Allergy - Knowledge

1102:-mediated immune response, which down-regulates TH2 responses. The first proposed mechanism of action of the hygiene hypothesis was that insufficient stimulation of the TH1 arm of the immune system leads to an overactive TH2 arm, which in turn leads to allergic disease. In other words, individuals living in too sterile an environment are not exposed to enough pathogens to keep the immune system busy. Since our bodies evolved to deal with a certain level of such pathogens, when they are not exposed to this level, the immune system will attack harmless antigens, and thus normally benign microbial objects—like pollen—will trigger an immune response. 1264: 1113:, both allergic diseases, were less common in children from larger families, which were, it is presumed, exposed to more infectious agents through their siblings, than in children from families with only one child. It is used to explain the increase in allergic diseases that have been seen since industrialization, and the higher incidence of allergic diseases in more developed countries. The hygiene hypothesis has now expanded to include exposure to symbiotic bacteria and parasites as important modulators of immune system development, along with infectious agents. 1571:, pollen, grass, mite proteins, peanut extract) are introduced to sites on the skin marked with pen or dye (the ink/dye should be carefully selected, lest it cause an allergic response itself). A negative and positive control are also included for comparison (eg, negative is saline or glycerin; positive is histamine). A small plastic or metal device is used to puncture or prick the skin. Sometimes, the allergens are injected "intradermally" into the patient's skin, with a needle and syringe. Common areas for testing include the inside forearm and the back. 1280: 1860: 8187: 1511: 1117:

immunological disorders in relation to the length of time since arrival in the industrialized world. Longitudinal studies in the third world demonstrate an increase in immunological disorders as a country grows more affluent and, it is presumed, cleaner. The use of antibiotics in the first year of life has been linked to asthma and other allergic diseases. The use of antibacterial cleaning products has also been associated with higher incidence of asthma, as has birth by

10789: 9339: 1545: 1256: 10819: 9387: 10829: 9375: 10855: 9363: 1609: 8150: 10809: 10799: 9351: 8175: 10867: 52: 1553: 1639:, an allergy specialist) or general practitioner. Unlike skin-prick testing, a blood test can be performed irrespective of age, skin condition, medication, symptom, disease activity, and pregnancy. Adults and children of any age can get an allergy blood test. For babies and very young children, a single needle stick for allergy blood testing is often gentler than several skin pricks. 1677:, predictive value calculations, and likelihood ratios have been used to examine the relationship of various testing methods to each other. These methods have shown that patients with a high total IgE have a high probability of allergic sensitization, but further investigation with allergy tests for specific IgE antibodies for a carefully chosen of allergens is often warranted. 1582:. Interpretation of the results of the skin prick test is normally done by allergists on a scale of severity, with +/− meaning borderline reactivity, and 4+ being a large reaction. Increasingly, allergists are measuring and recording the diameter of the wheal and flare reaction. Interpretation by well-trained allergists is often guided by relevant literature. 846:

healthcare workers is higher, between seven and ten percent. Researchers attribute this higher level to the exposure of healthcare workers to areas with significant airborne latex allergens, such as operating rooms, intensive-care units, and dental suites. These latex-rich environments may sensitize healthcare workers who regularly inhale allergenic proteins.

2419:(AOBIM). Internists or pediatricians wishing to focus on the sub-specialty of allergy-immunology then complete at least an additional two years of study, called a fellowship, in an allergy/immunology training program. Allergist/immunologists listed as ABAI-certified have successfully passed the certifying examination of the ABAI following their fellowship. 780:. Some people are unable to tolerate milk from goats or sheep as well as from cows, and many are also unable to tolerate dairy products such as cheese. Roughly 10% of children with a milk allergy will have a reaction to beef. Lactose intolerance, a common reaction to milk, is not a form of allergy at all, but due to the absence of an 2392:(ABAI) have successfully completed an accredited educational program and evaluation process, including a proctored examination to demonstrate knowledge, skills, and experience in patient care in allergy and immunology. Becoming an allergist/immunologist requires completion of at least nine years of training. 2123:(which also tend to be more prevalent in developing countries), can reduce the overall risk of atopy by more than 60%, and an increased rate of parasitic infections has been associated with a decreased prevalence of asthma. It is speculated that these infections exert their effect by critically altering T 6168:

Casas ML, Esteban Á, González-Muñoz M, Labrador-Horrillo M, Pascal M, & Teniente-Serra A (2020). VALIDA project: Validation of allergy in vitro diagnostics assays (Tools and recommendations for the assessment of in vitro tests in the diagnosis of allergy). In Advances in Laboratory Medicine (Vol.

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The term RAST became a colloquialism for all varieties of (in vitro allergy) tests. This is unfortunate because it is well recognized that there are well-performing tests and some that do not perform so well, yet they are all called RASTs, making it difficult to distinguish which is which. For these

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The RAST methodology was invented and marketed in 1974 by Pharmacia Diagnostics AB, Uppsala, Sweden, and the acronym RAST is actually a brand name. In 1989, Pharmacia Diagnostics AB replaced it with a superior test named the ImmunoCAP Specific IgE blood test, which uses the newer fluorescence-labeled

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Effective management of allergic diseases relies on the ability to make an accurate diagnosis. Allergy testing can help confirm or rule out allergies. Correct diagnosis, counseling, and avoidance advice based on valid allergy test results reduce the incidence of symptoms and need for medications, and

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All forms of hypersensitivity used to be classified as allergies, and all were thought to be caused by an improper activation of the immune system. Later, it became clear that several different disease mechanisms were implicated, with a common link to a disordered activation of the immune system. In

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This testing method is used most often with foods or medicines. A patient with a suspected allergen is instructed to modify his diet to totally avoid that allergen for a set time. If the patient experiences significant improvement, he may then be "challenged" by reintroducing the allergen, to see if

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In general, a positive response is interpreted when the wheal of an antigen is ≥3mm larger than the wheal of the negative control (eg, saline or glycerin). Some patients may believe they have determined their own allergic sensitivity from observation, but a skin test has been shown to be much better

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is often the practice for determining whether allergy to milk, egg, soy, and wheat have been outgrown, and the testing interval is extended to 2–3 years for allergy to peanut, tree nuts, fish, and crustacean shellfish. Results of follow-up testing can guide decision-making regarding whether and when

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to the initial site. The reaction is usually seen 2–24 hours after the original reaction. Cytokines from mast cells may play a role in the persistence of long-term effects. Late-phase responses seen in asthma are slightly different from those seen in other allergic responses, although they are still

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IgE test results increase the possibility of ranking how different substances may affect symptoms. A rule of thumb is that the higher the IgE antibody value, the greater the likelihood of symptoms. Allergens found at low levels that today do not result in symptoms cannot help predict future symptom

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and the development of allergies varies with age, with young children most at risk. Several studies have shown that IgE levels are highest in childhood and fall rapidly between the ages of 10 and 30 years. The peak prevalence of hay fever is highest in children and young adults and the incidence of

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Penagos M, Compalati E, Tarantini F, Baena-Cagnani R, Huerta J, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW (August 2006). "Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in pediatric patients 3 to 18 years of age: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials".

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Many allergens such as dust or pollen are airborne particles. In these cases, symptoms arise in areas in contact with air, such as the eyes, nose, and lungs. For instance, allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, causes irritation of the nose, sneezing, itching, and redness of the eyes. Inhaled

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Skin prick tests and blood tests are equally cost-effective, and health economic evidence shows that both tests were cost-effective compared with no test. Early and more accurate diagnoses save cost due to reduced consultations, referrals to secondary care, misdiagnosis, and emergency admissions.

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The allergic diseases—hay fever and asthma—have increased in the Western world over the past 2–3 decades. Increases in allergic asthma and other atopic disorders in industrialized nations, it is estimated, began in the 1960s and 1970s, with further increases occurring during the 1980s and 1990s,

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can trigger an IgE-mediated cutaneous, respiratory, and systemic reaction. The prevalence of latex allergy in the general population is believed to be less than one percent. In a hospital study, 1 in 800 surgical patients (0.125 percent) reported latex sensitivity, although the sensitivity among

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Allergies are common. In the developed world, about 20% of people are affected by allergic rhinitis, about 6% of people have at least one food allergy, and about 20% have or have had atopic dermatitis at some point in time. Depending on the country, about 1–18% of people have asthma. Anaphylaxis

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have occurred within too short a period to be explained by a genetic change in the population, thus pointing to environmental or lifestyle changes. Several hypotheses have been identified to explain this increased rate. Increased exposure to perennial allergens may be due to housing changes and

1646:. A sample of the patient's blood is sent to a laboratory for analysis, and the results are sent back a few days later. Multiple allergens can be detected with a single blood sample. Allergy blood tests are very safe since the person is not exposed to any allergens during the testing procedure. 1707:

Challenge testing is when tiny amounts of a suspected allergen are introduced to the body orally, through inhalation, or via other routes. Except for testing food and medication allergies, challenges are rarely performed. When this type of testing is chosen, it must be closely supervised by an

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Allergic diseases are more common in industrialized countries than in countries that are more traditional or agricultural, and there is a higher rate of allergic disease in urban populations versus rural populations, although these differences are becoming less defined. Historically, the trees

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Epidemiological data support the hygiene hypothesis. Studies have shown that various immunological and autoimmune diseases are much less common in the developing world than the industrialized world, and that immigrants to the industrialized world from the developing world increasingly develop

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Cox L, Williams B, Sicherer S, Oppenheimer J, Sher L, Hamilton R, Golden D (December 2008). "Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force".

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If later exposure to the same allergen occurs, the allergen can bind to the IgE molecules held on the surface of the mast cells or basophils. Cross-linking of the IgE and Fc receptors occurs when more than one IgE-receptor complex interacts with the same allergenic molecule and activates the

1363:, whose role is production of antibodies. Coupled with signals provided by IL-4, this interaction stimulates the B cell to begin production of a large amount of a particular type of antibody known as IgE. Secreted IgE circulates in the blood and binds to an IgE-specific receptor (a kind of 8158: 1238:

showing an increase in allergy in people infected with intestinal worms. Clinical trials have been initiated to test the effectiveness of certain worms in treating some allergies. It may be that the term 'parasite' could turn out to be inappropriate, and in fact a hitherto unsuspected

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The most prevalent response to latex is an allergic contact dermatitis, a delayed hypersensitive reaction appearing as dry, crusted lesions. This reaction usually lasts 48–96 hours. Sweating or rubbing the area under the glove aggravates the lesions, possibly leading to ulcerations.

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is useful for environmental allergies, allergies to insect bites, and asthma. Its benefit for food allergies is unclear and thus not recommended. Immunotherapy involves exposing people to larger and larger amounts of allergen in an effort to change the immune system's response.

