Otitis media - Knowledge

418: 1171: 974:(also called "grommets") are recommended with three or more episodes of acute otitis media in 6 months or four or more in a year, with at least one episode or more attacks in the preceding 6 months. There is tentative evidence that children with recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) who receive tubes have a modest improvement in the number of further AOM episodes (around one fewer episode at six months and less of an improvement at 12 months following the tubes being inserted). Evidence does not support an effect on long-term hearing or language development. A common complication of having a tympanostomy tube is otorrhea, which is a discharge from the ear. The risk of persistent 1286:. Aboriginal children experience middle ear disease for two and a half years on average during childhood compared with three months for non indigenous children. If untreated it can leave a permanent legacy of hearing loss. The higher incidence of deafness in turn contributes to poor social, educational and emotional outcomes for the children concerned. Such children as they grow into adults are also more likely to experience employment difficulties and find themselves caught up in the criminal justice system. Research in 2012 revealed that nine out of ten Aboriginal prison inmates in the 1069: 3434: 56: 608:

perforation, and attempts at repair with granulation tissue and polyps. This can worsen discharge and inflammation, potentially developing into CSOM, often associated with cholesteatoma. Symptoms may include ear discharge or pus seen only on examination. Hearing loss is common. Risk factors include poor eustachian tube function, recurrent ear infections, crowded living, daycare attendance, and certain craniofacial malformations.

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otitis media have more depression/anxiety-related disorders compared to individuals with normal hearing. Once the infections resolve and hearing thresholds return to normal, childhood otitis media may still cause minor and irreversible damage to the middle ear and cochlea. More research on the importance of screening all children under 4 years old for otitis media with effusion needs to be performed.

1234:. If there is enough, this drainage may be obvious. Even though the perforation of the tympanic membrane suggests a highly painful and traumatic process, it is almost always associated with a dramatic relief of pressure and pain. In a simple case of acute otitis media in an otherwise healthy person, the body's defenses are likely to resolve the 299:. In AOM, antibiotics may speed recovery but may result in side effects. Antibiotics are often recommended in those with severe disease or under two years old. In those with less severe disease they may only be recommended in those who do not improve after two or three days. The initial antibiotic of choice is typically 621:

In Britain, 0.9% of children and 0.5% of adults have CSOM, with no difference between the sexes. The incidence of CSOM across the world varies dramatically where high income countries have a relatively low prevalence while in low income countries the prevalence may be up to three times as great. Each

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This hearing loss is mainly due to fluid in the middle ear or rupture of the tympanic membrane. Prolonged duration of otitis media is associated with ossicular complications and, together with persistent tympanic membrane perforation, contributes to the severity of the disease and hearing loss. When

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Risk factors such as season, allergy predisposition and presence of older siblings are known to be determinants of recurrent otitis media and persistent middle-ear effusions (MEE). History of recurrence, environmental exposure to tobacco smoke, use of daycare, and lack of breastfeeding have all been

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in children appears to reduce rates of AOM by 4% and the use of antibiotics by 11% over 6 months. However, the vaccine resulted in increased adverse-effects such as fever and runny nose. The small reduction in AOM may not justify the side effects and inconvenience of influenza vaccination every year

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or another penicillin derivative plus beta lactamase inhibitor is recommended. Taking amoxicillin once a day may be as effective as twice or three times a day. While less than 7 days of antibiotics have fewer side effects, more than seven days appear to be more effective. If there is no improvement

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Worldwide AOM affects about 11% of people a year (about 325 to 710 million cases). Half the cases involve children less than five years of age and it is more common among males. Of those affected about 4.8% or 31 million develop chronic suppurative otitis media. The total number of people

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being Latin for "eardrum"). However, sometimes even examination of the eardrum may not be able to confirm the diagnosis, especially if the canal is small. If wax in the ear canal obscures a clear view of the eardrum it should be removed using a blunt cerumen curette or a wire loop. Also, an upset

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Acute otitis media in children with moderate to severe bulging of the tympanic membrane or new onset of otorrhea (drainage) is not due to external otitis. Also, the diagnosis may be made in children who have mild bulging of the ear drum and recent onset of ear pain (less than 48 hours) or intense

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contrasts. Australian Aboriginal languages thus seem to show similarities to the speech of people with hearing loss, and avoid those sounds and distinctions which are difficult for people with early childhood hearing loss to perceive. At the same time, Australian languages make full use of those

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Periods of conductive hearing loss from otitis media may have a detrimental effect on speech development in children. Some studies have linked otitis media to learning problems, attention disorders, and problems with social adaptation. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that individuals with

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Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a long-term middle ear inflammation causing persistent ear discharge due to a perforated eardrum. It often follows an unresolved upper respiratory infection leading to acute otitis media. Prolonged inflammation leads to middle ear swelling, ulceration,

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Topical antibiotics are of uncertain benefit as of 2020. Some evidence suggests that topical antibiotics may be useful either alone or with antibiotics by mouth. Antiseptics are of unclear effect. Topical antibiotics (quinolones) are probably better at resolving ear discharge than antiseptics.

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or tympanitis) have to be identified; signs of these are fullness, bulging, cloudiness and redness of the eardrum. It is important to attempt to differentiate between acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion (OME), as antibiotics are not recommended for OME. It has been suggested that

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Acute otitis media is very common in childhood. It is the most common condition for which medical care is provided in children under five years of age in the US. Acute otitis media affects 11% of people each year (709 million cases) with half occurring in those below five years. Chronic

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Oral antibiotics should not be used to treat uncomplicated acute tympanostomy tube otorrhea. They are not sufficient for the bacteria that cause this condition and have side effects including increased risk of opportunistic infection. In contrast, topical antibiotic eardrops are useful.

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For bilateral acute otitis media in infants younger than 24 months, there is evidence that the benefits of antibiotics outweigh the harms. A 2015 Cochrane review concluded that watchful waiting is the preferred approach for children over six months with non severe acute otitis media.

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and the ear drum nearly always heals. An option for severe acute otitis media in which analgesics are not controlling ear pain is to perform a tympanocentesis, i.e., needle aspiration through the tympanic membrane to relieve the ear pain and to identify the causative organism(s).

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AOM is far less common in breastfed infants than in formula-fed infants, and the greatest protection is associated with exclusive breastfeeding (no formula use) for the first six months of life. A longer duration of breastfeeding is correlated with a longer protective effect.

201:), typically not associated with symptoms, although occasionally a feeling of fullness is described; it is defined as the presence of non-infectious fluid in the middle ear which may persist for weeks or months often after an episode of acute otitis media. 209:) is middle ear inflammation that results in a perforated tympanic membrane with discharge from the ear for more than six weeks. It may be a complication of acute otitis media. Pain is rarely present. All three types of otitis media may be associated with 2964:

Owen MJ, Baldwin CD, Swank PR, Pannu AK, Johnson DL, Howie VM (November 1993). "Relation of infant feeding practices, cigarette smoke exposure, and group child care to the onset and duration of otitis media with effusion in the first two years of life".

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suppurative otitis media affects about 5% or 31 million of these cases with 22.6% of cases occurring annually under the age of five years. Otitis media resulted in 2,400 deaths in 2013 – down from 4,900 deaths in 1990.

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distinctions, namely place of articulation distinctions, which people with otitis media-caused hearing loss can perceive more easily. This hypothesis has been challenged on historical, comparative, statistical, and medical grounds.

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may be due to the very high presence of otitis media ear infections and resulting hearing loss in their populations. People with hearing loss often have trouble distinguishing different vowels and hearing fricatives and

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As its typical symptoms overlap with other conditions, such as acute external otitis, symptoms alone are not sufficient to predict whether acute otitis media is present; it has to be complemented by visualization of the

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Use of antibiotics for acute otitis media has benefits and harms. As over 82% of acute episodes settle without treatment, about 20 children must be treated to prevent one case of ear pain, 33 children to prevent one

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due to negative pressure produced by dysfunction of the Eustachian tube. This can be associated with a viral upper respiratory infection (URI) or bacterial infection such as otitis media. An effusion can cause

599:, and greater amounts of time spent in group child care, particularly those with a large number of children. These risk factors increase the incidence and duration of OME during the first two years of life. 1666:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 315:

with CSOM is estimated at 65–330 million people. Before the age of ten OME affects about 80% of children at some point. Otitis media resulted in 3,200 deaths in 2015 – down from 4,900 deaths in 1990.

