1071:. They would hold out for 11 months against a force that would come to number 200,000 men, with 145 guns, providing the time needed by the Pope to cobble together an anti-Ottoman league from the reluctant Christian European states. The Ottomans set up their guns on 1 September. Over the following months, they proceeded to dig a huge network of criss-crossing trenches for a depth of three miles around the fortress, which provided shelter for the Ottoman troops. As the siege trenches neared the fortress and came within artillery range of the walls, ten forts of timber and packed earth and bales of cotton were erected. The Ottomans however lacked the naval strength to completely blockade the city from sea as well, and the Venetians were able to resupply it and bring in reinforcements. After news of such a resupply in January reached the Sultan, he recalled Piyale Pasha and left Lala Mustafa alone in charge of the siege. At the same time, an initiative by Sokollu Mehmed Pasha to achieve a separate peace with Venice foundered. The Grand Vizier offered to concede a trading station at Famagusta if the Republic would cede the island, but the Venetians, encouraged by their recent capture of
1245:: "The Christians have singed my beard , but I have lopped off an arm. My beard will grow back. The arm , will not". Despite the Grand Vizier's bold statement, however, the damage suffered by the Ottoman fleet was crippling—not so much in the number of ships lost, but in the almost total loss of the fleet's experienced officers, sailors, technicians and marines. Well aware of how hard it would be to replace such men, in the next year the Venetians and the Spanish executed those experts they had taken captive. In addition, despite the limited strategic impact of the allied victory, an Ottoman victory at Lepanto would have had far more important repercussions: it would have meant the effective disappearance of the Christian naval cadres and allowed the Ottoman fleet to roam the Mediterranean at will, with dire consequences for Malta, Crete and possibly even the
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932:. Their garrisons were increased, and attempts were made to make the isolated holdings of Crete and Cyprus more self-sufficient by the construction of foundries and gunpowder mills. However, it was widely recognized that Cyprus could not hold for long unaided. Its exposed and isolated location so far from Venice, surrounded by Ottoman territory, put it "in the wolf's mouth" as one contemporary historian wrote. In the event, lack of supplies and even gunpowder would play a critical role in the fall of the Venetian forts to the Ottomans. Venice could also not rely on help from the major Christian power of the Mediterranean,
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1260:. The Spanish contingent under Don John did not reach the Ionian Sea until September, meaning that the Ottomans enjoyed numerical superiority for a time, but the Ottoman commander was well aware of the inferiority of his fleet, constructed in haste of green wood and manned by inexperienced crews. He therefore actively avoided to engage the allied fleet in August, and eventually headed for the safety of the fortress of
838:
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924:, and unease mounted again in late 1567 and early 1568, as the scale of the Ottoman naval build-up became apparent. The Venetian authorities were further alarmed when the Ottoman fleet visited Cyprus in September 1568 with Nasi in tow, ostensibly for a goodwill visit, but in reality a poorly concealed attempt to spy on the island's defences. The defences of Cyprus, Crete,
1208:
Christian ships were sturdier; both fleets carried some 30,000 soldiers whereas the
Ottoman fleet had 50,000 sailors and oarsmen and Christian fleet had 20,000 sailors and oarsmen, and while the Christians had twice as many cannons, the Ottomans compensated by a large and skilled corps of archers. On 7 October, the two fleets engaged in the
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Both sides sought the decisive engagement, for which they had amassed, according to some estimates, between 70 and 90 percent of all galleys in existence in the
Mediterranean at the time. The fleets were roughly balanced: the Ottoman fleet was larger with 278 ships to the 212 Christian ones, but the
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The
Ottomans allowed the Christian residents and surviving Venetian soldiers to leave Famagusta peacefully, but when Lala Mustafa learned that some Muslim prisoners had been killed during the siege, he had Bragadin mutilated and flayed alive, while his companions were executed. Bragadin's skin was
1221:
in 1538. Its immediate results however were minimal: the harsh winter that followed precluded any offensive actions on behalf of the Holy League, while the
Ottomans used the respite to hurriedly rebuild their naval strength. At the same time, Venice suffered losses in Dalmatia, where the Ottomans
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1290:, an extraordinary ambassador, conducted the negotiations for Venice. In view of the Republic's inability to regain Cyprus, the resulting treaty, signed on 7 March 1573, confirmed the new state of affairs: Cyprus became an Ottoman province, and Venice paid an indemnity of 300,000
1192:
1011:. The Venetians had debated opposing the landing, but in the face of the superior Ottoman artillery, and the fact that a defeat would mean the annihilation of the island's defensive force, it was decided to withdraw to the forts and hold out until reinforcements arrived.