1623:. Adhesive patches, usually treated with several common allergic chemicals or skin sensitizers, are applied to the back. The skin is then examined for possible local reactions at least twice, usually at 48 hours after application of the patch, and again two or three days later. 1434:, itchiness, dyspnea, and anaphylaxis. Depending on the individual, allergen, and mode of introduction, the symptoms can be system-wide (classical anaphylaxis) or localized to specific body systems. Asthma is localized to the respiratory system and eczema is localized to the 8160: 1589:

If a serious life-threatening anaphylactic reaction has brought a patient in for evaluation, some allergists will prefer an initial blood test prior to performing the skin prick test. Skin tests may not be an option if the patient has widespread skin disease or has taken

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Estimates vary on the population fraction that will have an immune system response. Approximately 25% of the population will have a strong allergic response to urushiol. In general, approximately 80–90% of adults will develop a rash if they are exposed to 0.0050 mg

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Meta-analyses have found that injections of allergens under the skin is effective in the treatment in allergic rhinitis in children and in asthma. The benefits may last for years after treatment is stopped. It is generally safe and effective for allergic rhinitis and

8155: 655:, and age, with heredity being by far the most significant. However, there has been a recent increase in the incidence of allergic disorders that cannot be explained by genetic factors alone. Four major environmental candidates are alterations in exposure to 6181:

Bulat Lokas S, Plavec D, Rikić Pišković J, Živković J, Nogalo B, & Turkalj M (2017). Allergen-Specific IgE Measurement: Intermethod Comparison of Two Assay Systems in Diagnosing Clinical Allergy. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 31(3), e22047.

1775:. There is no good evidence that a mother's diet during pregnancy or breastfeeding affects the risk of allergies, nor is there evidence that delayed introduction of certain foods is useful. Early exposure to potential allergens may actually be protective. 6274:"The Effects of Early Nutritional Interventions on the Development of Atopic Disease in Infants and Children: The Role of Maternal Dietary Restriction, Breastfeeding, Hydrolyzed Formulas, and Timing of Introduction of Allergenic Complementary Foods" 1942:

treatments, for which the scientific evidence is weak, negative, or nonexistent, such as honey, acupuncture, omega 3's, probiotics, astragalus, capsaicin, grape seed extract, Pycnogenol, quercetin, spirulina, stinging nettle, tinospora, or guduchi.

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At least 40 deaths per year due to insect venom. About 400 deaths due to penicillin anaphylaxis. About 220 cases of anaphylaxis and 3 deaths per year are due to latex allergy. An estimated 150 people die annually from anaphylaxis due to food

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for rhinitis and asthma. For seasonal allergies the benefit is small. In this form the allergen is given under the tongue and people often prefer it to injections. Immunotherapy is not recommended as a stand-alone treatment for asthma.

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are notorious for their severity, peanut allergies are not the most common food allergy in adults or children. Severe or life-threatening reactions may be triggered by other allergens and are more common when combined with asthma.

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increased time spent indoors, and a decreased activation of a common immune control mechanism may be caused by changes in cleanliness or hygiene, and exacerbated by dietary changes, obesity, and decline in physical exercise. The

1022:. Allergic parents are more likely to have allergic children and those children's allergies are likely to be more severe than those in children of non-allergic parents. Some allergies, however, are not consistent along 596:, coma, and death. This type of reaction can be triggered suddenly, or the onset can be delayed. The nature of anaphylaxis is such that the reaction can seem to be subsiding but may recur throughout a period of time. 4212:

Fernández de Corres L, Moneo I, Muñoz D, Bernaola G, Fernández E, Audicana M, Urrutia I (January 1993). "Sensitization from chestnuts and bananas in patients with urticaria and anaphylaxis from contact with latex".

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maintains that high living standards and hygienic conditions exposes children to fewer infections. It is thought that reduced bacterial and viral infections early in life direct the maturing immune system away from

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convened a subcommittee. It concluded likewise in 2007 that allergy services were insufficient to deal with what the Lords referred to as an "allergy epidemic" and its social cost; it made several recommendations.

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Verstege A, Mehl A, Rolinck-Werninghaus C, Staden U, Nocon M, Beyer K, Niggemann B, et al. (September 2005). "The predictive value of the skin prick test weal size for the outcome of oral food challenges".

2169:, after he noticed that patients who had received injections of horse serum or smallpox vaccine usually had quicker, more severe reactions to second injections. Pirquet called this phenomenon "allergy" from the 1923:. The authors concluded that based on rigorous clinical trials of all types of homeopathy for childhood and adolescence ailments, there is no convincing evidence that supports the use of homeopathic treatments. 2470:

Low-allergen foods are being developed, as are improvements in skin prick test predictions; evaluation of the atopy patch test, wasp sting outcomes predictions, a rapidly disintegrating epinephrine tablet, and

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Patch testing is a method used to determine if a specific substance causes allergic inflammation of the skin. It tests for delayed reactions. It is used to help ascertain the cause of skin contact allergy or

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Allergy undergoes dynamic changes over time. Regular allergy testing of relevant allergens provides information on if and how patient management can be changed to improve health and quality of life. Annual

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planted in urban areas were predominantly male to prevent litter from seeds and fruits, but the high ratio of male trees causes high pollen counts, a phenomenon that horticulturist Tom Ogren has called "

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development. The quantitative allergy blood result can help determine what a patient is allergic to, help predict and follow the disease development, estimate the risk of a severe reaction, and explain

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Marra F, Lynd L, Coombes M, Richardson K, Legal M, Fitzgerald JM, Marra CA (March 2006). "Does antibiotic exposure during infancy lead to development of asthma?: a systematic review and metaanalysis".

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If the patient is allergic to the substance, then a visible inflammatory reaction will usually occur within 30 minutes. This response will range from slight reddening of the skin to a full-blown

359:, which gradually exposes people to larger and larger amounts of allergen, is useful for some types of allergies such as hay fever and reactions to insect bites. Its use in food allergies is unclear. 2389: 1952:

although some suggest that a steady rise in sensitization has been occurring since the 1920s. The number of new cases per year of atopy in developing countries has, in general, remained much lower.

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Järvinen KM, Beyer K, Vila L, Bardina L, Mishoe M, Sampson HA (July 2007). "Specificity of IgE antibodies to sequential epitopes of hen's egg ovomucoid as a marker for persistence of egg allergy".

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5.7 million (about 9.4%). In six- and seven-year-olds asthma increased from 18.4% to 20.9% over five years, during the same time the rate decreased from 31% to 24.7% in 13- to 14-year-olds.

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Changes in rates and types of infection alone, however, have been unable to explain the observed increase in allergic disease, and recent evidence has focused attention on the importance of the

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Kerkhof M, Dubois AE, Postma DS, Schouten JP, de Monchy JG (September 2003). "Role and interpretation of total serum IgE measurements in the diagnosis of allergic airway disease in adults".

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With insect stings, a large local reaction may occur in the form of an area of skin redness greater than 10 cm in size that can last one to two days. This reaction may also occur after

2225:'s team at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in Denver, USA, and by Gunnar Johansson and Hans Bennich in Uppsala, Sweden. Their joint paper was published in April 1969. 1986:

10 million have allergic asthma (about 3% of the population). The prevalence of asthma increased 75% from 1980 to 1994. Asthma prevalence is 39% higher in African Americans than in

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of humans and parasites has led to an immune system that functions correctly only in the presence of the parasites. Without them, the immune system becomes unbalanced and oversensitive.

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is also known as "puncture testing" and "prick testing" due to the series of tiny punctures or pricks made into the patient's skin. Tiny amounts of suspected allergens and/or their

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Zock JP, Plana E, Jarvis D, Antó JM, Kromhout H, Kennedy SM, Künzli N, Villani S, Olivieri M, Torén K, Radon K, Sunyer J, Dahlman-Hoglund A, Norbäck D, Kogevinas M (October 2007).

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An allergist is a physician specially trained to manage and treat allergies, asthma, and the other allergic diseases. In the United States physicians holding certification by the

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Of these poisonous plants, sumac is the most virulent. The resulting dermatological response to the reaction between urushiol and membrane proteins includes redness, swelling,

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Grimbaldeston MA, Metz M, Yu M, Tsai M, Galli SJ (December 2006). "Effector and potential immunoregulatory roles of mast cells in IgE-associated acquired immune responses".

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Braun-Fahrländer C, Riedler J, Herz U, Eder W, Waser M, Grize L, Maisch S, Carr D, Gerlach F, Bufe A, Lauener RP, Schierl R, Renz H, Nowak D, von Mutius E (September 2002).

8367: 3775: 2214:, was restricted to type I hypersensitivities (also called immediate hypersensitivity), which are characterized as rapidly developing reactions involving IgE antibodies. 9425: 2255:(AAAAI) issued the Joint Task Force Report "Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing" in 2008, and is firm in its statement that the term RAST is now obsolete: 6316:

Garcia-Larsen V, Ierodiakonou D, Jarrold K, Cunha S, Chivinge J, Robinson Z, Geoghegan N, Ruparelia A, Devani P, Trivella M, Leonardi-Bee J, Boyle RJ (February 2018).

1749:, for example, is one of many illnesses that share symptoms with allergic rhinitis, underscoring the need for professional differential diagnosis. Once a diagnosis of 5904: 343:

Early exposure of children to potential allergens may be protective. Treatments for allergies include avoidance of known allergens and the use of medications such as

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Gibson PG, Henry RL, Shah S, Powell H, Wang H (September 2003). "Migration to a western country increases asthma symptoms but not eosinophilic airway inflammation".

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Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy is associated with a lower risk. Probiotic supplements during pregnancy or infancy may help to prevent atopic dermatitis.

1927: 834:; however, genetic modification can also remove allergens. Little research has been done on the natural variation of allergen concentrations in unmodified crops. 2526: 1483:

is termed an "allergic" reaction (which usually refers to type I hypersensitivity), its pathophysiology involves a reaction that more correctly corresponds to a

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Thavagnanam S, Fleming J, Bromley A, Shields MD, Cardwell CR (April 2008). "A meta-analysis of the association between Caesarean section and childhood asthma".

2737: 8043: 7033: 312:, and medications are common causes of severe reactions. Their development is due to both genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves 2053:

5–7% of infants and 1–2% of adults. A 117.3% increase in peanut allergies was observed from 2001 to 2005, an estimated 25,700 people in England are affected.

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and similar parasites are present in untreated drinking water in developing countries, and were present in the water of developed countries until the routine

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improve quality of life. To assess the presence of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, two different methods can be used: a skin prick test, or an allergy

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Platts-Mills TA, Erwin E, Heymann P, Woodfolk J (2005). "Is the hygiene hypothesis still a viable explanation for the increased prevalence of asthma?".

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In the initial stages of allergy, a type I hypersensitivity reaction against an allergen encountered for the first time and presented by a professional

576:, and certain medicines may produce a systemic allergic response that is also called anaphylaxis; multiple organ systems can be affected, including the 340:

or blood may be useful in certain cases. Positive tests, however, may not necessarily mean there is a significant allergy to the substance in question.

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10 gr) of purified urushiol, but some people are so sensitive that it takes only a molecular trace on the skin to initiate an allergic reaction.

873:. Only occasionally have these food-induced allergies induced systemic responses. Researchers suspect that the cross-reactivity of latex with banana, 754:

affect one to two percent of children but are outgrown by about two-thirds of children by the age of 5. The sensitivity is usually to proteins in the

6716:"Efficacy of Grass Pollen Allergen Sublingual Immunotherapy Tablets for Seasonal Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 3171: 6785:

Altunç U, Pittler MH, Ernst E (January 2007). "Homeopathy for childhood and adolescence ailments: systematic review of randomized clinical trials".

