1597:. First the tantalum in the ore was precipitated, then the protactinium. In addition to the uranium X1 (thorium-234) and uranium X2 (protactinium-234), Hahn detected traces of a radioactive substance with a half life of between 6 and 7 hours. There was one isotope known to have a half life of 6.2 hours, mesothorium II (actinium-228). This was not in any probable decay chain, but it could have been contamination, as the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry had experimented with it. Hahn and Meitner demonstrated in 1919 that when actinium is treated with hydrofluoric acid, it remains in the insoluble residue. Since mesothorium II was an isotope of actinium, the substance was not mesothorium II; it was protactinium. Hahn was now confident enough that he had found something that he named his new isotope "uranium Z", and in February 1921, he published the first report on his discovery.
1935:. They established the presence of multiple isotopes of at least four such elements, and (mistakenly) identified them as elements with atomic numbers 93 through 96. They were the first scientists to measure the 23-minute half life of uranium-239 and to establish chemically that it was an isotope of uranium, but were unable to continue this work to its logical conclusion and identify the real element 93. They identified ten different half lives, with varying degrees of certainty. To account for them, Meitner had to hypothesise a new class of reaction and the alpha decay of uranium, neither of which had ever been reported before, and for which physical evidence was lacking. Hahn and Strassmann refined their chemical procedures, while Meitner devised new experiments to shine more light on the reaction processes.
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1971:, Germany's unification with Austria on 12 March 1938, Meitner lost her Austrian citizenship, and fled to Sweden. She carried only a little money, but before she left, Hahn gave her a diamond ring he had inherited from his mother. Meitner continued to correspond with Hahn by mail. In late 1938 Hahn and Strassmann found evidence of isotopes of an alkaline earth metal in their sample. Finding a group 2 alkaline earth metal was problematic, because it did not logically fit with the other elements found thus far. Hahn initially suspected it to be radium, produced by splitting off two alpha-particles from the uranium nucleus, but chipping off two alpha particles via this process was unlikely. The idea of turning uranium into
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and possibly, it is conjectured, the substance which renders thorium radioactive. Its activity is at least 250,000 times as great as that of thorium, weight for weight. It gives off a gas (generally called an emanation), identical with the radioactive emanation from thorium. Another theory of deep interest is that it is the possible source of a radioactive element possibly stronger in radioactivity than radium itself, and capable of producing all the curious effects which are known of radium up to the present. – The discoverer read a paper on the subject to the Royal
Society last week, and this should rank, when published, among the most original of recent contributions to scientific literature.
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1939:
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any and all means to subordinate the "inferior" people, has been expressed over and over again by historians, philosophers, and politicians and finally the Nazis tried to translate it into fact... The best people among the
English and Americans wish that the best Germans would understand that there should be a definitive break with this tradition, which has brought the entire world and Germany itself the greatest misfortune. And as a small sign of German understanding the name of the KWS should be changed. What's in a name, if it is a matter of the existence of Germany and thereby Europe?
2666:(VDW), a non-governmental organization, which has been committed to the ideal of responsible science. The members of the Federation feel committed to taking into consideration the possible military, political, and economical implications and possibilities of atomic misuse when carrying out their scientific research and teaching. With the results of its interdisciplinary work the VDW not only addresses the general public, but also the decision-makers at all levels of politics and society. Right up to his death, Otto Hahn never tired of warning urgently of the dangers of the
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1140:. Meitner was allowed to work in the wood shop, which had its own external entrance, but could not set foot in the rest of the institute, including Hahn's laboratory space upstairs. If she wanted to go to the toilet, she had to use one at the restaurant down the street. The following year, women were admitted to universities, and Fischer lifted the restrictions, and had women's toilets installed in the building. The Institute of Physics was more accepting than chemists, and she became friends with the physicists there, including
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1808:, and had estimated its half life at 2 x 10 years. It occurred to Hahn that by comparing the quantity of strontium in the mineral (which had once been rubidium) with that of the remaining rubidium, he could measure the age of the mineral, assuming that his original calculation of the half life was reasonably accurate. This would be a superior dating method to studying the decay of uranium, because some of the uranium turns into helium, which then escapes, resulting in rocks appearing to be younger than they really were.
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1222:). Moreover, he discovered that at the moment when a radioactinium (thorium-227) atom emits an alpha particle, it does so with great force, and the actinium X experiences a recoil. This is enough to free it from chemical bonds, and it has a positive charge, and can be collected at a negative electrode. Hahn was thinking only of actinium, but on reading his paper, Meitner told him that he had found a new way of detecting radioactive substances. They set up some tests, and soon found actinium C
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in protest on 30 April 1933, but the directors of the other Kaiser
Wilhelm Institutes, even the Jewish ones, complied with the new law, which applied to the KWS as a whole and those Kaiser Wilhelm institutes with more than 50% state support, which exempted the KWI for Chemistry. Hahn therefore did not have to fire any of his own full-time staff, but as the interim director of Haber's institute, he dismissed a quarter of its staff, including three department heads.
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1962:, it was too large to be anything other than the most abundant isotope, uranium-238. She concluded that it must be another case of the nuclear isomerism that Hahn had discovered in protactinium. She therefore ended her report on a very different note to Hahn, reporting that: "The process must be neutron capture by uranium-238, which leads to three isomeric nuclei of uranium-239. This result is very difficult to reconcile with current concepts of the nucleus."
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new laboratories stayed that way, Hahn and
Meitner instituted strict procedures. Chemical and physical measurements were conducted in different rooms, people handling radioactive substances had to follow protocols that included not shaking hands, and rolls of toilet paper were hung next to every telephone and door handle. Strongly radioactive substances were stored in the old wood shop, and later in a purpose-built radium house on the institute grounds.
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2739:. In him Germany and the world have lost a scholar who was distinguished in equal measure by his integrity and personal humility. The Max Planck Society mourns its founder, who continued the tasks and traditions of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society after the war, and mourns also a good and much loved human being, who will live in the memories of all who had the chance to meet him. His work will continue. We remember him with deep gratitude and admiration.
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Division, while Hahn headed the
Chemical Radioactivity Division. In the early 1920s, he created a new line of research. Using the "emanation method", which he had recently developed, and the "emanation ability", he founded what became known as "applied radiochemistry" for the researching of general chemical and physical-chemical questions. In 1936 Cornell University Press published a book in English (and later in Russian) titled
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2383:. These chemists were impressed by Hahn's work, but felt that of Meitner and Frisch was not extraordinary, and did not understand why the physics community regarded their work as seminal. As for Strassmann, although his name was on the papers, there was a long-standing policy of conferring awards on the most senior scientist in a collaboration. The committee therefore recommended that Hahn alone be given the chemistry prize.
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965:-216) and thorium B (lead-212) also contained a short-lived "element", which he named thorium C (which was later identified as polonium-212). Hahn was unable to separate it, and concluded that it had a very short half life (it is about 300 ns). He also identified radioactinium (thorium-227) and radium D (later identified as lead-210). Rutherford remarked that: "Hahn has a special nose for discovering new elements."
1421:. He witnessed the death agonies of Russians they had poisoned, and unsuccessfully attempted to revive some with gas masks. He was transferred to Berlin as a human guinea pig testing poisonous gases and gas masks. On their next attempt on 7 July, the gas again blew back on German lines, and Hertz was poisoned. This assignment was interrupted by a mission at the front in Flanders and again in 1916 by a mission to
2425:, to write a letter to the Nobel committee accepting the prize but stating that he would not be able to attend the award ceremony on 10 December since his captors would not allow him to leave Farm Hall. When Hahn protested, Welsh reminded him that Germany had lost the war. Under the Nobel Foundation statutes, Hahn had six months to deliver the Nobel Prize lecture, and until 1 October 1946 to cash the 150,000
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669:. After the war he became the head of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, while remaining in charge of his own department. Between 1934 and 1938, he worked with Strassmann and Meitner on the study of isotopes created through the neutron bombardment of uranium and thorium, which led to the discovery of nuclear fission. He was an opponent of
1524:. Meitner became an X-ray nurse, working in Austrian Army hospitals, but she returned to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in October 1916. Hahn joined the new gas command unit at Imperial Headquarters in Berlin in December 1916 after travelling between the western and eastern front, Berlin and Leverkusen between the summer of 1914 and late 1916.
1784:, a company which had bankrolled the Nazi Party since 1932. Ernst Telschow became Secretary of the KWS. Telschow was an enthusiastic supporter of the Nazis, but was also loyal to Hahn, being one of his former students, and Hahn welcomed his appointment. Hahn's chief assistant, Otto Erbacher, became the KWI for Chemistry's party steward (
2220:. Hahn certified that his work was important to the war effort, and that his wife Maria, who had a doctorate in physics, was required as his assistant. After he died on 19 September 1944, Maria faced being sent to a concentration camp. Hahn mounted a lobbying campaign to get her released, but to no avail, and she was sent to the
1990:. Further refinements of the technique, leading to the decisive experiment on 16–17 December 1938, produced puzzling results: the three isotopes consistently behaved not as radium, but as barium. Hahn, who did not inform the physicists in his Institute, described the results exclusively in a letter to Meitner on 19 December:
1958:("Above all, their chemical distinction from all previously known elements needs no further discussion"); Meitner was increasingly uncertain. She considered the possibility that the reactions were from different isotopes of uranium; three were known: uranium-238, uranium-235 and uranium-234. However, when she calculated the
1302:. They saw each other again in Berlin, and became engaged in November 1912. On 22 March 1913 the couple married in Edith's native city of Stettin, where her father, Paul Ferdinand Junghans, was a high-ranking law officer and President of the City Parliament until his death in 1915. After a honeymoon at Punta San Vigilio on
1718:. As a result, he could neither work in the chemical industry nor receive his habilitation, the prerequisite for an academic position. Meitner persuaded Hahn to hire Strassmann as an assistant. Soon he would be credited as a third collaborator on the papers they produced, and would sometimes even be listed first.
1001:. In Montreal these had been made from discarded coffee tins; Hahn made the ones in Berlin from brass, with aluminium strips insulated with amber. These were charged with hard rubber sticks that he rubbed then against the sleeves of his suit. It was not possible to conduct research in the wood shop, but
790:. He completed his one-year military service (instead of the usual two because he had a doctorate) in the 81st Infantry Regiment, but unlike his brothers, did not apply for a commission. He then returned to the University of Marburg, where he worked for two years as assistant to his doctoral supervisor,
2352:"for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei." Hahn was still at Farm Hall when the announcement was made; thus, his whereabouts were a secret, and it was impossible for the Nobel committee to send him a congratulatory telegram. Instead, he learned about his award on 18 November through the
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After the Second World War, Hahn came out strongly against the use of nuclear energy for military purposes. He saw the application of his scientific discoveries to such ends as a misuse, or even a crime. Lawrence Badash wrote: "His wartime recognition of the perversion of science for the construction
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Outside of
Germany it is considered so obvious that the tradition from the period of Kaiser Wilhelm has been disastrous and that changing the name of the KWS is desirable, that no one understands the resistance against it. For the idea, that the Germans are the chosen people and have the right to use
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On the night of 15 February 1944, the Kaiser
Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry building was struck by a bomb. Hahn's office was destroyed, along with his correspondence with Rutherford and other researchers, and many of his personal possessions. The office was the intended target of the raid, which had
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continued after the neutron emissions ceased. Not only had they discovered a new form of radioactive decay, they had transmuted an element into a hitherto unknown radioactive isotope of another, thereby inducing radioactivity where there had been none before. Radiochemistry was now no longer confined
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banned Jews and communists from academia. Meitner was exempt from its impact because she was an
Austrian rather than a German citizen. Haber was likewise exempt as a veteran of World War I, but chose to resign his directorship of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
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in Berlin, by a vote of thirty white balls to two black. While still remaining the head of his own department, he became Deputy
Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in 1924, and succeeded Alfred Stock as the director in 1928. Meitner became the director of the Physical Radioactivity
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remained constant over time, strongly indicating that uranium X was the mother of uranium Z. To prove this, Hahn obtained a hundred kilograms of uranyl nitrate; separating the uranium X from it took weeks. He found that the half life of the parent of uranium Z differed from the known 24 day half life
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A new element – Very soon the scientific papers will be agog with a new discovery which has been added to the many brilliant triumphs of Gower Street. Dr. Otto Hahn, who is working at
University College, has discovered a new radioactive element, extracted from a mineral from Ceylon, named Thorianite,
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technology as well. The memorandum became the first draft of a postwar apologia. The idea that Germany had lost the war because its scientists were morally superior was as outrageous as it was unbelievable, but struck a chord in postwar German academia. It infuriated Goudsmit, whose parents had been
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arranged for Hoernes to work at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, claiming that his work was essential to the uranium project and that uranium was highly toxic, making it hard to find people to work with it. Hahn was aware that uranium ore was fairly safe in the laboratory, although not so
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insisted that the funds either be used for scientific research or returned. Hahn brokered a deal whereby 10 per cent of the funds would be allocated to Haber's people. In August 1933 the administrators of the KWS were alerted that several boxes of Rockefeller Foundation-funded equipment was about to
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Most of the students, laboratory assistants and technicians had been called up, so Hahn, who was stationed in Berlin between January and September 1917, and Meitner had to do everything themselves. By December 1917 she was able to isolate the substance, and after further work were able to prove that
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on 24 May 1905. It was the first of over 250 scientific publications of Otto Hahn in the field of radiochemistry. At the end of his time in London, Ramsay asked Hahn about his plans for the future, and Hahn told him about the job offer from Kalle & Co. Ramsay told him radiochemistry had a bright
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in 1936. The Nobel Committee for Chemistry's recommendation was therefore rejected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1944, which also decided to defer the award for one year. When the Academy reconsidered the award in September 1945, the war was over and thus the German boycott had ended.
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I am not a Nazi. But Hitler is the hope, the powerful hope, of German youth... At least 20 million people revere him. He began as a nobody, and you see what he has become in ten years.… In any case for the youth, for the nation of the future, Hitler is a hero, a Führer, a saint... In his daily life
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The number of those who had been able to be near Otto Hahn is small. His behaviour was completely natural for him, but for the next generations he will serve as a model, regardless of whether one admires in the attitude of Otto Hahn his humane and scientific sense of responsibility or his personal
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The important thing is not that scientists may disagree on where their responsibility to society lies, but that they are conscious that a responsibility exists, are vocal about it, and when they speak out they expect to affect policy. Otto Hahn, it would seem, was even more than just an example of
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from the Alsos Mission fetched Planck in a jeep and brought him to Göttingen on 16 May. Planck wrote to Hahn, who was still in captivity in England, on 25 July, and informed Hahn that the directors of the KWS had voted to make him the next president, and asked if he would accept the position. Hahn
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As they recovered from the shock of the announcement, they began to rationalise what had happened. Hahn noted that he was glad that they had not succeeded, and von Weizsäcker suggested that they should claim that they had not wanted to. They drafted a memorandum on the project, noting that fission
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The move to new accommodation was fortuitous, as the wood shop had become thoroughly contaminated by radioactive liquids that had been spilt, and radioactive gases that had vented and then decayed and settled as radioactive dust, making sensitive measurements impossible. To ensure that their clean
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in Frankfurt. At the age of 15, he began to take a special interest in chemistry, and carried out simple experiments in the laundry room of the family home. His father wanted Otto to study architecture, as he had built or acquired several residential and business properties, but Otto persuaded him
2486:, on one condition: that the name be changed. Hahn and Heisenberg were distraught at this prospect. To them it was an international brand that represented political independence and scientific research of the highest order. Hahn noted that it had been suggested that the name be changed during the
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Hahn had been nominated for the chemistry and the physics Nobel prizes many times even before the discovery of nuclear fission. Several more followed for the discovery of fission. The Nobel prize nominations were vetted by committees of five, one for each award. Although Hahn and Meitner received
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of minute quantities of radioactive materials when insoluble substances were precipitated from aqueous solutions. I recall reading and rereading every word in these laws of co-precipitation many times, attempting to derive every possible bit of guidance for our work, and perhaps in my zealousness
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Law No. 25 on the control of scientific research dated 29 April 1946 restricted German scientists to conducting basic research only, and on 11 July the Allied Control Council dissolved the KWS on the insistence of the Americans, who considered that it had been too close to the national socialist
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Hahn determined that uranium Z had a half life of around 6.7 hours (with a two per cent margin of error) and that when uranium X1 decayed, it became uranium X2 about 99.75 per cent of the time, and uranium Z around 0.25 per cent of the time. He found that the proportion of uranium X to uranium Z
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that many radioactive substances existed in such tiny amounts that they could only be detected by their radioactivity, venturing that he had always been able to detect substances with his keen sense of smell, but soon gave in. One department head remarked: "it is incredible what one gets to be a
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In early 1954, he wrote the article "Cobalt 60 – Danger or Blessing for Mankind?", about the misuse of atomic energy, which was widely reprinted and transmitted in the radio in Germany, Norway, Austria, and Denmark, and in an English version worldwide via the BBC. The international reaction was
1902:
The radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy said that beta decay causes isotopes to move one element up on the periodic table, and alpha decay causes them to move two down. When Fermi's group bombarded uranium atoms with neutrons, they found a complex mix of half lives. Fermi therefore
1819:
isotope, indicating that it had all been produced from radioactive decay of rubidium-87. The age of the mineral had been estimated at 1,975 million years from uranium minerals in the same deposit, which implied that the half life of rubidium-87 was 2.3 x 10 years: quite close to Hahn's original
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It was remarkable, how, after the war, this rather unassuming scientist who had spent a lifetime in the laboratory, became an effective administrator and an important public figure in Germany. Hahn, famous as the discoverer of nuclear fission, was respected and trusted for his human qualities,
2010:
In her reply, Meitner concurred. "At the moment, the interpretation of such a thoroughgoing breakup seems very difficult to me, but in nuclear physics we have experienced so many surprises, that one cannot unconditionally say: 'it is impossible'." On 22 December 1938, Hahn sent a manuscript to
2432:
Hahn was repatriated from Farm Hall on 3 January 1946, but it soon became apparent that difficulties obtaining permission to travel from the British government meant that he would be unable to travel to Sweden before December 1946. Accordingly, the Academy of Sciences and the Nobel Foundation
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than uranium-235, but were unable to detect its radioactive decay. They concluded that it must have an extremely long half life, perhaps millions of years. Part of the problem was that they still believed that element 94 was a platinoid, which confounded their attempts at chemical separation.
732:(and founder of the Glasbau Hahn company), and Charlotte Hahn née Giese (1845–1905). He had an older half-brother Karl, his mother's son from her previous marriage, and two older brothers, Heiner and Julius. The family lived above his father's workshop. The younger three boys were educated at
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on 7 May. Over the following days they were joined by Kurt Diebner, Walther Gerlach, Paul Harteck and Werner Heisenberg. All were physicists except Hahn and Harteck, who were chemists, and all had worked on the German nuclear weapons program except von Laue, although he was well aware of it.