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and the ongoing negotiations for the formation of a
Christian league (see below), refused. Thus on 12 May 1571, the intensive bombardment of Famagusta's fortifications began, and on 1 August, with ammunition and supplies exhausted, the garrison surrendered the city. The
773:, the united Christian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet, but was unable to take advantage of this victory. The Ottomans quickly rebuilt their naval forces and Venice was forced to negotiate a separate peace, ceding Cyprus to the Ottomans and paying a tribute of 300,000
944:. Another problem for Venice was the attitude of the island's population. The harsh treatment and oppressive taxation of the local Orthodox Greek population by the Catholic Venetians had caused great resentment, so that their sympathies generally lay with the Ottomans.
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was secured, which declared that the breach of the treaty was justified since Cyprus was a "former land of Islam" (briefly in the 7th century) and had to be retaken. Money for the campaign was raised by the confiscation and resale of monasteries and churches of the
1067:. At this point already, overall Venetian losses (including the local population) were estimated by contemporaries at 56,000 killed or taken prisoner. The Venetian defenders of Famagusta numbered about 8,500 men with 90 artillery pieces and were commanded by
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that war was imminent. Reinforcements and money were sent post-haste to Crete and Cyprus. In March 1570, an
Ottoman envoy was sent to Venice, bearing an ultimatum that demanded the immediate cession of Cyprus. Although some voices were raised in the Venetian
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in the Indian Ocean to a secondary priority. Not surprisingly for a ruler nicknamed "the Sot", popular legend ascribed this determination to his love of
Cypriot wines, but the major political instigator of the conflict, according to contemporary reports, was
825:
and the newly acquired provinces of the Levant and Egypt, made it a tempting target for future
Ottoman expansion. In addition, the protection offered by the local Venetian authorities to corsairs who harassed Ottoman shipping, including Muslim
1132:", was concluded on 15 May 1571, which stipulated the assembly of a fleet of 200 galleys, 100 supply vessels, and a force of 50,000 men. To secure Spanish assent, the treaty also included a Venetian promise to aid Spain in North Africa.
1264:. The arrival of the Spanish squadron of 55 ships evened the numbers on both sides and opened the opportunity for a decisive blow, but friction among the Christian leaders and the reluctance of Don John squandered the opportunity.
1124:. The Spanish reluctance to engage on the side of the Republic, together with Doria's reluctance to endanger his fleet, had already disastrously delayed the joint naval effort in 1570. However, with the energetic mediation of Pope
1298:
was modified by the
Turkish occupation of small but important parts of the hinterland that included the most fertile agricultural areas near the cities, with adverse effects on the economy of the Venetian cities in Dalmatia.
1112:. The Spanish Habsburgs, the greatest Christian power in the Mediterranean, were not initially interested in helping the Republic and resentful of Venice's refusal to send aid during the siege of Malta in 1565. In addition,
1216:
who were freed. In popular perception, the battle itself became known as one of the decisive turning points in the long
Ottoman-Christian struggle, as it ended the Ottoman naval hegemony established after the
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walls of packed earth withstood the Ottoman bombardment well. The Ottomans, under Lala Mustafa Pasha, dug trenches towards the walls, and gradually filled the surrounding ditch, while constant volleys of
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by Muslims, were killed, and only women and boys who were captured to be sold as slaves were spared. A combined Christian fleet of 200 vessels, composed of Venetian (under Girolamo Zane), Papal (under
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the reserve. Unaware of Famagusta's fate, the allied fleet left Messina on 16 September, and ten days later arrived at Corfu, where it learned of the Ottoman victory. The Ottoman fleet, commanded by
878:
upon Selim's accession. Nasi harboured resentment towards Venice and hoped for his own nomination as King of Cyprus after its conquest—he already had a crown and a royal banner made to that effect.