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Discharge from the ear can be caused by acute otitis media with perforation of the eardrum, chronic suppurative otitis media, tympanostomy tube otorrhea, or acute otitis externa. Trauma, such as a

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called the Galbreath technique was evaluated in one randomized controlled clinical trial; one reviewer concluded that it was promising, but a 2010 evidence report found the evidence inconclusive.

1614:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1017:

and decongestants in children with OME. In less severe cases or those without significant hearing impairment, the effusion can resolve spontaneously or with more conservative measures such as

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Antibiotics causes little or no reduction to the chance of experiencing the outcome when compared with placebo for acute otitis media in children. Data are based on high quality evidence.

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Antibiotics causes little or no reduction to the chance of experiencing the outcome when compared with placebo for acute otitis media in children. Data are based on high quality evidence.

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may relieve pain, if present. For people requiring surgery to treat otitis media with effusion, preventative antibiotics may not help reduce the risk of post-surgical complications.

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after 2–3 days of treatment a change in therapy may be considered. Azithromycin appears to have less side effects than either high dose amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate.

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for this purpose alone. PCV does not appear to decrease the risk of otitis media when given to high-risk infants or for older children who have previously experienced otitis media.

618:, CSOM is a primary cause of hearing loss in children. Adults with recurrent episodes of CSOM have a higher risk of developing permanent conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. 1896: 2500:

Patel MM, Eisenberg L, Witsell D, Schulz KA (October 2008). "Assessment of acute otitis externa and otitis media with effusion performance measures in otolaryngology practices".

729:. A 2023 review found evidence for the effectiveness of single or combinations of oral pain relief in acute otitis media is lacking. Topical agents shown to be effective include 653:(PCV) in early infancy decrease the risk of acute otitis media in healthy infants. PCV is recommended for all children, and, if implemented broadly, PCV would have a significant 4257:

Browning GG, Rovers MM, Williamson I, Lous J, Burton MJ (October 2010). "Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children".

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Antibiotics probably reduces the chance of experiencing the outcome when compared with placebo for acute otitis media in children. Data are based on moderate quality evidence.

1255:. Globally approximately 141 million people have mild hearing loss due to otitis media (2.1% of the population). This is more common in males (2.3%) than females (1.8%). 5396:

Gouma P, Mallis A, Daniilidis V, Gouveris H, Armenakis N, Naxakis S (January 2011). "Behavioral trends in young children with conductive hearing loss: a case-control study".

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Antibiotics slightly increases the chance of experiencing the outcome when compared with placebo for acute otitis media in children. Data are based on high quality evidence.

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Antibiotics slightly reduces the chance of experiencing the outcome when compared with placebo for acute otitis media in children. Data are based on high quality evidence.

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Antibiotics slightly reduces the chance of experiencing the outcome when compared with placebo for acute otitis media in children. Data are based on high quality evidence.

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Antibiotics slightly reduces the chance of experiencing the outcome when compared with placebo for acute otitis media in children. Data are based on high quality evidence.

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in children resolve without treatment in three days and 90% resolve in seven or eight days. The use of steroids is not supported by the evidence for acute otitis media.

758:, and 11 children to prevent one opposite-side ear infection. For every 14 children treated with antibiotics, one child has an episode of vomiting, diarrhea or a rash. 559:(OME), also known as serous otitis media (SOM) or secretory otitis media (SOM), and colloquially referred to as 'glue ear,' is fluid accumulation that can occur in the 189:

of rapid onset that usually presents with ear pain. In young children this may result in pulling at the ear, increased crying, and poor sleep. Decreased eating and a

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Children with recurrent episodes of acute otitis media and those with otitis media with effusion or chronic suppurative otitis media have higher risks of developing

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young child's crying can cause the eardrum to look inflamed due to distension of the small blood vessels on it, mimicking the redness associated with otitis media.

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Benninger MS (March 2008). "Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and otitis media: changes in pathogenicity following widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine".

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By reflux or aspiration of unwanted secretions from the nasopharynx into the normally sterile middle-ear space, the fluid may then become infected – usually with

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Roberts K (June 1997). "A preliminary account of the effect of otitis media on 15-month-olds' categorization and some implications for early language learning".

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Jacobs J, Springer DA, Crothers D (February 2001). "Homeopathic treatment of acute otitis media in children: a preliminary randomized placebo-controlled trial".

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Bidadi S, Nejadkazem M, Naderpour M (November 2008). "The relationship between chronic otitis media-induced hearing loss and the acquisition of social skills".

5109:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 4455:

Wallace IF, Berkman ND, Lohr KN, Harrison MF, Kimple AJ, Steiner MJ (February 2014). "Surgical treatments for otitis media with effusion: a systematic review".

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Hum SW, Shaikh KJ, Musa SS, Shaikh N (December 2019). "Adverse Events of Antibiotics Used to Treat Acute Otitis Media in Children: A Systematic Meta-Analysis".

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Laine MK, Tähtinen PA, Ruuskanen O, Huovinen P, Ruohola A (May 2010). "Symptoms or symptom-based scores cannot predict acute otitis media at otitis-prone age".

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Shaikh N, Hoberman A, Kaleida PH, Ploof DL, Paradise JL (May 2010). "Videos in clinical medicine. Diagnosing otitis media – otoscopy and cerumen removal".

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

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Pukander J, Luotonen J, Timonen M, Karma P (1985). "Risk factors affecting the occurrence of acute otitis media among 2–3-year-old urban children".

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associated with increased risk of development, recurrence, and persistent MEE. Pacifier use has been associated with more frequent episodes of AOM.

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Worldwide approximately 11% of the human population is affected by AOM every year, or 709 million cases. About 4.4% of the population develop CSOM.

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Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015).

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after children have grommets inserted may be low. It is still uncertain whether or not grommets are more effective than a course of antibiotics.

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Most children older than 6 months of age who have acute otitis media do not benefit from treatment with antibiotics. If antibiotics are used, a

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bulging of the tympanic membrane is the best sign to differentiate AOM from OME, with a bulging of the membrane suggesting AOM rather than OME.

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Butcher AR (2018). "The special nature of Australian phonologies: Why auditory constraints on human language sound systems are not universal".

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Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

1514: 5490: 3811: 3547:"Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute otitis media in children" 1785: 5439:

Yilmaz S, Karasalihoglu AR, Tas A, Yagiz R, Tas M (February 2006). "Otoacoustic emissions in young adults with a history of otitis media".

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Coon ER, Quinonez RA, Morgan DJ, Dhruva SS, Ho T, Money N, et al. (April 2019). "2018 Update on Pediatric Medical Overuse: A Review".

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a cholesteatoma or granulation tissue is present in the middle ear, the degree of hearing loss and ossicular destruction is even greater.

6220: 3763:"No evidence for the effectiveness of systemic corticosteroids in acute pharyngitis, community-acquired pneumonia and acute otitis media" 1888: 5814: 4640:

Blanshard JD, Maw AR, Bawden R (June 1993). "Conservative treatment of otitis media with effusion by autoinflation of the middle ear".

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The decision to treat is usually made after a combination of physical exam and laboratory diagnosis, with additional testing including

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Jung TT, Alper CM, Hellstrom SO, Hunter LL, Casselbrant ML, Groth A, et al. (April 2013). "Panel 8: Complications and sequelae".

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Acuin J, WHO Dept. of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, WHO Programme for the Prevention of Blindness and Deafness (2004).

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Long-term antibiotics, while they decrease rates of infection during treatment, have an unknown effect on long-term outcomes such as

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van den Aardweg MT, Schilder AG, Herkert E, Boonacker CW, Rovers MM (January 2010). "Adenoidectomy for otitis media in children".

256:. Looking at the eardrum is important for making the correct diagnosis. Signs of AOM include bulging or a lack of movement of the 1817: 4307: 1049: 4434: 4017:"Once or twice daily versus three times daily amoxicillin with or without clavulanate for the treatment of acute otitis media" 434:

with a rubber bulb attached to assess the mobility of the tympanic membrane. Other methods to diagnose otitis media is with a

339:, reduced hearing during periods of illness, tenderness on touch of the skin above the ear, purulent discharge from the ears, 6012: 5807: 3050: 3022: 2942: 2819: 2374: 2349: 2322: 2281: 741:, either nasal or oral, are not recommended due to the lack of benefit and concerns regarding side effects. Half of cases of 1198:

Complications of acute otitis media consists of perforation of the ear drum, infection of the mastoid space behind the ear (

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Head K, Chong LY, Bhutta MF, Morris PS, Vijayasekaran S, Burton MJ, et al. (January 2020). Cochrane ENT Group (ed.).