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Sicherer SH, Leung DY (June 2007). "Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects".

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are supposed to respond by favoring desensitization, or down-regulation, rather than sensitization. EPD has also been tried for the treatment of

1753:, rhinitis, anaphylaxis, or other allergic disease has been made, there are several methods for discovering the causative agent of that allergy. 7622:

Ring J. (August 1985). "1st description of an "atopic family anamnesis" in the Julio-Claudian imperial house: Augustus, Claudius, Britannicus".

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may play a role in some allergies; however, racial factors have been difficult to separate from environmental influences and changes due to

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One of the main sources of human allergies is insects. An allergy to insects can be brought on by bites, stings, ingestion, and inhalation.

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Bonis, Peter A. L. (2009). "Putting the Puzzle Together: Epidemiological and Clinical Clues in the Etiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis".

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the immune system and prevent the body from attacking the parasite. This gives rise to a new slant on the hygiene hypothesis theory—that

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After the chemical mediators of the acute response subside, late-phase responses can often occur. This is due to the migration of other

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reactions occur most often in sensitive patients who have been exposed to a surgeon's latex gloves during abdominal surgery, but other

7234: 5829:"Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States: Summary of the NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel Report" 4700: 3888: 2403:(to become a pediatrician). Once physicians have finished training in one of these specialties, they must pass the exam of either the 10659: 7445:"Exposure to foodborne and orofecal microbes versus airborne viruses in relation to atopy and allergic asthma: epidemiological study" 7278: 6120:"Basophil activation test compared to skin prick test and fluorescence enzyme immunoassay for aeroallergen-specific Immunoglobulin-E" 2365: 2359: 5171: 2024:

Around 15% of adults have mild, localized allergic reactions. Systemic reactions occur in 3% of adults and less than 1% of children.

9987: 9982: 9583: 8703: 7806:"Physico-chemical properties of human reaginic antibody. IV. Presence of a unique immunoglobulin as a carrier of reaginic activity" 2408: 1379:, which are both involved in the acute inflammatory response. The IgE-coated cells, at this stage, are sensitized to the allergen. 1211:

and purification of drinking water supplies. Recent research has shown that some common parasites, such as intestinal worms (e.g.,

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occurs in between 0.05–2% of people. Rates of many allergic diseases appear to be increasing. The word "allergy" was first used by

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can aggravate allergic conditions. This has been attributed to a T helper 2 (TH2)-predominant response driven by suppression of

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Folkerts G, Walzl G, Openshaw PJ (March 2000). "Do common childhood infections 'teach' the immune system not to be allergic?".

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Before a diagnosis of allergic disease can be confirmed, other plausible causes of the presenting symptoms must be considered.

5716:"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel" 8876: 8093: 8056: 7968: 7739: 7419: 6096: 5636: 4558:

Croner S (November 1992). "Prediction and detection of allergy development: influence of genetic and environmental factors".

4388: 3926: 3769: 3683: 3323: 3230: 2956: 652: 1900:(EPD), has been tried for decades but is not generally accepted as effective. EPD uses dilutions of allergen and an enzyme, 10558: 2143:

Some symptoms attributable to allergic diseases are mentioned in ancient sources. Particularly, three members of the Roman

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After completing medical school and graduating with a medical degree, a physician will undergo three years of training in

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Martín A, Gallino N, Gagliardi J, Ortiz S, Lascano AR, Diller A, Daraio MC, Kahn A, Mariani AL, Serra HM (August 2002).

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Management of allergies typically involves avoiding the allergy trigger and taking medications to improve the symptoms.

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Isolauri E, Huurre A, Salminen S, Impivaara O (July 2004). "The allergy epidemic extends beyond the past few decades".

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Li JT, Andrist D, Bamlet WR, Wolter TD (November 2000). "Accuracy of patient prediction of allergy skin test results".

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NICE Diagnosis and assessment of food allergy in children and young people in primary care and community settings, 2011

4115:"Challenges in testing genetically modified crops for potential increases in endogenous allergen expression for safety" 2534: 1897: 730:

A wide variety of foods can cause allergic reactions, but 90% of allergic responses to foods are caused by cow's milk,

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Panda R, Ariyarathna H, Amnuaycheewa P, Tetteh A, Pramod SN, Taylor SL, Ballmer-Weber BK, Goodman RE (February 2013).

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are likely to have the same allergic diseases about 70% of the time; the same allergy occurs about 40% of the time in

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on exposed skin cells. The immune system does not recognize the affected cells as normal parts of the body, causing a

9977: 9755: 6318:"Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2159:) are suspected to have a family history of atopy. The concept of "allergy" was originally introduced in 1906 by the 1681: 1654: 8062: 3478:

Schafer JA, Mateo N, Parlier GL, Rotschafer JC (April 2007). "Penicillin allergy skin testing: what do we do now?".

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Latex and banana sensitivity may cross-react. Furthermore, those with latex allergy may also have sensitivities to

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Several medications may be used to block the action of allergic mediators, or to prevent activation of cells and

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A major breakthrough in understanding the mechanisms of allergy was the discovery of the antibody class labeled

10812: 10684: 10118: 7995: 2980: 2683:

Sicherer SH, Sampson HA (February 2014). "Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment".

2353: 1762: 9653: 7916: 2800: 10902: 9876: 9006: 6005:

Sampson HA (May 2001). "Utility of food-specific IgE concentrations in predicting symptomatic food allergy".

7128:"AAAAI – asthma, allergy, allergies, prevention of allergies and asthma, treatment for allergies and asthma" 10664: 9933: 9203: 9012: 8525: 8403: 7154:"AAAAI – skin condition, itchy skin, bumps, red irritated skin, allergic reaction, treating skin condition" 2404: 2265: 495: 4047: 3178: 10308: 9835: 9638: 8851: 8466: 6616:

Canonica GW, Bousquet J, Casale T, Lockey RF, Baena-Cagnani CE, Pawankar R, et al. (December 2009).

6195: 5417:

Emanuelsson C, Spangfort MD (May 2007). "Allergens as eukaryotic proteins lacking bacterial homologues".

4342: 2621: 2451: 1480: 1174: 313: 3202: 1234:. However, the research to support this theory is conflicting, with some studies performed in China and 750:

Rates of allergies differ between adults and children. Children can sometimes outgrow peanut allergies.

10845: 10288: 9866: 9544: 9317: 8179: 2918: 2454:

report presented a case for improvement of what were felt to be inadequate allergy services in the UK.

2192: 2001:

About 9% of the population. Between 1960 and 1990, prevalence has increased from 3% to 10% in children.

1666: 1320: 1042: 952: 685: 7402:

Renz H, Blümer N, Virna S, Sel S, Garn H (2006). "The immunological basis of the hygiene hypothesis".

7287:"Incidence and prevalence of multiple allergic disorders recorded in a national primary care database" 7059: 4407: 2264:

The updated version, the ImmunoCAP Specific IgE blood test, is the only specific IgE assay to receive

1737:(Rinkel method), and provocative and neutralization (subcutaneous) testing or sublingual provocation. 10717: 9896: 9719: 9355: 9088: 8996: 8901: 8891: 8794: 8428: 8075: 5232: 1905: 968: 17: 7443:

Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Riondino S, Fortini M, Ferrigno L, Rapicetta M, Bonini S (February 2000).

6799: 6416:

Osborn DA, Sinn JK (March 2013). Osborn D (ed.). "Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergy".

5964:

Yunginger JW, Ahlstedt S, Eggleston PA, Homburger HA, Nelson HS, Ownby DR, et al. (June 2000).

5386: 2260:

reasons, it is now recommended that use of RAST as a generic descriptor of these tests be abandoned.

10509: 10431: 10426: 10346: 10106: 9810: 9579: 9565: 9270: 8886: 8871: 8801: 8779: 8530: 8282: 2234: 1884: 1842: 1838: 1811: 1685: 1484: 1138: 716:

mites or skin follicle mites, house dust mites do not burrow under the skin and are not parasitic.

206: 7157: 7018: 6856: 2181: 2174: 10489: 10463: 9683: 9446: 9198: 8789: 8674: 8635: 6656: 2443: 1987: 1931: 1877: 1328: 1073: 948: 266: 84: 7212: 7183: 5239:

Garn H, Renz H (2007). "Epidemiological and immunological evidence for the hygiene hypothesis".

1201:, found on the surface of cells in the body are also thought to be involved in these processes. 10907: 10081: 10029: 9814: 9285: 9265: 8974: 8831: 8653: 8512: 8408: 8225: 7131: 6794: 5619:

Hou, Wanzhu; Xu, Guangpi; Wang, Hanjie (2011). "Basic immunology and immune system disorders".

5381: 3892: 2170: 2144: 1854: 1787: 1408: 1304: 1226:

In particular, research suggests that allergies may coincide with the delayed establishment of

1130: 356: 186: 158: 8322: 7958: 7729: 5814: 4897:

Addo-Yobo EO, Woodcock A, Allotey A, Baffoe-Bonnie B, Strachan D, Custovic A (February 2007).

3673: 3220: 2946: 2016:

Between 1999 and 2006, 48 deaths occurred in people ranging from five months to 85 years old.

10732: 10618: 10591: 10564: 10516: 10470: 10165: 9240: 9208: 9133: 8962: 8952: 6830: 6493:

Abramson MJ, Puy RM, Weiner JM (August 2010). "Injection allergen immunotherapy for asthma".

2504: 2494: 1916: 1819: 1268: 987: 917:; however, of that 10%, 90% turn out not to be. Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03%. 904: 7577: 5028:"The use of household cleaning sprays and adult asthma: an international longitudinal study" 4182: 1263: 10887: 10752: 10712: 10579: 10393: 10388: 10368: 10303: 10155: 9972: 9967: 9951: 9861: 9791: 9648: 9560: 9403: 9367: 9235: 8438: 7238: 5714:

Boyce JA, Assa'ad A, Burks AW, Jones SM, Sampson HA, Wood RA, et al. (December 2010).

5373: 4696: 3866:. Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska–Lincoln 3790: 2439: 2304: 1939: 1815: 926: 533: 348: 210: 202: 9679: 7505: 7180:"AAAAI – anaphylaxis, cause of anaphylaxis, prevention, allergist, anaphylaxis statistics" 6118:

Khan FM, Ueno-Yamanouchi A, Serushago B, Bowen T, Lyon AW, Lu C, Storek J (January 2012).

4420:

Armstrong W.P.; Epstein W.L. (1995). "Poison oak: more than just scratching the surface".

4294:"Respiratory sensitization to insect allergens: Species, components and clinical symptoms" 588:. Depending on the severity, anaphylaxis can include skin reactions, bronchoconstriction, 8: 10897: 10832: 10774: 10757: 10416: 10133: 9379: 9322: 9230: 9183: 9057: 8896: 8271: 6975: 5364:, Kremsner PG, van Ree R (April 2002). "Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis". 5176: 4381:

Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, Poison Sumac and Their Relatives; Pistachios, Mangoes and Cashews

2238: 2166: 2119: 1909: 1726: 1240: 831: 769: 644: 526: 442: 364: 286: 92: 9994: 7852:

Johansson SG, Bennich H. Immunological studies of an atypical (myeloma) immunoglobulin"

7090: 6367:

Pelucchi C, Chatenoud L, Turati F, Galeone C, Moja L, Bach JF, La Vecchia C (May 2012).

