
958:
808:
788:
501:
The reforms emerged from the minds of reformist sultans like
490:
426:
3194:
Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin P. (4 December 2012).
2382:
Masculinities In Early Turkish Republican Novels (1924-1951)
2337:
1961:
ethno-religious uprisings among newly emancipated Maronites
1660:
Reorganization of the judiciary of the Muslim millet (1869)
1590:
1170:
of the Ottoman Empire during the Second Constitutional Era.
1099:
665:
was known for his liberal ideals and poetry influenced by
688:
Internally, the Ottoman Empire hoped that abolishing the
3033:
3031:
2945:
2943:
2819:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923
1508:, and the School of Economical and Political Sciences (
1501:, replacing 1851 codex, which endured until 1928 (1858)
700:
ministers and intellectuals contributed to reform like
461:
and external aggressive powers. The reforms encouraged
1793:
1388:
Prohibition of the Circassian and Georgian slave trade
3028:
2940:
2452:"The Tanzimat: Secular reforms in the Ottoman Empire"
1575:
Reorganization of provincial administration with the
1146:
was renowned for his work on reviving the concept of
1267:
First national identity cards (officially named the
3239:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
2781:
2849:
1306:Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf
1942:
4674:
3177:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times
2289:a common language for the educated in the empire
1318:Establishment of the first modern universities (
3193:
3022:
2815:
2343:
2244:Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
1324:, 1848), academies (1848) and teacher schools (
2775:
724:conspired to overthrow Sultan Abdul Aziz in a
3480:
2259:Court uniform and dress in the Ottoman Empire
1300:Disestablishment of the Istanbul Slave Market
1119:
453:in 1839 and ended with the suspension of the
375:
3357:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press.
2895:(in Turkish). pp. 46–55. Archived from
2676:The Making of the Modern Near East 1792-1923
2631:
1747:However, the most significant clause of the
2882:
2880:
2554:"The Ottoman Tanzimat and the Constitution"
1679:
1397:) passed to the Council of Reorganization (
1219:Reorganization of the finance system (1840)
3487:
3473:
3319:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3226:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3127:Comparative Studies in Society and History
3052:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2809:
2551:
2518:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1357:Establishment of the Academy of Sciences (
1126:
1112:
382:
368:
3084:
2856:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 188.
2843:
2608:
2394:
2322:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
2033:
467:rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
3164:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3049:
2994:"History of the Istanbul Stock Exchange"
2886:
2877:
2710:
2632:Lindgren, Allana; Ross, Stephen (2015).
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2515:
1853:
1803:
1695:
1603:Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances (
1201:Introduction of the first Ottoman paper
1157:
1137:
657:
43:This article includes a list of general
27:Ottoman Empire reform period (1839-1876)
3237:Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876
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2949:
2495:"History of the Turkish Postal Service"
2430:
2384:(MA thesis). Istanbul Bilgi University.
2314:
1582:Promulgation of a Constitution for the
1414:, 1854) and the City Planning Council (
1384:Reorganization of the Penal Code (1851)
1239:(1841), which was the prototype of the
14:
4675:
4417:
3376:(in Bulgarian). Vol. 56. Avalon.
2909:
2597:International Review of Social History
2007:or Muslim families, the class of the '
1443:in 1856, and later reorganized as the
3468:
2379:
1890:. The scene takes place in a generic
1624:Imperial Ottoman Lycée at Galatasaray
1593:, or Islamic mortmain property (1867)
1586:and a Jewish National Assembly (1865)
1475:Codification and promulgation of the
406:
4643:
4631:
2754:. Franz Steiner. 1998. p. 260.
2669:
2487:
2037:
1564:Press and Journalism Regulation Code
1553:Constitution for the Armenian Millet
1463:Prohibition of the Black Slave Trade
416:
29:
3317:Reform and Rebellion in Weak States
3196:A history of the modern Middle East
2449:
2122:Building of the Ottoman Parliament.
1794:Edict of 1856 and religious freedom
1497:Promulgation of a western-inspired
24:
4708:19th century in the Ottoman Empire
3244:
3159:
2903:
2461:
1492:Decriminalization of homosexuality
1070:Ottoman Public Debt Administration
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
4729:
3355:The Modern Middle East: A History
2788:. Brill Archive. pp. 36–37.
2591:Ayteki̇n, Atti̇la (August 2012).