1009:. Decongestants, glucocorticoids, and topical antibiotics are generally not effective as treatment for non-infectious, or 495:

erythema (redness) of the ear drum. To confirm the diagnosis, middle-ear effusion and inflammation of the eardrum (called

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da Costa SS, Rosito LP, Dornelles C (February 2009). "Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with chronic otitis media".

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Brennan-Jones CG, Head K, Chong LY, Burton MJ, Schilder AG, Bhutta MF, et al. (Cochrane ENT Group) (January 2020).

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Coleman C, Moore M (July 2008). Coleman C (ed.). "Decongestants and antihistamines for acute otitis media in children".

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Sattout A (February 2008). "Best evidence topic reports. Bet 1. The role of topical analgesia in acute otitis media".

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Head K, Chong LY, Bhutta MF, Morris PS, Vijayasekaran S, Burton MJ, et al. (Cochrane ENT Group) (January 2020).

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Rosenfeld RM, Culpepper L, Yawn B, Mahoney MC (June 2004). "Otitis media with effusion clinical practice guideline".

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as it shows a significant benefit as far as the resolution of middle ear effusion in children with OME is concerned.

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Roberts DB (April 1980). "The etiology of bullous myringitis and the role of mycoplasmas in ear disease: a review".

1844:"Diagnosis, microbial epidemiology, and antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media in children: a systematic review" 343:, ear blocking sensation and diarrhea (in infants). Since an episode of otitis media is usually precipitated by an 1299: 3876:

Venekamp RP, Sanders SL, Glasziou PP, Rovers MM (2023-11-15). "Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children".

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Venekamp RP, Sanders SL, Glasziou PP, Rovers MM (2023-11-15). "Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children".

5482: 5249:"Identification of children in the first four years of life for early treatment for otitis media with effusion" 1283: 650: 1223: 1072: 975: 674: 5298:"Topical antibiotics without steroids for chronically discharging ears with underlying eardrum perforations" 1170: 366:(discharge of CSF from the ear) due to cerebral spinal drainage from the brain and its covering (meninges). 6235: 4939: 631: 5886: 2341:

Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics E-Book: Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features and Print

4593:"Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children" 2273:

Fast Facts Handbook for Pediatric Primary Care: A Guide for Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants

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Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, Ganiats TG, Hoberman A, Jackson MA, et al. (March 2013).

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Ranakusuma RW, Pitoyo Y, Safitri ED, Thorning S, Beller EM, Sastroasmoro S, et al. (March 2018).

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Schilder AG, Chonmaitree T, Cripps AW, Rosenfeld RM, Casselbrant ML, Haggard MP, et al. (2016).

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treatments have not been proven to be effective for acute otitis media in a study with children. An

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de Sévaux J, Damoiseaux RA, van de Pol AC, Lutje V, Hay AD, Little P, et al. (18 August 2023).

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Fortanier AC, Venekamp RP, Boonacker CW, Hak E, Schilder AG, Sanders EA, et al. (28 May 2019).

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Simpson SA, Thomas CL, van der Linden MK, Macmillan H, van der Wouden JC, Butler C (January 2007).

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Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Pynnonen MA, Tunkel DE, Hussey HM, Fichera JS, et al. (July 2013).

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Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Pynnonen MA, Tunkel DE, Hussey HM, Fichera JS, et al. (July 2013).

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Viral otitis may result in blisters on the external side of the tympanic membrane, which is called

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Rosenfeld RM, Shin JJ, Schwartz SR, Coggins R, Gagnon L, Hackell JM, et al. (February 2016).

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Coker TR, Chan LS, Newberry SJ, Limbos MA, Suttorp MJ, Shekelle PG, et al. (November 2010).

1757: 1279: 1248: 577: 569: 5614:"AAP, AAFP, AAO-HNS release guideline on diagnosis and management of otitis media with effusion" 2878: 405:. The virus that caused the initial upper respiratory infection can itself be identified as the 2036:

Monasta L, Ronfani L, Marchetti F, Montico M, Vecchi Brumatti L, Bavcar A, et al. (2012).

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Venekamp RP, Burton MJ, van Dongen TM, van der Heijden GJ, van Zon A, Schilder AG (June 2016).

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Early-onset OME is associated with feeding of infants while lying down, early entry into group

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Kline MW, Blaney SM, Giardino AP, Orange JS, Penny DJ, Schutze GE, et al. (2018-08-21).

2237: 1295: 1275: 955: 543: 536: 228:. Either bacteria or viruses may be involved. Risk factors include exposure to smoke, use of 421:

Perforation of the right tympanic membrane resulting from previous severe acute otitis media

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is not recommended for otitis media with effusion because there is no evidence of benefit.

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Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (December 2012).

3344:"Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children" 2901: 2709: 2150: 1068: 8: 6225: 5903: 5677: 1214:. It is estimated that each year 21,000 people die due to complications of otitis media. 77: 4699: 4676: 4041: 4016: 3571: 3546: 3368: 3343: 2396: 2053: 6230: 6090: 5972: 5925: 5799: 5682: 5464: 5421: 5378: 5330: 5297: 5273: 5248: 5191: 5133: 5108: 5086: 5038: 5011: 4967: 4880: 4855: 4831: 4806: 4782: 4757: 4653: 4617: 4592: 4568: 4543: 4480: 4426: 4278: 4187: 4162: 4138: 4090: 4065: 3997: 3949: 3924: 3839: 3787: 3762: 3738: 3713: 3694: 3686: 3619: 3522: 3497: 3473: 3448: 3417: 3392: 3301:

Rovers MM, Numans ME, Langenbach E, Grobbee DE, Verheij TJ, Schilder AG (August 2008).

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are the mainstay for the treatment of pain caused by otitis media. Oral agents include

507: 304: 84: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5124: 4544:"Antihistamines and/or decongestants for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children" 3496:

Scott AM, Clark J, Julien B, Islam F, Roos K, Grimwood K, et al. (18 June 2019).

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supplementation as an effort to reduce otitis rates except maybe in those with severe

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may increase resolution of symptoms, but may cause diarrhoea, vomiting and skin rash.

5727: 5625: 5456: 5413: 5370: 5335: 5317: 5278: 5226: 5183: 5138: 5090: 5078: 5043: 4971: 4959: 4920: 4916: 4885: 4836: 4787: 4735: 4704: 4657: 4622: 4573: 4521: 4472: 4418: 4370: 4270: 4236: 4192: 4142: 4130: 4095: 4046: 3989: 3985: 3954: 3905: 3893: 3844: 3792: 3743: 3714:"Duration of symptoms of respiratory tract infections in children: systematic review" 3669: 3650: 3611: 3576: 3527: 3478: 3422: 3373: 3324: 3275: 3240: 3197: 3162: 3108: 3090: 3046: 3018: 2982: 2920: 2864: 2852: 2815: 2782: 2732: 2641: 2623: 2584: 2566: 2517: 2482: 2439: 2370: 2345: 2318: 2277: 2225: 2162: 2131: 2077: 2003: 1954: 1942: 1865: 1777: 1730: 1695: 1643: 1594: 1481: 1425: 1304: 1022: 971: 658: 564: 484: 427: 272: 257: 72: 64: 5767: 5710: 5468: 5425: 5382: 4430: 4302: 4282: 4001: 3623: 3209: 2794: 2529: 2193: 1742: 6240: 6143: 6105: 5930: 5591: 5448: 5405: 5362: 5325: 5313: 5309: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5218: 5195: 5173: 5165: 5128: 5120: 5070: 5033: 5023: 4951: 4912: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4731: 4727: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4649: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4511: 4484: 4464: 4408: 4396: 4360: 4266: 4262: 4226: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4122: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4036: 4032: 4028: 3981: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3901: 3889: 3885: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3782: 3774: 3733: 3725: 3665: 3661: 3646: 3642: 3603: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3314: 3287: 3267: 3232: 3189: 3180:

Rovers MM, Schilder AG, Zielhuis GA, Rosenfeld RM (February 2004). "Otitis media".