5377: 4593:

Jarvis D, Burney P (1997). "Epidemiology of atopy and atopic disease". In Kay AB (ed.).

3860: 2064:

2.3 million (about 3.7%), prevalence has increased by 48.9% between 2001 and 2005.

1467:

caused by release of mediators from eosinophils and are still dependent on activity of T

10722: 10679: 10669: 10458: 10411: 10378: 10373: 10123: 10101: 9999: 9881: 9871: 9765: 9691: 9663: 9643: 9480: 9438: 9292: 9245: 9154: 8494: 8461: 8384: 7897: 7835: 7786: 7773: 7756: 7555: 7543: 7492:

Masters S, Barrett-Connor E (1985). "Parasites and asthma--predictive or protective?".

7379: 7354: 7311: 7286: 7007: 6959: 6934: 6910: 6648: 6586: 6561: 6472: 6398: 6344: 6317: 6146: 6119: 6065: 5886: 5788: 5740: 5715: 5677: 5628: 5550: 5361: 5340: 5200:"Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children" 5152: 5101: 5076: 5052: 5027: 5008: 4925: 4898: 4878: 4758: 4723: 4634: 4537: 4489: 4274: 4194: 4144: 3967: 3730: 3649: 3622: 3503: 3455: 3430: 3406: 3381: 3277: 3148: 3121: 3097: 3072: 2843: 2818: 2347: 2222: 2200: 2081: 1901: 1746: 1643: 1620: 1244: 1208: 1198: 1085: 886: 792: 705: 656: 609: 585: 581: 79: 8276: 6538: 5942: 5596: 5569: 5538: 4674: 4609: 4571: 4476: 4459: 3692: 3049: 2654: 2131:

2 regulation. Important elements of newer hygiene hypotheses also include exposure to

10818: 10792: 10674: 10644: 10623: 10586: 10569: 10484: 10448: 10438: 10333: 10253: 10197: 10160: 10145: 10086: 10053: 10022: 9701: 9696: 9496: 9485: 9386: 9343: 9275: 9255: 9149: 8991: 8922: 8684: 8600: 8573: 8456: 8392: 8293: 8130: 8089: 8052: 8017: 7964: 7936: 7901: 7889: 7839: 7827: 7778: 7735: 7695: 7675: 7631: 7547: 7509: 7474: 7469: 7444: 7425: 7415: 7384: 7316: 6999: 6995: 6964: 6950: 6902: 6898: 6812: 6767: 6737: 6696: 6640: 6636: 6591: 6542: 6506: 6464: 6429: 6390: 6349: 6295: 6245: 6151: 6057: 6053: 6022: 5987: 5946: 5878: 5792: 5780: 5745: 5669: 5632: 5601: 5542: 5507: 5472: 5434: 5399: 5332: 5328: 5297: 5256: 5221: 5144: 5140: 5106: 5057: 5000: 4996: 4965: 4930: 4870: 4835: 4798: 4763: 4745: 4678: 4639: 4575: 4529: 4493: 4481: 4384: 4315: 4266: 4222: 4186: 4136: 4095: 3959: 3955: 3922: 3798: 3765: 3722: 3679: 3654: 3603: 3576: 3535: 3495: 3460: 3411: 3362: 3319: 3269: 3264: 3248:"Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies" 3247: 3226: 3153: 3102: 3053: 2952: 2889: 2848: 2792: 2700: 2658: 2612: 2586: 2499: 2396: 2113: 1496: 1279: 1216: 1118: 701: 676: 565: 290: 254: 246: 163: 141: 115: 107: 67: 31: 7790: 7559: 7011: 6914: 6732: 6715: 6652: 6402: 6069: 5890: 5874: 5681: 5554: 5344: 5156: 5012: 4882: 4541: 4198: 4148: 4114: 3971: 3507: 3281: 2884: 2867: 10802: 10494: 10479: 10356: 10231: 10187: 9745: 9596: 9591: 9532: 9459: 9434: 9250: 9104: 8821: 8610: 8423: 8333: 8122: 7928: 7879: 7817: 7768: 7595: 7585: 7539: 7501: 7464: 7456: 7407: 7374: 7366: 7306: 7298: 7235:"AAAAI – stinging insect, allergic reaction to bug bite, treatment for insect bite" 7113: 7056:"AAAAI – rhinitis, sinusitis, hay fever, stuffy nose, watery eyes, sinus infection" 6991: 6954: 6946: 6894: 6804: 6727: 6686: 6632: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6534: 6502: 6498: 6476: 6456: 6421: 6380: 6339: 6329: 6285: 6141: 6131: 6049: 6014: 5977: 5938: 5870: 5772: 5763:

Cox L (2011). "Overview of Serological-Specific IgE Antibody Testing in Children".

5735: 5727: 5661: 5624: 5591: 5581: 5534: 5525:

Holt PG, Sly PD (October 2007). "Th2 cytokines in the asthma late-phase response".

5499: 5464: 5426: 5391: 5324: 5287: 5248: 5211: 5136: 5096: 5088: 5047: 5039: 4992: 4957: 4920: 4910: 4862: 4825: 4790: 4753: 4735: 4670: 4629: 4621: 4567: 4521: 4471: 4305: 4278: 4256: 4178: 4126: 4085: 3951: 3712: 3644: 3634: 3566: 3487: 3471: 3450: 3442: 3401: 3393: 3352: 3259: 3143: 3133: 3092: 3084: 3045: 2879: 2838: 2830: 2784: 2692: 2650: 2576: 2423: 2218: 2104: 1659: 1178: 1155: 1057: 827:, contain oils in which protein is present, which may elicit an allergic reaction. 773: 743: 708:) that persist in their feces and are major inducers of allergic reactions such as 664: 577: 308:

and certain foods. Metals and other substances may also cause such problems. Food,

238: 8695: 6086: 3734: 3555:"Natural rubber latex allergy: a problem of interdisciplinary concern in medicine" 1837:

are also commonly used. Although rare, the severity of anaphylaxis often requires

1680:

Laboratory methods to measure specific IgE antibodies for allergy testing include

1090:

Allergic diseases are caused by inappropriate immunological responses to harmless

10871: 10822: 10767: 10628: 10613: 10596: 10536: 10531: 10475: 10453: 10150: 10096: 10076: 9886: 9856: 9740: 9668: 9522: 9475: 9391: 9218: 9124: 9073: 8931: 8568: 8520: 8287: 8215: 8081: 7649: 6385: 6368: 6334: 5455:

Falcone FH, Pritchard DI (April 2005). "Parasite role reversal: worms on trial".

5430: 5395: 4915: 3755: 2489: 2484: 2160: 1823: 1053: 976: 855: 785: 689: 681: 469: 458: 405: 390: 337: 333: 258: 214: 147: 119: 8190: 7485: 6560:

Calderon MA, Alves B, Jacobson M, Hurwitz B, Sheikh A, Durham S (January 2007).

5252: 3571: 3554: 1725:

There are other types of allergy testing methods that are unreliable, including

10859: 10654: 10608: 10421: 10351: 10170: 9770: 9724: 9517: 9047: 8866: 8861: 8727: 8645: 8627: 8595: 8585: 8560: 8484: 8298: 8126: 7984: 7884: 7867: 7654: 6857:"Seasonal Allergies and Complementary Health Approaches: What the Science Says" 5905:"Appropriate use of allergy testing in primary care - Best Tests December 2011" 5731: 5518: 5043: 4899:"Exercise-induced bronchospasm and atopy in Ghana: two surveys ten years apart" 4740: 4601: 4310: 4293: 2788: 2696: 2458: 2221:(IgE). IgE was simultaneously discovered in 1966–67 by two independent groups: 2075:

Although genetic factors govern susceptibility to atopic disease, increases in

1807: 1591: 1487:

reaction. In type IV hypersensitivity, there is activation of certain types of

1204: 1186: 1182: 1134: 1061: 640: 617: 500: 344: 294: 198: 167: 8261: 7370: 6460: 6425: 6214: 5776: 5665: 5503: 5092: 4794: 4625: 3717: 3700: 3587: 3446: 2237:(RAST test) method, which uses IgE-binding (anti-IgE) antibodies labeled with 772:—are most common in children. Approximately 60% of milk-protein reactions are 532:

Aside from these ambient allergens, allergic reactions can result from foods,

10881: 10737: 10526: 10521: 10383: 10323: 10226: 9945: 9537: 9302: 8957: 8857:

Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy

8679: 8615: 8555: 8210: 7822: 7805: 7460: 7302: 6253: 5468: 5267: 4839: 4802: 4749: 4319: 3802: 3397: 3357: 3340: 2581: 2564: 2472: 2086: 1868: 1859: 1803: 1799: 1768: 1579: 1424: 1404: 1384: 1383:

sensitized cell. Activated mast cells and basophils undergo a process called

1348: 1332: 1162: 1099: 1095: 1015: 908: 777: 751: 628: 242: 7209:"AAAAI – food allergy, food reactions, anaphylaxis, food allergy prevention" 6714:

Di Bona D, Plaia A, Leto-Barone MS, La Piana S, Di Lorenzo G (August 2015).

6018: 5982: 5965: 4961: 2641:

Bahna SL (December 2002). "Cow's milk allergy versus cow milk intolerance".

1145:. Stress management in highly susceptible individuals may improve symptoms. 1026:; parents who are allergic to peanuts may have children who are allergic to 468:

Feeling of fullness, possibly pain, and impaired hearing due to the lack of

394: 316:(IgE), part of the body's immune system, binding to an allergen and then to 245:

to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include

10742: 10727: 10553: 10278: 10128: 10113: 10059: 9840: 9630: 9512: 9501: 9052: 8967: 8826: 8816: 8758: 8753: 8669: 8590: 8580: 8550: 8540: 8535: 8134: 7699: 7679: 7551: 7530:

Sheikh A, Strachan DP (June 2004). "The hygiene theory: fact or fiction?".

7478: 7429: 7320: 7003: 6968: 6906: 6816: 6771: 6741: 6700: 6644: 6618:"Sub-lingual immunotherapy: World Allergy Organization Position Paper 2009" 6595: 6546: 6510: 6468: 6433: 6394: 6353: 6299: 6290: 6273: 6249: 6155: 6061: 6026: 5991: 5950: 5882: 5784: 5749: 5673: 5652:

Portnoy JM; et al. (2006). "Evidence-based Allergy Diagnostic Tests".