2373:
1811:, the principal architect of the
1703:, the principal architect of the
1264:(only male citizens were counted)
1196:Ministry of Trade and Agriculture
4654:
4642:
4630:
4619:
4618:
4606:
4010:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
3496:
3411:Creasy, Edward Shepherd (2011).
3187:
2918:] (in German). pp. 34–.
2887:Padişahı, İlklerin (July 2011).
2853:The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire
2816:Caroline Finkel (19 July 2012).
2552:Kawtharani, Wajih (April 2018).
2219:
2204:
2189:
2174:
2158:
2143:
2127:
2115:
2110:Meeting of the Parliament, 1908.
2103:
2098:Meeting of the Parliament, 1877.
2091:
2041:
1182:, or imperial edict, called the
762:
636:
622:
610:
595:
583:
559:
445:) was a period of reform in the
118:
34:
4655:
3198:(Fifth ed.). Boulder, CO.
3175:Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
3168:
3153:
3118:
3078:
3043:
3004:
2986:
2964:
2955:
2931:
2922:
2742:
2704:
2663:
2625:
2584:
2545:
2509:
2293:Languages of the Ottoman Empire
1749:
1740:
1707:
1682:
1605:Meclis-i Vâlâ-yı Ahkâm-ı Adliye
1437:(originally established as the
1395:Meclis-i Vâlâ-yı Ahkâm-ı Adliye
1326:
1290:, 1847, which later became the
1273:identity papers, or informally
720:, government ministers lead by
518:
507:
4688:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
2443:
2424:
2388:
2349:
2308:
2281:
2016:Armenian National Constitution
1943:Effects in different provinces
1406:Municipality of Constantinople
13:
1:
3415:. British Library, Historic.
2972:"History of the Ottoman Bank"
2822:. John Murray. pp. 6–7.
2714:The Young Turks in Opposition
2410:10.1080/14623528.2019.1613816
2301:
1880:Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
1813:Imperial Reform Edict of 1856
1485:Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi
1425:Imperial Reform Edict of 1856
4501:Intangible cultural heritage
3847:Southeastern Anatolia Region
3679:Proclamation of the republic
3442:. Venezia: Marcianum Press.
2782:Zvi Yehuda Hershlag (1980).
2431:Roderic, H. Davison (1990).
2398:Journal of Genocide Research
1800:Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856
1784:
1755:
1724:
1568:
1506:Ministry of Internal Affairs
1484:
1455:
1445:
1439:
1416:
1410:
1404:Establishment of the modern
1368:
1339:
1320:
1275:
1269:
1235:
1174:On November 3, 1839, Sultan
708:, the secret society of the
427:
397:
7:
4693:History of social movements
3772:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
3438:Costanza, Maurizio (2010).
3023:Cleveland & Bunton 2012
2850:Selçuk Akşin Somel (2010).
2711:Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (1995).
2578:10.31430/almuntaqa.1.1.0051
2570:10.31430/almuntaqa.1.1.0051
2344:Cleveland & Bunton 2012
2237:
1532:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
685:or land-tenure agreements.
251:Decline & Modernization
10:
4734:
4703:1856 in the Ottoman Empire
4698:1839 in the Ottoman Empire
3603:Conquest of Constantinople
3315:; Gehlbach, Scott (2020).
2184:brewery of Constantinople.
2081:
2028:Armenian National Assembly
1920:. Although the new Sultan
1849:
1797:
1689:
1557:Armenian National Assembly
1456:Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası
1288:Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti
1214:post offices of the empire
743:
653:
496:
438:'Reorganization',
335:Abolition of the Caliphate
327:Abolition of the Sultanate
264:(late 18th and early 19th)
4602:
4335:
4251:
4144:
4110:The constitutional system
4070:
4025:
3970:
3961:
3855:
3803:
3794:
3747:
3714:
3664:
3642:Second Constitutional Era
3627:Decline and modernization
3583:
3544:
3518:
3509:
3235:Davison, Roderic (1963),
3139:10.1017/S0010417500002644
3064:10.1017/S0010417500002930
2910:Strohm, Frederic (2016).