920:
On the Venetian side, Ottoman intentions had been clear and an attack against Cyprus had been anticipated for some time. A war scare had broken out in 1564–1565, when the Ottomans eventually
1267:
The diverging interests of the League members began to show, and the alliance began to unravel. In 1573, the Holy League fleet failed to sail altogether; instead, Don John attacked and took
1025:
fire covered the sappers' work. Finally, after 45 days of siege, on 9 September, the 15th assault succeeded in breaching the walls after the defenders had exhausted their ammunition. A
628:
1212:, which resulted in a crushing victory for the Christian fleet, while the Ottoman fleet was effectively destroyed, losing some 25,000–35,000 men in addition to some 12,000 Christian
538:
805:
trade, the island possessed a profitable production of cotton and sugar. To safeguard their most distant colony, the Venetians paid an annual tribute of 8,000 ducats to the
621:
973:
and further trading privileges, the hope of assistance from the other Christian states stiffened the republic's resolve, and the ultimatum was categorically rejected.
801:
of the republic, with the indigenous Greek population reaching an estimated 160,000 in the mid-16th century. Aside from its location, which allowed the control of the
1359:
769:
in Venetian hands. Christian reinforcements were delayed, and Famagusta eventually fell in August 1571 after a siege of 11 months. Two months later, at the
1041:) squadrons that had belatedly been assembled at Crete by late August and was sailing towards Cyprus, turned back when it received news of Nicosia's fall.
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division of the Mediterranean, with the eastern half under firm Ottoman control and the western under the Habsburgs and their Italian allies.
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in the north surrendered without resistance, and on 15 September, the Turkish cavalry appeared before the last Venetian stronghold,
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1279:, and eager to cut her losses and resume the trade with the Ottoman Empire, initiated unilateral negotiations with the Porte.
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On 27 June, the invasion force, some 350–400 ships and 100,000 men, set sail for Cyprus. It landed unopposed at Salines, near
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The following year, as the allied Christian fleet resumed operations, it faced a renewed Ottoman navy of 200 vessels under
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had made the conquest of the island his first priority already before his accession in 1566, relegating Ottoman aid to the
2159:
A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730: Chapters from the Cambridge History of Islam and the New Cambridge Modern History
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Despite the existing peace treaty with Venice, renewed as recently as 1567, and the opposition of a peace party around
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928:, and other Venetian possessions were upgraded in the 1560s, employing the services of the noted military engineer
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This article is about the 1570 Ottoman Turkish invasion and conquest of Cyprus. For the 1974 Turkish invasion, see
1241:
The strategic situation after Lepanto was graphically summed up later by the Ottoman Grand Vizier to the Venetian
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The siege of Nicosia began on 22 July and lasted for seven weeks, until 9 September. The city's newly constructed
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or Venice itself. In the event Lepanto, along with the Ottoman failure at Malta six years earlier, confirmed the
821:. Nevertheless, the island's strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean, between the Ottoman heartland of
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According to the terms of the new alliance, during the late summer, the Christian fleet assembled at
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The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume III: The Sixteenth Century to the Reign of Julius III
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The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V
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The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 2
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Naval Warfare Under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries: A Study of Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design
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and several other towns fell quickly to the considerably superior Ottoman army, leaving only
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A Divan decision addressing to the qadi of Uskudar about rations before the outbreak of war.