1911:
suggested that what Fermi had found was an isotope of protactinium. "The only question", Hahn later wrote, "seemed to be whether Fermi had found isotopes of transuranian elements, or isotopes of the next-lower element, protactinium. At that time Lise Meitner and I decided to repeat Fermi's
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announced that they had extracted a sample of the isotope, but unlike Hahn and Meitner were unable to describe its characteristics. They acknowledged Hahn´s and Meitner's priority, and agreed to the name. The connection to uranium remained a mystery, as neither of the known
2527:, but work proceeded slowly, and it did not relocate from Tailfingen until 1949. Hahn's insistence on retaining Ernst Telschow as the general secretary nearly caused a rebellion against his presidency. In his efforts to rebuild German science, Hahn was generous in issuing
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With the discovery of protactinium, most of the decay chains of uranium had been mapped. When Hahn returned to his work after the war, he looked back over his 1914 results, and considered some anomalies that had been dismissed or overlooked. He dissolved uranium salts in a
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on 14 April 1945 left the KWS without a president. The British chemist Bertie Blount was placed in charge of its affairs while the Allies decided what to do with it, and he decided to install Max Planck as an interim president. Now aged 87, Planck was in the small town of
2242:
arrived in Tailfingen, and surrounded the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry. Hahn was informed that he was under arrest. When asked about reports related to his secret work on uranium, Hahn replied: "I have them all here", and handed over 150 reports. He was taken to
1456:' lines after a massive release of gas from their mortars. That summer Hahn was accidentally poisoned by phosgene while testing a new model gas mask. At the end of the war he was in the field in mufti on a secret mission to test a pot that heated and released a cloud of
1044:. A thesis was not required; the Chemical Institute accepted one of his publications on radioactivity instead. Most of the organic chemists at the Chemical Institute did not regard Hahn's work as real chemistry. Fischer objected to Hahn's contention in his habilitation
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needed nuclear weapons, and Adenauer accepted their advice. A communique was drafted that said that the Federal Republic did not manufacture nuclear weapons, and would not ask its scientists to do so. Instead, the German forces were equipped with US nuclear weapons.
1255:). This came with an annual salary of 5,000 marks. In addition, he received 66,000 marks in 1914 (of which he gave 10 per cent to Meitner) from Knöfler for the mesothorium process. The new institute was inaugurated on 23 October 1912 in a ceremony presided over by
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banned the use of projectiles containing poison gases, but Haber explained that the French had already initiated chemical warfare with tear gas grenades, and he planned to get around the letter of the convention by releasing gas from cylinders instead of shells.
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Although Fajans and Göhring had been the first to discover the element, custom required that an element was represented by its longest-lived and most abundant isotope, and brevium did not seem appropriate. Fajans agreed to Meitner and Hahn naming the element
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of 1955, in which he and a number of international Nobel Prize-winners called attention to the dangers of atomic weapons and warned the nations of the world urgently against the use of "force as a final resort", and which was issued a week after the similar
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from IG Farben. Hahn served as president of the Max Planck Society until 1960, and succeeded in regaining the renown that had once been enjoyed by the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. New institutes were founded and old ones expanded, the budget rose from 12 million
2647:, Hahn warned of the "dangers of A- and H-bomb-experiments", and declared that "today war is no means of politics anymore – it will only destroy all countries in the world". His highly acclaimed speech was transmitted internationally by the Austrian radio,
1032:), it was ideally suited for use in medical radiation treatment, but cost only half as much to manufacture. Along the way, Hahn determined that just as he was unable to separate thorium from radiothorium, so he could not separate mesothorium from radium.
5164:(1939). "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle" [On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons].
1709:
came to power in Germany in 1933, Strassmann declined a lucrative offer of employment because it required political training and Nazi Party membership. Later, rather than become a member of a Nazi-controlled organisation, Strassmann resigned from the
2727:, but before it could be published, he fractured one of the vertebrae in his neck while getting out of a car. He gradually became weaker and died in Göttingen on 28 July 1968. His wife Edith survived him by only a fortnight. He was buried in the
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Between operations, Hahn returned to Berlin, where he was able to slip back to his old laboratory and work with Meitner, continuing with their research. In September 1917 he was one of three officers, disguised in Austrian uniforms, sent to the
1516:, this was an isotope of the missing element, which they named "brevium" after its short half life. However, it was a beta emitter, and therefore could not be the mother isotope of actinium. This had to be another isotope of the same element.
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In Canada there had been no requirement to be circumspect when addressing the egalitarian New Zealander Rutherford, but many people in Germany found his manner off-putting, and characterised him as an "Anglicised Berliner". Hahn completed his
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did not receive the letter until September, and did not think he was a good choice, as he regarded himself as a poor negotiator, but his colleagues persuaded him to accept. After his return to Germany, he assumed the office on 1 April 1946.
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emitted from radioactive substances always had the same energy, providing a second way of identifying them, so Hahn set about measuring the alpha particle emissions of radiothorium. In the process, he found that a precipitation of thorium A
1850:. The table and instruments are original, but the instruments would not have been together on the one table in the same room. Pressure from historians, scientists and feminists caused the museum to alter the display in 1988 to acknowledge
1519:
Hahn and Meitner set out to find the missing mother isotope. They developed a new technique for separating the tantalum group from pitchblende, which they hoped would speed the isolation of the new isotope. The work was interrupted by the
877:
Ramsay was enthusiastic when yet another new element was found in his institute, and he intended to announce the discovery in a correspondingly suitable way. In accordance with tradition this was done before the committee of the venerable
1768:, one of the department heads that Hahn had dismissed, in England. Hahn complied with an order to halt the shipment, but when Planck, the president of the KWS since 1930, returned from vacation, he ordered Hahn to expedite the shipment.
2044:, a term appropriated by Frisch from biology. In January and February they published two articles discussing and experimentally confirming their theory. In their second publication on nuclear fission, Hahn and Strassmann used the term
11009:
628:. Working with the Austrian physicist Lise Meitner in the building that now bears their names, he made a series of groundbreaking discoveries, culminating with her isolation of the longest-lived isotope of protactinium in 1918.
2303:, on 3 July. Unbeknown to them, their every conversation, indoors and out, was recorded from hidden microphones. They were given British newspapers, which Hahn was able to read. He was greatly disturbed by their reports of the
2784:
published an inquiry of 500 leading natural scientists, engineers, and physicians about the most important scientists of the 20th century. In this poll Hahn was elected third (with 81 points), after the theoretical physicists
2037:. By January 1939, he was sufficiently convinced of the formation of light elements that he published a new revision of the article, retracting former claims of observing transuranic elements and neighbours of uranium.
2403:
Also, the chemistry committee had now become more cautious, as it was apparent that much research had taken place in the United States in secret, and suggested deferring for another year, but the Academy was swayed by
834:), but a condition of employment was that Hahn had to have lived in another country and have a reasonable command of another language. With this in mind, and to improve his knowledge of English, Hahn took up a post at
2498:, however authoritarian and undemocratic it was, before the hated Weimar Republic. Heisenberg asked Niels Bohr for support, but Bohr recommended that the name be changed. Lise Meitner wrote to Hahn, explaining that:
712:, a non-governmental organization, which has been committed to the ideal of responsible science. As he worked to rebuild German science, he became one of the most influential and respected citizens of the post-war
1443:
that simultaneously hurled hundreds of containers of poison gas onto enemy targets. They selected a site where the Italian trenches were sheltered in a deep valley so that a gas cloud would persist. The following
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of the 12th century. In August 1960, while on a study trip in France, Hanno died in a car accident, together with his wife and assistant Ilse Hahn née Pletz. They left a fourteen-year-old son, Dietrich Hahn.
2523:(or West-Germany) was formed in 1949, the five institutes located in the French zone joined them. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, now under Strassmann, built and renovated new accommodation in
2319:
was discovered by Hahn and Strassmann. The revelation that Nagasaki had been destroyed by a plutonium bomb came as another shock, as it meant that the Allies had not only been able to successfully conduct
1666:, in 1933. This important publication had a major influence on almost all nuclear chemists and physicists in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s.
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Haber died on 29 January 1934. A memorial service was held on the first anniversary of his death. University professors were forbidden to attend, so they sent their wives in their place. Hahn, Planck and
1129:, and had already published two papers on radioactivity. Rubens suggested her as a possible collaborator. So began the thirty-year collaboration and lifelong close friendship between the two scientists.
2778:
During his lifetime Hahn was awarded orders, medals, scientific prizes, and fellowships of Academies, Societies, and Institutions from all over the world. At the end of 1999, the German news magazine
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1328:
as a panzer commander. He lost an arm in combat. After the war he became a distinguished art historian and architectural researcher (at the Hertziana in Rome), known for his discoveries in the early
507:
2079:
independently produced element 93, using only the weak neutron sources available there. Hahn and Strassmann then began researching its chemical properties. They knew that it should decay into the
1994:
We are more and more coming to the awful conclusion that our Ra isotopes behave not like Ra, but like Ba... Perhaps you can come up with some fantastic explanation. We ourselves realize that it
4997:(May 1937). "Über die Umwandlungsreihen des Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden" [On the series of transformations of uranium that are generated by neutron radiation].
1621:
able to provide a theoretical explanation of the phenomenon. For this discovery, whose full significance was recognised by very few, Hahn was again proposed for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry by
771:
2756:
Hahn remained modest and informal all his life. His disarming frankness, unfailing kindness, good common sense, and impish humour will be remembered by his many friends all over the world.
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regime, and was a threat to world peace. However, the British, who had voted against the dissolution, were more sympathetic, and offered to let the Kaiser Wilhelm Society continue in the
2411:, and award the prize to a German, as it had done after World War I when it had awarded it to Fritz Haber. Hahn therefore became the sole recipient of the 1944 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
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Between 1934 and 1938, Hahn, Meitner and Strassmann found a great number of radioactive transmutation products, all of which they regarded as transuranic. At that time, the existence of
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2311:. Up to this point the scientists, except Harteck, were completely certain that their project was further advanced than any in other countries, and the Alsos Mission's chief scientist,
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of weapons and his postwar activity in planning the direction of his country's scientific endeavours now inclined him increasingly toward being a spokesman for social responsibility."
2142:, left for the United States in 1940 and never returned, Diebner was installed as its director. Hahn reported to the HWA on the progress of his research. Together with his assistants,
2068:
to bombard uranium with neutrons, were able to identify an isotope with a 23-minute half life that was the daughter of uranium-239, and therefore the real element 93, which they named
1907:) had been created. Meitner and Hahn had not collaborated for many years, but Meitner was eager to investigate Fermi's results. Hahn, initially, was not, but he changed his mind when
2981:. The diploma for Hahn bore the words: "For pioneering research in the naturally occurring radioactivities and extensive experimental studies culminating in the discovery of fission."
2332:. On 3 January 1946, exactly six months after they had arrived at Farm Hall, the group was allowed to return to Germany. Hahn, Heisenberg, von Laue and von Weizsäcker were brought to
1759:
Like most KWS institute directors, Haber had accrued a large discretionary fund. It was his wish that it be distributed to the dismissed staff to facilitate their emigration, but the
1606:
of uranium X1 by no more than two or three days, but was unable to get a more accurate value. Hahn concluded that uranium Z and uranium X2 were both the same isotope of protactinium (
2711:
Hahn was shot in the back by a disgruntled inventor in October 1951, injured in a motor vehicle accident in 1952, and had a minor heart attack in 1953. In 1962, he published a book,
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for outstanding contributions to Italian art history was established in memory of Hanno and Ilse Hahn to support young and talented art historians. It is awarded biennially by the
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in group III, thorium in group IV and uranium in group VI. This left a gap between thorium and uranium. Soddy predicted that this unknown element, which he referred to (after
1417:
on 12 June 1915, they released a mixture of chlorine and phosgene gas. Some German troops were reluctant to advance when the gas started to blow back, so Hahn led them across
5337:(February 1939). "Nachweis der Entstehung aktiver Bariumisotope aus Uran und Thorium durch Neutronenbestrahlung; Nachweis weiterer aktiver Bruchstücke bei der Uranspaltung".
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because radiochemistry was not taught there. At this point, Hahn decided that he first needed to know more about the subject, so he wrote to the leading expert on the field,
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2414:
The invitation to attend the Nobel festivities was transmitted via the British Embassy in Stockholm. On 4 December, Hahn was persuaded by two of his Alsos captors, American
1617:. Walther Gerlach later remarked that this was "a discovery that was not understood at the time but later became highly significant for nuclear physics". Not until 1936 was
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experiments in order to find out whether the 13-minute isotope was a protactinium isotope or not. It was a logical decision, having been the discoverers of protactinium."
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As a young graduate student at the University of California at Berkeley in the mid-1930s and in connection with our work with plutonium a few years later, I used his book
2519:, with Hahn as the founding president. It took over the 29 institutes of the former Kaiser Wilhelm Society that were located in the British and American zones. When the
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in Göttingen. The day after his death, the Max Planck Society published the following obituary notice in all the major newspapers in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland:
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reading into them more than the master himself had intended. I doubt that I have read sections in any other book more carefully or more frequently than those in Hahn's
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6967:. The University of Western Ontario Series in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 22. Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster: D. Reidel Publishing Company. pp. 213–220.
6940:. The University of Western Ontario Series in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 22. Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster: D. Reidel Publishing Company. pp. 167–180.
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1496:, while the loss of two beta particles restored it to its original position. Under the resulting reorganisation of the periodic table, radium was placed in group II,
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2048:(uranium fission) for the first time, and predicted the existence and liberation of additional neutrons during the fission process, opening up the possibility of a
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Former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry building in Berlin. Heavily damaged by bombing during the Second World War, it was restored and became part of the
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of 13 April 1957, in which, together with 17 leading German atomic scientists, he protested against a proposed nuclear arming of the West German armed forces (
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obtained an extension from the Swedish government. Hahn attended the year after he was awarded the prize. On 10 December 1946, the anniversary of the death of
3573:[Honouring physicist Lise Meitner as the Otto Hahn building becomes the Hahn-Meitner building] (in German). Free University of Berlin. 28 October 2010
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Van der Kloot, W. (2004). "April 1918: Five Future Nobel prize-winners inaugurate weapons of mass destruction and the academic-industrial-military complex".
2138:. From then on, Hahn participated in a ceaseless series of meetings related to the project. After the Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics,
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1429:. Then once again he was hunting along both fronts for sites for gas attacks. In December 1916 he joined the new gas command unit at Imperial Headquarters.
1005:, the head of the inorganic chemistry department, let Hahn use a space in one of his two private laboratories. Hahn purchased two milligrams of radium from
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For their discovery Hahn and Meitner were repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in the 1920s by several scientists, among them Max Planck,
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Haber's new unit was called Pioneer Regiment 35. After brief training in Berlin, Hahn, together with physicists James Franck and Gustav Hertz, was sent to
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memorably described as a compound of thorium X and stupidity. Boltwood was soon convinced that it did exist, although he and Hahn differed on what its
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3085:). In spite of the long-standing convention to give the discoverer the right to suggest a name, a 1994 IUPAC committee recommended that it be named
2040:
As a chemist, Hahn was reluctant to propose a revolutionary discovery in physics, but Meitner and Frisch worked out a theoretical interpretation of
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to certain heavy elements, but extended to the entire periodic table. Chadwick noted that being electrically neutral, neutrons could penetrate the
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1013:(radon), for 100 marks a milligram, and obtained thorium for free from Otto Knöfler, whose Berlin firm was a major producer of thorium products.
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isotopes. They also investigated means of isotope separation; the chemistry of element 93; and methods for purifying uranium oxides and salts.
1809:
1020:
I (radium-228), mesothorium II (actinium-228), and – independently from Boltwood – the mother substance of radium, ionium (later identified as
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as my bible. This book was based on a series of lectures which Professor Hahn had given at Cornell in 1933; it set forth the "laws" for the
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Marble plaque in Latin by Professor Massimo Ragnolini, commemorating the honeymoon of Otto Hahn and his wife Edith at Punta San Vigilio,
786:. In 1901, Hahn received his doctorate in Marburg for a dissertation entitled "On Bromine Derivates of Isoeugenol", a topic in classical
766:
and philosophy. Hahn joined the Students' Association of Natural Sciences and Medicine, a student fraternity and a forerunner of today's
6963:
Berninger, Ernst (1983). "The Discovery of Uranoium Z by Otto Hahn: The First Example of Nuclear Isomerism". In Shea, William R. (ed.).
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7782:
3077:, after the Russian research centre in Dubna. In 1992 element 108 was discovered by a German research team, and they proposed the name
1413:. He did not witness the attack because he and Franck were off selecting a position for the next attack. Transferred to Poland, at the
1815:
From 1,012 grams of the mineral, Strassmann and Ernst Walling extracted 253.4 milligrams of strontium carbonate, all of which was the
981:. When a colleague she did not recognise said that they had met before, Meitner replied: "You probably mistake me for Professor Hahn."
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Hahn, O.; Walling, E. (12 March 1938). "Über die Möglichkeit geologischer Alterbestimmung rubidiumhaltiger Mineralen und Gesteine".
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On 28 July, in his 90th year, our Honorary President Otto Hahn passed away. His name will be recorded in the history of humanity as
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nominations for physics, radioactivity and radioactive elements had traditionally been seen as the domain of chemistry, and so the
1705:
had come to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry to study under Hahn in order to improve his employment prospects. After the
1690:. In fact, I read the entire volume repeatedly and I recall that my chief disappointment with it was its length. It was too short.
1528:
it was indeed the missing isotope. Meitner submitted her and Hahn´s findings for publication in March 1918 to the scientific paper
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Proposals were made at various times, first in 1971 by American chemists, that the newly synthesised element 105 should be named
2025:
elements previously observed in irradiated uranium, which were originally interpreted as transuranium elements, could in fact be
7807:
2797:
2723:, with an introduction by Glenn Seaborg. The success of this book may have prompted him to write another, fuller autobiography,
2441:
presented him with his Nobel Prize medal and diploma. Hahn gave 10,000 krona of his prize to Strassmann, who refused to use it.
2185:
in southern Germany. All work in Berlin ceased by July. Hahn and his family moved to the house of a textile manufacturer there.
1377:
regiment. They marched through Belgium, where the platoon he commanded was armed with captured machine guns. He was awarded the
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7483:. Biographien hervorragender Naturwissenschaftler, Techniker und Mediziner (in German). Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. pp. 19–41.
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1998:
actually burst apart into Ba. Now we want to test whether the Ac-isotopes derived from the "Ra" behave not like Ac but like La.