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suffer from significant hearing loss. Andrew Butcher speculates that the lack of

375: 352: 55: 4126: 3007:

Chronic suppurative otitis media : burden of illness and management options

97:

Acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, chronic suppurative otitis media

6194: 5853: 5787: 5732: 5613: 3071:"Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children" 2728: 1726: 261: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5452: 5409: 5169: 3778: 3303:"Is pacifier use a risk factor for acute otitis media? A dynamic cohort study" 3236: 3133:"Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children" 673:. This method of prevention has been associated with emergence of undesirable 6209: 6148: 5881: 5321: 5074: 4856:"Antibiotics versus topical antiseptics for chronic suppurative otitis media" 4516: 4499: 4413: 4365: 4348: 3897: 3393:"Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age" 3094: 2627: 2570: 2166: 1946: 1325: 1207: 1029: 1018: 1014: 999: 928: 904: 885: 861: 842: 823: 804: 738: 734: 654: 596: 480: 458: 439: 276: 245: 225: 214: 5667: 5663: 5483:"Damien Howard & Dianne Hampton, "Ear disease and Aboriginal families," 3607: 3319: 3302: 6037: 5977: 5951: 5629: 5460: 5417: 5374: 5339: 5282: 5222: 5187: 5142: 5082: 5047: 5028: 4963: 4924: 4889: 4840: 4791: 4739: 4708: 4677:"Autoinflation for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion" 4626: 4577: 4525: 4476: 4468: 4422: 4374: 4274: 4240: 4231: 4214: 4213:

Steele DW, Adam GP, Di M, Halladay CH, Balk EM, Trikalinos TA (June 2017).

4196: 4163:"Grommets (ventilation tubes) for recurrent acute otitis media in children" 4134: 4099: 4050: 3993: 3958: 3909: 3848: 3796: 3747: 3673: 3654: 3615: 3580: 3531: 3482: 3426: 3377: 3328: 3271: 3201: 3166: 3112: 2924: 2856: 2736: 2659: 2645: 2588: 2521: 2486: 2478: 2443: 2435: 2229: 2135: 2081: 2007: 1958: 1869: 1860: 1843: 1781: 1734: 1699: 1647: 1598: 1485: 1429: 1420: 1403: 1282:

largely due to the massive incidence of middle ear disease among the young

959: 692: 670: 634:

becomes sucked into the middle-ear space and stuck (i.e., adherent) to the

435: 391: 340: 210: 170: 5230: 4940:"Galbreath technique: a manipulative treatment for otitis media revisited" 4661: 3683:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace 3279: 3244: 2986: 2786: 2778: 6163: 6120: 6047: 6042: 6021: 5898: 5830: 5751: 4675:

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2619: 2561: 1758:"Necessity versus sufficiency: the role of input in language acquisition" 1199: 995: 947: 755: 722: 454: 445:

In more severe cases, such as those with associated hearing loss or high

383: 308: 300: 284: 133: 110: 5178: 1013:, causes of mastoid effusion. Moreover, it is recommended against using 6110: 6052: 5868: 5858: 5837: 4721: 4215:"Effectiveness of Tympanostomy Tubes for Otitis Media: A Meta-analysis" 3014: 1971: 1466: 1053: 991: 714: 588: 581: 560: 488: 473: 450: 292: 233: 174: 141: 128: 5646: 5596: 3729: 1713:

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1448:

Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M (January 2014).

1291: 1235: 1231: 759: 718: 702: 307:

may decrease recurrence. In children with otitis media with effusion

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3925:"Antibiotic prophylaxis in clean and clean-contaminated ear surgery" 3043:

Breastfeeding : a guide for the medical profession, 8th edition

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374:

The common cause of all forms of otitis media is dysfunction of the

6125: 6085: 5967: 5946: 5556:

Lend Me Your Ears: Otitis Media and Aboriginal Australian languages

3767:

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases

1401: 1026: 742: 705:

do not show evidence of preventing acute otitis media in children.

696: 573: 556: 431: 406: 402: 4397:"Clinical Practice Guideline: Otitis Media with Effusion (Update)" 3544: 2708:

Shaikh N, Hoberman A, Rockette HE, Kurs-Lasky M (March 28, 2012).

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Ear Health 101: The Complete Guide to Understanding Ear Infections

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may reduce infection rates in healthy children who go to daycare.

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Thanaviratananich S, Laopaiboon M, Vatanasapt P (December 2013).

1202:), and more rarely intracranial complications can occur, such as 1002: 726: 681: 635: 592: 524:

The most common bacteria isolated from the middle ear in AOM are

476: 461: 395: 332: 296: 267:

A number of measures decrease the risk of otitis media including

221: 2707: 1569:

GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery

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Kozyrskyj A, Klassen TP, Moffatt M, Harvey K (September 2010).

3809: 3179: 2710:"Development of an algorithm for the diagnosis of otitis media" 1807:"Ear disease in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children" 1010: 622:

year 21,000 people worldwide die due to complications of CSOM.

355:. One might also experience a feeling of fullness in the ear. 323: 5990: 4674: 3761:

Principi N, Bianchini S, Baggi E, Esposito S (February 2013).

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Simpson SA, Lewis R, van der Voort J, Butler CC (May 2011).

4394: 4256: 3922: 3222: 468:

can be used to assess for associated complications, such as

248:. OME frequently occurs following AOM and may be related to 5438: 5012:"Effectiveness of manual therapies: the UK evidence report" 3711: 2499: 2099: 1447: 688: 5009: 4807:"Topical antiseptics for chronic suppurative otitis media" 4758:"Topical antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media" 4454: 3498:"Probiotics for preventing acute otitis media in children" 2464: 2367:

Eustachian tube: structure, function, role in otitis media

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American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery

4304:

American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery

3971: 1974:"Antibiotics for otitis media with effusion in children" 1889:"Otitis Media: Physician Information Sheet (Pediatrics)" 1222:

In severe or untreated cases, the tympanic membrane may

954:

may be associated with more adverse events. If there is

572:

if it interferes with the transmission of vibrations of

213:. If children with hearing loss due to OME do not learn 5155: 5106: 4161:

Venekamp RP, Mick P, Schilder AG, Nunez DA (May 2018).

3390: 2337: 1841: 1075:

for otitis media per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.

4902: 1762:

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

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3251: 2963: 1174:

Deaths from otitis media per million persons in 2012

1035: 680:

There is moderate evidence that the sugar substitute

347:(URTI), there are often accompanying symptoms like a 5636: 5295: 4212: 3342:

Leach AJ, Morris PS (October 2006). Leach AJ (ed.).

1404:"The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media" 5534: 4944:

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association

4112: 3391:Azarpazhooh A, Lawrence HP, Shah PS (August 2016). 2390: 2388: 2386: 1611: 1450:"Update on otitis media – prevention and treatment" 602: 4639: 4532: 3923:Verschuur HP, de Wever WW, van Benthem PP (2004). 1712: 5211:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 4066:"Short-course antibiotics for acute otitis media" 2701: 260:from a puff of air. New discharge not related to 6207: 5102: 5100: 4937: 4390: 4388: 4386: 3130: 3045:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 216–217. 2543:Jamal A, Alsabea A, Tarakmeh M, Safar A (2022). 2383: 67:which is typical in a case of acute otitis media 5296:Macfadyen CA, Acuin JM, Gamble C (2005-10-19). 4156: 4154: 4152: 3036: 3034: 2369:. Hamilton, London: BC Decker. pp. 1–219. 985: 958:or use of amoxicillin in the last 30 days then 3449:"Zinc supplements for preventing otitis media" 3131:Norhayati MN, Ho JJ, Azman MY (October 2017). 6006: 5815: 5485:Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal 5097: 4995:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 4383: 3446: 1755: 550: 378:. This is usually due to inflammation of the 331:The primary symptom of acute otitis media is 49:: serous otitis media, secretory otitis media 4541: 4149: 3636: 3031: 2296:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2095: 2093: 2091: 1562: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 193:may also be present. The other main type is 5302:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5253:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4860:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4811:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4762:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4724:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4681:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4642:Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences 4597:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4548:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4259:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4167:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4070:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4021:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3929:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3878:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3819:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3639:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3551:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3453:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3397:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3348:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3341: 3137:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3075:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2276:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 28. 1978:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1927:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1883: 1881: 1879: 1659: 1657: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 6013: 5999: 5822: 5808: 5398:European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 5158:European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 4751: 4749: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 3697:|...|intentional=yes}} 3126: 3124: 3122: 2664:Viêm tai giữa - Tất cả những điều cần biết 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1230:in the middle-ear space to drain into the 54: 5595: 5329: 5272: 5177: 5132: 5037: 5027: 4879: 4830: 4781: 4698: 4688: 4616: 4567: 4515: 4412: 4364: 4230: 4208: 4206: 4186: 4089: 4040: 3948: 3838: 3786: 3737: 3593: 3570: 3521: 3472: 3416: 3367: 3318: 3156: 3102: 2834: 2635: 2578: 2560: 2364: 2219: 2189: 2187: 2125: 2088: 2071: 2061: 1997: 1859: 1835: 1689: 1637: 1605: 1588: 1565:"Diseases of the middle ear in childhood" 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1492: 1475: 1465: 1419: 630:Adhesive otitis media occurs when a thin 279:, and avoiding tobacco smoke. The use of 220:The cause of AOM is related to childhood 4905:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 3040: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2269: 2255:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1876: 1654: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1346: 1169: 1067: 625: 416: 322: 217:, it may affect their ability to learn. 5585: 5540: 5208: 4746: 4289: 3502:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3119: 2764: 2682: 2148: 2014: 1044: 283:for AOM is important. This may include 14: 6208: 5552: 5441:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology 4542:Griffin G, Flynn CA (September 2011). 4203: 2184: 1899:from the original on 10 September 2015 1756:Ruben RJ, Schwartz R (February 1999). 1529: 1050:Complementary and alternative medicine 5994: 5803: 5522:from the original on 6 September 2023 5242: 5240: 4252: 4250: 3257: 3064: 3062: 3009:. Geneve: World Health Organization. 2993: 2945:from the original on 17 February 2017 2941:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2889:from the original on 13 November 2012 2746:from the original on October 26, 2020 2394: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1706: 1517:from the original on 19 February 2015 1436: 519: 318: 5611: 5588:Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics 5355:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 5063:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 4504:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 4401:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 4353:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 2837:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 2502:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 2310: 1715:The Medical Clinics of North America 1077: 966: 675:antibiotic-resistant otitic bacteria 303:. In those with frequent infections 4938:Pratt-Harrington D (October 2000). 2467:The New England Journal of Medicine 1328:for "inflammation of the ear", and 1217: 731:antipyrine and benzocaine ear drops 638:and other bones of the middle ear. 24: 6221:Diseases of middle ear and mastoid 5237: 4654:10.1111/j.1365-2273.1993.tb00827.x 4247: 3447:Gulani A, Sachdev HS (June 2014). 3059: 2811:Rudolph's Pediatrics, 23rd Edition 2758: 2403:from the original on 28 March 2013 2151:"Chronic suppurative otitis media" 1911: 1058:osteopathic manipulation technique 335:; other possible symptoms include 250:viral upper respiratory infections 25: 6252: 5605: 4334:from the original on May 13, 2015 388:upper respiratory tract infection 386:, which can be caused by a viral 345:upper respiratory tract infection 4917:10.1097/00006454-200102000-00012 3986:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5550 3432: 1036:Chronic suppurative otitis media 603:Chronic suppurative otitis media 595:, lack or too short a period of 430:. Examiners may use a pneumatic 236:. It occurs more commonly among 203:Chronic suppurative otitis media 6020: 5569:from the original on 2023-10-10 5546: 5504: 5493:from the original on 2023-10-16 5487:, July-August 2006, 30 (4) p.9" 5475: 5432: 5389: 5346: 5289: 5202: 5149: 5054: 5003: 4978:from the original on 2023-05-24 4931: 4896: 4847: 4798: 4715: 4668: 4633: 4584: 4491: 4448: 4437:from the original on 2019-03-06 4106: 4057: 4008: 3965: 3916: 3869: 3858:from the original on 2020-10-30 3803: 3754: 3705: 3630: 3587: 3538: 3489: 3440: 3384: 3335: 3294: 3173: 2957: 2931: 2871: 2828: 2801: 2676: 2652: 2608:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers 2595: 2536: 2493: 2458: 2415: 2358: 2331: 2304: 2263: 2173:from the original on 2020-10-20 2142: 1965: 1788:from the original on 2018-06-14 1266: 1242: 1025:can be inserted, possibly with 651:Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines 578:vestibulocochlear nerve complex 177:. One of the two main types is 5314:10.1002/14651858.CD004618.pub2 5265:10.1002/14651858.CD004163.pub2 4872:10.1002/14651858.CD013056.pub2 4823:10.1002/14651858.CD013055.pub2 4774:10.1002/14651858.CD013051.pub2 4732:10.1002/14651858.CD007810.pub2 4690:10.1002/14651858.CD006285.pub2 4609:10.1002/14651858.CD001935.pub3 4560:10.1002/14651858.CD003423.pub3 4267:10.1002/14651858.CD001801.pub3 4179:10.1002/14651858.CD012017.pub2 4082:10.1002/14651858.CD001095.pub2 4033:10.1002/14651858.CD004975.pub3 3941:10.1002/14651858.CD003996.pub2 3890:10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub5 3831:10.1002/14651858.CD012289.pub2 3666:10.1002/14651858.CD001727.pub5 3647:10.1002/14651858.CD001727.pub4 3563:10.1002/14651858.CD011534.pub3 3514:10.1002/14651858.CD012941.pub2 3465:10.1002/14651858.CD006639.pub4 3409:10.1002/14651858.CD007095.pub3 3360:10.1002/14651858.CD004401.pub2 3149:10.1002/14651858.CD010089.pub3 3087:10.1002/14651858.CD001480.pub5 1990:10.1002/14651858.CD009163.pub3 1939:10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub5 1799: 1749: 748: 264:also indicates the diagnosis. 