119:
109:
62:
905:, the modern large galleys developed by Venice) with 1,815 guns and carrying 28,500 infantry soldiers. The majority of warships were Venetian (6 galleasses, 109 galleys), the next largest contingent were Spanish (49 galleys, including 26 galleys from Naples, Sicily and other Italian territories), and Genoese (27 galleys), with additional warships from the Papal States (seven galleys), the Order of Saint Stephen from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (five galleys), the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of Malta (three galleys each), and some privately owned galleys in Spanish service.
86:
152:
74:
142:
624:
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131:
98:
633:. It is made of blue damask interwoven with gold thread, of a length of 7.3 m and a width of 4.4 m at the hoist. It displays the crucified Christ above the coats of arms of Pius V, of Venice, of Charles V, and of John of Austria. The coats of arms are linked by chains symbolizing the alliance. The banner was given to
923:. The arrival of the Spanish squadron of 55 ships evened the numbers on both sides and opened the opportunity for a decisive blow, but friction among the Christian leaders and the reluctance of Don John squandered the opportunity. the holy league attempted to capture
854:, but none of them joined. The Empire preferred to maintain its truce with Istanbul, while France had an active anti-Spanish alliance with the Ottomans. Portugal had no forces to spare, owing to its heavy engagement in its own
935:
Pius V died on 1 May 1572. The diverging interests of the League members began to show, and the alliance began to unravel. In 1573, the Holy League fleet failed to sail altogether; instead, Don John attacked and took
649:
The coats of arms of the leaders of the Holy League (Habsburg Spain, Pope Pius V, Republic of Venice, John of
Austria) as depicted in the printed order of battle published on 14 November 1571 by Antonio Lafreri in
1163:
340:
1256:
912:
division of the
Mediterranean, with the eastern half under firm Ottoman control and the western half under the Habsburgs and their Italian allies.
196:
781:
1216:
1160:
803:
1246:
1236:
975:
953:
1065:
915:
The following year, as the allied
Christian fleet resumed operations, it faced a renewed Ottoman navy of 200 vessels under
1004:
The image shown is a reproduction of an 1888 watercolor drawn from a copy of the banner in the Museo Naval in Madrid.
948:, and eager to cut her losses and resume the trade with the Ottoman Empire, initiated unilateral negotiations with the
418:
348:
226:
189:
1196:
1116:
980:
792:
515:
919:, but the Ottoman commander actively avoided engaging the allied fleet and headed for the safety of the fortress of
965:
318:
1241:
1017:
1005:
814:
182:
605:
595:
44:
20:
527:
520:
423:
834:, 100 other ships, 50,000 infantry, 4,500 cavalry and adequate artillery ready by 1 April each year.
985:
941:
924:
328:
887:
555:
1213:
916:
1251:
901:. The fleet of the Holy League in this engagement consisted of 212 warships (206 galleys and 6
777:
773:
560:
488:
124:
1108:
1266:
687:
590:
493:
483:
1100:
1261:
970:
952:. The Holy League was disbanded with the peace treaty of 7 March 1573, which concluded the
638:
944:
in 1574. Venice, fearing the loss of her
Dalmatian possessions and a possible invasion of
108:
8:
1044:– Luis Coloma, SJ, trans. Lady Moreton, (New York: John Lane Company, 1912), pp. 265–71.
871:
766:
600:
585:
535:
393:
363:
839:
752:
737:
714:’s control of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and was formally concluded on 25 May 1571.
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695:
545:
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353:
258:
103:
1101:
893:
On 7 October 1571, the League won a decisive victory over the
Ottoman fleet at the
675:
667:
634:
577:
540:
505:
500:
398:
368:
333:
263:
236:
112:
1103:
Galleons and
Galleys: Gunpowder and the Changing Face of Warfare at Sea, 1300–1650
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in July 1570, but was too late to prevent the island's capture by the
Ottomans.
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733:
711:
703:
659:
570:
470:
323:
288:
273:
167:
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79:
1230:
1159:, trans. Lady Moreton, (New York: John Lane Company, 1912), pp. 265–71 (
949:
629:
298:
293:
278:
248:
842:, was designated supreme commander. The League kept membership open for the
1147:
The Holy League of 1571: The
Diplomatic Background of the Battle of Lepanto
1006:
F. Javier Campos y Fernández de
Sevilla, "Cervanted, Lepanto y el Escorial"
863:
727:
565:
386:
67:
141:
1152:
611:
403:
49:
37:
882:
The League initially assembled a fleet to aid the
Venetian defenders of
627:
The banner of the Holy League, flown by John of Austria on his flagship
623:
902:
858:
campaign, its ongoing maritime confrontations with the Ottomans in the
1188:
The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Vol. III: The Sixteenth Century
1178:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
645:
851:
206:
1057:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
859:
855:
945:
883:
847:
831:
683:
937:
174:
886:
which was invaded by Ottoman forces under the command of
1134:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923
637:
in 1616 by Philip III of Spain. It was moved to the
1086:
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
1228:
190:
19:For other alliances with similar names, see
1098:
197:
183:
16:Catholic southern European alliance (1571)
1080:
644:
622:
1229:
1191:. DIANE Publishing. pp. 1093–95.
1184:
1180:, 2 volumes, London: Collins (1972/3).
1131:
1053:
821:
908:The victory at Lepanto confirmed the
178:
1060:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
838:, illegitimate half-brother of King
1136:. London: John Murray. p. 161.
1054:Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18).