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978:
625:
350:
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5059:(9 June 1937). "Über die Trans-Urane und ihr chemisches Verhalten" [On the transuranes and their chemical behaviour].
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reporting their radiochemical results, which were published on 6 January 1939. On 27 December, Hahn telephoned the editor of
936:
From September 1905 until mid-1906, Hahn worked with Rutherford's group in the basement of the Macdonald Physics Building at
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was appointed the new director of Haber's old institute, and, ironically, reoriented it towards chemical warfare research.
1842:
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Physicists were more accepting of Hahn's work, and he began attending a colloquium at the Physics Institute conducted by
6845:
4599:"Herstellung wägbaren Mengen des Strontiumisotops 87 als Umwandlungsprodukt des Rubidiums aus einem kanadischen Glimmer"
3852:
Meitner, Lise (1 June 1918). "Die Muttersubstanz des Actiniums, Ein Neues Radioaktives Element von Langer Lebensdauer".
2995:
2315:, did nothing to correct this impression. Now the reason for their incarceration in Farm Hall suddenly became apparent.
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2415:
2291:, Belgium, where Hahn used the time to work on his memoirs and then, on 3 July, were flown to England. They arrived at
2215:
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819:
Hahn's intention was still to work in industry. He received an offer of employment from Eugen Fischer, the director of
2307:, where German territory was ceded to Poland and the USSR. In August 1945, the German scientists were informed of the
11109:
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9490:
9485:
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1324:, was born on 9 April 1922. During World War II, he enlisted in the army in 1942, and served with distinction on the
681:
that caused the removal of many of his colleagues, including Meitner, who was forced to flee Germany in 1938. During
4693:
1206:
in 1904, but interpreted it wrongly. Hahn and Meitner succeeded in demonstrating the radioactive recoil incident to
923:, the head of the chemistry institute there, who replied that Hahn could work in his laboratory, but could not be a
2543:(SA) in 1933 and the NSDAP in 1937, and wore his SA uniform at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, and for
2202:
1743:
he is almost a saint. No alcohol, not even tobacco, no meat, no women. In a word: Hitler is an unequivocal Christ.
1121:. It was at one of these colloquia where, on 28 September 1907, he made the acquaintance of the Austrian physicist
910:
3570:
2586:. In 1956, Hahn repeated his appeal with the signature of 52 of his Nobel colleagues from all parts of the world.
2192:, the firm that mined the uranium ore used by the project. After the firm let him go in 1944, Hoernes faced being
1776:
attended, and gave speeches. The aging Planck did not seek re-election, and was succeeded in 1937 as president by
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882:. At the session of the Royal Society on 16 March 1905 Ramsay communicated Hahn's discovery of radiothorium. The
709:
3281:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character
1283:
With a regular income, Hahn was now able to contemplate marriage. In June 1911, while attending a conference in
1240:
described radioactive recoil as "a profoundly significant discovery in physics with far-reaching consequences".
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10841:
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2135:
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6327:
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2932:, Copenhagen, Göttingen, Halle, Helsinki, Lisbon, Madrid, Mainz, Munich, Rome, Stockholm, Vatican, and Vienna.
2356:. His fellow interned scientists celebrated his award by giving speeches, making jokes, and composing songs.
1956:
Vor allem steht ihre chemische Verschiedenheit von allen bisher bekannten Elementen außerhalb jeder Diskussion
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7815:
Author: Dr Edmund Neubauer (Translation: Brigitte Hippmann) – Website of the Otto Hahn Gymnasium (OHG), 2007.
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of uranium. As a consequence, at the end of the war he was arrested by the Allied forces; he was detained in
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of a decay product of actinium with a half-life of about 11.8 days. Hahn determined that it was actinium X (
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1648:
1342:
1325:
568:
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4008:(1 June 1918), "Die Muttersubstanz des Actiniums, Ein Neues Radioaktives Element von Langer Lebensdauer",
2728:
2648:
1938:
1882:
irradiated aluminium foil with alpha particles, they found that this results in a short-lived radioactive
933:. Rutherford agreed to take Hahn on as an assistant, and Hahn's parents undertook to pay Hahn's expenses.
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9711:
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3089:. After protests from the German discoverers, the name hassium (Hs) was adopted internationally in 1997.
2651:(ÖR). On 28 December 1957, Hahn repeated his appeal in an English translation for the Bulgarian Radio in
2520:
2308:
2188:
Life became precarious for those married to Jewish women. One was Philipp Hoernes, a chemist working for
1426:
658:
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642:
266:
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Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project. Otto Hahn and the declarations of Mainau and Göttingen
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4047:
1024:). In subsequent years, mesothorium I assumed great importance because, like radium-226 (discovered by
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10146:
9747:
8238:
6354:"Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems"
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2632:
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2126:. In response, the Army Weapons Branch (HWA) had established a physics section under nuclear physicist
2119:
1711:
1565:
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4708:"Entdeckung der Kernspaltung 1938, Versuchsaufbau, Deutsches Museum München | Faszination Museum"
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6936:
Badash, Lawrence (1983). "Otto Hahn, Science, and Social Responsibility". In Shea, William R. (ed.).
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in January 1945. She survived the war, and was reunited with her daughters in England after the war.
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of 1914, and was commissioned as a lieutenant. In mid-January 1915, he was summoned to meet chemist
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Hahn is referred to as the father of nuclear chemistry, which emerged from applied radiochemistry.
1244:
1211:
985:
In 1906, Hahn returned to Germany, where Fischer placed at his disposal a former woodworking shop (
545:
500:
428:
242:
7851:
7376:
6302:"Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961"
1572:) named the new element definitively protactinium, and confirmed Hahn and Meitner as discoverers.
870:; the concept of an isotope, along with the term, was only coined in 1913, by the British chemist
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and his colleagues in Rome picked up on this idea, and began irradiating elements with neutrons.
1329:
20:
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9723:
7082:
Crawford, Elisabeth (2000). "German Scientists and Hitler's Vendetta against the Nobel Prizes".
4728:(15 June 2010). "An Inconvenient History: the Nuclear-Fission Display in the Deutsches Museum".
1125:. Almost the same age as himself, she was only the second woman to receive a doctorate from the
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1927:. It followed that first transuranic elements would be similar to group 7 to 10 elements, i.e.
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10267:
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6328:"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials"
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2006:
Plaque commemorating Hahn and Strassmann's discovery of fission in Berlin (unveiled in 1956)
1721:
Hahn spent February to June 1933 in the United States and Canada as a visiting professor at
1448:
broke the Italian lines, and the Central Powers overran much of northern Italy. In 1918 the
1136:, but it was difficult for Meitner at first. Women were not yet admitted to universities in
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1414:
989:) in the basement of the Chemical Institute to use as a laboratory. Hahn equipped it with
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5238:(January 1939). "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: A New Type of Nuclear Reaction".
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2511:
in the British Zone. On 26 February 1948, after the US and British zones were fused into
1715:
1554:
1445:
1247:. Two years later, Hahn became head of the Radioactivity Department of the newly founded
1243:
In 1910, Hahn was appointed professor by the Prussian Minister of Culture and Education,
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272:
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7281:
Racing for the Bomb: General Leslie R. Groves, the Manhattan Project's Indispensable Man
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3458:
3292:
3277:"A new radio-active element, which evolves thorium emanation. Preliminary communication"
2544:
2147:
1198:. It was renamed the Otto Hahn Building in 1956, and the Hahn-Meitner Building in 2010.
850:, at that time a very new field. In early 1905, in the course of his work with salts of
606:, where he discovered several new radioactive isotopes. He returned to Germany in 1906;
458:
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10110:
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7119:
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5362:
5315:
5281:
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5235:
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2407:, who argued that it was important for the Academy to assert its independence from the
2399:
2320:
2304:
2002:
1987:
1908:
1765:
1722:
1659:
1610:), and they both decayed into uranium II (uranium-234), but with different half lives.
1594:
1537:
Die Muttersubstanz des Actiniums; ein neues radioaktives Element von langer Lebensdauer
1146:
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future, and that someone who had discovered a new radioactive element should go to the
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He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a
1580:
1568:, and Fajans himself. In 1949, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (
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5022:
4832:
4765:
4753:
4663:
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4271:
4191:
3985:
3945:"The Open Door Web Site : Chemistry : Visual Chemistry : Protactinium"
3822:
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3472:
3233:
2970:
2667:
2395:
2233:
2170:
2143:
2084:
1887:
1825:
1796:
While Hahn was in North America, his attention was drawn to a mica-like mineral from
1590:
1512:
discovered it as a decay product of a beta-emitting product of thorium. Based on the
1437:
in Italy to find a suitable location for an attack, utilising newly developed rifled
1293:
1256:
1190:
937:
930:
901:
787:
782:, physical chemistry under Friedrich Wilhelm Muthmann, and inorganic chemistry under
725:
603:
599:
557:
525:
453:
448:
396:
340:
319:
67:
5366:
4844:
4203:
4160:
4029:
3873:
3571:"Ehrung der Physikerin Lise Meitner Aus dem Otto-Hahn-Bau wird der Hahn-Meitner-Bau"
3218:
3201:
1056:
254:
10889:
10877:
10819:
10814:
10717:
10701:
10693:
10613:
10589:
10455:
10388:
10333:
10244:
10026:
9256:
9252:
9180:
9104:
9068:
9016:
8937:
8825:
8701:
8681:
8657:
8590:
8466:
8450:
8402:
8311:
8159:
7971:
7955:
7531:
7484:
7465:
7424:
7091:
7062:
6990:
6465:
5722:
5434:
5412:
5354:
5334:
5319:
5305:
5267:
5255:
5193:
5181:
5161:
5068:
5056:
5014:
4994:
4952:
4893:
4824:
4815:
Fergusson, Jack E. (July 2011). "The History of the Discovery of Nuclear Fission".
4745:
4655:
4618:
4378:
4261:
4246:
Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
4183:
4148:
4017:
3977:
3930:
3916:
3908:
3861:
3814:
3736:
3462:
3296:
3223:
3213:
3018:
2829:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2189:
1859:
1847:
1702:
1682:
1670:
1663:
1640:
1607:
1504:) as "ekatantalium", would be an alpha emitter with chemical properties similar to
1501:
1422:
1418:
1307:
1179:
1085:
1037:
941:
779:
646:
565:
443:
383:
365:
284:
248:
24:
10098:
8980:
3051:
of both the German Chemical and Physical Societies and the city of Frankfurt/Main,
2556:
in 1949 to 47 million in 1960, and the workforce grew from 1,400 to nearly 3,000.
2494:
had been persuaded not to. To Hahn, the name represented the good old days of the
2458:
940:
in Montreal. There was some scepticism about the existence of radiothorium, which
610:
placed a former woodworking shop in the basement of the Chemical Institute at the
10769:
10733:
10495:
10480:
10074:
9806:
9418:
9240:
9232:
9168:
9152:
9088:
9080:
9048:
8933:
8885:
8861:
8777:
8638:
8522:
8367:
8335:
8278:
8215:
8100:
8027:
8003:
7870:
7858:
7789:
7404:
7372:
7340:
7149:
7042:
6353:
5380:
4725:
3794:
3055:
3048:
2942:
and an honorary citizen of the cities of Frankfurt am Main and Göttingen in 1959,
2903:
His honorary memberships of foreign academies and scientific societies included:
2870:
2786:
2616:
2604:
2487:
2324:
2312:
2252:
2155:
2041:
1920:
1673:, co-discoverer of many transuranium elements, wrote about this book as follows:
1658:, which contained the lectures given by Hahn when he was a visiting professor at
1622:
1521:
1386:
1237:
1215:
1118:
1081:
1065:
957:
953:
884:
871:
690:
576:
529:
11010:
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
8960:
7488:
4873:
4694:"Originalgeräte zur Entdeckung der Kernspaltung, "Hahn-Meitner-Straßmann-Tisch""
4360:
2052:. This was proved to be the case by Frédéric Joliot and his team in March 1939.
10913:
10685:
10669:
10557:
10539:
10470:
10414:
10302:
10262:
10225:
10177:
10129:
10081:
9845:
9821:
9816:
9735:
9582:
9268:
9200:
9196:
9116:
9056:
9052:
8929:
8897:
8797:
8773:
8713:
8697:
8665:
8634:
8602:
8398:
8258:
8092:
7987:
7963:
7378:
Otto Hahn und die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zwischen Vergangenheit und Erinnerung
7308:
5933:"The end of the war and transition. Max Planck is Interim President of the KWS"
4233:
4229:
3970:
Scerri, Eric (2019). "The Seven Last Infra-Uranium Elements to be Discovered".
3040:
2619:(who both had been generals in the Nazi era). The two generals argued that the
2548:
2539:
2197:
2057:
2053:
2022:
1978:
During a visit to Copenhagen on 10 November, Hahn discussed these results with
1954:
with Hahn as the principal author. Hahn concluded his by stating emphatically:
1892:
1867:
1753:
1614:
1602:
1493:
1485:
1394:
1207:
1133:
847:
839:
812:
803:
797:
624:. In 1912, he became head of the Radioactivity Department of the newly founded
591:
580:
521:
463:
390:
370:
314:
10490:
10252:
9882:
7670:
7535:
7428:
7014:
6358:
The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA)
5286:"Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment"
4828:
4749:
4707:
2386:
1903:
concluded that the new elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (known as
1875:
10923:
10749:
10709:
10629:
10523:
10460:
10430:
10409:
10312:
10086:
9919:
9870:
9833:
9587:
9288:
9276:
9272:
9244:
9220:
9184:
9148:
9124:
9108:
9096:
9004:
8976:
8893:
8805:
8709:
8554:
8546:
8490:
8482:
8430:
8410:
8359:
8183:
8175:
8039:
7979:
7713:
7687:
7682:. Translated by Kaiser, Ernst; Wilkins, Eithne. New York: Herder and Herder.
7644:
7578:
7543:
7506:
7436:
7332:
7269:
7242:
7215:
7171:
7141:
7103:
7074:
6982:
6955:
5426:
5080:
5072:
5026:
4836:
4757:
4667:
4659:
4632:
4275:
4195:
4021:
3865:
3826:
3476:
3237:
3065:
in Gold of the United Nations Association of Germany (DGVN) in Berlin (1988).
3028:
2877:
2761:
2679:
this twentieth-century conceptual evolution; he was a leader in the process.
2553:
2495:
2471:
2426:
2394:
Under Nazi rule, Germans had been forbidden to accept Nobel prizes after the
2296:
2239:
2166:
2115:
2034:
1319:
1203:
1061:
994:
973:
879:
728:
on 8 March 1879, the youngest son of Heinrich Hahn (1845–1922), a prosperous
674:
553:
517:
200:
146:
10761:
7818:
7740:
7364:
7300:
7198:
6819:
6797:
4551:
4517:
4187:
3142:. Translated by Kaiser, Ernst; Wilkins, Eithne. New York: Herder and Herder.
2568:
10725:
10661:
10605:
10307:
10062:
10002:
9931:
9828:
9652:
9577:
9084:
9040:
9024:
8972:
8921:
8865:
8793:
8765:
8749:
8685:
8570:
8562:
8514:
8510:
8502:
8270:
8195:
8011:
7947:
7829:
7588:
How Experiments Are Remembered: The Discovery of Nuclear Fission, 1938–1968
7470:
7453:
5388:
5231:
5052:
4990:
4266:
4241:
4005:
3888:
3740:
3301:
3276:
2840:
2612:
2529:
2483:
2467:
2434:
2256:
2174:
2131:
2127:
2111:
1983:
1896:
1851:
1816:
1773:
1735:
1545:
1156:
1152:
1132:
In Montreal, Hahn had worked with physicists including at least one woman,
1122:
1111:
1073:
1069:
1025:
1002:
990:
925:
920:
855:
831:
713:
682:
620:
615:
607:
533:
402:
278:
224:
140:
99:
71:
10645:
7861:
Hiroshima University Peace Lecture, held by Dietrich Hahn, 2 October 2013.
7761:
7613:
6596:
6054:
5993:
5932:
2333:
1557:
decayed into protactinium. It remained unsolved until the mother isotope,
1468:
95:
10621:
10194:
9945:
9699:
9320:
9172:
9156:
9136:
9132:
8909:
8881:
8877:
8841:
8809:
8761:
8729:
8262:
8250:
8230:
8116:
8077:
8019:
6900:"Names and Symbols of Transfermium Elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)"
6868:"Names and Symbols of Transfermium Elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)"
3921:
2656:
2508:
2248:
2206:
2139:
2123:
2076:
2030:
1855:
1805:
1730:
1558:
1489:
1473:
1439:
1390:
1368:
1306:
in Italy, they visited Vienna, and then Budapest, where they stayed with
1160:
1077:
1029:
1017:
897:
859:
650:
632:
152:
7111:
5911:"Gerard Kuiper's Daring Rescue of Max Planck at the End of World War II"
2884:
2449:
10475:
10447:
9907:
9865:
9766:
9718:
9706:
9613:
9572:
9072:
9008:
8988:
8913:
8721:
8626:
8574:
8498:
8379:
8375:
8203:
7407:(March 2006). "The Politics of Memory: Otto Hahn and the Third Reich".
6076:
5790:
5788:
5358:
5185:
5018:
4623:
4598:
4310:
4174:
Hahn O. Hahn, Otto (1923). "Uber das Uran Z und seine Muttersubstanz".
4152:
3228:
2736:
2595:
2422:
2264:
2260:
2182:
2026:
1979:
1777:
1706:
1477:
1457:
1378:
1303:
1276:
1219:
1164:
998:
763:
678:
662:
433:
236:
230:
7865:
Otto Hahn – Discoverer of nuclear fission, grandfather of the Atombomb
6844:. Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen e.V. Archived from
5773:
3818:
2892:
Hahn became the honorary president of the Max Planck Society in 1962.
1271:
1259:. The Kaiser was shown glowing radioactive substances in a dark room.
772:
Coburger Convent der akademischen Landsmannschaften und Turnerschaften
483:
10653:
9855:
9759:
8693:
7826:
Website of the United Nations Association of Germany (DGVN) in Berlin
7514:
Walker, Mark (May 2006). "Otto Hahn: Responsibility and Repression".
7156:(in German). Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft (WVG).
7095:
7066:
5417:
5392:
5310:
5285:
5259:
4897:
3912:
3467:
3442:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2769:
simplicity of manner, transparent honesty, common sense and loyalty.