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in 1574. Venice, fearing the loss of her Dalmatian possessions and a possible invasion of
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who had become the Sultan's close friend, and who had already been named to the post of
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1104:, having just concluded peace with the Ottomans, was not keen to break it. France was
888:, the war party at the Ottoman court prevailed. A favourable juridical opinion by the
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was raided by the Ottoman fleet, with the Turkish forces burning down the towns of
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Galleons and Galleys: Gunpowder and the Changing Face of Warfare at Sea, 1300–1650
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By early 1570, the Ottoman preparations and the warnings sent by the Venetian
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with the Ottomans and hostile to the Spanish, and the Poles were troubled by
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As the Ottoman army campaigned in Cyprus, Venice tried to find allies. The
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on the island's southern shore on 3 July, and marched towards the capital,
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in 1568, the Ottomans were free to turn their attention to Cyprus. Sultan
1346:, released as A Destiny of Her Own in some countries - about the life of
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A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean
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Peace would continue between the two states until 1645, when a long
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718:, a coalition of Christian states formed by the pope which included
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903:, was appointed as commander of the expedition's land forces.
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advocating the cession of the island in exchange for land in
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774:
706:) was fought between 1570 and 1573. It was waged between the
442:
171:
2053:"Venecija i ekonomski razvoj Dalmacije u XV i XVI stoljeću"
1917:"Venecija i ekonomski razvoj Dalmacije u XV i XVI stoljeću"
827:
1055:, was gruesomely killed after the Ottomans took the city.
2198:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923
27:
Conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League
2341:
1088:
then paraded around the island, before being sent to
2417:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
2393:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
1294:. In addition, the border between the two powers in
2118:
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
2343:
2216:
1282:
753:'s reign, began with the Ottoman invasion of the
2456:
936:, which was embroiled in the suppression of the
2281:Confrontation at Lepanto: Christendom Vs. Islam
1059:Following the fall of Nicosia, the fortress of
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1393:William Oliver Stevens and Allan F. Westcott,
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817:in 1517, the agreement was renewed with the
749:The war, the pre-eminent episode of sultan
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2219:The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe
2179:The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It
1683:
1583:
1524:
1411:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 529.
1371:
1084:cost the Ottomans some 50,000 casualties.
1029:ensued. Even the city's pigs, regarded as
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622:
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525:
1994:
1752:
1743:
1713:
1695:
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1495:
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1387:
1128:, an alliance against the Ottomans, the "
1116:wanted to focus his strength against the
1037:), and Neapolitan/Genoese/Spanish (under
1027:massacre of the city's 20,000 inhabitants
546:
2495:Naval warfare of the Early Modern period
2431:
2134:
2112:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1342:The war is referenced in the 1998 movie
1188:
1181:The Battle of Lepanto 1571, engraved by
1176:
1043:
990:
836:
2364:
2342:McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard (1978).
2277:
2214:
2176:
2057:Journal – Institute of Croatian History
1921:Journal – Institute of Croatian History
14:
2525:Wars involving the Knights Hospitaller
2457:
2407:
2383:
2319:
2237:
2195:
2162:. Cambridge University Press Archive.
2050:
1914:
1354:. The film was based on the 1992 book
1658:
1481:
1406:
863:attacks against Portuguese activities
617:
520:
2298:
2155:
1337:
1166:
1147:received the left, and the Spaniard
1222:attacked Venetian possessions: the
24:
2436:. Essential Histories Series #62.
2051:Raukar, Tomislav (November 1977).
1915:Raukar, Tomislav (November 1977).
1421:McEvedy & Jones (1978), p. 119
834:, rankled the Ottoman leadership.
25:
2541:
2365:Rodgers, William Ledyard (1967).
2346:Atlas of World Population History
1310:until 1878, when it was ceded to
2490:Military history of Corfu (city)
2465:Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)
1322:continued until the outbreak of
995:Map of the siege of Nicosia, by
785:The large and wealthy island of
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2530:Wars involving the Papal States
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2008:
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1976:
1967:
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1949:
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1655:Setton (1984), pp. 945–946, 950
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1601:
1592:
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1306:would break out. Cyprus itself
1106:traditionally on friendly terms
2299:Lane, Frederic Chapin (1973).
2244:. Princeton University Press.
2223:. Cambridge University Press.