5605: 5546: 5511: 5476: 5438: 5403: 5336: 5301: 5292: 5275: 5260: 5225: 5148: 5110: 5061: 5004: 4969: 4934: 4874: 4767: 4682: 4643: 4533: 4485: 4432: 4270: 4261: 4244: 4140: 4099: 3963: 3726: 3658: 3607: 3580: 3539: 3499: 3464: 3273: 3157: 3106: 3057: 2893: 2852: 2796: 2704: 2662: 2590: 2447: 2196: 2163: 2050:) allergy affects about three million Americans, or 1.1% of the population. 1827: 1767:

Giving peanut products early may decrease the risk of allergies while only

1730: 1635:

is quick and simple and can be ordered by a licensed health care provider (

1532: 1412: 1220: 1069: 1049: 1019: 956: 898: 858:

exposures, such as dental procedures, can also produce systemic reactions.

851: 820: 765: 725: 712:. The mite's exoskeleton can also contribute to allergic reactions. Unlike 692:. The allergy is common and can trigger allergic reactions such as asthma, 309: 250: 111: 8186: 7940: 7893: 7831: 7782: 7635: 7513: 7388: 6170: 6136: 5586: 5570:"Early inflammatory markers in elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis" 4579: 4525: 4226: 4190: 3594:

Muller BA (March 2004). "Urticaria and angioedema: a practical approach".

3491: 3415: 3366: 3138: 3088: 1510: 1215:), secrete chemicals into the gut wall (and, hence, the bloodstream) that 10601: 10546: 10443: 10298: 10273: 10091: 9527: 9507: 9491: 9109: 9083: 9078: 8784: 8774: 8605: 8545: 8502: 8317: 5216: 5199: 4090: 4073: 3764:(Fifth ed.). New York and London: Garland Science. pp. e–book. 2156: 2108: 1689: 1400: 1396: 1364: 1356: 639:

Risk factors for allergies can be placed in two broad categories, namely

593: 428: 262: 123: 7600: 2868:"Management of Allergic Rhinitis: A Review for the Community Pharmacist" 2565:"Overview of 'allergy and allergic diseases: with a view to the future'" 1523:. Both methods are recommended, and they have similar diagnostic value. 1514:

An allergy testing machine being operated in a diagnostic immunology lab

10689: 10574: 10541: 10313: 10263: 10248: 10243: 10236: 10221: 10211: 9307: 9260: 9188: 9114: 9031: 9001: 8947: 8806: 8476: 8446: 8197: 7346: 5315:

Carvalho EM, Bastos LS, Araújo MI (October 2006). "Worms and allergy".

4866: 4830: 4817: 3639: 2427: 2400: 2326: 2058:

Multiple allergies (Asthma, eczema and allergic rhinitis together)

1841:

injection, and where medical care is unavailable, a device known as an

1834: 1831: 1772: 1670: 1632: 1612: 1603: 1544: 1536:

it is safe to introduce or re-introduce allergenic food into the diet.

1520: 1492: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1431: 1190: 944: 914: 824: 804: 693: 621: 616:, or swelling and inflammation within the skin, in what is known as a " 573: 561: 545: 541: 352: 282: 193: 151: 88: 72: 8345: 7411: 7260: 6935:"Too clean, or not too clean: the hygiene hypothesis and home hygiene" 6691: 6674: 6523: 4816:

Stiemsma, Leah; Reynolds, Lisa; Turvey, Stuart; Finlay, Brett (2015).

4131: 3623:"Stinging insect allergy: current perspectives on venom immunotherapy" 2834: 1771:

during at least the first few months of life may decrease the risk of

1411:

into the surrounding tissue causing several systemic effects, such as

1319:– newly formed mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, 1255: 1034:

and related to an irregularity in the immune system, but the specific

10762: 10504: 10499: 10363: 10341: 10216: 10180: 9312: 9280: 8811: 8451: 8328: 7932: 7590: 6758:

Terr AI (2004). "Unproven and controversial forms of immunotherapy".

6315: 6219: 6183: 5859: 4896: 4403: 4211: 4045: 2268:

approval to quantitatively report to its detection limit of 0.1kU/L.

2132: 2100: 1935: 1734: 1709: 1674: 1575: 1560: 1447: 1388: 1372: 1312: 1227: 1106: 1105:

The hygiene hypothesis was developed to explain the observation that

1023: 878: 870: 796: 755: 739: 735: 660: 488: 418: 411: 329: 321: 8244: 8085:

Allergy – HL 166-I, 6th Report of Session 2006–07 – Volume 1: Report

7868:"Histamine release from human leukocytes by anti-gamma E antibodies" 6932: 6808: 3172:"Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention: Updated 2015" 27:

Immune system response to a substance that most people tolerate well

10854: 10268: 10045: 9161: 8926: 7991: 7026:"Chapter 4: The Extent and Burden of Allergy in the United Kingdom" 6933:

Bloomfield SF, Stanwell-Smith R, Crevel RW, Pickup J (April 2006).

5963: 4818:"The hygiene hypothesis: current perspectives and future therapies" 4169:

Sussman GL, Beezhold DH (January 1995). "Allergy to latex rubber".

2613:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (July 2012).

2152: 2148: 2046:

7.6% of children and 10.8% of adults. Peanut and/or tree nut (e.g.

1578:(called "wheal and flare") in more sensitive patients similar to a 1564: 1392: 1376: 1344: 1299:– preformed mediators (histamine, proteases, chemokines, heparin); 1235: 1212: 1170: 1091: 1065: 1035: 1031: 960: 882: 866: 808: 648: 569: 553: 549: 508: 504: 398: 325: 301: 278: 133: 96: 4608:

Barnes KC, Grant AV, Hansel NN, Gao P, Dunston GM (January 2007).

4112: 3201:. Global Initiative for Asthma. 2011. pp. 2–5. Archived from 1608: 1491:(CD8+) that destroy target cells on contact, as well as activated 1368: 1165:

is another plausible explanation, at present, for the increase in

317: 10747: 10175: 10068: 8906: 7406:. Chemical Immunology and Allergy. Vol. 91. pp. 30–48. 7285:

Simpson CR, Newton J, Hippisley-Cox J, Sheikh A (November 2008).

6562:"Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis" 6117: 5807:"CG116 Food allergy in children and young people: costing report" 3246:

Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A (February 2010).

2951:. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 159. 1920: 1488: 1194: 1027: 991: 874: 862: 713: 537: 457:, in severe cases the airway constricts due to swelling known as 450: 7865: 7442: 7284: 6884: 4982: 3245: 328:

where it triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals such as

9819: 8398: 8256: 8229: 8174: 6981: 6713: 5197: 4724:"The hygiene hypothesis for allergy – conception and evolution" 3313: 3307: 3177:. Global Initiative for Asthma. 2015. p. 2. Archived from 2446:

specialist register. Allergy services may also be delivered by

2047: 2035:

Anaphylactic reactions to penicillin cause 400 deaths per year.

1750: 1499: 1435: 1360: 1340: 1283:

Degranulation process in allergy. Second exposure to allergen.

1231: 1110: 1011: 983: 972: 967:

and chemically reacts with, binds to, and changes the shape of

964: 812: 781: 709: 484: 454: 446: 436: 305: 274: 8010: 7866:

Ishizaka T, Ishizaka K, Johansson SG, Bennich H (April 1969).

6366: 3754: 3122:"Atopic dermatitis: natural history, diagnosis, and treatment" 3034: 1098:-mediated immune response. Many bacteria and viruses elicit a 830:

Allergens can be transferred from one food to another through

9786: 9454: 7532:

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery

6091: 3678:. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. p. 222. 3477: 2076: 1420: 1416: 1166: 842: 816: 800: 605: 589: 518: 59: 9433: 6615: 6559: 4815: 3526:

Tang AW (October 2003). "A practical guide to anaphylaxis".

1552: 704:. The mite's gut contains potent digestive enzymes (notably 51: 10014: 8748: 7575: 7404:

Allergy and Asthma in Modern Society: A Scientific Approach

6039: 5567: 5360: 4597:. Vol. 2. London: Blackwell Science. pp. 1208–24. 2948:

The Nature of Disease: Pathology for the Health Professions

759: 697: 613: 557: 522: 480: 424: 270: 8082:

House of Lords – Science and Technology Committee (2007).

5713: 5032:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

4947: 4419: 2770:"Anaphylaxis: Recent advances in assessment and treatment" 1883:

To a lesser extent, the evidence also supports the use of

7803: 5273: 4722:

Perkin, Michael R; Strachan, David P (24 November 2022).

4512:

De Swert LF (February 1999). "Risk factors for allergy".

4242: 2241:

for quantifying the levels of IgE antibody in the blood.

1650: 1060:

are responsible for asthma, to be specific, in people of

731: 608:, are also common causes of allergic reactions, known as 604:

Substances that come into contact with the skin, such as

7731:

The Complement System: Novel Roles in Health and Disease

7080:

Based on an estimated population of 303 million in 2007

5127:

Cooper PJ (2004). "Intestinal worms and human allergy".

5075:

Dave ND, Xiang L, Rehm KE, Marshall GD (February 2011).

3941: 3701:"The genetic and environmental basis of atopic diseases" 3422: 1928:

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

6447:

Frieri M (June 2018). "Mast Cell Activation Syndrome".

6111: 5966:"Quantitative IgE antibody assays in allergic diseases" 5489: 3791:"Who Should Worry About Dust Mites (and Who Shouldn't)" 1371:) on the surface of other kinds of immune cells called 1193:) that circulate in the blood. Certain microbe-sensing 7734:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 361. 7030:

House of Lords – Science and Technology – Sixth Report

4245:"Penicillin allergy: A practical guide for clinicians" 4046:

Cleveland Clinic medical professional (3 March 2023).

3196:"Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention" 776:–mediated, with the remaining usually attributable to 10843: 7491: 5928: 5811:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

5074: 4852: 4660: 1169:. Endotoxin exposure reduces release of inflammatory 913:

About 10% of people report that they are allergic to

8234: 5416: 5314: 4607: 4368:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 94–96. 3318:. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. p. 880. 3301:

American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology

2422:

In the United Kingdom, allergy is a subspecialty of

1331:

causes a response in a type of immune cell called a

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A summary diagram that explains how allergy develops

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is at work. For more information on this topic, see