252:, irritants such as smoke, or 27:Inflammation of the middle ear 13: 1: 5125:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 5016:Chiropractic & Osteopathy 3194:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15495-0 2979:10.1016/S0022-3476(05)80843-1 2212:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 2118:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4 1774:10.1016/S0165-5876(98)00132-3 1682:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 1630:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1454:Infection and Drug Resistance 1339: 1073:Disability-adjusted life year 976:tympanic membrane perforation 950:is generally recommended, as 708: 641: 89:Ear pain, fever, hearing loss 5367:10.1016/j.otohns.2008.08.004 4956:10.7556/jaoa.2000.100.10.635 2849:10.1016/j.otohns.2007.11.011 2814:. McGraw Hill Professional. 2514:10.1016/j.otohns.2008.07.030 2344:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2155:Continuing Medical Education 2063:10.1371/journal.pone.0036226 1311: 412: 364:cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea 7: 5887:Eustachian tube dysfunction 4127:10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.08.043 2660:"PGS.TS.TTƯT Lê Lương Đống" 1563:Minovi A, Dazert S (2014). 1278:experience a high level of 1063: 10: 6257: 3596:Emergency Medicine Journal 2729:10.1016/j.acap.2012.01.007 1727:10.1016/j.mcna.2018.06.008 1253:sensorineural hearing loss 986:Otitis media with effusion 952:broad-spectrum antibiotics 944:narrow-spectrum antibiotic 687:Evidence does not support 551:Otitis media with effusion 195:otitis media with effusion 123:Vaccination, breastfeeding 47:Otitis media with effusion 6187: 6134: 6061: 6028: 5960: 5939: 5867: 5844: 5742: 5640: 5618:American Family Physician 5453:10.1017/S0022215105004871 5410:10.1007/s00405-010-1346-4 5170:10.1007/s00405-008-0739-0 4115:The Journal of Pediatrics 3779:10.1007/s10096-012-1747-y 3237:10.3109/00016488509104788 2967:The Journal of Pediatrics 2913:American Family Physician 1284:in Aboriginal communities 916: 873: 792: 787: 784: 781: 778: 616:World Health Organization 369: 156: 148: 127: 119: 109: 101: 93: 83: 71: 62: 53: 42: 37: 5892:Patulous Eustachian tube 5075:10.1177/0194599812467425 4517:10.1177/0194599813487302 4414:10.1177/0194599815623467 4366:10.1177/0194599813487302 2885:. Department of Health. 2719:(Submitted manuscript). 2685:"Otitis Media Diagnosis" 2683:BPharm YS (2010-04-27). 2149:Erasmus T (2012-09-17). 1021:. In more severe cases, 527:Streptococcus pneumoniae 4958:(inactive 2024-03-21). 4318:: an initiative of the 3608:10.1136/emj.2007.056648 2919:(12): 2776, 2778–2779. 1280:conductive hearing loss 960:amoxicillin-clavulanate 570:conductive hearing loss 409:causing the infection. 115:Smoke exposure, daycare 5223:10.1044/jslhr.4003.508 5029:10.1186/1746-1340-18-3 4469:10.1542/peds.2013-3228 4232:10.1542/peds.2017-0125 3272:10.1542/peds.79.2.309a 3225:Acta Oto-Laryngologica 2479:10.1056/NEJMvcm0904397 2436:10.1542/peds.2009-2689 2311:Hart KM (2023-07-04). 1861:10.1001/jama.2010.1651 1513:. September 30, 2013. 1421:10.1542/peds.2012-3488 1276:Australian Aboriginals 1212:dural sinus thrombosis 1195: 1167: 874:Abnormal tympanometry 531:Haemophilus influenzae 422: 360:basilar skull fracture 328: 238:indigenous Australians 5916:Middle ear barotrauma 5612:Neff MJ (June 2004). 5069:(4 Suppl): E122–143. 3689:|...}} 3660:(Retracted, see 3320:10.1093/fampra/cmn030 2779:10.1542/peds.65.4.761 2365:Bluestone CD (2005). 1173: 1071: 855:Pain at 10 to 12 days 725:(acetaminophen), and 659:Influenza vaccination 626:Adhesive otitis media 544:Staphylococcus aureus 537:Moraxella catarrhalis 420: 326: 273:influenza vaccination 5909:Gradenigo's syndrome 2620:10.1038/nrdp.2016.63 2562:10.7759/cureus.28019 2397:"Acute Otitis Media" 1895:. November 4, 2013. 1676:(10053): 1459–1544. 1624:(10053): 1545–1602. 1300:Australian languages 1204:bacterial meningitis 1045:Alternative medicine 788:Quality of evidence 785:Findings in numbers 580:that are created by 242:cleft lip and palate 6236:Otorhinolaryngology 4407:(1 Suppl): S1–S41. 3041:Lawrence R (2016). 2717:Academic Pediatrics 2054:2012PLoSO...736226M 1823:on 17 February 2017 931:1.38 (1.19 to 1.59) 907:0.97 (0.76 to 1.24) 888:0.82 (0.74 to 0.90) 864:0.33 (0.17 to 0.66) 845:0.76 (0.63 to 0.91) 836:Pain at 4 to 7 days 826:0.70 (0.57 to 0.86) 817:Pain at 2 to 3 days 807:0.89 (0.78 to 1.01) 442:, or hearing test. 362:, can also lead to 240:and those who have 78:Otorhinolaryngology 5926:Perforated eardrum 5743:External resources 4510:(1 Suppl): S1-35. 4359:(1 Suppl): S1–35. 3724:(dec11 1): f7027. 2248:has generic name ( 2161:(9): 335–336–336. 1467:10.2147/IDR.S39637 1288:Northern Territory 1196: 1168: 1085: no data 1023:tympanostomy tubes 972:Tympanostomy tubes 782:Findings in words 632:retracted ear drum 555:Otitis media with 520:Acute otitis media 508:bullous myringitis 423: 329: 319:Signs and symptoms 305:tympanostomy tubes 179:acute otitis media 152:471 million (2015) 6203: 6202: 5988: 5987: 5797: 5796: 5624:(12): 2929–2931. 5597:10.1121/2.0001004 5553:Fergus A (2019). 5119:(9859): 2163–96. 3730:10.1136/bmj.f7027 3188:(9407): 465–473. 3052:978-0-323-35776-0 3024:978-92-4-159158-4 2821:978-1-259-58860-0 2376:978-1-55009-066-6 2351:978-1-4377-3589-5 2324:978-1-77684-782-2 2283:978-0-8261-5184-1 2206:(9963): 117–171. 2112:(9995): 743–800. 1854:(19): 2161–2169. 1581:10.3205/cto000114 1165: 1164: 967:Tympanostomy tube 940: 939: 922:Diarrhoea or rash 713:Oral and topical 614:According to the 565:mastoid air cells 485:venous thrombosis 428:tympanic membrane 394:, or possibly by 287:(acetaminophen), 258:tympanic membrane 164: 163: 136:(acetaminophen), 65:tympanic membrane 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6248: 6144:Acute bronchitis 6106:Nasal congestion 6091:Loss of appetite 6015: 6008: 6001: 5992: 5991: 5931:Tympanosclerosis 5904:Bezold's abscess 5824: 5817: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5786:Surgical treat. 5782:Medical treat., 5638: 5637: 5633: 5601: 5599: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5568: 5561: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5518:. 4 March 2012. 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5333: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5276: 5244: 5235: 5234: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5181: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5136: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5041: 5031: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4994: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4866:(11): CD013056. 4851: 4845: 4844: 4834: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4785: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4702: 4692: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4620: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4571: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4519: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4416: 4392: 4381: 4378: 4368: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4333: 4312: 4300: 4287: 4286: 4261:(10): CD001801. 4254: 4245: 4244: 4234: 4225:(6): e20170125. 4210: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4158: 4147: 4146: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4093: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4044: 4027:(12): CD004975. 4012: 4006: 4005: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3952: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3904: 10646935. 3884:(11): CD000219. 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3857: 3842: 3816: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3790: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3741: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3679:Retraction Watch 3658: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3574: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3525: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3476: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3420: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3371: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3231:(3–4): 260–265. 3220: 3214: 3213: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3160: 3143:(10): CD010089. 3128: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3002: 2991: 2990: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2908: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2745: 2714: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2639: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2582: 2564: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2392: 2381: 2380: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2295: 2287: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2223: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2129: 2097: 2086: 2085: 2075: 2065: 2033: 2012: 2011: 2001: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1953: 10646935. 1933:(11): CD000219. 1922: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1885: 1874: 1873: 1863: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1822: 1816:. Archived from 1811: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1721:(6): 1063–1079. 