2329:
2300:
2292:
2244:
2080:
2069:
2061:
1967:
1932:
1781:
1780:, a Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry and the Chairman of the Board of
1505:
1060:
Physicists and chemists in Berlin in 1920. Front row, left to right:
945:
843:
792:
751:
694:
9536:
7772:
From the Natural Transmutations of Uranium to Its Artificial Fission
5785:
4128:
2873:
of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (1959),
2463:
2196:. At the age of 60, it was doubtful that he would survive. Hahn and
1251:
in Berlin-Dahlem (in what is today the Hahn-Meitner-Building of the
10549:
10317:
10213:
9985:
9754:
9730:
9665:
9626:
7840:
7725:. Unlocking the Secrets of Science. Bear, Delaware: Mitchell Lane.
3670:
2811:
the Cannizaro Prize of the Royal Academy of Science in Rome (1938),
2789:
and Max Planck, and thus the most significant chemist of his time.
2466:, in an area that the Americans were preparing to hand over to the
2238:
On 25 April 1945, an armoured task force from the British/American
1924:
1916:
1824:
became a widely used technique for dating rocks in the 1950s, when
1801:
1797:
1548:, and assigning it the chemical symbol Pa. In June 1918, Soddy and
1497:
1406:
1373:
962:
697:
with nine other German scientists, from July 1945 to January 1946.
637:
4772:
2599:). This resulted in Hahn receiving an invitation to meet with the
2444:
1919:
was not yet established, and uranium was wrongly believed to be a
10057:
9742:
9639:
4010:
Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und Angewandte Physikalische Chemie
3854:
Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie
3202:"Making isotopes matter: Francis Aston and the mass-spectrograph"
3078:
3074:
2846:
the Golden Paracelsus Medal of the Swiss Chemical Society (1953),
2512:
2092:
1928:
1871:
1726:
1284:
1137:
1045:
1010:
867:
863:
808:
759:
729:
513:
46:
7479:
Stolz, Werner (1989). "Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Hahn — Meitner".
5393:"Number of Neutrons Liberated in the Nuclear Fission of Uranium"
2021:
and requested an addition to the article, speculating that some
1210:
emission and interpreted it correctly. Hahn pursued a report by
590:, which awarded him a doctorate in 1901, Hahn studied under Sir
10201:
10117:
10045:
9892:
9694:
7210:. Translated by Ley, Willy. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
4110:
4108:
2946:
2925:
2644:
2577:
encouraging. The following year he initiated and organized the
2507:
In September 1946, a new Max Planck Society was established at
2364:
evaluated the nominations. The committee received reports from
2288:
2122:(OKW), alerting it to the possibility of the development of an
1972:
1359:
851:
746:
158:
5824:
3133:. Translated by Ley, Willy. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2336:, which was controlled by the British occupation authorities.
10189:
10165:
10153:
10141:
10105:
10093:
10069:
10033:
10021:
10009:
9997:
9840:
9789:
7918:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6013:
6011:
5988:
5986:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5761:
3082:
2652:
2524:
2272:
1569:
7045:; Walker, Mark (1997). "A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice".
6611:
6175:
6163:
6151:
6139:
5971:
5959:
5699:
5639:
5483:
4407:
4105:
3605:
3603:
2909:
the Royal Spanish Society for Chemistry and Physics and the
2607:
and other senior officials, including the Defense Minister,
2589:
Hahn was also instrumental in and one of the authors of the
2279:
2134:
broke out on 1 September 1939, the HWA moved to control the
1975:(by removing around 100 nucleons) was seen as preposterous.
1804:. Some years before he had studied the radioactive decay of
1349:
Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute for Art History
704:
in 1946 and as the founding president of its successor, the
11075:
Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
10754:
7867:
GMX, Switzerland, 17 December 2013. Author: Marinus Brandl.
7252:
Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany
7183:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp-Insel Publishers.
6442:
Strassmann, Fritz (29 July 1968) "Zum Tode von Otto Hahn".
6371:
6196:"NATO chief backs Germany's vow to keep war-ready US nukes"
5880:
5878:
5530:
5528:
5473:
5471:
5446:
5444:
1393:, who explained his plan to break the trench deadlock with
858:(thorium-228), which at that time was believed to be a new
614:
at his disposal to use as a laboratory. Hahn completed his
7084:
Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences
6647:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6476:
6008:
5983:
5858:
5800:
5627:
5588:
5552:
5540:
5128:
5126:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
2977:(AEC) awarded Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann the
2627:
2453:
Monument in Berlin-Dahlem, in front of the Otto-Hahn-Platz
977:
Hahn and Meitner, 1913, in the chemical laboratory of the
7699:. Berlin: Max-Planck-Insitut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte.
7561:
German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power
6996:
Hitler's Uranium Club: The Secret recordings at Farm Hall
6541:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6523:
5617:
5615:
5515:
5513:
5500:
5498:
5212:
4851:
4784:
4532:
4095:
4093:
3770:
3703:
3600:
3333:
3024:, the only European nuclear-powered civilian ship (1964),
1749:
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
6270:
6222:
5947:
5875:
5747:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944: Presentation Speech"
5687:
5600:
5525:
5468:
5456:
5441:
5379:
4674:
4228:
3760:
3758:
3590:
3588:
3386:
3384:
3181:
2938:
He was an honorary fellow of University College London,
2860:
the Grotius Medal of the Hugo Grotius Foundation (1956),
2173:, in the hope of disrupting the German uranium project.
2029:(then called "masurium"), mistakenly believing that the
7663:
The Discovery of Nuclear Fission: A Documentary History
5812:
5200:
5123:
5111:
5099:
4963:
4916:
4904:
4796:
4455:
4342:
4340:
4294:
3833:
708:
from 1948 to 1960. In 1959 he co-founded in Berlin the
10970:
Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
7706:
Tongues of Conscience: War and the Scientist's Dilemma
6635:
6623:
6520:
6282:
6127:
6103:
6035:
6023:
5663:
5651:
5612:
5564:
5510:
5495:
4597:
Hahn, O.; Strassman, F.; Walling, E. (19 March 1937).
4325:
4282:
4210:
4090:
4042:
4040:
4038:
3171:
3169:
2687:. As a result, for the first time in human history, a
2559:
11055:
Members of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters
10861:
10789:
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
4578:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4419:
4129:"Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran"
3755:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3651:
3627:
3615:
3585:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3443:"Nobel Prize for Chemistry for 1944: Prof. Otto Hahn"
3423:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3381:
3345:
3244:
2719:). It was released in English in 1966 with the title
1812:
helped Hahn obtain several kilograms of the mineral.
1371:—Hahn was recalled to active duty with the army in a
702:
Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science
11020:
Honorary officers of the Order of the British Empire
10965:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7458:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
6210:
5890:
5741:
5739:
5675:
5576:
4596:
4337:
3889:"Discovery and Naming of the Isotopes of Element 91"
3695:(in German). Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Archived from
3321:
2674:
of the planet. The historian Lawrence Badash wrote:
2339:
1647:
In 1924, Hahn was elected to full membership of the
11060:
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
11030:
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
6115:
6091:
5138:
5087:
4566:
4467:
4431:
4035:
3551:
3495:
3166:
3124:. New York-Amsterdam-London-Brussels: Elsevier Inc.
2962:and was awarded the Grand Cross First Class of the
2287:They were relocated to the Château de Facqueval in
2263:. They were then taken to a dilapidated château in
774:). He spent his third and fourth semesters at the
7852:Otto Hahn – A Life for Science, Humanity and Peace
7622:
7278:
7040:
6573:. Wilhelm Exner Medaillen Stiftung. Archived from
5794:
4648:Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie
4491:
3715:
3639:
3524:
3507:
3483:
3396:
3369:
3357:
3154:
3058:and the Otto Hahn Award of the Max Planck Society,
1946:In May 1937, they issued parallel reports, one in
1185:
804:Discovery of radiothorium and other "new elements"
7756:Otto Hahn – winner of the Enrico Fermi Award 1966
5736:
4479:
4443:
3073:in Hahn's honour, but in 1997 the IUPAC named it
2964:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1950:with Meitner as the principal author, and one in
1575:
11140:World Constitutional Convention call signatories
11080:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
10921:
7802:Otto Hahn (1879–1968) – The discovery of fission
7770:including the Nobel Lecture on 13 December 1946
7181:Otto Hahn - Leben und Werk in Texten und Bildern
6726:"Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Hahn on Moon"
4242:"Uranium Z and the problem of nuclear isomerism"
3797:(August 1986). "The Discovery of Protactinium".
3729:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
3673:. Dictionary of Art Historians. 21 February 2018
2154:and Strassmann, he catalogued about one hundred
1514:radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy
1425:to introduce shells filled with phosgene to the
10980:Academic staff of the Free University of Berlin
7835:The history of the Hahn Meitner Institute (HMI)
7629:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
6455:
2445:Founder and President of the Max Planck Society
2201:much for the 2,000 female slave labourers from
2083:, which according to the latest version of the
2075:At the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry,
1831:
23:. For the nuclear-powered merchant vessel, see
11115:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
9318:
7783:Otto Hahn and the Discovery of Nuclear Fission
7723:Otto Hahn and the Discovery of Nuclear Fission
7661:Graetzer, Hans D.; Anderson, David L. (1971).
7384:(in German). Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.
5332:
5156:
5061:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
5050:
4989:
4397:"Father of Nuclear Chemistry – Otto Emil Hahn"
3887:Fajans, Kasimir; Morris, Donald F. C. (1973).
2348:announced that Hahn had been awarded the 1944
2179:Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production
11065:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
11035:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
9522:
9304:
7904:
7285:. South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press.
5230:
4935:Hahn, O. (1958). "The Discovery of Fission".
4876:(July 1989). "Discovery of Nuclear Fission".
4868:
4866:
4361:"Otto Hahn – the Father of Nuclear Chemistry"
3726:
3115:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
2072:. "There goes a Nobel Prize", Hahn remarked.
1895:more easily than protons or alpha particles.
1734:in which he painted a flattering portrait of
1492:caused atoms to shift down two places on the
1266:
1016:In the space of a few months Hahn discovered
968:
571:, for which Hahn alone, was awarded the 1944
137:Discovery of radioactive elements (1905–1921)
7349:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7227:. Translated by Cole, J. Michael. Springer.
6055:"The founding of today's Max Planck Society"
4173:
3886:
3789:
3787:
3785:
2866:of the Austrian Industry Association (1958),
2843:of the city of Frankfurt-on-the-Main (1949),
2267:, where they heard about the signing of the
1791:
1535:
1463:
1367:In July 1914—shortly before the outbreak of
854:, Hahn discovered a new substance he called
758:. His subsidiary subjects were mathematics,
512:; 8 March 1879 – 28 July 1968) was a German
11070:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
11050:Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
11045:Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
7841:Otto Hahn heads a delegation to Israel 1959
7148:
6999:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
6842:"Verleihung der Otto-Hahn-Friedensmedaille"
4645:
3609:
2906:the Romanian Physical Society in Bucharest,
2880:in Gold from the Max Planck Society (1959).
2209:. Another physicist with a Jewish wife was
9529:
9515:
9311:
9297:
7911:
7897:
7881:
7765:
7154:Otto Hahn – Ein Forscherleben unserer Zeit
6508:(in German). No. 52. pp. 103–108
5046:
5044:
4985:
4983:
4863:
3104:
2533:(whitewash certificates), writing one for
1080:, and Otto Hahn. Back row, left to right:
842:, who was known for having discovered the
45:
9568:World Constitution Coordinating Committee
7808:Otto Hahn – Discoverer of nuclear fission
7798:Author: Dr. Anne Hardy (Pro-Physik, 2004)
7796:Otto Hahn – Discoverer of Nuclear Fission
7469:
7225:Otto Hahn: Achievement and Responsibility
7126:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6989:
6965:Otto Hahn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics
6962:
6938:Otto Hahn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics
5830:
5779:
5767:
5416:
5309:
4814:
4622:
4518:"Max Planck becomes President of the KWS"
4265:
4114:
3920:
3782:
3466:
3300:
3227:
3217:
2808:of the Society of German Chemists (1922),
1628:
700:Hahn served as the last president of the
11015:Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
9555:Constitution for the Federation of Earth
9381:International Committee of the Red Cross
7843:Website of the Max Planck Society, 2011.
7777:Award Ceremony Speech honoring Otto Hahn
7654:Otto Hahn – in: Scientists and Inventors
7249:
7222:
7081:
6617:
6276:
6228:
6193:
6181:
6169:
6157:
6145:
5977:
5965:
5953:
5884:
5869:
5818:
5806:
5705:
5693:
5645:
5606:
5534:
5489:
5462:
4552:"The KWS introduces the 'Führerprinzip'"
4331:
4288:
4216:
3250:
2883:
2702:
2693:Constitution for the Federation of Earth
2626:
2567:
2448:
2385:
2278:
2181:, arranged for the institute to move to
2001:
1937:
1841:
1634:
1579:
1467:
1358:
1270:
1189:
1055:
972:
896:
807:
7586:Yruma, Jeris Stueland (November 2008).
6494:
5041:
4980:
4004:
3851:
2515:, it was dissolved to make way for the
10922:
7779:by Professor Arne Westgren, Stockholm.
7652:Feldman, Anthony; Ford, Peter (1979).
7558:
7513:
7451:
7307:
7276:
7118:
6935:
6706:. Germany's Nuclear Powered Cargo Ship
6660:
6641:
6629:
6557:
6482:
6377:
6288:
6133:
6109:
6041:
6029:
6017:
5657:
5633:
5594:
5558:
5546:
5519:
5504:
5450:
5280:
5218:
4857:
4790:
4778:
4538:
4425:
3969:
3776:
3709:
3657:
3339:
3315:
3199:
3187:
2975:United States Atomic Energy Commission
2662:In 1959 Hahn co-founded in Berlin the
2087:of the nucleus propounded by Bohr and
1484:In 1913, chemists Frederick Soddy and
1249:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry
979:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry
626:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry
552:. He also discovered the phenomena of
351:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry
10985:German anti–nuclear weapons activists
9510:
9292:
7892:
7813:Otto Hahn – Founder of the Atomic Age
7478:
7208:Otto Hahn: A Scientific Autobiography
7021:
6880:from the original on 28 February 2008
6778:. Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V
6456:Frisch, Otto R. (1968). "Otto Hahn".
5994:"The birth of the Max Planck Society"
5908:
4872:
4680:
4358:
3501:
3131:Otto Hahn: A Scientific Autobiography
3122:New Atoms: Progress and Some Memories
2984:He received honorary doctorates from
2721:Otto Hahn: A Scientific Autobiography
2717:From the radiothor to Uranium fission
1697:
1385:. He was a joyful participant in the
524:. He is referred to as the father of
499:
11025:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
10995:German Army personnel of World War I
10975:Foreign members of the Royal Society
7758:U.S Government, Department of Energy
7403:
7371:
7339:
7205:
7178:
6216:
6121:
6097:
6079:. Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
5896:
5681:
5669:
5621:
5582:
5570:
5477:
5206:
5144:
5132:
5117:
5105:
5093:
4974:
4934:
4922:
4910:
4802:
4724:
4584:
4572:
4504:
4485:
4473:
4461:
4449:
4437:
4413:
4346:
4176:Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
4126:
4099:
3839:
3793:
3764:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3594:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3518:
3489:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3390:
3375:
3363:
3351:
3327:
3274:
3175:
3160:
3001:the University of Frankfurt in 1949,
2773:
2670:between the great powers and of the
2259:, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and
1601:extracted from several kilograms of
1508:. It was not long before Fajans and
1040:in the spring of 1907, and became a
575:. Nuclear fission was the basis for
7871:Newspaper clippings about Otto Hahn
7665:. New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold.
7590:(PhD thesis). Princeton University.
6334:. American Foundation for the Blind
6308:. American Foundation for the Blind
6251:. Federation of German Scientists.
6194:Sprenger, Sebastian (11 May 2020).
5719:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944"
4062:"Nomination Database: Lise Meitner"
3014:Objects named after Hahn include:
2898:Foreign Member of the Royal Society
2572:Otto Hahn with his wife Edith, 1959
2560:Spokesman for social responsibility
1613:Uranium Z was the first example of
904:at McGill University, Montreal 1905
830:(and the father of organic chemist
778:, studying organic chemistry under
737:that his ambition was to become an
618:in the spring of 1907 and became a
516:who was a pioneer in the fields of
13:
7596:
7391:from the original on 30 March 2005
6391:"Grab von Otto Hahn aus Göttingen"
6249:Convention on Biological Diversity
5913:. Scientific American Blog Network
5844:"Statutes of the Nobel Foundation"
4076:"Protactinium | Pa (Element)"
3982:10.1093/oso/9780190914363.003.0016
3318:, pp. 303–313 for a full list
2492:Social Democratic Party of Germany
908:Hahn published his results in the
14:
11156:
11145:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal
7749:
6912:from the original on 2 March 2006
5909:Brown, Brandon R. (16 May 2015).
4957:10.1038/scientificamerican0258-76
3200:Hughes, Jeff (29 December 2008).
2911:Spanish National Research Council
2346:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
2340:The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944
1846:This set up is on display in the
1397:. Hahn raised the issue that the
11095:Officers of the Legion of Honour
10955:Discoverers of chemical elements
10907:
10895:
10883:
10871:
10846:
10845:
10224:
10212:
10200:
10188:
10176:
10164:
10152:
10140:
10128:
10116:
10104:
10092:
10080:
10068:
10056:
10044:
10032:
10020:
10008:
9996:
9984:
9961:
9925:
9913:
9901:
9876:
9864:
9839:
9827:
9815:
9788:
9765:
9753:
9741:
9729:
9717:
9705:
9693:
9658:
9645:
9632:
9619:
9606:
8141:
7317:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
6892:
6860:
6834:
6812:
6790:
6768:
6743:
6718:
6692:
6666:
6589:
6563:
6488:
6449:
6436:
6408:
6383:
6346:
6320:
6294:
6258:from the original on 11 May 2008
6234:
6187:
6069:
6047:
5925:
5902:
5836:
5795:Crawford, Sime & Walker 1997
5711:
5373:
5326:
5274:
5224:
4048:"Nomination Database: Otto Hahn"
2996:Technische Universität Darmstadt
2952:Hahn was made an Officer of the
2764:in London wrote in an obituary:
2390:Hahn's Nobel Prize for Chemistry
2227:
2203:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
1714:when it became part of the Nazi
1409:again to scout for a site for a
1381:(2nd Class) for his part in the
1279:, Italy, in March and April 1913
911:Proceedings of the Royal Society
665:(2nd Class) for his part in the
482:
11125:Winners of the Max Planck Medal
9538:World Constitutional Convention
7837:Helmholtz-Zentrum, Berlin 2011.