8725: 5274:Macpherson CN, Gottstein B, Geerts S (April 2000). 5025: 2096:2 responses that allow for an increase in allergy. 934: 865:, kiwifruit, and chestnut. These people often have 548:. Symptoms of food allergy include abdominal pain, 517:allergens can also lead to increased production of 7804:Ishizaka K, Ishizaka T, Hornbrook MM (July 1966). 7401: 6784: 6271: 6188: 5821: 5172:"Botanical Sexism Cultivates Home-Grown Allergies" 4074:"Genetically modified soybeans and food allergies" 2191:1963, a new classification scheme was designed by 1880:, allergic forms of asthma, and stinging insects. 1665:A low total IgE level is not adequate to rule out 7859: 7103:Based on an estimated population of 60.6 million 6492: 5621:Treating Autoimmune Disease with Chinese Medicine 5356: 5354: 5308: 4610:"African Americans with asthma: genetic insights" 3225:(7 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3218: 2253:American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology 2249:American College of Allergy Asthma and Immunology 1956:Allergic conditions: Statistics and epidemiology 10879: 9905:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease 7992:"ABAI: American Board of Allergy and Immunology" 7578:"Were Allergic Diseases Prevalent in Antiquity?" 6753: 6751: 6204:The Online Allergist. Retrieved 25 October 2010. 5454: 4335:"Western poison-oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum" 4291: 3341:"Asthma and allergy--disorders of civilization?" 1649:The test measures the concentration of specific 1642:An allergy blood test is available through most 684:allergy, also known as house dust allergy, is a 620:and flare" reaction characteristic of hives and 5276:"Parasitic food-borne and water-borne zoonoses" 5081:Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 4783:Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 4168: 3998: 3916: 3435:Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 2682: 2417:American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine 2203:, known as Type I to Type IV hypersensitivity. 2103:. Evidence has shown that exposure to food and 1975:35.9 million (about 11% of the population) 1930:, U.S., the evidence is relatively strong that 885:occurs because latex proteins are structurally 8115:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 7914: 7529: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6272:Greer FR, Sicherer SH, Burks AW (April 2019). 6231: 6007:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 5720:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 5351: 4721: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3552: 3070: 2777:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2685:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2521: 2519: 1474: 1148: 10030: 9419: 8711: 8414:Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis 8361: 8112: 8051:. London: Royal College of Physicians. 2003. 7665: 6778: 6748: 6666: 6225: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5691: 3671: 3379: 2905: 2903: 2135:, exposure to pets and growing up on a farm. 1729:(allergy testing through muscle relaxation), 332:. Diagnosis is typically based on a person's 7908: 6488: 6486: 6449:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 6033: 5922: 5853: 5450: 5448: 5410: 5191: 4890: 4846: 4614:Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 4592: 4243:Gonzalez-Estrada A, Radojicic C (May 2015). 3758:, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M (2001). 2819:"Twenty-first century mast cell stabilizers" 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 1912:, but evidence does not show effectiveness. 1822:are common treatments of allergic diseases. 1586:than patient observation to detect allergy. 1030:. The likelihood of developing allergies is 7797: 7706: 7685: 6921: 6602: 6566:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6495:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6418:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6311: 6309: 6267: 6265: 6263: 5122: 5120: 3978: 3883: 3881: 3698: 3620: 2516: 2092:1 type responses, leading to unrestrained T 1978:3.3 million (about 5.5% of the population) 1790:may be useful for some types of allergies. 1391:and other inflammatory chemical mediators ( 963:, which is not itself a protein, acts as a 612:or eczema. Skin allergies frequently cause 10319:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 10037: 10023: 9426: 9412: 9362: 8718: 8704: 8368: 8354: 7915:Ten RM, Klein JS, Frigas E (August 1995). 7712: 7525: 7523: 6880: 6878: 6527:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 6517: 6415: 5970:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 5931:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 5702: 5688: 5651: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 3889:"Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America" 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3314:Bope, Edward T.; Rakel, Robert E. (2005). 3297:"Increasing Rates of Allergies and Asthma" 3188: 3164: 3038:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 3030: 3028: 2965: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2900: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2643:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 688:and allergic reaction to the droppings of 50: 10660:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 7883: 7821: 7772: 7754: 7659: 7599: 7589: 7468: 7378: 7310: 6958: 6798: 6731: 6690: 6585: 6483: 6384: 6343: 6333: 6289: 6232:Wheeler PW, Wheeler SF (September 2005). 6145: 6135: 5981: 5739: 5618: 5595: 5585: 5445: 5385: 5291: 5215: 5100: 5051: 4924: 4914: 4829: 4757: 4739: 4633: 4553: 4551: 4475: 4397: 4366:Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them 4309: 4260: 4238: 4236: 4130: 4089: 3912: 3910: 3716: 3648: 3638: 3570: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3454: 3405: 3373: 3356: 3332: 3263: 3147: 3137: 3096: 2944: 2883: 2842: 2816: 2711: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2636: 2634: 2597: 2580: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2438:), a doctor works for several years as a 2366:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 2360:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 1740: 8219:) is being considered for deletion. See 8148: 7952: 7950: 7355:"Hay fever, hygiene, and household size" 7352: 7291:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 7203: 7201: 6306: 6260: 6124:Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology 6081: 6079: 5238: 5117: 4511: 4383:. Pacific Grove, CA: The Boxwood Press. 3921:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 39–41. 3878: 3788: 3064: 2865: 2409:American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics 2390:American Board of Allergy and Immunology 1858: 1830:, and other compounds thought to impair 1607: 1551: 1543: 1509: 1278: 1262: 1254: 1046:asthma is highest in children under 10. 9939:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 8419:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 8375: 8088:. London: TSO (The Stationery Office). 7956: 7727: 7621: 7571: 7569: 7520: 6875: 6171:https://doi.org/10.1515/almed-2020-0051 6004: 5524: 4500: 4451: 4378: 4292:Fukutomi, Yuma; Kawakami, Yuji (2021). 4183:10.7326/0003-4819-122-1-199501010-00007 4155: 3741: 3614: 3338: 3119: 3025: 2933: 2756: 2206:With this new classification, the word 1891: 1056:. It has been suggested that different 185:Avoiding known allergens, medications, 14: 10880: 7576:Kürşat Epöztürk; Şefik Görkey (2018). 6672: 6446: 6222:– Includes discussion of differentials 5126: 4557: 4548: 4363: 4233: 4071: 3907: 3675:Expert guide to allergy and immunology 3593: 3514: 3428: 3382:"ABC of allergies. Diagnosing allergy" 3380:Rusznak C, Davies RJ (February 1998). 3073:"Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis" 3071:Wheatley LM, Togias A (January 2015). 2767: 2669: 2631: 2549: 2430:. After obtaining postgraduate exams ( 2101:gastrointestinal microbial environment 1938:are effective, when compared to other 1441: 10018: 9761:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis 9407: 8877:Radiation-induced erythema multiforme 8699: 8349: 8024:from the original on 30 November 2010 7960:Immunology: Essential and Fundamental 7947: 7506:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036285 7395: 7333: 7198: 7106:"UK population grows to 60.6 million" 6831:"12 Natural Ways to Defeat Allergies" 6440: 6169:1, Issue 4). Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 6076: 5169: 4780: 4457: 4332: 3917:Maleki SJ, Burks AW, Helm RM (2006). 3003:"How Does an Allergic Response Work?" 2640: 2070: 1539: 1079: 370: 177:Early exposure to potential allergens 10798: 10559:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 9350: 8204:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 8166:Wageningen University & Research 7650:Clemens Peter Pirquet von Cesenatico 7566: 7036:from the original on 14 October 2010 6757: 6202:from the original on 11 August 2010. 5834:. NIH. 2010. 11-7700. Archived from 5612: 4809: 4774: 4715: 4333:Hogan CM (2008). Stromberg N (ed.). 4285: 4249:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 4039: 3672:Slavin RG, Reisman RE, eds. (1999). 3525: 2817:Finn DF, Walsh JJ (September 2013). 2271: 2004:5.8 million (about 1% severe). 536:, and reactions to medications like 10808: 9194:Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules 8882:Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar 8102:from the original on 29 March 2017. 5762: 5204:The New England Journal of Medicine 4699:. Edward Willett. 30 January 2013. 4439:from the original on 6 October 2015 3852: 3553:Brehler R, Kütting B (April 2001). 3294: 3077:The New England Journal of Medicine 2973:"Environmental Allergies: Symptoms" 2562: 2413:American Board of Internal Medicine 1915:A review found no effectiveness of 1733:testing, urine autoinjection, skin 1143:hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 941:urushiol-induced contact dermatitis 939:Another non-food protein reaction, 237:, are various conditions caused by 24: 10695:Medical Scientist Training Program 8164:Analytical chemist Georgina Ross ( 7774:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00687.x 7686:Von Pirquet C (1946). "Allergie". 7666:Von Pirquet C (1906). "Allergie". 7544:10.1097/01.moo.0000122311.13359.30 6184:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.22047 5813:. 23 February 2011. Archived from 5654:Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 5629:10.1016/b978-0-443-06974-1.00001-4 4703:from the original on 30 April 2013 4650:from the original on 22 July 2011. 4018:from the original on 14 April 2015 3778:from the original on 28 June 2009. 2866:May JR, Dolen WK (December 2017). 1898:enzyme potentiated desensitization 1250: 795:may be allergic to one or to many 431:(allergic conjunctivitis, watery) 351:. In severe reactions, injectable 25: 10924: 9978:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 8223:to help reach a consensus. › 8144: 7998:from the original on 20 July 2011 7336:"Reduce Allergens By Cleanliness" 6984:Clinical and Experimental Allergy 6939:Clinical and Experimental Allergy 6673:Rank MA, Li JT (September 2007). 6215:Allergic and Environmental Asthma 5863:Clinical and Experimental Allergy 4985:Clinical and Experimental Allergy 1682:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 1274: 10865: 10853: 10827: 10817: 10807: 10797: 10788: 10787: 9615:Hemolytic disease of the newborn 9385: 9373: 9361: 9349: 9338: 9337: 8980:Inner ear decompression sickness 8185: 8173: 8036: 7846: 7748: 7721: 7642: 7615: 7334:Dablo, Rose (20 December 2022). 7327: 7253: 7112:. UK Web Archive. Archived from 7097: 7074: 6996:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01999.x 6951:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02463.x 6899:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00854.x 6863:from the original on 5 July 2016 6849: 6837:from the original on 2 July 2016 6823: 6707: 6637:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02309.x 6553: 6409: 6360: 6207: 6175: 6099:from the original on 4 June 2016 6054:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00230.x 5765:Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 5329:10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x 5141:10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00728.x 4997:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02780.x 3956:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01332.x 3265:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x 1919:and no difference compared with 1848: 1699: 1626: 1597: 943:, originates after contact with 935:Toxins interacting with proteins 920: 889:with some other plant proteins. 