2610:10.1017/S0020859012000193
2530:10.1017/S0010417500018247
2437:University of Texas Press
1511:Mekteb-i Mülkiye-i Şahane
1417:İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu
1236:Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye
1152:Second Constitutional Era
527:and French law under the
4093:Ministry of the Interior
4078:Administrative divisions
3637:First Constitutional Era
2331:Orient-Institut Istanbul
2274:
2249:Ottoman military reforms
1980:Ottoman Land Law of 1858
1918:First Constitutional Era
1730:) on the grounds of the
1611:and a Judicial Council (
1519:Ministry of the Interior
1241:First Ottoman Parliament
990:Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti
734:First Constitutional Era
702:Dimitrios Zambakos Pasha
551:Examples of dress reform
4040:Parliamentary elections
3842:Eastern Anatolia Region
3837:Central Anatolia Region
3519:Ancient and Middle Ages
2719:Oxford University Press
1886:(Arabic script) and in
1620:Galatasaray High School
1399:Meclis-i Âli-i Tanzimat
1251:Ottoman national anthem
617:Mehmed Galip Bey Efendi
64:more precise citations.
4211:Science and technology
4045:Presidential elections
3526:Prehistory of Anatolia
3372:Indzhov, Emil (2017).
3272:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
3106:Cite journal requires
2034:Political consequences
1899:
1816:
1712:
1459:, established in 1866)
1451:Ottoman Stock Exchange
1446:Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane
1335:Ministry of Healthcare
1262:Ottoman census in 1844
1222:Reorganization of the
1171:
1155:
670:
538:Also, a policy called
303:2nd Constitutional Era
277:1st Constitutional Era
160:Fall of Constantinople
4206:Free trade agreements
4088:Intelligence Services
3885:North Anatolian Fault
3325:10.1017/9781108855112
2542:(Jan. 1993), pp. 3-29
2226:Turkish delegates to
2026:and the newly formed
1896:Young Turk Revolution
1857:
1809:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
1807:
1699:
1636:Establishment of the
1613:Divan-ı Ahkâmı Adliye
1530:Establishment of the
1517:Establishment of the
1433:Establishment of the
1366:Establishment of the
1333:Establishment of the
1255:Ottoman national flag
1233:Establishment of the
1208:Establishment of the
1194:Establishment of the
1161:
1141:
661:
482:Treaty of Balta Liman
459:nationalist movements
4590:World heritage sites
4115:Turkish Armed Forces
4000:Constitutional Court
3914:Flora and vegetation
3892:Environmental issues
3880:East Anatolian Fault
3827:Mediterranean Region
2475:on 13 September 2008
2380:Guler, Emre (2014).
1826:apostates from Islam
1665:Ottoman Constitution
1468:Promulgation of the
1346:Promulgation of the
1142:Prominent statesman
718:Great Eastern Crisis
529:Second French Empire
455:Ottoman constitution
449:that began with the
4159:Banking and Finance
3777:History of Anatolia
3674:War of Independence
3666:Republic of Türkiye
3563:Battle of Manzikert
3268:Lafi, Nora (2002).
2889:"Sultan Abdülmecid"
2635:The Modernist World
2439:. pp. 115–116.
2361:rpl.hds.harvard.edu
2165:Tobacco factory in
2138:headquarters, 1896.
1967:; the British, the
1701:Mustafa Reşid Pasha
1673:Chamber of Deputies
1663:Promulgation of an
1638:Ottoman Gendarmerie
1569:Matbuat Nizamnamesi
706:Kabuli Mehmed Pasha
408:[tanziˈmat]
4216:Telecommunications
4005:Court of Cassation
3706:Multi-party period
3615:Ottoman Old Regime
3536:Byzantine Anatolia
3531:Classical Anatolia
2673:(9 January 2014).
2621:– via JSTOR.
2580:– via JSTOR.
2450:Ishtiaq, Hussain.
2357:"Tanzimat Reforms"
2269:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
2212:Marmara University
2153:in Constantinople.
2053:. You can help by
2022:under the Ottoman
2020:Armenian Patriarch
1933:Hamidian massacres
1900:
1817:
1713:
1589:Reorganization of
1562:Promulgation of a
1551:Promulgation of a
1283:) documents, 1844)
1172:
1156:
671:
183:Sultanate of Women
4670:
4669:
4598:
4597:
4140:
4139:
4083:Foreign relations
4057:Political parties
3957:
3956:
3790:
3789:
3782:History of Thrace
3684:Atatürk's reforms
3575:Anatolian beyliks
3449:978-88-6512-032-3
3422:978-1-241-43206-5
3383:978-0-8133-4833-9
3364:978-0-19-532759-5
3334:978-1-108-85511-2
3279:978-2-7475-2616-6
3205:978-0-8133-4833-9
3160:Shafir, Gershon.