7346:Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics
5150:
4928:
4808:
4718:
4700:
4686:
4639:
4590:
4544:
4510:
4389:
4371:
4352:
4222:
4167:
4120:
4068:
4054:
3998:
3963:
3937:
3880:
3845:
3685:
3663:
3563:
3435:
3219:10.4321/S0211-95362009000100007
2664:Federation of German Scientists
2211:Heinrich Rausch von Traubenberg
2099:
1639:Otto Hahn's marble bust at the
1186:Discovery of radioactive recoil
710:Federation of German Scientists
181:
11135:Max Planck Institute directors
7708:. London: Constable & Co.
7563:. Cambridge University Press.
7024:Isotopes in the Earth Sciences
6415:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
4064:. Nobel Media AB. 9 June 2020.
4050:. Nobel Media AB. 9 June 2020.
3309:
3268:
3256:
3193:
2713:Vom Radiothor zur Uranspaltung
2691:convened to draft and adopt a
2418:Horace K. Calvert and British
2269:German Instrument of Surrender
2136:German nuclear weapons program
2106:German nuclear weapons program
2033:had to add up rather than the
1725:. He gave an interview to the
1576:Discovery of nuclear isomerism
1354:
1298:(1887–1968), a student at the
1236:(thallium-208). The physicist
687:German nuclear weapons program
74:, Prussia, German Empire
1:
10960:Enrico Fermi Award recipients
10535:(Righteous Among the Nations)
7847:Biography Otto Hahn 1879–1968
7824:Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold
7704:Reid, Robert William (1969).
7314:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
6928:
4359:Tietz, Tabea (8 March 2018).
3799:Journal of Chemical Education
2752:Otto Robert Frisch recalled:
2737:the founder of the atomic age
2655:, which was broadcast in all
2362:Nobel Committee for Chemistry
2283:Farm Hall (seen here in 2015)
2194:conscripted for forced labour
2066:Berkeley Radiation Laboratory
1619:Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker
1472:The decay chain of actinium.
1300:Royal School of Art in Berlin
862:element. (In fact, it was an
719:
564:. In 1938, Hahn, Meitner and
11120:University of Marburg alumni
11085:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
10945:20th-century German chemists
10794:Provisional World Parliament
7604:Berninger, Ernst H. (1970).
7179:Hahn, Dietrich, ed. (1988).
7026:. London: Chapman and Hall.
6500:"Die Allmacht Der Unschärfe"
5782:, pp. 286–288, 323–324.
4781:, pp. 39, 160–167, 793.
3453:(3970): 657. December 1945.
2814:the Copernicus Prize of the
2639:On 13 November 1957, in the
2631:Otto Hahn on a stamp of the
1838:Discovery of nuclear fission
1832:Discovery of nuclear fission
1649:Prussian Academy of Sciences
1488:independently observed that
1450:German offensive in the west
1229:(thallium-207) and thorium C
399:(McGill University Montreal)
377:Other academic advisors
7:
10678:Maurício Campos de Medeiros
9991:Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer
9712:Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich
7875:20th Century Press Archives
7621:Beyerchen, Alan D. (1977).
7489:10.1007/978-3-322-82223-9_3
7254:. Oxford University Press.
6470:10.1088/0031-9112/19/10/010
3693:"Hanno-und-Ilse-Hahn-Preis"
3092:
2836:, with Lise Meitner (1949),
2821:the Gothenius Medal of the
2521:Federal Republic of Germany
2309:atomic bombing of Hiroshima
838:in 1904, working under Sir
744:In 1897, after passing his
393:(University College London)
10:
11161:
10950:Cornell University faculty
10147:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
7277:Norris, Robert S. (2002).
7250:Macrakis, Kristie (1993).
6800:. Max-Planck -Gesellschaft
6730:planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov
6678:U. S. Department of Energy
6674:"Otto Hahn, 1966 Citation"
4383:Atomic Heritage Foundation
3275:Hahn, Otto (24 May 1905).
3031:(shared with his namesake
2855:Royal Society of Chemistry
2823:Akademie der Naturforscher
2689:World Constituent Assembly
2633:German Democratic Republic
2584:Russell-Einstein Manifesto
2231:
2103:
1835:
1712:Society of German Chemists
1625:, Goldschmidt and Planck.
1584:Decay chain of uranium-238
1561:, was discovered in 1929.
1531:Physikalischen Zeitschrift
1476:shifts two elements down;
1267:Marriage to Edith Junghans
1202:Harriet Brooks observed a
969:Discovery of mesothorium I
569:discovered nuclear fission
18:
16:German chemist (1879–1968)
11105:Scientists from Frankfurt
11040:Max Planck Society people
10828:
10802:
10781:
10566:
10548:
10522:
10504:
10446:
10423:
10402:
10381:
10350:
10326:
10295:
10286:
10243:
10051:Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza
9976:
9953:
9944:
9891:
9854:
9805:
9780:
9683:
9674:
9596:
9548:
9434:
9409:
9390:
9371:
9347:
9328:
8947:
8648:
8389:
8150:
8139:
7930:
7857:24 September 2015 at the
7536:10.1007/s00016-006-0277-3
7429:10.1007/s00016-004-0248-5
7152:; Hahn, Dietrich (1984).
6822:. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
6751:"IAU Minor Planet Center"
6599:. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
6057:. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
5996:. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
5935:. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
4829:10.1007/s10698-011-9112-2
4750:10.1007/s00016-009-0013-x
4554:. Max-Planck Gesellschaft
4520:. Max-Planck Gesellschaft
4313:. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
2851:Faraday Lectureship Prize
2707:Hahn's grave in Göttingen
2672:radioactive contamination
2649:Österreichischer Rundfunk
2120:Armed Forces High Command
1822:Rubidium–strontium dating
1792:Rubidium–strontium dating
1464:Discovery of protactinium
1338:Hanno and Ilse Hahn Prize
1253:Free University of Berlin
1196:Free University of Berlin
836:University College London
768:Landsmannschaft Nibelungi
596:University College London
573:Nobel Prize for Chemistry
562:rubidium–strontium dating
481:
476:
472:
412:
376:
364:
336:University College London
328:
307:
300:
261:Faraday Lectureship Prize
208:
191:
168:
130:
109:
82:
53:
44:
37:
19:For the petrologist, see
11110:People from Hesse-Nassau
10765:(teacher & pacifist)
10641:(scholar & pacifist)
10207:Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli
9065:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
8344:Wendell Meredith Stanley
7924:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
7608:. Bonn: Inter Nationes.
7223:Hoffmann, Klaus (2001).
5073:10.1002/cber.19370700634
4817:Foundations of Chemistry
4660:10.1002/zaac.19382360109
4416:, pp. 156–157, 169.
4022:10.1002/bbpc.19180241107
3866:10.1002/bbpc.19180241107
3265:, London, 18 March 1905.
3147:
2816:University of Konigsberg
2794:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2743:Fritz Strassmann wrote:
2698:
2350:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2344:On 16 November 1945 the
2152:Walter Seelmann-Eggebert
1245:August von Trott zu Solz
429:Walter Seelmann-Eggebert
243:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
10434:(Chemistry & Peace)
9362:Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
7788:1 February 2014 at the
7625:Scientists under Hitler
7452:Spence, Robert (1970).
6433:, Zürich, 29 July 1968.
5166:Die Naturwissenschaften
4238:Appleton, Edward Victor
4188:10.1515/zpch-1922-10325
4133:Die Naturwissenschaften
3610:Gerlach & Hahn 1984
3105:Publications in English
3099:List of peace activists
3006:University of Cambridge
2989:University of Gottingen
2834:German Physical Society
2470:. The Dutch astronomer
1363:Hahn in uniform in 1915
1330:Cistercian architecture
536:discovered radioactive
21:Otto Hahn (petrologist)
11000:German Nobel laureates
10990:German autobiographers
10673:(writer & scholar)
10582:David Alfaro Siqueiros
10532:André and Magda Trocmé
10514:Martin Luther King Jr.
10506:Human rights activists
10466:Edris Rice-Wray Carson
10351:Physiology or Medicine
10219:Patrick Wolrige-Gordon
10015:B. Satya Narayan Reddy
9795:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga
9440:Nobel Prize recipients
9425:Herbert Spencer Gasser
9411:Physiology or Medicine
9402:(United States/Poland)
9229:Emmanuelle Charpentier
9217:M. Stanley Whittingham
8188:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
7656:. London: Aldus Books.
7516:Physics in Perspective
7481:Otto Hahn/Lise Meitner
7471:10.1098/rsbm.1970.0010
7409:Physics in Perspective
7124:What Little I Remember
7022:Bowen, Robert (1994).
6571:"Alle Medaillenträger"
4999:Zeitschrift für Physik
4730:Physics in Perspective
4267:10.1098/rspa.1938.0075
3741:10.1098/rsnr.2004.0053
3302:10.1098/rspa.1905.0009
3113:Applied Radiochemistry
2969:In 1966, US President
2889:
2771:
2758:
2750:
2741:
2708:
2681:
2636:
2573:
2505:
2479:Allied Control Council
2454:
2409:Allies of World War II
2391:
2284:
2169:, the director of the
2089:John Archibald Wheeler
2050:nuclear chain reaction
2007:
2000:
1948:Zeitschrift für Physik
1943:
1863:
1761:Rockefeller Foundation
1745:
1692:
1688:Applied Radiochemistry
1679:Applied Radiochemistry
1655:Applied Radiochemistry
1644:
1630:Applied Radiochemistry
1585:
1536:
1510:Oswald Helmuth Göhring
1481:
1480:shifts one element up.
1364:
1280:
1199:
1114:
1007:Friedrich Oskar Giesel
982:
905:
895:
888:informed its readers:
846:. Here Hahn worked on
816:
750:, Hahn began to study
734:Klinger Oberrealschule
724:Otto Hahn was born in
405:(University of Berlin)
386:(University of Munich)
11130:Rare earth scientists
10368:Hermann Joseph Muller
10363:Dickinson W. Richards
10171:Komla Agbeli Gbedemah
9748:Léopold Sédar Senghor
8599:Christian B. Anfinsen
8239:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
7721:Whiting, Jim (2004).
7559:Walker, Mark (1993).
7454:"Otto Hahn 1879–1968"
7041:Crawford, Elisabeth;
6755:minorplanetcenter.net
3063:Otto Hahn Peace Medal
2954:Ordre National de la
2916:and the Academies in
2887:
2800:), Hahn was awarded:
2766:
2754:
2745:
2733:
2725:Otto Hahn. Mein Leben
2706:
2676:
2630:
2601:Chancellor of Germany
2571:
2537:, who had joined the
2500:
2452:
2389:
2282:
2222:Theresienstadt Ghetto
2118:, had written to the
2091:, would be even more
2005:
1992:
1960:neutron cross section
1941:
1905:transuranium elements
1884:isotope of phosphorus
1845:
1740:
1675:
1638:
1583:
1471:
1383:First Battle of Ypres
1362:
1274:
1193:
1059:
993:to measure alpha and
976:
900:
890:
866:of the known element
811:
756:University of Marburg
667:First Battle of Ypres
588:University of Marburg
117:University of Marburg
10574:Arthur Ernest Bishop
10358:Albert Szent-Györgyi
9724:José Figueres Ferrer
9261:Karl Barry Sharpless
8758:Dudley R. Herschbach
8583:Luis Federico Leloir
7695:Kant, Horst (2002).
6498:(27 December 1999).
6496:Fischer, Ernst Peter
6431:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
6395:www.friedhofguide.de
6380:, pp. 2300–301.
6332:Helen Keller Archive
6306:Helen Keller Archive
5833:, pp. 311, 325.
2888:Bust by Knud Knudsen
2853:with Medal from the
2535:Gottfried von Droste
2420:Lieutenant Commander
2398:had been awarded to
1942:Otto Hahn's notebook
1566:Heinrich Goldschmidt
1452:smashed through the
1127:University of Vienna
1009:, the discoverer of
917:University of Berlin
784:Karl Andreas Hofmann
776:University of Munich
661:fronts, earning the
612:University of Berlin
501:[ˈɔtoːˈhaːn]
346:University of Berlin
122:University of Munich
10745:(cultural theorist)
10394:Salvatore Quasimodo
10258:Dana McLean Greeley
9968:Cornelis Berkhouwer
9772:Otilio Ulate Blanco
9676:Head of governments
9253:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
9165:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
8902:Jens Christian Skou
8870:F. Sherwood Rowland
8782:Charles J. Pedersen
8746:Herbert A. Hauptman
8439:Vincent du Vigneaud
8056:Richard Willstätter
7940:Jacobus van 't Hoff
7804:Visit Berlin, 2011.
7678:Hahn, Otto (1970).
7606:Otto Hahn 1879–1968
7528:2006PhP.....8..116W
7421:2006PhP.....8....3S
7206:Hahn, Otto (1966).
7059:1997PhT....50i..26C
6663:, pp. 302–303.
6620:, pp. 243–244.
6485:, pp. 301–302.
6423:Süddeutsche Zeitung
6184:, pp. 235–238.
6172:, pp. 231–232.
6160:, pp. 221–222.
6148:, pp. 218–221.
6020:, pp. 145–147.
5980:, pp. 190–191.
5968:, pp. 189–189.
5770:, pp. 282–283.
5708:, pp. 205–206.
5648:, pp. 196–199.
5636:, pp. 159–160.
5597:, pp. 158–159.
5561:, pp. 132–133.
5549:, pp. 294–295.
5492:, pp. 156–161.
5480:, pp. 175–177.
5409:1939Natur.143..680V
5351:1939NW.....27...89H
5339:Naturwissenschaften
5302:1939Natur.143..276F
5252:1939Natur.143..239M
5221:, pp. 115–116.
5209:, pp. 248–249.
5178:1939NW.....27...11H
5135:, pp. 227–230.
5120:, pp. 200–207.
5108:, pp. 184–185.
5011:1937ZPhy..106..249M
4977:, pp. 170–172.
4949:1958SciAm.198b..76H
4937:Scientific American
4925:, pp. 140–141.
4913:, pp. 164–165.
4890:1989PhT....42g..38S
4860:, pp. 210–211.
4805:, pp. 161–162.
4793:, pp. 200–201.
4742:2010PhP....12..190S
4683:, pp. 162–163.
4615:1937NW.....25..189H
4603:Naturwissenschaften
4541:, pp. 122–123.
4464:, pp. 138–139.
4258:1938RSPSA.165..530F
4145:1921NW......9...84H
4117:, pp. 213–220.
3951:on 16 December 2022
3905:1973Natur.244..137F
3842:, pp. 117–132.
3811:1986JChEd..63..653S
3779:, pp. 287–288.
3712:, pp. 286–287.
3459:1945Natur.156R.657.
3342:, pp. 282–283.
3293:1905RSPSA..76..115H
3263:The Daily Telegraph
3190:, pp. 281–282.
3138:Hahn, Otto (1970).
3129:Hahn, Otto (1966).
3120:Hahn, Otto (1950).
3111:Hahn, Otto (1936).
2864:Wilhelm Exner Medal
2609:Franz Josef Strauss
2591:Göttingen Manifesto
2323:, but had mastered
2114:and his assistant,
2019:Naturwissenschaften
2014:Naturwissenschaften
1716:German Labour Front
1555:isotopes of uranium
1446:Battle of Caporetto
956:had noted that the
950:William Henry Bragg
685:, he worked on the
675:persecution of Jews
434:Johannes Heidenhain
273:Wilhelm Exner Medal
10902:History of science
10810:World constitution
10638:Hugh J. Schonfield
10598:Edward J. Sparling
10123:Irène de Lipkowski
10111:Inder Kumar Gujral
9760:Muhammad Ayub Khan
9213:John B. Goodenough
9141:William E. Moerner
9021:Richard R. Schrock
8993:Roderick MacKinnon
8965:K. Barry Sharpless
8790:Johann Deisenhofer
8619:Geoffrey Wilkinson
8615:Ernst Otto Fischer
8539:Robert S. Mulliken
8475:Jaroslav Heyrovský
8423:Hermann Staudinger
8243:Irène Joliot-Curie
7764:on Nobelprize.org
6680:. 28 December 2010
5749:. Nobel Foundation
5359:10.1007/BF01488988
5186:10.1007/BF01488241
5019:10.1007/BF01340321
4624:10.1007/BF01492269
4153:10.1007/BF01491321
4102:, pp. 95–103.
4016:(11–12): 169–173,
3973:The Periodic Table
3860:(11–12): 169–173.
3699:on 9 January 2011.
3033:Friedrich von Hahn
3029:crater on the Moon
2979:Enrico Fermi Award
2890:
2806:Emil Fischer Medal
2709:
2685:world constitution
2643:(Concert Hall) in
2637:
2579:Mainau Declaration
2574:
2517:Max Planck Society
2455:
2439:Gustav V of Sweden
2416:Lieutenant Colonel
2400:Carl von Ossietzky
2392:
2321:uranium enrichment
2305:Potsdam Conference
2285:
2247:, where he joined
2110:On 24 April 1939,
2008:
1988:Otto Robert Frisch
1952:Chemische Berichte
1944:
1909:Aristid von Grosse
1886:. They noted that
1864:
1766:Herbert Freundlich
1723:Cornell University
1698:National socialism
1660:Cornell University
1645:
1586:
1482:
1365:
1313:Their only child,
1281:
1204:radioactive recoil
1200:
1115:
983:
919:. Ramsay wrote to
906:
817:
739:industrial chemist
706:Max Planck Society
689:, cataloguing the
671:national socialism
602:in Montreal under
586:A graduate of the
538:isotopes of radium
439:Aristid von Grosse
356:Max Planck Society
291:Enrico Fermi Award
11100:Operation Epsilon
10859:
10858:
10774:
10766:
10758:
10746:
10738:
10730:
10722:
10714:
10706:
10698:
10690:
10682:
10674:
10666:
10658:
10650:
10642:
10634:
10626:
10618:
10610:
10602:
10594:
10586:
10578:
10536:
10486:Priyadaranjan Ray
10442:
10441:
10435:
10373:Macfarlane Burnet
10338:
10245:Religious leaders
10239:
10238:
10231:William Beveridge
10039:Diwan Chaman Lall
9940:
9939:
9504:
9503:
9400:Isidor Isaac Rabi
9286:
9285:
9269:Moungi G. Bawendi
9189:Richard Henderson
9033:Roger D. Kornberg
9001:Aaron Ciechanover
8834:Rudolph A. Marcus
8738:Robert Merrifield
8674:Peter D. Mitchell
8447:Cyril Hinshelwood
8208:Friedrich Bergius
8132:Richard Zsigmondy
8048:Theodore Richards
7996:Ernest Rutherford
7732:978-1-58415-204-0
7498:978-3-322-00685-1
7356:978-0-520-08906-8
7261:978-0-19-507010-1
7163:978-3-8047-0757-3
7033:978-0-412-53710-3
7006:978-0-387-95089-1
6991:Bernstein, Jeremy
6820:"Otto Hahn Award"
6798:"Otto Hahn Medal"
5872:, pp. 49–50.