453:, sometimes outright attacks of 10828: 9797:Subacute bacterial endocarditis 9659:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura 9374: 8018:"AAAAI – What is an Allergist?" 6760:Clinical Allergy and Immunology 6733:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2840 6162: 5998: 5957: 5897: 5875:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.2324.x 5799: 5756: 5645: 5561: 5280:Revue Scientifique et Technique 5163: 5068: 4689: 4654: 4586: 4413: 4372: 4357: 4326: 4205: 4106: 4065: 4030: 4004: 3992: 3935: 3858: 3816: 3782: 3665: 3288: 3239: 3212: 3113: 3009:. 21 April 2015. Archived from 2995: 2979:. 22 April 2015. Archived from 2885:10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.10.006 2823:British Journal of Pharmacology 2740:. 22 April 2015. Archived from 2233:Radiometric assays include the 1946: 1669:to commonly inhaled allergens. 1010:Allergic diseases are strongly 10685:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 10119:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 7755:Stanworth DR (February 1993). 7715:Clinical Aspects of Immunology 6578:10.1002/14651858.CD001936.pub2 6503:10.1002/14651858.CD001186.pub2 5077:"Stress and allergic diseases" 4514:European Journal of Pediatrics 4078:Journal of Experimental Botany 2859: 2810: 2354:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine 2228: 1763:Allergy prevention in children 892: 647:factors. Host factors include 564:. Food allergies rarely cause 355:(epinephrine) is recommended. 62:are a common allergic symptom. 13: 1: 9877:Postorgasmic illness syndrome 9214:environmental skin conditions 9007:High-altitude pulmonary edema 8208: 7353:Strachan DP (November 1989). 6539:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60004-X 6087:"Blood Testing for Allergies" 5943:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62550-1 5539:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61587-6 5492:Current Opinion in Immunology 4675:10.1016/S0167-5699(00)01582-6 4595:Allergy and allergic diseases 4572:10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81408-8 4477:10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00322-5 3999:Maleki, Burks & Helm 2006 3627:Journal of Asthma and Allergy 3559:Archives of Internal Medicine 3222:Patterson's Allergic Diseases 3050:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60220-7 2917:. 21 May 2015. Archived from 2655:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62124-2 2533:. 29 May 2015. Archived from 2510: 2199:that described four types of 1793: 1781: 1756: 1694:chemiluminescence immunoassay 700:. It is the manifestation of 670: 10665:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 10432:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 10044: 9934:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 9204:Tropical anhidrotic asthenia 9013:High-altitude cerebral edema 8654:Acute interstitial nephritis 8526:Eosinophilic gastroenteritis 8404:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 8193:travel guide from Wikivoyage 6386:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31824d5da2 6335:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002507 5431:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.01.019 5396:10.1126/science.296.5567.490 4916:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040070 4012:"World Allergy Organization" 3621:Ludman SW, Boyle RJ (2015). 2527:"Types of Allergic Diseases" 2405:American Board of Pediatrics 2399:(to become an internist) or 2266:Food and Drug Administration 1716:Elimination/challenge tests: 1505: 1387:, during which they release 1355:2 cells interact with other 7: 10000:Systemic autoimmune disease 9836:Allergic contact dermatitis 9756:Hypersensitivity vasculitis 9639:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia 9226:frictional/traumatic/sports 8852:Chronic radiation keratosis 8467:Hypersensitivity vasculitis 8462:Allergic contact dermatitis 7713:Gell PG, Coombs RR (1963). 5253:10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.006 4824:. Informa UK Limited: 143. 4304:(3). Elsevier BV: 303–312. 4171:Annals of Internal Medicine 3861:"Managing House Dust Mites" 3789:Alderman L (4 March 2011). 3572:10.1001/archinte.161.8.1057 2478: 2475:for eosinophilic diseases. 2465: 2452:Royal College of Physicians 2210:, sometimes clarified as a 1896:An experimental treatment, 1688:(RAST), fluorescent enzyme 1481:allergic contact dermatitis 1475:Allergic contact dermatitis 1161:Alterations in exposure to 1149:Other environmental factors 1121:rather than vaginal birth. 1005: 314:immunoglobulin E antibodies 10: 10929: 10893:Effects of external causes 9506:common allergies include: 9318:Pseudoacanthosis nigricans 8127:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.02.013 7885:10.4049/jimmunol.102.4.884 7261:"Allergy Facts | AAFA.org" 7083:"U.S. POPClock Projection" 5732:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.007 5623:. Elsevier. p. 1–12. 5170:Ogren TL (29 April 2015). 5044:10.1164/rccm.200612-1793OC 4741:10.3389/falgy.2022.1051368 4458:Galli SJ (February 2000). 4311:10.1016/j.alit.2021.04.001 3431:"Insect sting anaphylaxis" 3219:Leslie C. Grammer (2012). 2789:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025 2783:(4): 625–36, quiz 637–38. 2768:Simons FE (October 2009). 2697:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020 2615:"Food Allergy An Overview" 2442:before qualifying for the 2201:hypersensitivity reactions 2138: 1863:Anti-allergy immunotherapy 1852: 1760: 1601: 1594:in the last several days. 1083: 969:integral membrane proteins 924: 902: 896: 723: 674: 568:(asthmatic) reactions, or 529:, coughing, and wheezing. 381:Common signs and symptoms 29: 10783: 10705: 10643: 10404: 10332: 10287: 10196: 10067: 10052: 9960: 9926: 9917: 9895: 9849: 9828: 9809: 9779: 9733: 9718: 9677: 9629: 9622: 9608: 9578: 9553: 9468: 9445: 9333: 9170: 9142: 9097: 9089:Space adaptation syndrome 9066: 9040: 9024: 8997:Chronic mountain sickness 8940: 8915: 8902:Radiation recall reaction 8892:Radiation-induced morphea 8844: 8795:Warm water immersion foot 8767: 8741: 8734: 8662: 8644: 8626: 8511: 8493: 8475: 8437: 8429:Laboratory animal allergy 8383: 8308: 8238: 7371:10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259 6461:10.1007/s12016-015-8487-6 6426:10.1002/14651858.CD006474 6238:American Family Physician 5777:10.1007/s11882-011-0226-3 5666:10.1007/s11882-006-0021-8 5504:10.1016/j.coi.2006.09.011 5093:10.1016/j.iac.2010.09.009 4822:ImmunoTargets and Therapy 4795:10.1016/j.iac.2008.09.005 4789:(1). Elsevier BV: 41–52. 4626:10.1513/pats.200607-146JG 4560:The Journal of Pediatrics 4298:Allergology International 3718:10.1080/07853890802082096 3596:American Family Physician 3528:American Family Physician 3447:10.1016/j.iac.2007.03.008 3339:Holgate ST (March 1998). 2374: 2339: 2334: 2320: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2281: 1802:processes. These include 1719:symptoms are reproduced. 1124: 778:inflammation of the colon 336:. Further testing of the 297:are separate conditions. 289:, or swelling. Note that 220: 192: 181: 173: 157: 140: 136:and environmental factors 129: 103: 78: 66: 58: 49: 44: 10619:Transplantation medicine 10510:Clinical neurophysiology 10427:Obstetric anesthesiology 10347:Interventional radiology 10107:Digestive system surgery 9751:Henoch–Schönlein purpura 9566:Eosinophilic esophagitis 9271:Weathering nodule of ear 8887:Radiation-induced keloid 8872:Radiation-induced cancer 8802:Non-freezing cold injury 8780:Immersion foot syndromes 8531:Eosinophilic esophagitis 8221:templates for discussion 7823:10.4049/jimmunol.97.1.75 7728:Szebeni J (8 May 2007). 7461:10.1136/bmj.320.7232.412 7303:10.1258/jrsm.2008.080196 6675:"Allergen immunotherapy" 5469:10.1016/j.pt.2005.02.002 4887:. Retrieved 6 July 2008. 4697:"The Hygiene Hypothesis" 3398:10.1136/bmj.316.7132.686 2738:"Allergen Immunotherapy" 2691:(2): 291–307, quiz 308. 2582:10.1258/0007142001903481 2569:British Medical Bulletin 2235:radioallergosorbent test 1906:T-regulatory lymphocytes 1885:sublingual immunotherapy 1843:epinephrine autoinjector 1686:radioallergosorbent test 1485:type IV hypersensitivity 1189:from white blood cells ( 1139:autonomic nervous system 837: 734:, eggs, wheat, peanuts, 719: 659:during early childhood, 634: 87:, itchy rash, vomiting, 10913:Immune system disorders 10490:Intensive care medicine 10464:Mass gathering medicine 10309:Maternal–fetal medicine 9867:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 9654:Guillain–Barré syndrome 9199:Sclerosing lymphangitis 8790:Tropical immersion foot 8675:Allergic conjunctivitis 8636:Eosinophilic meningitis 8477:Blood and immune system 8045:Allergy: the unmet need 7963:. EDTECH. p. 228. 7921:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 6787:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 6679:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 6019:10.1067/mai.2001.114708 5983:10.1067/mai.2000.107041 4962:10.1378/chest.129.3.610 3699:Grammatikos AP (2008). 2444:General Medical Council 1932:saline nasal irrigation 1329:antigen-presenting cell 663:, allergen levels, and 661:environmental pollution 599: 572:. Insect stings, food, 265:. Symptoms may include 10082:Cardiothoracic surgery 9968:Autoimmune adrenalitis 9286:Painful fat herniation 9266:Vibration white finger 8975:Decompression sickness 8832:Erythrocyanosis crurum 8409:Eosinophilic pneumonia 8169: 7917:"Allergy skin testing" 7757:"The discovery of IgE" 7582:Asthma Allergy Immunol 6720:JAMA Internal Medicine 6291:10.1542/peds.2019-0281 5457:Trends in Parasitology 5293:10.20506/rst.19.1.1218 4734:. Frontiers Media SA. 4262:10.3949/ccjm.82a.14111 4072:Herman EM (May 2003). 3429:Golden DB (May 2007). 3358:10.1093/qjmed/91.3.171 3316:Conn's Current Therapy 2277:Allergist/Immunologist 2262: 2145:Julio-Claudian dynasty 1972:Allergic rhinitis 1917:homeopathic treatments 1864: 1855:Allergen immunotherapy 1820:antileukotriene agents 1788:Allergen immunotherapy 1741:Differential diagnosis 1615: 1557: 1549: 1515: 1324: 1271: 1260: 766:Milk-protein allergies 496:Gastrointestinal tract 389:Swelling of the nasal 357:Allergen immunotherapy 187:allergen immunotherapy 159:Differential diagnosis 10733:Personalized medicine 10592:Reproductive medicine 10517:Occupational medicine 10471:Evolutionary medicine 9241:Fissure of the nipple 9209:UV-sensitive syndrome 9134:Adverse drug reaction 8963:Middle ear barotrauma 8953:Arterial gas embolism 8163: 8068:on 28 November 2007. 7872:Journal of Immunology 7810:Journal of Immunology 7494:Epidemiologic Reviews 6137:10.1186/1710-1492-8-1 5587:10.1186/1471-5945-2-9 4855:Pediatric Pulmonology 4526:10.1007/s004310051024 4048:"Lactose Intolerance" 3492:10.1592/phco.27.4.542 3089:10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 2945:McConnell TH (2007). 2872:Clinical Therapeutics 2505:Oral allergy syndrome 2495:Histamine intolerance 2257: 1862: 1816:mast cell stabilizers 1761:Further information: 1611: 1555: 1547: 1513: 1282: 1269:allergic inflammation 1266: 1258: 1041:The risk of allergic 905:Adverse drug reaction 211:mast cell stabilizers 30:For the journal, see 10903:Respiratory diseases 10753:Traditional medicine 10713:Alternative medicine 10580:Addiction psychiatry 10394:Transfusion medicine 10389:Medical microbiology 10304:Gynecologic oncology 10156:Reproductive surgery 9973:Autoimmune hepatitis 9952:Transplant rejection 9862:Giant cell arteritis 9792:Rheumatoid arthritis 9649:Goodpasture syndrome 9561:Autoimmune urticaria 9236:Equestrian perniosis 8646:Genitourinary system 8182:at Wikimedia Commons 7957:Mccarty, C. (2018). 7717:. London: Blackwell. 7668:Munch Med Wochenschr 6893:(nSuppl 79): 25–31. 