2863:978-0-8108-7579-1
2829:978-1-84854-785-8
2795:978-90-04-06061-6
2761:978-3-515-07309-7
2728:978-0-19-535802-5
2690:978-1-317-87107-1
2649:978-1-317-69616-2
2333:. pp. 21–51.
2071:
2070:
1937:Armenian genocide
1876:French Revolution
1860:1876 Constitution
1643:Publication of a
1618:Establishment of
1449:in 1863) and the
1260:First nationwide
1144:Mizancı Murat Bey
1136:
1135:
732:. This began the
474:Hans-Lukas Kieser
437:
425:
392:
391:
322:(1918–1922)
314:(1914–1918)
306:(1908–1920)
296:(1908–1922)
280:(1876–1878)
272:(1839–1876)
254:(1789–1908)
238:(1718–1730)
228:(1703–1789)
212:(1656–1703)
202:(1566–1703)
186:(1533–1656)
176:(1453–1566)
155:(1402–1413)
140:(1299–1453)
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
4725:
4658:
4657:
4646:
4645:
4634:
4633:
4622:
4621:
4610:
4415:
4414:
4300:Cities and towns
4281:Turkish language
4236:Turkish Airlines
4052:Electoral system
4015:Council of State
3968:
3967:
3902:Waste management
3832:Black Sea Region
3810:
3801:
3800:
3755:Turkic migration
3701:One-party period
3570:Sultanate of Rum
3516:
3515:
3501:
3500:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3434:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3368:
3351:Gelvin, James L.
3346:
3308:
3291:
3264:
3240:
3231:
3225:
3217:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3166:
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3109:
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3082:
3076:
3075:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3026:
3020:
3011:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2996:. Archived from
2990:
2984:
2983:
2978:. Archived from
2968:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2901:
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2549:
2543:
2541:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2469:"PTT Chronology"
2465:
2459:
2458:
2457:. Faith Matters.
2456:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2312:
2295:
2285:
2223:
2208:
2193:
2178:
2162:
2147:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2066:
2063:
2045:
2038:
1845:
1779:decimal currency
1758:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1729:
1710:
1709:
1692:Edict of Gülhane
1685:
1684:
1651:civil code: the
1609:Council of State
1571:
1537:Promulgation of
1487:
1458:
1448:
1442:
1419:
1413:
1380:
1378:
1370:Şirket-i Hayriye
1342:
1340:Tıbbiye Nezareti
1329:
1328:
1323:
1313:railway networks
1278:
1272:
1238:
1210:Ministry of Post
1184:Edict of Gülhane
1128:
1121:
1114:
944:Tekalif-i orfiye
766:
748:
747:
728:and introduce a
667:French Symbolism
663:Cenab Şehabeddin
640:
626:
614:
599:
587:
568:Mehmed Cemil Bey
563:
544:Edict of Gülhane
522:
521: 1839–1861
520:
511:
510: 1808–1839
509:
487:conscripted army
432:
430:
420:
418:
410:
405:
400:
384:
377:
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339:
331:
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315:
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122:
92:
91:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
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30:
21:
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4728:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4594:
4413:
4409:Women in Turkey
4377:Law enforcement
4331:
4327:Life expectancy
4293:Islam in Turkey
4247:
4136:
4098:National Police
4066:
4021:
3953:
3944:Turkish Riviera
3851:
3808:
3807:
3786:
3743:
3710:
3689:Language reform
3660:
3579:
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3245:Further reading
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2683:. p. 119.
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2058:
2051:needs expansion
2036:
1945:
1935:and subsequent
1852:
1843:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1694:
1688:
1607:) split into a
1600:treaties (1867)
1372:
1360:Encümen-i Daniş
1293:Maarif Nezareti
1166:proclaimed the
1132:
919:Resm-i mücerred
784:Adet-i deştbani
746:
656:
651:
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641:
632:
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579:
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525:Napoleonic Code
517:
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413:Ottoman Turkish
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147:Beylik of Osman
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110:
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86:
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69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Ottoman reforms
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4526:Radio stations
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4261:Turkish people
4257:
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4226:Transportation
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4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:National parks
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3868:Climate change
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3817:Marmara Region
3813:
3811:
3809:(west to east)
3798:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3722:Constitutional
3718:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3610:Transformation
3607:
3606:
3605:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3585:Ottoman Empire
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3554:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3448:
3435:
3421:
3408:
3382:
3369:
3363:
3347:
3333:
3313:Finkel, Evgeny
3309:
3292:
3278:
3265:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3232:
3204:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3179:. p. 198.