1710: 1704: 1703: 1693: 1661: 1652: 1651: 1641: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1592: 1560: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1507:"Ear Infections" 1503: 1490: 1489: 1479: 1469: 1445: 1434: 1433: 1423: 1399: 1294:and the unusual 1218:Membrane rupture 1191: 1185: 1179: 1158: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1120: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 798:Pain at 24 hours 769: 768: 574:middle ear bones 500: 499: 481:bony destruction 470:mastoid effusion 380:mucous membranes 281:pain medications 232:, and attending 173:diseases of the 105:Viral, bacterial 58: 35: 34: 21: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6195:Antiviral drugs 6183: 6130: 6057: 6024: 6019: 5989: 5984: 5956: 5935: 5871: 5863: 5840: 5831:Diseases of the 5828: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5778:with effusion, 5774:complications, 5770: 5738: 5737: 5649: 5608: 5582: 5581: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5516:, 5 March 2012" 5510: 5509: 5505: 5496: 5494: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5437: 5433: 5394: 5390: 5351: 5347: 5308:(4): CD004618. 5294: 5290: 5259:(1): CD004163. 5245: 5238: 5207: 5203: 5154: 5150: 5105: 5098: 5059: 5055: 5008: 5004: 4988: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4936: 4932: 4901: 4897: 4852: 4848: 4817:(1): CD013055. 4803: 4799: 4768:(1): CD013051. 4754: 4747: 4726:(1): CD007810. 4720: 4716: 4683:(5): CD006285. 4673: 4669: 4638: 4634: 4603:(5): CD001935. 4589: 4585: 4554:(9): CD003423. 4540: 4533: 4496: 4492: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4438: 4393: 4384: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4320:ABIM Foundation 4316:Choosing Wisely 4310: 4301: 4290: 4255: 4248: 4211: 4204: 4173:(6): CD012017. 4159: 4150: 4111: 4107: 4076:(9): CD001095. 4062: 4058: 4013: 4009: 3974:JAMA Pediatrics 3970: 3966: 3935:(3): CD003996. 3921: 3917: 3874: 3870: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3825:(3): CD012289. 3814: 3808: 3804: 3759: 3755: 3710: 3706: 3692: 3684: 3682: 3659: 3641:(3): CD001727. 3635: 3631: 3592: 3588: 3557:(8): CD011534. 3543: 3539: 3508:(6): CD012941. 3494: 3490: 3459:(6): CD006639. 3445: 3441: 3431: 3403:(8): CD007095. 3389: 3385: 3354:(4): CD004401. 3340: 3336: 3307:Family Practice 3299: 3295: 3256: 3252: 3221: 3217: 3178: 3174: 3129: 3120: 3081:(5): CD001480. 3067: 3060: 3053: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3003: 2994: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2909: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2806: 2802: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2691: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2600: 2596: 2541: 2537: 2498: 2494: 2463: 2459: 2430:(5): e1154–61. 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2393: 2384: 2377: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2317:. Xspurts.com. 2309: 2305: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2245: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2192: 2185: 2176: 2174: 2147: 2143: 2098: 2089: 2034: 2015: 1984:(6): CD009163. 1970: 1966: 1923: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1887: 1886: 1877: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1791: 1789: 1754: 1750: 1711: 1707: 1662: 1655: 1610: 1606: 1561: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1505: 1504: 1493: 1446: 1437: 1414:(3): e964–999. 1400: 1347: 1342: 1320:is composed of 1314: 1298:inventories of 1269: 1245: 1226:, allowing the 1220: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1166: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1066: 1047: 1038: 988: 969: 751: 711: 644: 628: 605: 553: 522: 497: 496: 415: 376:Eustachian tube 372: 353:nasal discharge 321: 226:immune function 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6254: 6244: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6140: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6018: 6017: 6010: 6003: 5995: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5884: 5878: 5876: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5854:Otitis externa 5850: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5827: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5759: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5724: 5713: 5670: 5650: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641:Classification 5635: 5634: 5607: 5606:External links 5604: 5603: 5602: 5580: 5579: 5545: 5533: 5503: 5474: 5431: 5388: 5345: 5288: 5236: 5201: 5148: 5096: 5053: 5002: 4930: 4911:(2): 177–183. 4895: 4846: 4797: 4745: 4714: 4667: 4632: 4583: 4531: 4490: 4463:(2): 296–311. 4447: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4343:, which cites 4288: 4246: 4202: 4148: 4121:: 139–143.e7. 4105: 4056: 4007: 3980:(4): 379–384. 3964: 3915: 3868: 3802: 3753: 3704: 3629: 3586: 3537: 3488: 3439: 3383: 3334: 3313:(4): 233–236. 3293: 3266:(2): 309–311. 3250: 3215: 3172: 3118: 3058: 3051: 3030: 3023: 2992: 2973:(5): 702–711. 2956: 2930: 2900: 2870: 2843:(3): 274–278. 2827: 2820: 2800: 2773:(4): 761–766. 2757: 2723:(3): 214–218. 2700: 2675: 2651: 2604:"Otitis media" 2594: 2535: 2508:(4): 490–494. 2492: 2457: 2414: 2395:Donaldson JD. 2382: 2375: 2357: 2350: 2330: 2323: 2303: 2282: 2262: 2246:|author1= 2183: 2141: 2087: 2013: 1964: 1910: 1875: 1834: 1798: 1768:(2): 137–140. 1748: 1705: 1653: 1604: 1528: 1491: 1435: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336:for "middle". 1313: 1310: 1268: 1265: 1244: 1241: 1219: 1216: 1188: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1163: 1162: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1076: 1065: 1062: 1046: 1043: 1037: 1034: 1015:antihistamines 987: 984: 968: 965: 938: 937: 932: 926: 923: 919: 918: 914: 913: 908: 902: 899: 895: 894: 889: 883: 880: 876: 875: 871: 870: 865: 859: 856: 852: 851: 846: 840: 837: 833: 832: 827: 821: 818: 814: 813: 808: 802: 799: 795: 794: 790: 789: 786: 783: 780: 776: 775: 773: 750: 747: 739:antihistamines 710: 707: 643: 640: 627: 624: 604: 601: 552: 549: 521: 518: 414: 411: 371: 368: 320: 317: 295:ear drops, or 262:otitis externa 169:is a group of 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 131: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 113: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 87: 81: 80: 75: 69: 68: 60: 59: 51: 50: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6253: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6149:Bronchiolitis 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6136:Complications 6133: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6011: 6009: 6004: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5882:Cholesteatoma 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5818: 5813: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5565: 5558: 5557: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5507: 5492: 5488: 5486: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5361:(5): 665–70. 5360: 5356: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5241: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5217:(3): 508–18. 5216: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5101: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4992: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4950:(10): 635–9. 4949: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4648:(3): 188–92. 4647: 4643: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4344: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3773:(2): 151–60. 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3696: 3688: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3063: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2905: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2704: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2555:(8): e28019. 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2378: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2353: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2326: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2299: 2293: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2266: 2258: 2251: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2188: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2048:(4): e36226. 2047: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1802: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326:Ancient Greek 1323: 1319: 1309: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1208:brain abscess 1205: 1201: 1172: 1159: > 50 1124: 1091: < 10 1080: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1042: 1033: 1031: 1030:adenoidectomy 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:autoinflation 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1001: 1000:temporal bone 997: 993: 983: 979: 977: 973: 964: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 920: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 877: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 796: 791: 777: 774: 771: 770: 767: 763: 761: 757: 746: 744: 740: 736: 735:Decongestants 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 706: 704: 700: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 678: 676: 672: 667: 663: 660: 656: 655:public health 652: 648: 639: 637: 633: 623: 619: 617: 612: 609: 600: 598: 597:breastfeeding 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 562: 558: 548: 546: 545: 540: 538: 533: 532: 528: 517: 514: 510: 509: 503: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 475: 474:subperiosteal 471: 467: 463: 460: 459:temporal bone 456: 452: 448: 443: 441: 440:reflectometry 437: 433: 429: 419: 410: 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 367: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 325: 316: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 277:breastfeeding 274: 270: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 246:Down syndrome 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 218: 216: 215:sign language 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 86: 82: 79: 76: 74: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 48: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 6179:Strep throat 6159:Otitis media 6158: 6101:Muscle aches 5978:tympanometry 5952:Hearing loss 5921:Otitis media 5920: 5761: 5750: 5726: 5715: 5672: 5653: 5621: 5617: 5587: 5571:. Retrieved 5555: 5548: 5541:Butcher 2018 5536: 5524:. Retrieved 5513: 5506: 5495:. Retrieved 5484: 5477: 5447:(2): 103–7. 