2141:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1991:Guilmartin (2002), pp. 149–150
1973:Guilmartin (2002), pp. 150–151
1964:Guilmartin (2002), pp. 148–149
1896:Guilmartin (2002), pp. 141–149
1851:Guilmartin (2002), pp. 140–141
1833:Guilmartin (2002), pp. 138–140
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1400:
1283:Peace settlement and aftermath
1095:
13:
1:
2065:Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb
1929:Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb
940:and domestically against the
780:
2434:The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699
2259:Guilmartin, John F. (2003).
2032:Setton (1984), pp. 1093–1095
1878:Abulafia (2012), pp. 450–451
1869:Abulafia (2012), pp. 449–450
1797:Abulafia (2012), pp. 448–449
1571:Abulafia (2012), pp. 446–447
1544:Abulafia (2012), pp. 444–446
1159:), near the entrance of the
7:
2480:1570s in the Ottoman Empire
2302:Venice, a Maritime Republic
1646:Goffman (2002), pp. 155–156
1439:Finkel (2006), pp. 113, 158
1308:remained under Ottoman rule
1155:, had anchored at Lepanto (
714:, the latter joined by the
692:Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War
647:Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War
76:27 June 1570 – 7 March 1573
42:Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War
10:
2546:
2432:Turnbull, Stephen (2003).
2278:Hopkins, T. C. F. (2007).
2106:
2100:Borowiec (2000), pp. 19–21
2014:Finkel (2006), pp. 161–162
1887:Finkel (2006), pp. 160–161
1815:Setton (1984), pp. 941–943
1761:Turnbull (2003), pp. 59–60
1731:Turnbull (2003), pp. 58–59
1710:Setton (1984), pp. 981–985
1625:Setton (1984), pp. 907–908
1607:Setton (1984), pp. 925–931
1598:Finkel (2006), pp. 159–160
1562:Finkel (2006), pp. 158–159
1521:Faroqhi (2004), pp. 38, 48
1170:
980:
977:Ottoman conquest of Cyprus
899:. The Sultan's old tutor,
797:, it was one of the major
793:since 1489. Together with
32:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
29:
18:Ottoman conquest of Cyprus
2505:Ottoman–Spanish conflicts
2485:1570s in the Papal States
2369:. Naval Institute Press.
2196:Finkel, Caroline (2006).
2177:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2004).
2156:Cook, M. A., ed. (1976).
2138:Cyprus: a troubled island
2135:Borowiec, Andrew (2000).
2023:Guilmartin (2002), p. 150
1955:Guilmartin (2002), p. 149
1860:Guilmartin (2002), p. 141
1824:Hopkins (2007), pp. 84–85
1779:Hopkins (2007), pp. 83–84
1770:Hopkins (2007), pp. 82–83
1740:Hopkins (2007), pp. 87–89
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502:
497:
492:
299:
122:
114:Cyprus under Ottoman rule
68:
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46:
41:
2215:Goffman, Daniel (2002).
1365:
1051:, Venetian commander of
847:prolonged war in Hungary
2200:. London: John Murray.
1982:Abulafia (2012), p. 451
1616:Abulafia (2012), p. 446
1384:Abulafia (2012), p. 447
1330:by Britain, becoming a
1273:retaken by the Ottomans
1139:, under the command of
917:as his principal aide.
807:Mamluk sultans of Egypt
2238:Greene, Molly (2000).
2063:(1). Zagreb, Croatia:
1927:(1). Zagreb, Croatia:
1842:Turnbull (2003), p. 60
1788:Goffman (2002), p. 158
1692:Turnbull (2003), p. 58
1589:Goffman (2002), p. 156
1535:Turnbull (2003), p. 57
1466:Goffman (2002), p. 155
1430:Faroqhi (2004), p. 140
1407:Nolan, Cathal (2006).