3167:
3152:
3133:(1): 180–208.
3117:
3108:|journal=
3077:
3058:(3): 547–575.
3042:
3027:
3012:
3003:
3000:on 2012-02-25.
2985:
2982:on 2012-06-14.
2963:
2954:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2902:
2899:on 2013-02-12.
2876:
2862:
2842:
2828:
2808:
2794:
2774:
2760:
2741:
2727:
2703:
2689:
2662:
2648:
2624:
2603:(2): 191–257.
2583:
2544:
2508:
2486:
2460:
2442:
2423:
2404:(4): 540–544.
2387:
2372:
2348:
2336:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:Young Ottomans
2251:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2197:Beyazıt Square
2195:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2069:
2068:
2062:September 2024
2048:
2046:
2035:
2032:
1944:
1941:
1922:Abdul Hamid II
1864:Abdul Hamid II
1851:
1848:
1798:Main article:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1775:treasury bonds
1765:the same law.
1732:Topkapi Palace
1690:Main article:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1661:
1658:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1616:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1560:
1549:
1546:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1515:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1364:
1355:
1344:
1331:
1327:darülmuallimin
1316:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1284:
1265:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1231:
1220:
1217:
1212:and the first
1206:
1199:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1000:Hazine-i Amire
997:
995:Hazine-i Hassa
992:
987:
982:
977:
969:
968:
967:Implementation
964:
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
879:Resm-i arusane
876:
871:
866:
861:
859:Muskirat resmi
856:
854:Mururiye resmi
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
814:Cürm-ü cinayet
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
773:
772:
768:
767:
759:
758:
756:Ottoman Empire
745:
742:
710:Young Ottomans
655:
652:
648:
647:
642:
635:
633:
628:
621:
619:
616:
609:
607:
601:
594:
592:
589:
582:
580:
565:
558:
555:
554:
550:
549:
548:
498:
495:
447:Ottoman Empire
390:
389:
387:
386:
379:
372:
364:
361:
360:
349:Historiography
345:
344:
341:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
299:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
274:
266:
261:Nizam-i Djedid
257:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
231:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
205:
199:Transformation
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
179:
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
157:
149:
143:
135:
134:
131:
130:
124:
123:
115:
114:
112:Ottoman Empire
103:
102:
95:
88:
87:
70:September 2016
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4730:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4663:
4662:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:Air pollution
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Aegean Region
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Turkification
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3598:Classical Age
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:Seljuk Empire
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3393:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3188:Cited sources
3178:
3171:
3163:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3040:, p. 99.
3039:
3034:
3032:
3025:, p. 84.
3024:
3019:
3017:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2958:
2952:, p. 98.
2951:
2946:
2944:
2934:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2671:Yapp, Malcolm
2666:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2496:
2490:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2376:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2346:, p. 82.