5444: 5440: 5434: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5305: 5301: 5291: 5256: 5252: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5179:10183/125807 5164:(2): 221–4. 5161: 5157: 5151: 5116: 5112: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5019: 5015: 5005: 4991:cite journal 4980:. Retrieved 4947: 4943: 4933: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4765: 4761: 4723: 4717: 4680: 4670: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4551: 4547: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4439:. Retrieved 4404: 4400: 4356: 4352: 4336:, retrieved 4314: 4258: 4222: 4218: 4170: 4166: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4024: 4020: 4010: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3860:. Retrieved 3822: 3818: 3805: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3693:{{ 3685:{{ 3678: 3676:, 3638: 3632: 3602:(2): 103–4. 3599: 3595: 3589: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3140: 3136: 3078: 3074: 3042: 3006: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2947:. Retrieved 2933: 2916: 2912: 2891:. Retrieved 2882: 2873: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2810: 2803: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2748:. Retrieved 2720: 2716: 2703: 2692:. Retrieved 2689:News-Medical 2688: 2678: 2667:. Retrieved 2663: 2654: 2614:(1): 16063. 2611: 2607: 2597: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2405:. Retrieved 2399:. Medscape. 2366: 2360: 2340: 2333: 2313: 2306: 2272: 2265: 2238:cite journal 2203: 2199: 2175:. Retrieved 2158: 2154: 2144: 2109: 2105: 2045: 2041: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1930: 1926: 1901:. Retrieved 1892: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1825:. Retrieved 1818:the original 1813: 1801: 1790:. 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Retrieved 1510: 1457: 1453: 1411: 1407: 1329: 1321: 1318:otitis media 1317: 1315: 1274: 1270: 1267:Epidemiology 1261: 1257: 1246: 1243:Hearing loss 1221: 1197: 1048: 1039: 989: 980: 970: 941: 879:2 to 4 weeks 764: 752: 715:pain killers 712: 701: 693:malnutrition 686: 679: 671:hearing loss 668: 664: 649: 645: 629: 620: 613: 610: 606: 586: 554: 542: 535: 525: 523: 512: 506: 504: 493: 444: 436:tympanometry 424: 400: 392:strep throat 373: 357: 341:irritability 330: 327:Otitis media 313: 269:pneumococcal 266: 219: 211:hearing loss 206: 202: 198: 194: 182: 178: 171:inflammatory 167:Otitis media 166: 165: 160:3,200 (2015) 111:Risk factors 46: 38:Otitis media 29: 6164:Pharyngitis 6121:Sore throat 6048:Enterovirus 6043:Coronavirus 6022:Common cold 5899:Mastoiditis 5752:MedlinePlus 5526:6 September 5404:(1): 63–6. 3015:10665/42941 2949:17 February 2883:NHS Choices 2750:November 3, 2473:(20): e62. 1903:14 February 1521:14 February 1200:mastoiditis 1153: 46–50 1147: 42–46 1141: 38–42 1135: 34–38 1129: 30–34 1121: 26–30 1115: 22–26 1109: 18–22 1103: 14–18 1097: 10–14 1054:Homeopathic 996:tympanogram 948:amoxicillin 756:perforation 749:Antibiotics 723:paracetamol 591:, parental 582:sound waves 479:formation, 455:tympanogram 384:nasopharynx 309:antibiotics 301:amoxicillin 285:paracetamol 134:Paracetamol 43:Other names 6226:Pediatrics 6210:Categories 6111:Rhinorrhea 6053:Rhinovirus 6038:Adenovirus 5869:Middle ear 5859:Otomycosis 5838:middle ear 5728:DiseasesDB 5573:2023-09-06 5497:2023-09-06 4982:2023-05-24 4457:Pediatrics 4441:2019-03-05 4219:Pediatrics 3862:2019-12-16 3260:Pediatrics 2893:3 November 2879:"Glue Ear" 2767:Pediatrics 2694:2024-07-15 2669:2024-07-15 2424:Pediatrics 2177:2019-08-07 1792:2021-09-27 1408:Pediatrics 1340:References 1292:fricatives 1249:conductive 992:audiometry 956:resistance 760:Analgesics 709:Management 703:Probiotics 642:Prevention 589:child care 561:middle ear 498:myringitis 489:meningitis 451:audiometry 293:benzocaine 175:middle ear 142:benzocaine 129:Medication 120:Prevention 63:A bulging 6231:Audiology 6174:Sinusitis 6169:Pneumonia 5973:pneumatic 5846:Outer ear 5768:emerg/351 5763:eMedicine 5322:1469-493X 5091:206466859 4972:245177279 4338:August 1, 4143:203580952 3898:1469-493X 3695:retracted 3687:retracted 3095:1469-493X 2865:207300175 2628:2056-676X 2571:2168-8184 2292:cite book 2167:2078-5143 1947:1469-493X 1575:: Doc11. 1460:: 15–24. 1316:The term 1312:Etymology 1296:segmental 1236:infection 1232:ear canal 1224:perforate 1192: 2–4 917:Vomiting 719:ibuprofen 657:benefit. 413:Diagnosis 396:allergies 289:ibuprofen 254:allergies 230:pacifiers 187:infection 149:Frequency 144:ear drops 138:ibuprofen 73:Specialty 6126:Weakness 6116:Sneezing 6086:Headache 6063:Symptoms 5968:Otoscope 5947:Ear pain 5940:Symptoms 5788:ped/1689 5630:15222658 5564:Archived 5520:Archived 5491:Archived 5469:23668097 5461:16359151 5426:24611204 5418:20665042 5383:37667672 5375:18984261 5340:16235370 5283:17253499 5188:18629531 5143:23245607 5083:23536529 5048:20184717 5022:(1): 3. 4976:Archived 4964:11105452 4925:11224838 4890:31902139 4841:31902140 4792:31896168 4740:20091650 4709:23728660 4700:11357689 4627:21563132 4578:21901683 4526:23818543 4477:24394689 4435:Archived 4431:33459167 4423:26832942 4375:23818543 4329:archived 4283:43568574 4275:20927726 4241:28562283 4197:29741289 4135:31561959 4100:20824827 4051:24338106 4042:10960641 4002:73495617 3994:30776069 3959:15266512 3910:37965923 3853:Archived 3849:29543327 3797:22993127 3748:24335668 3674:21412874 3655:18646076 3624:34753900 3616:18212148 3581:37594020 3572:10436353 3532:31210358 3483:24974096 3427:27486835 3378:17054203 3369:11324013 3329:18562333 3210:30439271 3202:14962529 3167:29039160 3113:31135969 2943:Archived 2925:15222643 2887:Archived 2857:18312870 2795:31536385 2741:Archived 2737:22459064 2646:27604644 2589:36134092 2530:24036039 2522:18922333 2487:20484393 2444:20368317 2407:17 March 2401:Archived 2230:25530442 2171:Archived 2136:26063472 2082:22558393 2042:PLOS ONE 2008:27290722 1959:37965923 1897:Archived 1870:21081729 1786:Archived 1782:10206361 1743:53045631 1735:30342609 1700:27733281 1648:27733282 1599:25587371 1515:Archived 1486:24453496 1430:23439909 1064:Outcomes 1027:adjuvant 898:3 months 868:Moderate 779:Outcome 772:Summary 743:ear pain 697:marasmus 695:such as 636:ossicles 557:effusion 432:otoscope 407:pathogen 403:bacteria 390:(URTI), 333:ear pain 85:Symptoms 18:Otorrhea 6241:Otology 6096:Malaise 6076:Fatigue 6030:Viruses 5874:mastoid 5784:ent/211 5780:ent/212 5776:ent/209 5772:ent/426 5722:D010033 5514:The Age 5331:6669264 5274:8765114 5231:9210110 5196:2932807 5134:6350784 5039:2841070 4881:6956626 4832:6956662 4783:6956124 4662:8365006 4618:9829244 4569:7170417 4485:2355197 4188:6494623 4091:7052812 3950:9037065 3840:6492450 3788:7087613 3739:3898587 3523:6580359 3474:9392835 3418:8485974 3288:1350590 3280:3808812 3245:4061076 3158:6485791 3104:6537667 2987:8229477 2787:7367083 2637:7097351 2580:9471510 2221:4340604 2127:4561509 2073:3340347 2050:Bibcode 1999:7117560 1893:cdc.gov 1691:5388903 1639:5055577 1590:4273172 1511:cdc.gov 1477:3894142 1305:voicing 1186: 1 1180: 0 727:opiates 682:xylitol 593:smoking 576:to the 513:myringa 477:abscess 382:in the 297:opioids 234:daycare 222:anatomy 6216:Otitis 5757:000638 5683:017.40 5628: 5562:(BA). 5467: 5459: 5424: 5416: 5381: 5373: 5338: 5328: 5320: 5281: 5271: 5229: 5194: 5186: 5141: 5131: 5113:Lancet 5089: 5081: 5046: 5036: 4970: 4962: 4923: 4888: 4878: 4839: 4829: 4790: 4780: 4738: 4707: 4697: 4660: 4625: 4615: 4576: 4566: 4524: 4483: 4475: 4429: 4421: 4373: 4281: 4273: 4239: 4195: 4185: 4141: 4133: 4098: 4088: 4049: 4039: 4000: 3992: 3957: 3947: 3908: 3896: 3847: 3837: 3795: 3785: 3746: 3736: 3672: 3668:, 3653: 3622: 3614: 3579: 3569: 3530: 3520: 3481: 3471: 3425: 3415: 3376: 3366: 3327: 3286: 3278: 3243: 3208: 3200: 3182:Lancet 3165: 3155: 3111: 3101: 3093: 3049: 3021: 2985: 2923: 2863: 2855: 2818: 2793: 2785: 2735: 2644: 2634: 2626: 2587: 2577: 2569: 2549:Cureus 2528: 2520: 2485: 2452:709374 2450: 2442: 2373: 2348: 2321: 2280: 2228: 2218: 2200:Lancet 2165: 2134: 2124: 2106:Lancet 2080: 2070: 2006: 1996: 1957: 1945: 1868: 1827:12 May 1780: 1741: 1733: 1698: 1688: 1670:Lancet 1646: 1636: 1618:Lancet 1597: 1587: 1484: 1474: 1428: 1322:otitis 1190: 1184: 1178: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1011:serous 370:Causes 185:), an 157:Deaths 102:Causes 6188:Drugs 6154:Croup 6081:Fever 6071:Cough 5961:Tests 5834:outer 5733:29620 5707:381.4 5703:381.3 5699:381.2 5695:381.1 5691:381.0 5687:055.2 5567:(PDF) 5560:(PDF) 5465:S2CID 5422:S2CID 5379:S2CID 5192:S2CID 5087:S2CID 4968:S2CID 4481:S2CID 4427:S2CID 4332:(PDF) 4311:(PDF) 4279:S2CID 4139:S2CID 3998:S2CID 3856:(PDF) 3815:(PDF) 3691:with 3620:S2CID 3284:S2CID 3206:S2CID 2861:S2CID 2791:S2CID 2744:(PDF) 2713:(PDF) 2526:S2CID 2448:S2CID 1821:(PDF) 1810:(PDF) 1739:S2CID 1334:Latin 1330:media 1210:, or 946:like 793:Pain 447:fever 349:cough 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