1395:A History of Sea Power
1326:, when the island was
1204:
1186:
1069:Marco Antonio Bragadin
1056:
1049:Marco Antonio Bragadin
1000:
842:
744:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
703:
588:Fourth (War of Cyprus)
405:Marco Antonio Bragadin
300:Commanders and leaders
251:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2325:Venice: A New History
2091:Finkel (2006), p. 222
2005:Finkel (2006), p. 161
1905:Faroqhi (2004), p. 38
1806:Setton (1984), p. 963
1749:Hopkins (2007), p. 82
1722:Setton (1984), p. 990
1701:Setton (1976), p. 995
1680:Setton (1984), p. 991
1637:Setton (1984), p. 908
1580:Finkel (2006), p. 159
1553:Setton (1984), p. 923
1512:Finkel (2006), p. 160
1478:Finkel (2006), p. 158
1457:Setton (1984), p. 200
1360:Margaret F. Rosenthal
1195:
1180:
1153:Müezzinzade Ali Pasha
1047:
1039:Giovanni Andrea Doria
994:
956:Marco Antonio Barbaro
905:Müezzinzade Ali Pasha
897:Greek Orthodox Church
840:
593:Fifth (War of Candia)
550:Ottoman–Venetian wars
503:Casualties and losses
472:Giovanni Andrea Doria
366:Müezzinzade Ali Pasha
49:Ottoman–Venetian Wars
2520:Wars involving Spain
2327:. New York: Viking.
2041:Faroqhi (2004), p. 4
1356:The Honest Courtesan
1288:Andrea Biagio Badoer
1271:, only for it to be
958:, had convinced the
886:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
799:overseas possessions
694:, also known as the
511:15,000–20,000 killed
508:20,000–25,000 killed
330:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
1671:Cook (1976), p. 109
1492:Cook (1976), p. 108
1352:Catherine McCormack
1141:Don John of Austria
1035:Marcantonio Colonna
845:After concluding a
791:under Venetian rule
740:Knights Hospitaller
460:Marcantonio Colonna
449:Don John of Austria
2409:Setton, Kenneth M.
2385:Setton, Kenneth M.
1448:Cook (1976), p. 77
1205:
1187:
1145:Agostino Barbarigo
1114:Philip II of Spain
1102:Holy Roman Emperor
1082:siege of Famagusta
1057:
1001:
987:Siege of Famagusta
930:Sforza Pallavicini
901:Lala Mustafa Pasha
861:against Spain and
843:
809:, and after their
712:Republic of Venice
598:Sixth (Morean War)
354:Lala Mustafa Pasha
163:Republic of Venice
2447:978-0-415-96913-0
2438:Osprey Publishing
2376:978-0-87021-487-5
2334:978-1-101-60113-6
2321:Madden, Thomas F.
2312:978-0-8018-1460-0
2291:978-0-7653-0539-8
2251:978-0-691-00898-1
2230:978-0-521-45908-2
2207:978-0-7195-6112-2
2188:978-1-85043-715-4
2169:978-0-521-20891-8
2148:978-0-275-96533-4
2127:978-0-141-02755-5
2120:. Penguin Books.
1338:Portrayal in film
1219:Battle of Preveza
1210:Battle of Lepanto
1201:Famous Sea Fights
1197:Battle of Lepanto
1193:
1173:Battle of Lepanto
1167:Battle of Lepanto
997:Giovanni Camoccio
952:at Constantinople
907:was appointed as
771:Battle of Lepanto
732:Republic of Genoa
687:
686:
611:
610:
515:
514:
436:Sebastiano Venier
424:Alvise Martinengo
226:Republic of Genoa
203:Kingdom of Naples
190:Kingdom of Sicily
118:
117:
63:Battle of Lepanto
16:(Redirected from
2537:
2451:
2428:
2404:
2380:
2361:
2349:
2338:
2316:
2295:
2274:
2255:
2234:
2222:
2211:
2192:
2181:. I. B. Tauris.
2173:
2152:
2131:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1885:
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1513:
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1493:
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1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1344:Dangerous Beauty
1194:
922:sailed for Malta
650:
648:
638:
631:
624:
615:
614:
553:
551:
541:
534:
527:
518:
517:
482:
481:
470:
469:
458:
446:
445:
434:
433:
422:
421:
413:
402:
401:
384:
383:
374:
364:
363:
352:
351:
340:
339:
328:
327:
314:
313:
286:Knights of Malta
284:
283:
272:
270:
269:
259:
249:
248:
237:
235:
234:
224:
222:
221:
211:
201:
199:
198:
188:
187:
175:
174:
161:
159:
158:
135:
134:
70:
69:
59:
39:
38:
21:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2510:Venetian Cyprus
2475:1570s in Europe
2470:1570s conflicts
2455:
2454:
2448:
2425:
2401:
2377:
2358:
2335:
2313:
2292:
2271:
2252:
2231:
2208:
2189:
2170:
2149:
2128:
2114:Abulafia, David
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2059:(in Croatian).