2345:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2317:Kanun-ı Esasi
2311:
2307:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2134:The Imperial
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2065:
2056:
2052:
2049:This section
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:millet system
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:Mount Lebanon
1954:
1953:Sublime Porte
1950:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:nation states
1903:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:capitulations
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:Jewish Millet
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1440:Bank-ı Osmanî
1436:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1180:hatt-i sharif
1177:
1169:
1168:Liberal Party
1165:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:Regie Company
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
970:
966:
965:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
929:Rusum-e-eflak
927:
925:
924:Resm-i sicill
922:
920:
917:
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4360:Human rights
4348:Universities
4266:Ethnic Kurds
4253:Demographics
4164:Construction
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3099:cite journal
3080:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3038:Davison 1963
3006:
2998:the original
2988:
2980:the original
2975:
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2950:Davison 1963
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2897:the original
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2136:Ottoman Bank
2076:Zeynep Çelik
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2050:
2014:In 1863 the
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2000:conscription
1973:
1946:
1926:
1915:
1904:
1901:
1868:Grand Vizier
1841:
1834:
1821:Reform Edict
1818:
1788:
1771:central bank
1767:
1761:
1746:
1734:, abolished
1718:Hatt-ı Şerif
1717:
1714:
1652:
1612:
1604:
1598:capitulation
1543:Greek Millet
1510:
1435:Ottoman Bank
1398:
1394:
1359:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1249:Redesign of
1188:
1176:Abdulmejid I
1173:
1094:
1025:Kanun-i Raya
934:Selamet isni
909:Resm-i ganem
899:Resm-i dönüm
824:Gümrük resmi
779:Adet-i Ağnam
738:Hamidian Era
730:constitution
722:Midhat Pasha
714:Midhat Pasha
695:
687:
682:
676:
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269:Tanzimat Era
268:
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4649:WikiProject
4580:Video games
4372:Individuals
4365:LGBT rights
4355:Health care
4322:Immigration
4103:Gendarmerie
4062:Referendums
3978:Legislative
3875:Earthquakes
3760:Oghuz Turks
3649:Dissolution
3400:|work=
2976:obarsiv.com
2524:(1): 3–29.
2479:11 February
1992:first Aliya
1988:Yemeni Jews
1911:Crimean War
1736:tax farming
1657:(1869–1876)
1577:Vilayet Law
1411:Şehremaneti
1390:(1854–1855)
1373: [
1276:kafa kağıdı
1150:during the
894:Resm-i çift
869:Otlak resmi
819:Damga resmi
799:Bac-i pazar
679:Janissaries
512:), his son
311:World War I
293:Dissolution
209:Köprülü Era
152:Interregnum
62:introducing
4677:Categories
4521:Newspapers
4506:Literature
4486:Folk dance
4387:Corruption
4271:Minorities
4199:Renewables
4154:Automotive
3963:Government
3694:Secularism
2501:6 November
2366:2024-05-23
2302:References
1982:, allowed
1870:, and the
1720:of Gülhane
1539:basic laws
1499:Penal Code
1352:Trade Code
1321:darülfünun
1281:head paper
1228:Penal Code
1164:Sabahaddin
1148:Ottomanism
1065:Mütesellim
939:Tapu resmi
874:Rav akçesi
572:frock coat
570:wearing a
540:Ottomanism
472:Historian
463:Ottomanism
225:Old Regime
45:references
4713:Mahmud II
4575:TV series
4533:Miniature
4476:Festivals
4392:Terrorism
4343:Education
4276:Languages
4120:Air Force
4035:Elections
3983:Executive
3929:Mountains
3796:Geography
3715:Overviews
3654:Partition
3620:Tulip era
3458:722436035
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3392:cite book
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3222:cite book
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3147:143901523
3072:146795365
2893:NTV Tarih
2681:Routledge
2640:Routledge
2619:145729675
2558:AlMuntaqa
2538:145056061
2418:181910618
1976:Palestine
1965:Maronites
1892:Bosphorus
1862:: Sultan
1785:Reactions
1705:Edict of
1680:Edict of
1477:Land Code
1203:banknotes
1178:issued a
1060:Muqata'ah
1030:Kanunname
954:Tuz resmi
604:Rahmi Bey
602:Governor
566:Diplomat
533:devshirme
503:Mahmud II
422:romanized
235:Tulip Era
4683:Tanzimat
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4548:Painting
4491:Folklore
4399:Marriage
4305:Istanbul
4288:Religion
4241:Railways
4231:Aviation
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3995:Judicial
3971:Branches
3949:Wildlife
3739:Military
3727:Economic
3632:Tanzimat
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3288:52813928
2327:Würzburg
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1996:fellahin
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1645:Hanefite
1572:) (1864)
1555:and the
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1470:Law Code
1401:) (1854)
1363:) (1851)
1348:Commerce
1270:Mecidiye
1095:Tanzimat
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1050:Muafiyet
1040:Merdiban
1035:Malikâne
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428:Tanẓîmât
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398:Tanzimat
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4442:Ottoman
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3805:Regions
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3511:History
3091:1600745
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2182:Bomonti
2169:, 1910.
2082:Gallery
1984:Russian
1949:Lebanon
1884:Turkish
1872:millets
1850:Effects
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744:Reforms
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654:Motives
576:bow tie
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478:Dualism
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107:History
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2803:2013
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