5809:, pp. 38–40.
5797:, pp. 27–31.
5672:, pp. 26–28.
5624:, pp. 24–25.
5573:, pp. 19–21.
5453:, pp. 22–23.
5391:(22 April 1939).
5284:(February 1939).
4587:, pp. 85–88.
4127:Hahn, O. (1921).
3991:978-0-19-091436-3
3899:(5412): 137–138.
3819:10.1021/ed063p653
3767:, pp. 57–61.
3636:, pp. 70–72.
3624:, pp. 44–47.
3597:, pp. 58–64.
3548:, pp. 28–29.
3432:, pp. 40–50.
3420:, pp. 39–40.
3393:, pp. 37–38.
3354:, pp. 24–25.
3330:, pp. 15–18.
3038:and the asteroid
2971:Lyndon B. Johnson
2959:of France (1959),
2896:He was elected a
2774:Honors and awards
2668:nuclear arms race
2405:Göran Liljestrand
2396:Nobel Peace Prize
2234:Operation Epsilon
2171:Manhattan Project
2164:Brigadier General
2144:Hans-Joachim Born
2085:liquid drop model
1888:positron emission
1826:mass spectrometry
1615:nuclear isomerism
1591:hydrofluoric acid
1415:Battle of Bolimów
1257:Kaiser Wilhelm II
1068:, Ingrid Franck,
938:McGill University
931:Ernest Rutherford
902:Ernest Rutherford
788:organic chemistry
726:Frankfurt am Main
635:he served with a
604:Ernest Rutherford
600:McGill University
558:nuclear isomerism
526:nuclear chemistry
490:
489:
454:Hans-Joachim Born
449:Salomon Rosenblum
413:Doctoral students
397:Ernest Rutherford
341:McGill University
320:nuclear chemistry
302:Scientific career
68:Frankfurt am Main
11152:
11090:Nuclear chemists
11005:German pacifists
10912:
10911:
10910:
10900:
10899:
10898:
10888:
10887:
10886:
10876:
10875:
10874:
10867:
10849:
10848:
10820:World federalism
10815:World government
10772:
10764:
10752:
10744:
10736:
10728:
10720:
10718:Shigeri Yamataka
10712:
10704:
10702:Rameshwari Nehru
10696:
10688:
10680:
10672:
10664:
10656:
10648:
10640:
10632:
10625:(science editor)
10624:
10616:
10614:Gregorio Bermann
10608:
10600:
10592:
10590:E. M. L. Odjidja
10585:(Social realist)
10584:
10576:
10534:
10456:Charles C. Price
10433:
10389:Bertrand Russell
10336:
10334:Frederick Sanger
10293:
10292:
10273:Martin Niemöller
10229:
10228:
10217:
10216:
10205:
10204:
10193:
10192:
10181:
10180:
10169:
10168:
10157:
10156:
10145:
10144:
10133:
10132:
10121:
10120:
10109:
10108:
10097:
10096:
10085:
10084:
10073:
10072:
10061:
10060:
10049:
10048:
10037:
10036:
10027:Chiyo Sakakibara
10025:
10024:
10013:
10012:
10001:
10000:
9989:
9988:
9966:
9965:
9964:
9951:
9950:
9930:
9929:
9918:
9917:
9906:
9905:
9881:
9880:
9869:
9868:
9844:
9843:
9832:
9831:
9820:
9819:
9793:
9792:
9770:
9769:
9758:
9757:
9746:
9745:
9734:
9733:
9722:
9721:
9710:
9709:
9698:
9697:
9681:
9680:
9664:
9662:
9661:
9651:
9649:
9648:
9638:
9636:
9635:
9625:
9623:
9622:
9612:
9610:
9609:
9558:
9531:
9524:
9517:
9508:
9507:
9442:
9313:
9306:
9299:
9290:
9289:
9279:
9277:Alexei I. Ekimov
9263:
9257:Morten P. Meldal
9247:
9235:
9223:
9207:
9191:
9181:Jacques Dubochet
9175:
9159:
9143:
9127:
9111:
9105:Robert Lefkowitz
9099:
9091:
9075:
9069:Thomas A. Steitz
9059:
9043:
9035:
9027:
9017:Robert H. Grubbs
9011:
8995:
8983:
8967:
8940:
8938:Hideki Shirakawa
8924:
8916:
8904:
8888:
8872:
8856:
8848:
8836:
8828:
8826:Richard R. Ernst
8820:
8812:
8800:
8784:
8768:
8752:
8740:
8732:
8724:
8716:
8704:
8702:Frederick Sanger
8688:
8682:Herbert C. Brown
8676:
8668:
8660:
8658:William Lipscomb
8641:
8629:
8621:
8609:
8593:
8591:Gerhard Herzberg
8585:
8577:
8565:
8557:
8541:
8533:
8525:
8517:
8505:
8493:
8485:
8477:
8469:
8467:Frederick Sanger
8461:
8453:
8451:Nikolay Semyonov
8441:
8433:
8425:
8417:
8405:
8403:Glenn T. Seaborg
8382:
8370:
8362:
8354:
8346:
8330:
8328:Artturi Virtanen
8322:
8314:
8312:George de Hevesy
8306:
8305:
8299:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8285:
8273:
8265:
8253:
8245:
8233:
8225:
8224:
8218:
8210:
8198:
8190:
8178:
8170:
8168:Heinrich Wieland
8162:
8160:Theodor Svedberg
8145:
8144:
8134:
8126:
8125:
8119:
8111:
8103:
8095:
8087:
8086:
8080:
8072:
8071:
8065:
8064:
8058:
8050:
8042:
8034:
8022:
8014:
8006:
7998:
7990:
7982:
7974:
7972:Adolf von Baeyer
7966:
7958:
7956:Svante Arrhenius
7950:
7942:
7913:
7906:
7899:
7890:
7889:
7885:
7769:
7744:
7717:
7700:
7691:
7674:
7657:
7648:
7628:
7617:
7591:
7582:
7555:
7510:
7475:
7473:
7448:
7405:Sime, Ruth Lewin
7400:
7398:
7396:
7390:
7383:
7373:Sime, Ruth Lewin
7368:
7341:Sime, Ruth Lewin
7336:
7304:
7284:
7273:
7246:
7219:
7202:
7175:
7150:Gerlach, Walther
7145:
7115:
7096:10.2307/27757845
7078:
7067:10.1063/1.881933
7043:Sime, Ruth Lewin
7037:
7018:
6986:
6959:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6911:
6904:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6879:
6872:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6722:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6670:
6664:
6658:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6627:
6621:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6577:on 22 March 2019
6567:
6561:
6555:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6492:
6486:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6458:Physics Bulletin
6453:
6447:
6440:
6434:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6298:
6292:
6286:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6257:
6246:
6238:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5990:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5873:
5867:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5846:. NobelPrize.org
5840:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5783:
5777:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5743:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5723:Nobel Foundation
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5619:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5523:
5517:
5508:
5502:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5439:
5438:
5420:
5418:10.1038/143680a0
5377:
5371:
5370:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5313:
5311:10.1038/143276a0
5278:
5272:
5271:
5260:10.1038/143239a0
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5067:(6): 1374–1392.
5048:
5039:
5038:
5005:(3–4): 249–270.
4987:
4978:
4972:
4961:
4960:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4898:10.1063/1.881174
4874:Segrè, Emilio G.
4870:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4726:Sime, Ruth Lewin
4722:
4716:
4715:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4626:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4356:
4350:
4349:, pp. ix–x.
4344:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4307:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4252:(923): 530–551.
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4103:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4044:
4033:
4032:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3947:. Archived from
3941:
3935:
3934:
3924:
3913:10.1038/244137a0
3884:
3878:
3877:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3795:Sime, Ruth Lewin
3791:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3724:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3598:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3522:
3516:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3468:10.1038/156657b0
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3394:
3388:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3287:(508): 115–117.
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3221:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3178:, pp. 7–11.
3173:
3164:
3158:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3116:
2956:Légion d'Honneur
2830:Max Planck Medal
2611:, and Generals
2545:Heinrich Hörlein
2382:
2366:Theodor Svedberg
2219:
2205:who mined it in
2190:Auergesellschaft
2162:been ordered by
2148:Siegfried Flügge
1860:Fritz Strassmann
1848:Deutsches Museum
1703:Fritz Strassmann
1683:co-precipitation
1671:Glenn T. Seaborg
1664:Ithaca, New York
1641:Deutsches Museum
1608:protactinium-234
1539:
1534:under the title
1502:Dmitri Mendeleev
1411:first gas attack
1399:Hague Convention
1346:
1323:
1308:George de Hevesy
1297:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1180:Wilhelm Westphal
1177:
1169:Peter Pringsheim
1150:
1109:
1101:Peter Pringsheim
1098:
1086:Wilhelm Westphal
942:Bertram Boltwood
829:
780:Adolf von Baeyer
691:fission products
653:on the Western,
647:chemical warfare
641:regiment on the
577:nuclear reactors
566:Fritz Strassmann
560:, and pioneered
511:
510:
509:
503:
498:
486:
459:Siegfried Flügge
444:Fritz Strassmann
423:
384:Adolf von Baeyer
366:Doctoral advisor
285:Legion of Honour
249:Max Planck Medal
219:
204:
185:
183:
104:
92:
90:
77:
63:
61:
49:
35:
34:
11160:
11159:
11155:
11154:
11153:
11151:
11150:
11149:
10920:
10919:
10918:
10908:
10906:
10896:
10894:
10884:
10882:
10872:
10870:
10862:
10860:
10855:
10824:
10798:
10777:
10770:Toyohiko Kagawa
10734:Stanley Slotkin
10705:(social worker)
10562:
10544:
10518:
10500:
10496:Wilder Penfield
10481:Pitirim Sorokin
10438:
10419:
10398:
10377:
10346:
10322:
10288:Nobel laureates
10282:
10235:
10223:
10211:
10199:
10187:
10175:
10163:
10159:Kenzō Matsumura
10151:
10139:
10127:
10115:
10103:
10091:
10079:
10075:Hisato Ichimada
10067:
10055:
10043:
10031:
10019:
10007:
9995:
9983:
9972:
9962:
9960:
9936:
9924:
9912:
9900:
9887:
9875:
9863:
9850:
9838:
9826:
9814:
9807:Prime Ministers
9801:
9787:
9781:Vice-presidents
9776:
9764:
9752:
9740:
9728:
9716:
9704:
9692:
9670:
9659:
9657:
9646:
9644:
9633:
9631:
9620:
9618:
9607:
9605:
9592:
9552:
9544:
9535:
9505:
9500:
9438:
9430:
9427:(United States)
9421:(United States)
9419:Joseph Erlanger
9405:
9386:
9367:
9343:
9324:
9317:
9287:
9282:
9266:
9250:
9241:David MacMillan
9238:
9233:Jennifer Doudna
9226:
9210:
9194:
9178:
9169:Fraser Stoddart
9162:
9153:Paul L. Modrich
9146:
9130:
9114:
9102:
9094:
9089:Ei-ichi Negishi
9081:Richard F. Heck
9078:
9062:
9049:Osamu Shimomura
9046:
9038:
9030:
9014:
8998:
8986:
8970:
8957:William Knowles
8954:
8943:
8934:Alan MacDiarmid
8927:
8919:
8907:
8891:
8886:Richard Smalley
8875:
8862:Paul J. Crutzen
8859:
8851:
8839:
8831:
8823:
8815:
8803:
8787:
8778:Jean-Marie Lehn
8771:
8755:
8743:
8735:
8727:
8719:
8707:
8691:
8679:
8671:
8663:
8655:
8644:
8639:Vladimir Prelog
8632:
8624:
8612:
8596:
8588:
8580:
8568:
8560:
8544:
8536:
8531:Robert Woodward
8528:
8523:Dorothy Hodgkin
8520:
8508:
8496:
8488:
8480:
8472:
8464:
8456:
8444:
8436:
8428:
8420:
8408:
8396:
8385:
8373:
8368:William Giauque
8365:
8357:
8352:Robert Robinson
8349:
8336:James B. Sumner
8333:
8325:
8317:
8309:
8303:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8283:Leopold Ružička
8279:Adolf Butenandt
8276:
8268:
8256:
8248:
8236:
8228:
8222:
8221:
8216:Irving Langmuir
8213:
8201:
8193:
8181:
8173:
8165:
8157:
8146:
8142:
8137:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8114:
8106:
8101:Frederick Soddy
8098:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8075:
8069:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8053:
8045:
8037:
8028:Victor Grignard
8025:
8017:
8009:
8004:Wilhelm Ostwald
8001:
7993:
7985:
7977:
7969:
7961:
7953:
7945:
7937:
7926:
7917:
7859:Wayback Machine
7830:Otto Hahn Medal
7819:Otto Hahn Award
7790:Wayback Machine
7752:
7747:
7733:
7720:
7703:
7694:
7677:
7660:
7651:
7637:
7620:
7603:
7599:
7597:Further reading
7594:
7585:
7571:
7499:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7381:
7357:
7325:
7309:Rhodes, Richard
7293:
7262:
7235:
7191:
7164:
7134:
7034:
7007:
6975:
6948:
6931:
6926:
6925:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6851:
6849:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6823:
6818:
6817:
6813:
6803:
6801:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6781:
6779:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6759:
6757:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6734:
6732:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6709:
6707:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6683:
6681:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6659:
6648:
6640:
6636:
6628:
6624:
6616:
6612:
6602:
6600:
6597:"Harnack Medal"
6595:
6594:
6590:
6580:
6578:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6556:
6521:
6511:
6509:
6493:
6489:
6481:
6477:
6454:
6450:
6441:
6437:
6413:
6409:
6399:
6397:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6360:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6337:
6335:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6311:
6309:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6287:
6283:
6275:
6271:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6227:
6223:
6215:
6211:
6201:
6199:
6192:
6188:
6180:
6176:
6168:
6164:
6156:
6152:
6144:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6120:
6116:
6108:
6104:
6096:
6092:
6082:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6060:
6058:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6028:
6024:
6016:
6009:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5976:
5972:
5964:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5938:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5914:
5907:
5903:
5895:
5891:
5883:
5876:
5868:
5859:
5849:
5847:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5829:
5825:
5817:
5813:
5805:
5801:
5793:
5786:
5778:
5774:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5745:
5744:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5704:
5700:
5692:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5668:
5664:
5656:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5620:
5613:
5605:
5601:
5593:
5589:
5581:
5577:
5569:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5545:
5541:
5533:
5526:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5496:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5442:
5378:
5374:
5331:
5327:
5279:
5275:
5229:
5225:
5217:
5213:
5205:
5201:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5092:
5088:
5049:
5042:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4964:
4933:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4871:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4813:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4723:
4719:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4679:
4675:
4644:
4640:
4595:
4591:
4583:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4476:, pp. 8–9.
4472:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4230:Feather, Norman
4227:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4172:
4168:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4036:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3885:
3881:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3792:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3756:
3725:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3167:
3163:, pp. 2–6.
3159:
3155:
3150:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3107:
3095:
3056:Otto Hahn Medal
3049:Otto Hahn Prize
2871:Helmholtz Medal
2792:As well as the
2787:Albert Einstein
2776:
2701:
2617:Adolf Heusinger
2605:Konrad Adenauer
2562:
2488:Weimar Republic
2457:The suicide of
2447:
2372:
2354:Daily Telegraph
2342:
2325:nuclear reactor
2313:Samuel Goudsmit
2253:Horst Korsching
2236:
2230:
2213:
2156:fission product
2108:
2102:
2081:real element 94
2042:nuclear fission
1921:group 6 element
1880:Frédéric Joliot
1870:discovered the
1840:
1834:
1828:became common.
1800:that contained
1794:
1747:The April 1933
1700:
1633:
1623:Bernhard Naunyn
1578:
1522:First World War
1466:
1387:Christmas truce
1357:
1340:
1317:
1291:
1269:
1238:Walther Gerlach
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1216:Egon Schweidler
1188:
1171:
1144:
1142:Otto von Baeyer
1119:Heinrich Rubens
1103:
1092:
1090:Otto von Baeyer
1082:Walter Grotrian
1066:Albert Einstein
971:
958:alpha particles
954:Richard Kleeman
885:Daily Telegraph
872:Frederick Soddy
823:
821:Kalle & Co.