13:
866:, and colonial conflicts with the
243:In the Holy Land (1095–1291)
227:Military order (religious society)
14:
1278:
1206:
981:Battle of Lepanto order of battle
1257:Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)
1214:Holy Leagues Of The 16th Century
1157:The Story of Don John of Austria
1042:The Story of Don John of Austria
966:Holy League of Pope Clement VIII
150:
140:
129:
117:
107:
96:
84:
72:
60:
1247:16th-century military alliances
710:. It was intended to break the
1125:
1092:
1074:
1047:
1035:
1010:
998:
976:Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73)
877:
349:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399
1:
1237:1571 establishments in Europe
1088:. Penguin Books. p. 451.
991:
1099:Guilmartin, John F. (2003).
830:were to have a force of 200
204:
7:
1185:Setton, Kenneth M. (1984).
959:
722:The League's members were:
10:
1283:
1018:"Battle of Lepanto (1571)"
804:Guidobaldo II della Rovere
717:
682:) of 1571 was arranged by
18:
1176:, trans. Siân Reynolds,
1132:Finkel, Caroline (2006).
930:
217:Ideology and institutions
214:
163:
55:
43:
33:
28:
1145:Loretta Turner Johnson,
986:Siege of Navarino (1572)
1022:Encyclopædia Britannica
942:retaken by the Ottomans
708:Italian maritime powers
686:and included the major
1242:1573 disestablishments
778:Order of Saint Stephen
774:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
679:
671:
663:
651:
642:
125:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
648:
626:
1161:online transcription
1107:. Cassell. pp.
971:Great Siege of Malta
940:, only for it to be
702:), specifically the
639:Museum of Santa Cruz
872:Johorean Sultanates
822:Forces and strength
782:Cosimo I de' Medici
601:Crusade of the Poor
1219:2016-04-08 at the
1166:2012-06-18 at the
840:Philip II of Spain
793:Emmanuel Philibert
753:Republic of Venice
652:
643:
528:Against Christians
232:Crusade indulgence
222:Crusading movement
92:Republic of Venice
29:Holy League (1571)
1223:about.com (2001).
1067:978-0-307-42518-8
895:Battle of Lepanto
844:Holy Roman Empire
760:Republic of Genoa
700:Italian Peninsula
696:Iberian Peninsula
620:
619:
606:Shepherds' (1320)
596:Shepherds' (1251)
580:(1096–1320)
530:(1209–1588)
465:(1147–1410)
343:(1291–1717)
173:
172:
104:Republic of Genoa
1274:
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1174:Braudel, Fernand
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828:Christian states
767:Knights of Malta
635:Toledo Cathedral
334:Fall of Outremer
237:Papal income tax
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917:Kılıç Ali Pasha
880:
836:John of Austria
824:
815:Ottavio Farnese
800:Duchy of Urbino
720:
706:as well as the
692:southern Europe
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586:People's (1096)
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1207:External links
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899:Gulf of Patras
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811:Duchy of Parma
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796:
789:Duchy of Savoy
785:
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763:
756:
749:
734:Spanish Empire
731:
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712:Ottoman Empire
704:Spanish Empire
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1267:Holy Leagues
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1156:
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1094:
1085:
1076:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:
1012:
1000:
934:
927:but failed.
914:
909:
907:
892:
888:Lala Mustafa
881:
864:Indian Ocean
825:
728:Papal States
721:
655:
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628:
610:
576:
575:
526:
525:
461:
460:
438:
404:Holy Leagues
339:
338:
242:
241:
216:
68:Papal States
1262:Pope Pius V
1153:Luis Coloma
878:Engagements
740:(including
684:Pope Pius V
664:Liga Sancta
656:Holy League
612:Reconquista
561:Despenser's
536:Albigensian
364:Alexandrian
50:Catholicism
38:Pope Pius V
21:Holy League
1231:Categories
992:References
903:galleasses
690:powers of
680:Lega Santa
672:Liga Santa
614:(722–1492)
591:Children's
511:Lithuanian
1027:8 October
738:Philip II
641:in 1961.
546:Stedinger
394:Nicopolis
359:Smyrniote
354:Aragonese
259:Norwegian
164:Opponents
1217:Archived
1164:Archived
1084:(2012).
960:See also
925:Navarino
910:de facto
868:Malaccan
862:and the
856:Moroccan
852:Portugal
776:and the
688:Catholic
556:Bohemian
541:Drenther
506:Prussian
501:Livonian
480:Swedish
463:Northern
373:Barbary
369:Savoyard
264:Venetian
207:Crusades
45:Ideology
1149:(1969).
897:in the
860:Red Sea
832:galleys
718:Members
676:Italian
668:Spanish
578:Popular
566:Hussite
551:Bosnian
516:Russian
476:Wendish
319:Catalan
309:Seventh
304:Barons'
34:Founder
1195:
1115:
1064:
946:Friuli
931:Demise
884:Cyprus
848:France
826:These
813:under
802:under
791:under
780:under
746:Sicily
742:Naples
736:under
471:Kalmar
324:Eighth
289:Fourth
274:Second
155:
134:
122:
101:
89:
77:
65:
56:Allies
950:Porte
938:Tunis
921:Modon
787:the
660:Latin
650:Rome.
521:Tatar
399:Varna
299:Sixth
294:Fifth
279:Third
249:First
1193:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1029:2013
870:and
850:and
809:the
798:the
772:the
765:the
758:the
751:the
744:and
726:the
698:and
654:The
630:Real
494:1293
489:1249
484:1150
454:1717
449:1684
444:1594
439:1571
434:1538
429:1535
424:1526
419:1511
414:1495
409:1332
387:1399
382:1398
377:1390
314:1267
284:1197
269:1129
254:1101
1109:149
1233::
1170:).
1155:,
1111:.
1020:.
956:.
874:.
846:,
748:),
678::
674:,
670::
666:,
662::
1201:.
1183:*
1121:.
1070:.
1031:.
817:.
806:,
795:,
784:,
769:,
762:,
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694:(
658:(
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191:t
184:v
23:.
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