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578:". His body reflected neutrons back into the stack. Out of the corner of his eye he saw that the red lamps that flickered intermittently when neutrons were being emitted, were 'glowing continuously'. Realizing what was happening, Frisch quickly scattered the bars with his hand. Later he calculated that the radiation dose was "quite harmless" but that if he "had hesitated for another two seconds before removing the material ... the dose would have been fatal". "In two seconds he received, by the generous standards of the time, a full day's permissible dose of neutron radiation." In this way his experiments determined the exact masses of uranium required to fire the
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O. R. Frisch brought to physics the approach of a craftsman. He enjoyed, above all, doing experiments with his own hands, preferably on apparatus of his own design, aimed at simple basic questions. This approach required the ability to think about the important problems of physics simply, but deeply,
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Political restraints of the Nazi era forced the teams of Hahn and
Strassmann and that of Frisch and Meitner (both of whom were Jewish) to publish separately. Hahn's paper described the experiment and the finding of the barium byproduct. Meitner's and Frisch's paper explained the physics behind the
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which would be required to create the critical mass, the mass of uranium which would sustain a nuclear chain reaction. He did this by stacking several dozen 3 cm bars of enriched uranium hydride at a time and measuring rising neutron activity as the critical mass was approached. The
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as one of its byproducts. Hahn, in a letter to
Meitner, called this new reaction a "bursting" of the uranium nucleus. Frisch and Meitner hypothesized that the uranium nucleus had split in two, explained the process, and estimated the energy released, and Frisch coined the term
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He also designed the "dragon's tail" or "guillotine" experiment in which a uranium slug was dropped through a hole in larger fixed mass of uranium, reaching just above critical mass (0.1%) for a fraction of a second. At the meeting to approve the experiment,
594:, commenting on the transient danger involved, said it was "just like tickling the tail of a sleeping dragon." In the period of about 3 milliseconds, the temperature rose at a rate of 2000 °C per sec and over 10 excess neutrons were emitted.
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Frisch went back to
Copenhagen, where he was quickly able to isolate the pieces produced by fission reactions. As Frisch himself later recalled, a fundamental idea of the direct experimental proof of the nuclear fission was suggested to him by
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and could be made to achieve criticality using conventional explosives to create an immensely powerful detonation. The memorandum went on to predict the effects of such an explosion—from the initial blast to the resulting
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The paper is dated 16 January 1939. Meitner is identified as being at the
Physical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Frisch is identified as being at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of
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an ability underlying the two contributions for which he was best known: his share in the explanation of the fission process and that in the recognition of the feasibility of an atomic weapon.
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502:, which was the first document to set out a process by which an atomic explosion could be generated. Their process would use separated uranium-235, which would require a fairly small
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We were building an unusual assembly, with no reflecting material around it; just the reacting compound of uranium-235 ... For obvious reasons we called it the Lady Godiva assembly.
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in the metal bars increased the time that the reaction required to accelerate. One day Frisch almost caused a runaway reaction by leaning over the stack, which he termed the "
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Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (1939). "Ăśber den
Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle ".
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637:. Seeing that this had wider applications, he helped found a company, Laser-Scan Limited, now known as Laser-Scan Engineering Ltd., to exploit the idea.
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family, the son of
Justinian Frisch, a painter, and Auguste Meitner Frisch, a concert pianist. He himself was talented at both but also shared his aunt
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1452:"On the Feasibility of Coal-Driven Power Stations" (Spoof essay by Frisch written in commemoration of the 70th birthday of Niels Bohr, 7 October 1955)
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Oral history interview transcript with Otto Robert Frisch on 3 May 1967, American
Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
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Oral history interview transcript with Otto Robert Frisch on 8 May 1963, American
Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
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Frisch, Otto R.; Stern, Otto (1933). "Ăśber die magnetische
Ablenkung von WasserstoffmolekĂĽlen und das magnetische Moment des Protons".
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The authors were identified as being at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fĂĽr Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem. Received 22 December 1938.
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The paper is dated 17 January 1939. [The experiment for this letter to the editor was conducted on 13 January 1939; see
565:, one of Frisch's tasks as the leader of the Critical Assemblies group was to accurately determine the exact amount of
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232:(coining the term) and first experimentally detected the fission by-products. Later, with his collaborator
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He retired from the chair in 1972 as required by
University regulations. He died on 22 September 1979.