806:
722:
649:unit headed by
645:, and with the
581:nuclear weapons
530:nuclear fission
505:
504:
496:
468:
425:
424:
419:
408:
360:
324:
296:
221:
220:
215:
198:
187:
184: 1913)
179:
175:
164:
126:
110:Alma mater
105:
102:
93:
88:
86:
78:
75:
65:
59:
57:
40:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11158:
11148:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10917:
10916:
10904:
10892:
10880:
10857:
10856:
10854:
10853:
10843:
10829:
10826:
10825:
10823:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10806:
10804:
10800:
10799:
10797:
10796:
10791:
10785:
10783:
10779:
10778:
10776:
10775:
10767:
10759:
10747:
10739:
10731:
10723:
10715:
10707:
10699:
10691:
10686:Oscar Niemeyer
10683:
10675:
10670:Mark Van Doren
10667:
10659:
10651:
10649:(union leader)
10643:
10635:
10627:
10619:
10611:
10603:
10595:
10587:
10579:
10570:
10568:
10564:
10563:
10561:
10560:
10558:Hugh B. Hester
10554:
10552:
10546:
10545:
10543:
10542:
10540:Brock Chisholm
10537:
10528:
10526:
10520:
10519:
10517:
10516:
10510:
10508:
10502:
10501:
10499:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10471:Harlow Shapley
10468:
10463:
10458:
10452:
10450:
10444:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10436:
10427:
10425:
10421:
10420:
10418:
10417:
10415:Joseph Rotblat
10412:
10406:
10404:
10400:
10399:
10397:
10396:
10391:
10385:
10383:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10354:
10352:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10344:
10339:
10330:
10328:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10303:Alfred Kastler
10299:
10297:
10290:
10284:
10283:
10281:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10263:George MacLeod
10260:
10255:
10249:
10247:
10241:
10240:
10237:
10236:
10234:
10233:
10221:
10209:
10197:
10185:
10173:
10161:
10149:
10137:
10125:
10113:
10101:
10089:
10077:
10065:
10053:
10041:
10029:
10017:
10005:
9993:
9980:
9978:
9974:
9973:
9971:
9970:
9957:
9955:
9948:
9942:
9941:
9938:
9937:
9935:
9934:
9922:
9910:
9897:
9895:
9889:
9888:
9886:
9885:
9873:
9860:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9848:
9846:Tetsu Katayama
9836:
9824:
9822:Clement Attlee
9811:
9809:
9803:
9802:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9784:
9782:
9778:
9777:
9775:
9774:
9762:
9750:
9738:
9736:Julius Nyerere
9726:
9714:
9702:
9689:
9687:
9678:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9668:
9655:
9642:
9629:
9616:
9602:
9600:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9590:
9585:
9583:Margaret Isely
9580:
9575:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9560:
9559:
9549:
9546:
9545:
9534:
9533:
9526:
9519:
9511:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9422:
9415:
9413:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9403:
9396:
9394:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9384:
9377:
9375:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9358:
9356:
9345:
9344:
9342:
9341:
9334:
9332:
9326:
9325:
9316:
9315:
9308:
9301:
9293:
9284:
9283:
9281:
9280:
9264:
9248:
9236:
9224:
9208:
9201:Gregory Winter
9197:Frances Arnold
9192:
9176:
9160:
9144:
9128:
9121:Michael Levitt
9117:Martin Karplus
9112:
9100:
9092:
9076:
9060:
9057:Roger Y. Tsien
9053:Martin Chalfie
9044:
9036:
9028:
9012:
8996:
8984:
8968:
8951:
8949:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8941:
8930:Alan J. Heeger
8925:
8917:
8905:
8898:John E. Walker
8889:
8873:
8857:
8849:
8837:
8829:
8821:
8813:
8801:
8798:Hartmut Michel
8785:
8774:Donald J. Cram
8769:
8753:
8741:
8733:
8725:
8717:
8714:Roald Hoffmann
8705:
8698:Walter Gilbert
8689:
8677:
8669:
8666:Ilya Prigogine
8661:
8652:
8650:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8635:John Cornforth
8630:
8622:
8610:
8603:Stanford Moore
8594:
8586:
8578:
8566:
8558:
8551:Ronald Norrish
8542:
8534:
8526:
8518:
8506:
8494:
8486:
8478:
8470:
8462:
8459:Alexander Todd
8454:
8442:
8434:
8426:
8418:
8406:
8399:Edwin McMillan
8393:
8391:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8383:
8371:
8363:
8355:
8347:
8331:
8323:
8315:
8307:
8300:
8293:
8286:
8274:
8266:
8259:Norman Haworth
8254:
8246:
8234:
8226:
8219:
8211:
8199:
8191:
8179:
8171:
8163:
8154:
8152:
8148:
8147:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8135:
8127:
8120:
8112:
8104:
8096:
8093:Walther Nernst
8088:
8081:
8073:
8066:
8059:
8051:
8043:
8035:
8023:
8015:
8007:
7999:
7991:
7988:Eduard Buchner
7983:
7975:
7967:
7964:William Ramsay
7959:
7951:
7943:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7927:
7916:
7915:
7908:
7901:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7868:
7862:
7849:
7844:
7838:
7832:
7827:
7821:
7816:
7810:
7805:
7799:
7793:
7780:
7774:
7759:
7751:
7750:External links
7748:
7746:
7745:
7731:
7718:
7701:
7692:
7675:
7658:
7649:
7635:
7618:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7583:
7569:
7556:
7522:(2): 116–163.
7511:
7497:
7476:
7449:
7401:
7369:
7355:
7337:
7323:
7305:
7291:
7274:
7260:
7247:
7233:
7220:
7203:
7189:
7176:
7162:
7146:
7132:
7116:
7079:
7038:
7032:
7019:
7005:
6987:
6973:
6960:
6946:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6891:
6859:
6848:on 2 July 2020
6833:
6811:
6789:
6767:
6742:
6717:
6691:
6665:
6646:
6644:, p. 279.
6634:
6632:, p. 300.
6622:
6610:
6588:
6562:
6560:, p. 302.
6519:
6487:
6475:
6448:
6435:
6407:
6382:
6370:
6345:
6319:
6293:
6291:, p. 178.
6281:
6279:, p. 248.
6269:
6242:"FGS Brochure"
6233:
6231:, p. 242.
6221:
6219:, p. 288.
6209:
6198:. Defence News
6186:
6174:
6162:
6150:
6138:
6136:, p. 176.
6126:
6114:
6112:, p. 124.
6102:
6090:
6068:
6046:
6044:, p. 147.
6034:
6032:, p. 152.
6022:
6007:
5982:
5970:
5958:
5956:, p. 199.
5946:
5924:
5901:
5899:, p. 343.
5889:
5887:, p. 209.
5874:
5857:
5835:
5831:Bernstein 2001
5823:
5811:
5799:
5784:
5780:Bernstein 2001
5772:
5768:Bernstein 2001
5760:
5735:
5710:
5698:
5696:, p. 201.
5686:
5684:, p. 319.
5674:
5662:
5660:, p. 139.
5650:
5638:
5626:
5611:
5609:, p. 195.
5599:
5587:
5585:, p. 179.
5575:
5563:
5551:
5539:
5537:, p. 188.
5524:
5522:, p. 137.
5509:
5507:, p. 132.
5494:
5482:
5467:
5465:, p. 150.
5455:
5440:
5381:Von Halban, H.
5372:
5335:Strassmann, F.
5325:
5273:
5223:
5211:
5199:
5162:Strassmann, F.
5149:
5147:, p. 233.
5137:
5122:
5110:
5098:
5096:, p. 177.
5086:
5057:Strassmann, F.
5040:
4995:Strassmann, F.
4979:
4962:
4927:
4915:
4903:
4862:
4850:
4823:(2): 145–166.
4807:
4795:
4783:
4771:
4736:(2): 190–218.
4717:
4699:
4685:
4673:
4638:
4589:
4577:
4575:, p. 143.
4565:
4543:
4531:
4509:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4442:
4440:, p. 283.
4430:
4428:, p. 122.
4418:
4406:
4403:. 20 May 2020.
4388:
4370:
4351:
4336:
4324:
4293:
4281:
4221:
4209:
4182:(1): 461–480.
4166:
4119:
4115:Berninger 1983
4104:
4089:
4067:
4053:
4034:
3997:
3990:
3962:
3936:
3879:
3844:
3832:
3805:(8): 653–657.
3781:
3769:
3754:
3735:(2): 149–160.
3714:
3702:
3684:
3662:
3660:, p. 286.
3650:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3599:
3584:
3562:
3560:, p. 368.
3550:
3538:
3523:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3395:
3380:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3192:
3180:
3165:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3041:19126 Ottohahn
3036:
3025:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2992:
2982:
2967:
2960:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2847:
2844:
2837:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2775:
2772:
2700:
2697:
2561:
2558:
2554:Deutsche Marks
2549:Fritz ter Meer
2540:Sturmabteilung
2446:
2443:
2341:
2338:
2232:Main article:
2229:
2226:
2198:Nikolaus Riehl
2150:, Hans Götte,
2104:Main article:
2101:
2098:
2058:Philip Abelson
2054:Edwin McMillan
2035:atomic numbers
2023:platinum group
1893:atomic nucleus
1868:James Chadwick
1836:Main article:
1833:
1830:
1793:
1790:
1786:Vertrauensmann
1764:be shipped to
1754:Gerhart Jander
1699:
1696:
1632:
1627:
1603:uranyl nitrate
1593:solution with
1577:
1574:
1546:protoactinmium
1494:periodic table
1486:Kasimir Fajans
1465:
1462:
1356:
1353:
1289:Edith Junghans
1268:
1265:
1208:alpha particle
1187:
1184:
1134:Harriet Brooks
995:beta particles
970:
967:
848:radiochemistry
840:William Ramsay
813:William Ramsay
805:
802:
798:Theodor Zincke
721:
718:
592:William Ramsay
528:and father of
522:radiochemistry
488:
487:
479:
478:
474:
473:
470:
469:
467:
466:
464:Nikolaus Riehl
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
418:
417:
416:
414:
410:
409:
407:
406:
400:
394:
391:William Ramsay
387:
380:
378:
374:
373:
371:Theodor Zincke
368:
362:
361:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
332:
330:
326:
325:
323:
322:
317:
315:Radiochemistry
311:
309:
305:
304:
298:
297:
295:
294:
288:
282:
276:
270:
264:
258:
255:Pour le Mérite
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
214:
213:
212:
210:
206:
205:
193:
189:
188:
177:
174:Edith Junghans
173:
172:
170:
166:
165:
163:
162:
156:
150:
144:
138:
134:
132:
131:Known for
128:
127:
125:
124:
119:
113:
111:
107:
106:
94:
91:(aged 89)
84:
80:
79:
66:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11157:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10915:
10905:
10903:
10893:
10891:
10881:
10879:
10869:
10868:
10865:
10852:
10844:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10834:
10831:
10830:
10827:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10807:
10805:
10801:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10786:
10784:
10780:
10771:
10768:
10763:
10760:
10756:
10751:
10750:Tamaki Uemura
10748:
10743:
10740:
10737:(businessman)
10735:
10732:
10729:(theosophist)
10727:
10724:
10719:
10716:
10711:
10710:Satish Gujral
10708:
10703:
10700:
10695:
10692:
10687:
10684:
10679:
10676:
10671:
10668:
10663:
10660:
10655:
10652:
10647:
10644:
10639:
10636:
10631:
10630:Henri Laugier
10628:
10623:
10620:
10615:
10612:
10607:
10604:
10599:
10596:
10591:
10588:
10583:
10580:
10575:
10572:
10571:
10569:
10567:Varied Fields
10565:
10559:
10556:
10555:
10553:
10551:
10547:
10541:
10538:
10533:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10524:Humanitarians
10521:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10509:
10507:
10503:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10461:Edward Condon
10459:
10457:
10454:
10453:
10451:
10449:
10445:
10432:
10431:Linus Pauling
10429:
10428:
10426:
10422:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10410:John Boyd Orr
10408:
10407:
10405:
10401:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10386:
10384:
10380:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10355:
10353:
10349:
10343:
10340:
10335:
10332:
10331:
10329:
10325:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10313:Hideki Yukawa
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10300:
10298:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10285:
10279:
10278:Michael Scott
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10250:
10248:
10246:
10242:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10100:
10099:Ichirō Kiyose
10095:
10090:
10088:
10087:Henry Usborne
10083:
10078:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9981:
9979:
9975:
9969:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9954:International
9952:
9949:
9947:
9943:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9921:
9920:Setsuo Yamada
9916:
9911:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9898:
9896:
9894:
9890:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9872:
9871:Culbert Olson
9867:
9862:
9861:
9859:
9857:
9853:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9835:
9834:Milton Margai
9830:
9825:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9812:
9810:
9808:
9804:
9798:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9785:
9783:
9779:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9667:
9656:
9654:
9643:
9641:
9630:
9628:
9617:
9615:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9599:
9595:
9589:
9588:Georgia Lloyd
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9557:
9556:
9551:
9550:
9547:
9542:
9539:
9532:
9527:
9525:
9520:
9518:
9513:
9512:
9509:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9441:
9437:
9436:
9433:
9426:
9423:
9420:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9412:
9408:
9401:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9393:
9389:
9383:(Switzerland)
9382:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9374:
9370:
9363:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9339:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9327:
9322:
9314:
9309:
9307:
9302:
9300:
9295:
9294:
9291:
9278:
9274:
9273:Louis E. Brus
9270:
9265:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9249:
9246:
9245:Benjamin List
9242:
9237:
9234:
9230:
9225:
9222:
9221:Akira Yoshino
9218:
9214:
9209:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9193:
9190:
9186:
9185:Joachim Frank
9182:
9177:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9161:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9149:Tomas Lindahl
9145:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9129:
9126:
9125:Arieh Warshel
9122:
9118:
9113:
9110:
9109:Brian Kobilka
9106:
9101:
9098:
9097:Dan Shechtman
9093:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9077:
9074:
9073:Ada E. Yonath
9070:
9066:
9061:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9045:
9042:
9037:
9034:
9029:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9013:
9010:
9006:
9005:Avram Hershko
9002:
8997:
8994:
8990:
8985:
8982:
8981:Kurt Wüthrich
8978:
8977:Koichi Tanaka
8974:
8969:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8946:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8926:
8923:
8918:
8915:
8911:
8906:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8894:Paul D. Boyer
8890:
8887:
8883:
8879:
8874:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8858:
8855:
8850:
8847:
8846:Michael Smith
8843:
8838:
8835:
8830:
8827:
8822:
8819:
8814:
8811:
8807:
8806:Sidney Altman
8802:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8786:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8770:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8754:
8751:
8747:
8742:
8739:
8734:
8731:
8726:
8723:
8718:
8715:
8711:
8710:Kenichi Fukui
8706:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8690:
8687:
8683:
8678:
8675:
8670:
8667:
8662:
8659:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8647:
8640:
8636:
8631:
8628:
8623:
8620:
8616:
8611:
8608:
8607:William Stein
8604:
8600:
8595:
8592:
8587:
8584:
8579:
8576:
8572:
8567:
8564:
8559:
8556:
8555:George Porter
8552:
8548:
8547:Manfred Eigen
8543:
8540:
8535:
8532:
8527:
8524:
8519:
8516:
8512:
8507:
8504:
8500:
8495:
8492:
8491:Melvin Calvin
8487:
8484:
8483:Willard Libby
8479:
8476:
8471:
8468:
8463:
8460:
8455:
8452:
8448:
8443:
8440:
8435:
8432:
8431:Linus Pauling
8427:
8424:
8419:
8416:
8415:Richard Synge
8412:
8411:Archer Martin
8407:
8404:
8400:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8388:
8381:
8377:
8372:
8369:
8364:
8361:
8360:Arne Tiselius
8356:
8353:
8348:
8345:
8341:
8340:John Northrop
8337:
8332:
8329:
8324:
8321:
8316:
8313:
8308:
8301:
8294:
8287:
8284:
8280:
8275:
8272:
8267:
8264:
8260:
8255:
8252:
8247:
8244:
8240:
8235:
8232:
8227:
8220:
8217:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8200:
8197:
8192:
8189:
8185:
8184:Arthur Harden
8180:
8177:
8176:Adolf Windaus
8172:
8169:
8164:
8161:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8149:
8133:
8128:
8121:
8118:
8113:
8110:
8109:Francis Aston
8105:
8102:
8097:
8094:
8089:
8082:
8079:
8074:
8067:
8060:
8057:
8052:
8049:
8044:
8041:
8040:Alfred Werner
8036:
8033:
8032:Paul Sabatier
8029:
8024:
8021:
8016:
8013:
8008:
8005:
8000:
7997:
7992:
7989:
7984:
7981:
7980:Henri Moissan
7976:
7973:
7968:
7965:
7960:
7957:
7952:
7949:
7944:
7941:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7914:
7909:
7907:
7902:
7900:
7895:
7894:
7891:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7800:
7797:
7794:
7791:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7728:
7724:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7702:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7659:
7655:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7636:9780300018301
7632:
7627:
7626:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7602:
7601:
7589:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7570:0-521-36413-2
7566:
7562:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7387:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7324:0-671-65719-4
7320:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7292:1-58642-039-9
7288:
7283:
7282:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7253:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7234:0-387-95057-5
7230:
7226:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7190:3-458-32789-4
7186:
7182:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7133:0-521-40583-1
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7047:Physics Today
7044:
7039:
7035:
7029:
7025:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6974:90-277-1584-X
6970:
6966:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6947:90-277-1584-X
6943:
6939:
6934:
6933:
6908:
6901:
6895:
6876:
6869:
6863:
6847:
6843:
6837:
6821:
6815:
6799:
6793:
6777:
6776:"GDCh-Preise"
6771:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6705:
6703:
6695:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6662:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6643:
6638:
6631:
6626:
6619:
6618:Hoffmann 2001
6614:
6598:
6592:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6559:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6497:
6491:
6484:
6479:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6439:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6417:, Frankfurt,
6416:
6411:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6379:
6374:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6333:
6329:
6323:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6290:
6285:
6278:
6277:Hoffmann 2001
6273:
6254:
6250:
6243:
6237:
6230:
6229:Hoffmann 2001
6225:
6218:
6213:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6182:Hoffmann 2001
6178:
6171:
6170:Hoffmann 2001
6166:
6159:
6158:Hoffmann 2001
6154:
6147:
6146:Hoffmann 2001
6142:
6135:
6130:
6124:, p. 48.
6123:
6118:
6111:
6106:
6100:, p. 12.
6099:
6094:
6078:
6072:
6056:
6050:
6043:
6038:
6031:
6026:
6019:
6014:
6012:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5979:
5978:Macrakis 1993
5974:
5967:
5966:Macrakis 1993
5962:
5955:
5954:Hoffmann 2001
5950:
5934:
5928:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5893:
5886:
5885:Hoffmann 2001
5881:
5879:
5871:
5870:Crawford 2000
5866:
5864:
5862:
5845:
5839:
5832:
5827:
5821:, p. 49.
5820:
5819:Crawford 2000
5815:
5808:
5807:Crawford 2000
5803:
5796:
5791:
5789:
5781:
5776:
5769:
5764:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5707:
5706:Hoffmann 2001
5702:
5695:
5694:Hoffmann 2001
5690:
5683:
5678:
5671:
5666:
5659:
5654:
5647:
5646:Hoffmann 2001
5642:
5635:
5630:
5623:
5618:
5616:
5608:
5607:Hoffmann 2001
5603:
5596:
5591:
5584:
5579:
5572:
5567:
5560:
5555:
5548:
5543:
5536:
5535:Hoffmann 2001
5531:
5529:
5521:
5516:
5514:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5491:
5490:Hoffmann 2001
5486:
5479:
5474:
5472:
5464:
5463:Hoffmann 2001
5459:
5452:
5447:
5445:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5403:(3625): 680.
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5296:(3616): 276.
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5282:Frisch, O. R.
5277:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5246:(3615): 239.
5245:
5241:
5237:
5236:Frisch, O. R.
5233:
5227:
5220:
5215:
5208:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5168:(in German).
5167:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5146:
5141:
5134:
5129:
5127:
5119:
5114:
5107:
5102:
5095:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5045:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5001:(in German).
5000:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4976:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4919:
4912:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4878:Physics Today
4875:
4869:
4867:
4859:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4799:
4792:
4787:
4780:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4695:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4650:(in German).
4649:
4642:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4605:(in German).
4604:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4574:
4569:
4553:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4519:
4513:
4507:, p. 10.
4506:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4487:
4482:
4475:
4470:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4439:
4434:
4427:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4334:, p. 95.
4333:
4332:Hoffmann 2001
4328:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4291:, p. 94.
4290:
4289:Hoffmann 2001
4285:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4234:Bretscher, E.
4231:
4225:
4219:, p. 93.
4218:
4217:Hoffmann 2001
4213:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4077:
4071:
4063:
4057:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4006:Meitner, Lise
4001:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3966:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3922:2027.42/62921
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:(in German).