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1923:(in Croatian).
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1868:
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1714:
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1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1405:
1401:
1397:, 1920, p. 107.
1392:
1388:
1383:
1372:
1368:
1358:, by US author
1350:, portrayed by
1348:Veronica Franco
1340:
1285:
1258:Kılıç Ali Pasha
1189:
1175:
1169:
1161:Corinthian Gulf
1149:Alvaro de Bazan
1098:
1017:trace italienne
989:
981:Main articles:
979:
891:Sheikh ul-Islam
783:
704:Guerra di Cipro
688:
683:
668: (1570–71)
651:
646:
644:
642:
612:
607:
554:
549:
547:
545:
488:
476:
464:
440:
428:
416:
396:
390:
378:
370:
358:
346:
334:
322:
308:
295:
278:
267:
265:
261:Duchy of Urbino
243:
232:
230:
219:
217:
196:
194:
182:
169:
156:
154:
129:
110:
104:Ottoman victory
96:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:Ottoman Cyprus
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2429:
2423:
2405:
2399:
2381:
2375:
2362:
2357:978-0140510768
2356:
2339:
2333:
2317:
2311:
2296:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2256:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2212:
2206:
2193:
2187:
2174:
2168:
2153:
2147:
2132:
2126:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1682:
1673:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1523:
1514:
1494:
1480:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1399:
1386:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1339:
1336:
1304:war over Crete
1284:
1281:
1224:island of Hvar
1203:by John R Hale
1171:Main article:
1168:
1165:
1118:Barbary states
1097:
1094:
1090:Constantinople
983:Ottoman Cyprus
978:
975:
934:Habsburg Spain
872:Portuguese Jew
859:Morisco Revolt
782:
779:
761:. The capital
736:Duchy of Savoy
708:Ottoman Empire
685:
684:
682:
681:
675:
669:
663:
656:
653:
652:
641:
640:
633:
626:
618:
609:
608:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
556:
555:
544:
543:
536:
529:
521:
513:
512:
509:
505:
504:
500:
499:
495:
494:
490:
489:
487:
486:
484:Jacopo Soranzo
474:
462:
452:
438:
426:
414:
393:
391:
389:
388:
376:
356:
344:
332:
320:
305:
302:
301:
297:
296:
294:
293:
288:
276:
274:Duchy of Savoy
263:
253:
241:
239:Duchy of Parma
228:
215:
205:
192:
180:
166:
151:
142:
140:
137:Ottoman Empire
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
84:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
52:
51:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
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2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2424:0-87169-162-0
2420:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2400:0-87169-161-2
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:. JHU Press.
2304:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:. Macmillan.