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After some years working in relatively obscure laboratories in Germany, Frisch obtained a position in
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to the chancellorship of Germany in 1933 caused Otto Robert Frisch to make the decision to move to
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In 1946 he returned to England to take up the post of head of the nuclear physics division of the
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Annotated bibliography for Otto Frisch from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
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In mid-1939 Frisch left Denmark for what he anticipated would be a short trip to
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1043:"Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment"
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at Harwell, though he also spent much of the next thirty years teaching at
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People associated with the nuclear weapons programme of the United Kingdom
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Otto Frisch, "What Little I Remember", Cambridge University Press (1979),
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where he was Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy and a fellow of
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The Prometheus Bomb: The Manhattan Project and Government in the Dark
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he designed the first theoretical mechanism for the detonation of an
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University of Birmingham - Poynting Physics Building - blue plaque
200:(1 October 1904 – 22 September 1979) was an Austrian-born British
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1939–40. He went to America in 1943 having been hurriedly made a
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precluded his return. With war on his mind, he and the physicist
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Otto R. Frisch, "The Discovery of Fission – How It All Began",
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Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism
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During the Christmas holiday in 1938, he visited his aunt
326:'s love of physics and commenced a period of study at the
1363:"Otto Robert Frisch, 1 October 1904 - 22 September 1979"
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679:"Otto Robert Frisch. 1 October 1904 – 22 September 1979"
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Los Alamos National Laboratory on the British mission
633:, that used a laser and computer to measure tracks in
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Q is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
362:was much larger than had been previously supposed.
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228:he advanced the first theoretical explanation of
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1208:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–162.
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917:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 263.
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389:. He followed this with a five-year stint in
767:"Otto Robert Frisch | Biography & Facts"
606:Left to right: William Penney, Otto Frisch,
1587:Jacksonian Professors of Natural Philosophy
1572:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London
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282:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1602:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
1484:Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy
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1147:"Culture trails – Blue Plaque Guide"
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1612:British people of Austrian-Jewish descent
1567:Academics of the University of Birmingham
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434:. While there she received the news that
302:Learn how and when to remove this message
1617:Fellows of the American Physical Society
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629:Before he retired he designed a device,
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1118:J. A. Wheeler, "Mechanism of Fission",
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446:had discovered that the collision of a
16:Austrian-born British nuclear physicist
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1582:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
1281:"Experiments with the Dragon Machine"
990:Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. (1939).
847:. Simon & Schuster. p. 150.
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397:where he increasingly specialised in
1457:Works by or about Otto Robert Frisch
616:Atomic Energy Research Establishment
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280:adding citations to reliable sources
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401:, particularly in neutron physics.
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1522:20th-century Austrian scientists
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1240:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
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1182:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
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419:Otto Frisch, Lise Meitner, and
379:Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
373:, where he joined the staff at
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725:"Obituary: Otto Robert Frisch"
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521:part of the British delegation
515:project) and also that of the
377:and worked with the physicist
1:
1236:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
1178:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
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1087:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
913:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
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640:
454:nucleus produced the element
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48:Otto Robert Frisch's wartime
1577:Fellows of the Royal Society
1202:Frisch, Otto Robert (1980).
1133:"Fame without a Nobel Prize"
883:University of Nebraska Press
467:in biology, to describe it.
411:Discovery of nuclear fission
7:
1552:Austrian nuclear physicists
1122:V20, N11, pp. 49-52 (1967).
146:Fellow of the Royal Society
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1547:British nuclear physicists
875:Sullivan, Neil J. (2016).
610:and John Cockcroft in 1946
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519:on which Frisch worked as
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1557:Manhattan Project people
1232:Rhodes, Richard (1986).
1174:Rhodes, Richard (1986).
1154:University of Birmingham
1083:Rhodes, Richard (1986).
529:University of Birmingham
500:University of Birmingham
1279:r.e. Malenfant (2005).
771:Encyclopedia Brittanica
1607:Scientists from Vienna
1419:What Little I Remember
1379:10.1098/rsbm.1981.0012
1320:Cite journal requires
1205:What Little I Remember
1041:Frisch, O. R. (1939).
794:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Physik
698:10.1098/rsbm.1981.0012
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486:, but the outbreak of
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216:he first measured the
1359:Peierls, Rudolf Ernst
755:on 28 September 2013.
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1407:Atomic Physics Today
841:Gribbin, J. (2000).
576:Lady Godiva assembly
328:University of Vienna
276:improve this section
126:University of Vienna
1527:Austrian physicists
1361:(1 November 1981).
1059:1939Natur.143..276F
1010:1939Natur.143..239M
960:1939NW.....27...11H
948:Naturwissenschaften
807:1933ZPhy...85....4F
741:1980PhT....33a..99B
350:-winning scientist
314:Frisch was born in
1537:British physicists
1413:Working with ATOMS
1135:. 5 November 2015.
968:10.1007/BF01488241
815:10.1007/BF01330773
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214:Immanuel Estermann
189:Otto Robert Frisch
25:Otto Robert Frisch
1592:Austrian refugees
1532:Jewish physicists
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1491:Succeeded by
1469:Academic offices
1266:"Here Be Dragons"
1004:(3615): 239–240.
924:978-0-684-81378-3
892:978-1-61234-890-2
854:978-0-684-86315-3
749:10.1063/1.2913924
598:Return to England
545:Manhattan Project
539:Manhattan Project
517:Manhattan Project
463:, adopted from a
365:The accession of
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86:22 September 1979
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561:In 1944 at
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348:Nobel Prize
238:atomic bomb
136:Atomic bomb
112:Citizenship
102:Nationality
1506:Categories
1488:1947–1972
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563:Los Alamos
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395:Niels Bohr
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334:on salts.
244:Early life
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