3855:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3778:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3711:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3672:
3671:"Hahn, Hanno"
3666:
3659:
3654:
3648:, p. 48.
3647:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3612:, p. 39.
3611:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3572:
3566:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3536:, p. 65.
3535:
3530:
3528:
3521:, p. 50.
3520:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3504:, p. 20.
3503:
3498:
3492:, p. 68.
3491:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3431:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3408:, p. 52.
3407:
3402:
3400:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3378:, p. 66.
3377:
3372:
3366:, p. 59.
3365:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3253:, p. 35.
3252:
3251:Hoffmann 2001
3247:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2878:Harnack medal
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2762:Royal Society
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2729:Stadtfriedhof
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2496:German Empire
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:Gerard Kuiper
2469:
2465:
2460:
2459:Albert Vögler
2451:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2427:Swedish krona
2424:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2370:Arne Westgren
2367:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:Godmanchester
2294:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2240:Alsos Mission
2235:
2228:Incarceration
2225:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:Leslie Groves
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2116:Wilhelm Groth
2113:
2107:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:atomic masses
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1820:calculation.
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1595:tantalic acid
1592:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1550:John Cranston
1547:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1427:Western Front
1424:
1420:
1419:No Man's land
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1336:In 1990, the
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:Eastern Front
1321:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
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1183:
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1175:
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1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Hertha Sponer
1058:
1054:
1053:these days!"
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:electroscopes
988:
987:Holzwerkstatt
980:
975:
966:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
927:
922:
918:
913:
912:
903:
899:
894:
889:
887:
886:
881:
880:Royal Society
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
827:
822:
815:, London 1905
814:
810:
801:
799:
795:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
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749:
748:
742:
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735:
731:
727:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:Western Front
640:
639:
634:
629:
627:
623:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:atomic recoil
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:radioactivity
515:
508:
502:
494:
485:
480:
475:
471:
465:
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460:
457:
455:
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450:
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327:
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318:
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303:
299:
292:
289:
286:
283:
281:Medal (1958)
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
239:Prize (1941)
238:
235:
233:Prize (1939)
232:
229:
227:Medal (1919)
226:
223:
222:
218:
211:
207:
202:
197:
194:
190:
171:
167:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:Radioactinium
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
133:
129:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
112:
108:
103:(now Germany)
101:
97:
85:
81:
76:(now Germany)
73:
69:
56:
52:
48:
43:
36:
33:
29:
27:
22:
10726:Sophia Wadia
10662:Lloyd Morain
10606:Erich Kahler
10341:
10308:C. F. Powell
10268:John Collins
10183:Lewis Silkin
10063:Gerhard Jahn
10003:Akira Kazami
9932:Shinzo Hamai
9653:Sierra Leone
9578:Philip Isely
9553:
9470:
9337:
9205:George Smith
9085:Akira Suzuki
9041:Gerhard Ertl
9025:Yves Chauvin
8973:John B. Fenn
8961:Ryoji Noyori
8948:2001–present
8922:Ahmed Zewail
8882:Harold Kroto
8866:Mario Molina
8794:Robert Huber
8766:John Polanyi
8750:Jerome Karle
8686:Georg Wittig
8571:Derek Barton
8563:Lars Onsager
8515:Giulio Natta
8511:Karl Ziegler
8503:John Kendrew
8319:
8271:Richard Kuhn
8196:Hans Fischer
8012:Otto Wallach
7948:Emil Fischer
7771:
7722:
7705:
7696:
7679:
7662:
7653:
7624:
7605:
7587:
7560:
7519:
7515:
7480:
7461:
7457:
7412:
7408:
7393:. Retrieved
7377:
7345:
7313:
7280:
7251:
7224:
7207:
7180:
7153:
7123:
7120:Frisch, Otto
7090:(1): 37–53.
7087:
7083:
7053:(9): 26–32.
7050:
7046:
7023:
6995:
6964:
6937:
6914:. Retrieved
6894:
6882:. Retrieved
6862:
6850:. Retrieved
6846:the original
6836:
6824:. Retrieved
6814:
6802:. Retrieved
6792:
6780:. Retrieved
6770:
6758:. Retrieved
6754:
6745:
6733:. Retrieved
6729:
6720:
6708:. Retrieved
6701:
6694:
6682:. Retrieved
6677:
6668:
6637:
6625:
6613:
6601:. Retrieved
6591:
6579:. Retrieved
6575:the original
6565:
6510:. Retrieved
6503:
6490:
6478:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6443:
6438:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6398:. Retrieved
6394:
6385:
6373:
6361:. Retrieved
6357:
6348:
6336:. Retrieved
6331:
6322:
6310:. Retrieved
6305:
6296:
6284:
6272:
6260:. Retrieved
6248:
6236:
6224:
6212:
6200:. Retrieved
6189:
6177:
6165:
6153:
6141:
6129:
6117:
6105:
6093:
6081:. Retrieved
6071:
6059:. Retrieved
6049:
6037:
6025:
5998:. Retrieved
5973:
5961:
5949:
5937:. Retrieved
5927:
5915:. Retrieved
5904:
5892:
5848:. Retrieved
5838:
5826:
5814:
5802:
5775:
5763:
5751:. Retrieved
5726:. Retrieved
5713:
5701:
5689:
5677:
5665:
5653:
5641:
5629:
5602:
5590:
5578:
5566:
5554:
5542:
5485:
5458:
5400:
5396:
5389:Kowarski, L.
5375:
5345:(6): 89–95.
5342:
5338:
5328:
5293:
5289:
5276:
5243:
5239:
5226:
5214:
5202:
5172:(1): 11–15.
5169:
5165:
5157:
5152:
5140:
5113:
5101:
5089:
5064:
5060:
5002:
4998:
4993:; O., Hahn;
4943:(2): 76–84.
4940:
4936:
4930:
4918:
4906:
4884:(7): 38–43.
4881:
4877:
4853:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4798:
4786:
4774:
4733:
4729:
4720:
4711:
4702:
4688:
4676:
4654:(1): 78–82.
4651:
4647:
4641:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4580:
4568:
4556:. Retrieved
4546:
4534:
4522:. Retrieved
4512:
4488:, p. 7.
4481:
4469:
4457:
4452:, p. 6.
4445:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4354:
4327:
4315:. Retrieved
4284:
4249:
4245:
4224:
4212:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4080:. Retrieved
4070:
4056:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3972:
3965:
3953:. Retrieved
3949:the original
3939:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3835:
3802:
3798:
3772:
3732:
3728:
3705:
3697:the original
3687:
3675:. Retrieved
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3575:. Retrieved
3565:
3553:
3541:
3497:
3485:
3450:
3446:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3246:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3183:
3156:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3112:
3086:
3070:
3068:
3039:
3020:
3013:
2953:
2937:
2891:
2841:Goethe Medal
2791:
2779:
2777:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2682:
2677:
2661:
2640:
2638:
2620:
2613:Hans Speidel
2594:
2588:
2575:
2563:
2538:
2530:persilschein
2528:
2506:
2501:
2484:British Zone
2477:
2468:Soviet Union
2456:
2435:Alfred Nobel
2431:
2413:
2393:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2328:murdered in
2317:
2286:
2257:Max von Laue
2237:
2187:
2175:Albert Speer
2160:
2132:World War II
2128:Kurt Diebner
2112:Paul Harteck
2109:
2100:World War II
2074:
2046:Uranspaltung
2045:
2039:
2018:
2012:
2009:
1995:
1993:
1984:Lise Meitner
1977:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1914:
1901:
1897:Enrico Fermi
1865:
1852:Lise Meitner
1817:strontium-87
1814:
1810:Jacob Papish
1795:
1785:
1774:Joseph Koeth
1770:
1758:
1746:
1741:
1736:Adolf Hitler
1729:
1720:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1653:
1646:
1629:
1612:
1599:
1587:
1563:
1542:
1529:
1526:
1518:
1483:
1440:minenwerfers
1438:
1435:Isonzo front
1431:
1404:
1395:chlorine gas
1372:
1366:
1335:
1312:
1282:
1261:
1242:
1212:Stefan Meyer
1201:
1157:Gustav Hertz
1153:James Franck
1131:
1123:Lise Meitner
1116:
1112:Gustav Hertz
1074:Lise Meitner
1070:James Franck
1051:Privatdozent
1050:
1042:Privatdozent
1041:
1038:habilitation
1034:
1015:
1003:Alfred Stock
986:
984:
935:
926:Privatdozent
924:
921:Emil Fischer
909:
907:
891:
883:
876:
856:radiothorium
832:Hans Fischer
818:
791:
767:
745:
743:
733:
723:
714:West Germany
699:
683:World War II
636:
630:
621:Privatdozent
619:
616:habilitation
608:Emil Fischer
585:
546:protactinium
534:Lise Meitner
492:
491:
420:
403:Emil Fischer
329:Institutions
301:
279:Hugo Grotius
225:Emil Fischer
216:
141:Radiothorium
100:West Germany
89:(1968-07-28)
87:28 July 1968
72:Hesse-Nassau
64:8 March 1879
32:
25:
10940:1968 deaths
10935:1879 births
10742:Stuart Hall
10697:(economist)
10694:Ōuchi Hyōei
10689:(architect)
10622:Gerard Piel
10491:René Dumont
10253:Abbé Pierre
10195:N. G. Ranga
10135:John Foster
9946:Politicians
9883:Hiroo Ōhara
9700:Edgar Faure
9543:signatories
9321:Nobel Prize
9173:Ben Feringa
9157:Aziz Sancar
9137:Stefan Hell
9133:Eric Betzig
8910:Walter Kohn
8878:Robert Curl
8854:George Olah
8842:Kary Mullis
8818:Elias Corey
8810:Thomas Cech
8762:Yuan T. Lee
8730:Henry Taube
8263:Paul Karrer
8251:Peter Debye
8231:Harold Urey
8117:Fritz Pregl
8078:Fritz Haber
8020:Marie Curie
7464:: 279–313.
7415:(1): 3–51.
6684:14 December
6661:Spence 1970
6642:Spence 1970
6630:Spence 1970
6558:Spence 1970
6483:Spence 1970
6464:(10): 354.
6421:, Hamburg,
6378:Spence 1970
6289:Badash 1983
6134:Badash 1983
6110:Walker 2006
6042:Walker 2006
6030:Walker 2006
6018:Walker 2006
5728:17 December
5658:Walker 2006
5634:Walker 1993
5595:Walker 1993
5559:Walker 1993
5547:Norris 2002
5520:Walker 2006
5505:Walker 2006
5451:Walker 1993
5232:Meitner, L.
5219:Frisch 1979
5053:L., Meitner
4991:L., Meitner
4858:Rhodes 1986
4791:Rhodes 1986
4779:Rhodes 1986
4609:(12): 189.
4539:Walker 2006
4426:Walker 2006
4401:Kemicalinfo
4379:"Otto Hahn"
4311:"Otto Hahn"
3955:16 December
3777:Spence 1970
3710:Spence 1970
3658:Spence 1970
3340:Spence 1970
3316:Spence 1970
3229:10481/77556
3212:: 131–165.
3188:Spence 1970
2657:Warsaw pact
2641:Konzerthaus
2509:Bad Driburg
2373: [
2249:Erich Bagge
2214: [
2207:Oranienburg
2140:Peter Debye
2124:atomic bomb
2077:Kurt Starke
1923:similar to
1876:Irène Curie
1856:Otto Frisch
1806:rubidium-87
1731:Star Weekly
1559:uranium-235
1490:alpha decay
1474:Alpha decay
1391:Fritz Haber
1369:World War I
1355:World War I
1341: [
1318: [
1292: [
1287:, Hahn met
1172: [
1161:Robert Pohl
1145: [
1104: [
1093: [
1078:Fritz Haber
1030:Marie Curie
1022:thorium-230
1018:mesothorium
860:radioactive
844:inert gases
824: [
651:Fritz Haber
633:World War I
532:. Hahn and
199: [
153:Mesothorium
10924:Categories
10773:(pacifist)
10762:Tano Jōdai
10757:executive)
10721:(feminist)
10665:(humanist)
10617:(humanist)
10601:(educator)
10577:(inventor)
10476:Jean Orcel
10448:Scientists
10382:Literature
9908:E.C. Quaye
9685:Presidents
9614:Costa Rica
9573:Thane Read
9349:Literature
9009:Irwin Rose
8989:Peter Agre
8914:John Pople
8722:Aaron Klug
8627:Paul Flory
8575:Odd Hassel
8499:Max Perutz
8380:Kurt Alder
8376:Otto Diels
8204:Carl Bosch
7671:1130319295
7015:7324621011
6929:References
6429:, Vienna,
6427:Die Presse
6425:, Munich,
6077:"Overview"
5385:Joliot, F.
5333:Hahn, O.;
5051:O., Hahn;
4681:Bowen 1994
4365:SciHi Blog
3502:Stolz 1989
2924:, Berlin,
2621:Bundeswehr
2596:Bundeswehr
2490:, but the
2423:Eric Welsh
2265:Versailles
2261:Karl Wirtz
2183:Tailfingen
2027:technetium
1980:Niels Bohr
1933:platinoids
1778:Carl Bosch
1707:Nazi Party
1478:beta decay
1458:arsenicals
1379:Iron Cross
1315:Hanno Hahn
1304:Lake Garda
1277:Lake Garda
1220:radium-223
1165:Max Planck
1046:colloquium
999:gamma rays
796:professor
764:mineralogy
720:Early life
679:Nazi Party
663:Iron Cross
497:pronounced
237:Copernicus
231:Cannizzaro
161:(Th, 1907)
155:(Ra, 1907)
149:(Th, 1906)
143:(Th, 1905)
60:1879-03-08
10930:Otto Hahn
10890:Chemistry
10878:Biography
10681:(teacher)
10654:Kay Boyle
10646:Kaoru Ōta
10633:(scholar)
10609:(scholar)
10593:(teacher)
10342:Otto Hahn
10327:Chemistry
9856:Governors
9598:Countries
9364:(Denmark)
9340:(Germany)
9338:Otto Hahn
9330:Chemistry
9323:laureates
8694:Paul Berg
8649:1976–2000
8390:1951–1975
8320:Otto Hahn
8151:1926–1950
7931:1901–1925
7920:Laureates
7762:Otto Hahn
7714:638683343
7688:317354004
7645:970896098
7579:722061969
7552:120992662
7544:1422-6944
7507:263971970
7445:119479637
7437:1422-6944
7333:224864936
7270:538154456
7243:468996162
7216:646422716
7172:473315990
7142:861058137
7104:0890-9997
7075:0031-9228
6983:797094010
6956:797094010
6905:. IUPAC.
6873:. IUPAC.
6702:Otto Hahn
6217:Hahn 1988
6122:Sime 2004
6098:Sime 2006
5897:Sime 1996
5753:3 January
5682:Sime 1996
5670:Sime 2006
5622:Sime 2006
5583:Hahn 1966
5571:Sime 2006
5478:Hahn 1966
5427:0028-0836
5207:Sime 1996
5145:Sime 1996
5133:Sime 1996
5118:Sime 1996
5106:Sime 1996
5094:Sime 1996
5081:0365-9496
5035:122830315
5027:0939-7922
4975:Sime 1996
4923:Hahn 1966
4911:Sime 1996
4837:1386-4238
4803:Sime 1996
4766:120584702
4758:1422-6944
4668:0044-2313
4633:0028-1042
4585:Hahn 1966
4573:Sime 1996
4505:Sime 2006
4486:Sime 2006
4474:Sime 1996
4462:Sime 1996
4450:Sime 2006
4438:Hahn 1966
4414:Sime 1996
4347:Hahn 1966
4276:1364-5021
4196:0942-9352
4139:(5): 84.
4100:Hahn 1966
4078:. PubChem
3840:Hahn 1988
3827:0021-9584
3765:Sime 1996
3749:145243958
3646:Sime 1996
3634:Hahn 1966
3622:Sime 1996
3595:Hahn 1966
3558:Sime 1996
3546:Sime 1996
3534:Hahn 1966
3519:Hahn 1966
3490:Hahn 1966
3477:0028-0836
3430:Hahn 1966
3418:Hahn 1966
3406:Hahn 1966
3391:Hahn 1966
3376:Hahn 1966
3364:Hahn 1988
3352:Hahn 1966
3328:Hahn 1966
3238:0211-9536
3176:Hahn 1966
3161:Hahn 1966
3021:Otto Hahn
2930:Bucharest
2922:Bangalore
2918:Allahabad
2334:Göttingen
2330:Auschwitz
2301:Cambridge
2293:Farm Hall
2245:Hechingen
2070:neptunium
2062:cyclotron
2060:used the
1968:Anschluss
1965:With the
1917:actinides
1874:in 1932,
1782:IG Farben
1669:In 1966,
1643:in Munich
1506:tantalium
1351:in Rome.
946:half life
793:Geheimrat
752:chemistry
695:Farm Hall
493:Otto Hahn
477:Signature
96:Göttingen
39:Otto Hahn
26:Otto Hahn
10851:Category
10832:Source:
10713:(artist)
10657:(writer)
10550:Veterans
10424:Multiple
10318:Max Born
9977:National
9666:Tanzania
9627:Pakistan
7855:Archived
7792:BR, 2008
7786:Archived
7741:52312062
7386:Archived
7375:(2004).
7365:32893857
7343:(1996).
7311:(1986).
7301:48544060
7199:42847178
7122:(1979).
7112:27757845
6993:(2001).
6907:Archived
6875:Archived
6444:Die Welt
6419:Die Welt
6253:Archived
5367:33512939
5158:Hahn, O.
4845:93361285
4240:(1938).
4204:99021215
4161:28599831
4030:94448132
3874:94448132
3093:See also
3061:and the
3008:in 1957.
3004:and the
2973:and the
2876:and the
2748:courage.
2659:states.
2429:cheque.
2130:. After
1925:tungsten
1802:rubidium
1798:Manitoba
1498:actinium
1407:Flanders
1374:Landwehr
963:polonium
673:and the
638:Landwehr
421:See list
267:ForMemRS
217:See list
192:Children
10914:Germany
10864:Portals
10782:Related
10337:(twice)
10296:Physics
9640:Senegal
9392:Physics
7922:of the
7877:of the
7873:in the
7680:My Life
7524:Bibcode
7417:Bibcode
7395:28 June
7055:Bibcode
6916:23 June
6884:23 June
6852:28 June
6826:28 June
6804:28 June
6782:28 June
6760:28 June
6735:28 June
6710:28 June
6603:28 June
6581:28 June
6512:28 June
6400:28 June
6363:15 July
6262:28 June
6202:28 June
6083:27 June
6061:27 June
6000:27 June
5939:27 June
5917:27 June
5850:25 June
5435:4089039
5405:Bibcode
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