2283:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2270:0-304-35263-2
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2097:
2088:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1214:galley slaves
1211:
1202:
1198:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
998:
993:
988:
984:
974:
972:
968:
967:
961:
957:
953:
951:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
911:
910:Kapudan Pasha
906:
902:
898:
893:
892:
887:
884:
879:
877:
876:Duke of Naxos
873:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
839:
835:
833:
829:
824:
820:
819:Ottoman Porte
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:Venetian-held
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:War of Cyprus
693:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
657:
654:
649:
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
619:
616:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
557:
552:
542:
537:
535:
530:
528:
523:
522:
519:
510:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
485:
480:
475:
473:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
451:
450:
444:
439:
437:
432:
427:
425:
420:
415:
412:
407:
406:
400:
395:
394:
392:
387:
382:
377:
375:
373:
367:
362:
357:
355:
350:
345:
343:
338:
333:
331:
326:
321:
319:
318:
312:
307:
306:
304:
303:
298:
292:
289:
287:
282:
277:
275:
264:
262:
258:
254:
252:
247:
242:
240:
229:
227:
216:
214:
210:
206:
204:
193:
191:
186:
181:
179:
178:
173:
167:
165:
164:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
141:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
121:
113:
108:
107:
103:
100:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2433:
2413:
2389:
2366:
2345:
2324:
2301:
2280:
2260:
2240:
2218:
2197:
2178:
2158:
2137:
2117:
2096:
2087:
2076:. Retrieved
2060:
2056:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2010:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1940:. Retrieved
1924:
1920:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1706:
1697:
1676:
1651:
1642:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1517:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1341:
1332:crown colony
1316:protectorate
1301:
1286:
1266:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1206:
1200:
1134:
1122:North Africa
1099:
1086:
1058:
1015:
1013:
1002:
965:
959:
949:
946:
938:Dutch Revolt
919:
915:Piyale Pasha
908:
889:
883:Grand Vizier
880:
844:
784:
748:
695:
691:
689:
674: (1571)
662: (1570)
645:
587:
568:Thessalonica
447:
403:
371:
315:
291:Greek rebels
213:Papal States
168:
153:
145:
128:
123:Belligerents
47:Part of the
36:
2350:. Penguin.
2263:. Cassell.
1324:World War I
1320:sovereignty
1183:Martin Rota
1130:Holy League
1096:Holy League
868:Joseph Nasi
716:Holy League
342:Piali Pasha
147:Holy League
109:Territorial
94:Aegean seas
2459:Categories
2078:2012-07-08
1942:2012-07-08
1318:. Ottoman
1232:Stari Grad
781:Background
757:island of
742:, and the
2515:War scare
2073:0353-295X
1937:0353-295X
1334:in 1925.
1247:Balearics
1157:Nafpaktos
1065:Famagusta
1053:Famagusta
851:Habsburgs
849:with the
803:Levantine
789:had been
767:Famagusta
666:Famagusta
563:Gallipoli
2411:(1984).
2387:(1984).
2323:(2012).
2116:(2012).
1296:Dalmatia
1251:de facto
1023:arquebus
971:Dalmatia
966:Signoria
960:Signoria
942:Moriscos
855:Selim II
828:pilgrims
823:Anatolia
815:Ottomans
811:conquest
751:Selim II
710:and the
678:Navarino
493:Strength
386:Occhiali
317:Selim II
81:Location
2107:Sources
2067:: 221.
1931:: 222.
1328:annexed
1312:Britain
1236:Vrboska
1137:Messina
1110:Muscovy
1077:Albania
1073:Durazzo
1061:Kyrenia
1031:unclean
1009:Nicosia
1005:Larnaca
813:by the
763:Nicosia
730:), the
700:Italian
680:;(1572)
672:Lepanto
660:Nicosia
603:Seventh
498:100,000
372:†
111:changes
2444:
2421:
2397:
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2309:
2288:
2267:
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2227:
2204:
2185:
2166:
2145:
2124:
2071:
1935:
1292:ducats
1277:Friuli
1126:Pius V
999:, 1574
787:Cyprus
775:ducats
759:Cyprus
738:, the
734:, the
728:Sicily
724:Naples
722:(with
578:Second
408:
368:
271:
236:
223:
200:
160:
101:Result
90:Ionian
86:Cyprus
1366:Notes
1314:as a
1269:Tunis
1262:Modon
1243:bailo
1199:from
950:bailo
926:Corfu
832:Mecca
795:Crete
720:Spain
583:Third
573:First
177:Spain
2442:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2371:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2246:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2143:ISBN
2122:ISBN
2069:ISSN
1933:ISSN
1234:and
1228:Hvar
985:and
870:, a
726:and
690:The
92:and
73:Date
61:The
1120:of
1075:in
830:to
2461::
2440:.
2061:10
2055:.
1996:^
1925:10
1919:.
1754:^
1715:^
1685:^
1660:^
1630:^
1526:^
1497:^
1483:^
1471:^
1373:^
1362:.
1238:.
1230:,
1163:.
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702::
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698:(
637:e
630:t
623:v
540:e
533:t
526:v
150::
34:.
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