6662:on 12 November 2011. 6234:"Vasomotor rhinitis" 5419:Molecular Immunology 5217:10.1056/NEJMoa020057 4728:Frontiers in Allergy 3208:on 20 November 2012. 2649:(6 Suppl 1): 56–60. 2440:specialist registrar 2239:radioactive isotopes 2180:meaning "other" and 1940:alternative medicine 1892:Alternative medicine 1556:Skin testing on back 1267:Tissues affected in 927:Insect sting allergy 441:Sneezing, coughing, 10775:History of medicine 10758:Veterinary medicine 10565:Preventive medicine 10417:Adolescent medicine 10259:Infectious diseases 9439:autoimmune diseases 9323:Narcotic dermopathy 9231:Black heel and palm 9184:Dermatosis neglecta 9058:Psychological abuse 8897:Radiation poisoning 8377:Allergic conditions 7186:on 30 November 2010 7160:on 30 November 2010 7116:on 2 December 2002. 7110:National Statistics 6196:"Allergy Diagnosis" 5817:on 17 January 2012. 5378:2002Sci...296..490Y 5317:Parasite Immunology 5177:Scientific American 5129:Parasite Immunology 3824:"Dust Mite Allergy" 3184:on 17 October 2015. 3139:10.1155/2014/354250 3120:Thomsen SF (2014). 2911:"Allergic Diseases" 2278: 2167:Clemens von Pirquet 2120:Helicobacter pylori 2107:pathogens, such as 1957: 1910:autoimmune diseases 1727:applied kinesiology 1671:Statistical methods 1548:Skin testing on arm 1442:Late-phase response 1199:Toll-like receptors 1020:non-identical twins 832:genetic engineering 770:lactose intolerance 657:infectious diseases 527:shortness of breath 443:bronchoconstriction 365:Clemens von Pirquet 287:shortness of breath 146:Based on symptoms, 93:shortness of breath 10723:Molecular oncology 10680:Doctor of Medicine 10670:Master of Medicine 10587:Radiation oncology 10459:Emergency medicine 10412:Addiction medicine 10379:Clinical chemistry 10374:Clinical pathology 10166:Transplant surgery 10124:Orthopedic surgery 10102:Colorectal surgery 9882:Reactive arthritis 9872:Multiple sclerosis 9766:Reactive arthritis 9664:Pemphigus vulgaris 9644:Bullous pemphigoid 9545:Penicillin allergy 9481:Allergic urticaria 9293:Uranium dermatosis 9246:Pulling boat hands 9155:Lightning injuries 8495:Circulatory system 8385:Respiratory system 8309:External resources 8170: 8168:) about allergies 7087:U.S. Census Bureau 6631:(Suppl 91): 1–59. 6256:on 21 August 2008. 5726:(6 Suppl): S1–58. 4867:10.1002/ppul.10323 4831:10.2147/itt.s61528 4566:(5 Pt 2): S58–63. 4379:Frankel E (1991). 4364:Keeler HL (1900). 4091:10.1093/jxb/erg164 3795:The New York Times 3705:Annals of Medicine 3640:10.2147/JAA.S62288 3441:(2): 261–72, vii. 2382:Hospitals, Clinics 2348:Doctor of Medicine 2341:Education required 2276: 2082:hygiene hypothesis 2071:Changing frequency 1955: 1902:beta-glucuronidase 1865: 1747:Vasomotor rhinitis 1705:Challenge testing: 1621:contact dermatitis 1616: 1558: 1550: 1540:Skin prick testing 1516: 1325: 1295:– FcεRI receptor; 1272: 1261: 1245:Helminthic therapy 1086:Hygiene hypothesis 1080:Hygiene hypothesis 953:western poison oak 949:eastern poison oak 869:itching and local 793:tree nut allergies 758:, rather than the 610:contact dermatitis 594:low blood pressure 586:circulatory system 582:respiratory system 371:Signs and symptoms 10841: 10840: 10675:Master of Surgery 10639: 10638: 10624:Tropical medicine 10570:Prison healthcare 10485:Hospital medicine 10449:Disaster medicine 10439:Aviation medicine 10254:Hospital medicine 10161:Surgical oncology 10146:Pediatric surgery 10140: 10087:Endocrine surgery 10012: 10011: 10008: 10007: 9913: 9912: 9805: 9804: 9714: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9702:Pernicious anemia 9697:Myasthenia gravis 9574: 9573: 9497:Atopic dermatitis 9486:Allergic rhinitis 9401: 9400: 9150:Electrical injury 8992:Altitude sickness 8840: 8839: 8693: 8692: 8685:Dust mite allergy 8457:Atopic dermatitis 8393:Allergic rhinitis 8343: 8342: 8178:Media related to 8161: 8095:978-0-10-401149-2 8058:978-1-86016-183-4 7970:978-1-83947-284-8 7741:978-1-4020-8056-2 7688:Annals of Allergy 7421:978-3-8055-8000-7 7412:10.1159/000090228 7365:(6710): 1259–60. 6859:. 11 April 2013. 6692:10.4065/82.9.1119 5638:978-0-443-06974-1 5533:(9596): 1396–98. 5135:(11–12): 455–67. 4390:978-0-940168-18-3 4215:Annals of Allergy 4132:10.1111/all.12076 3928:978-1-55581-375-8 3895:on 6 October 2012 3771:978-0-8153-4101-7 3685:978-0-943126-73-9 3325:978-0-7216-3864-5 3232:978-1-4511-4863-3 2958:978-0-7817-5317-3 2878:(12): 2410–2419. 2835:10.1111/bph.12138 2500:List of allergens 2397:internal medicine 2386: 2385: 2272:Medical specialty 2114:Toxoplasma gondii 2068: 2067: 1961:Allergy type 1926:According to the 1723:Unreliable tests: 1684:(ELISA, or EIA), 1423:stimulation, and 1119:caesarean section 994:, and streaking. 677:Dust mite allergy 514: 513: 489:hives (urticaria) 395:allergic rhinitis 291:food intolerances 255:atopic dermatitis 235:allergic diseases 228: 227: 164:Food intolerances 142:Diagnostic method 116:atopic dermatitis 39:Medical condition 32:Allergy (journal) 16:(Redirected from 10920: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10858: 10857: 10849: 10831: 10830: 10821: 10811: 10810: 10801: 10800: 10791: 10790: 10495:Medical genetics 10480:General practice 10357:Nuclear medicine 10232:Gastroenterology 10188:Vascular surgery 10138: 10065: 10064: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10016: 10015: 9995:Sjögren syndrome 9924: 9923: 9826: 9825: 9731: 9730: 9627: 9626: 9606: 9605: 9466: 9465: 9435:Hypersensitivity 9428: 9421: 9414: 9405: 9404: 9389: 9377: 9376: 9365: 9364: 9353: 9352: 9341: 9340: 9177:physical factors 9173:skin conditions 9105:Hypersensitivity 8822:Cold intolerance 8739: 8738: 8726:Consequences of 8720: 8713: 8706: 8697: 8696: 8663:Other conditions 8513:Digestive system 8370: 8363: 8356: 8347: 8346: 8236: 8235: 8205: 8189: 8177: 8162: 8139: 8138: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8061:. Archived from 8050: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7954: 7945: 7944: 7933:10.4065/70.8.783 7912: 7906: 7905: 7887: 7863: 7857: 7856:1967; 13:381–94. 7850: 7844: 7843: 7825: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7776: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7683: 7663: 7657: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7603: 7593: 7591:10.21911/aai.406 7573: 7564: 7563: 7527: 7518: 7517: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7472: 7455:(7232): 412–17. 7440: 7434: 7433: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7382: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7314: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7241:on 30 March 2010 7237:. Archived from 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7215:on 30 March 2010 7211:. Archived from 7205: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7182:. Archived from 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7156:. Archived from 7150: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7130:. Archived from 7124: 7118: 7117: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7089:. Archived from 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7058:. Archived from 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7032:. 24 July 2007. 7022: 7016: 7015: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6962: 6930: 6919: 6918: 6882: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6802: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6755: 6746: 6745: 6735: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6694: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6655:. Archived from 6622: 6613: 6600: 6599: 6589: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6490: 6481: 6480: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6388: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6347: 6337: 6313: 6304: 6303: 6293: 6284:(4): e20190281. 6269: 6258: 6257: 6252:. Archived from 6229: 6223: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6192: 6186: 6179: 6173: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6149: 6139: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5985: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5743: 5711: 5700: 5697: 5686: 5685: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5599: 5589: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5452: 5443: 5442: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5389: 5372:(5567): 490–94. 5358: 5349: 5348: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5295: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5219: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5104: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5055: 5023: 5017: 5016: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4928: 4918: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4833: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4761: 4743: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4663:Immunology Today 4658: 4652: 4651: 4637: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4509: 4498: 4497: 4479: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4417: 4411: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4341:. Archived from 4330: 4324: 4323: 4313: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4264: 4240: 4231: 4230: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4166: 4153: 4152: 4134: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4093: 4084:(386): 1317–19. 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4052:Cleveland Clinic 4043: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3976: 3975: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3891:. Archived from 3885: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3865: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3840:on 26 April 2020 3839: 3833:. Archived from 3828: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3752: 3739: 3738: 3720: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3652: 3642: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3574: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3523: 3512: 3511: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3458: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3409: 3392:(7132): 686–89. 3377: 3371: 3370: 3360: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3267: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3151: 3141: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3100: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3032: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2942: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2887: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2846: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2806:on 27 June 2013. 2805: 2799:. Archived from 2774: 2765: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2734: 2709: 2708: 2680: 2667: 2666: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2627:on 5 March 2016. 2626: 2620:. Archived from 2619: 2610: 2595: 2594: 2584: 2560: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2523: 2424:general medicine 2330: 2329: 2312:Activity sectors 2279: 2275: 2251:(ACAAI) and the 2219:immunoglobulin E 2187:meaning "work". 1958: 1954: 1824:Anticholinergics 1660:cross-reactivity 1430:This results in 1291:– IgE antibody; 1156:botanical sexism 1001: 774:immunoglobulin E 744:peanut allergies 690:house dust mites 578:digestive system 375: 374: 239:hypersensitivity 233:, also known as 215:antileukotrienes 54: 42: 41: 21: 10928: 10927: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10878: 10877: 10876: 10866: 10864: 10852: 10844: 10842: 10837: 10779: 10768:Chief physician 10701: 10646: 10635: 10629:Travel medicine 10614:Sports medicine 10597:Sexual medicine 10537:Palliative care 10532:Pain management 10476:Family medicine 10454:Diving medicine 10400: 10328: 10290: 10283: 10199: 10192: 10151:Plastic surgery 10097:General surgery 10077:Cardiac surgery 10058: 10056: 10048: 10043: 10013: 10004: 9956: 9919: 9909: 9891: 9887:Type 1 diabetes 9857:Coeliac disease 9845: 9817: 9801: 9775: 9741:Arthus reaction 9722: 9706: 9692:Graves' disease 9673: 9669:Rheumatic fever 9618: 9586: 9570: 9549: 9476:Allergic asthma 9457: 9441: 9432: 9402: 9397: 9329: 9219:Electrical burn 9176: 9175:resulting from 9174: 9172: 9166: 9138: 9125:Arthus reaction 9093: 9074:Motion sickness 9062: 9036: 9020: 8936: 8932:Oxygen toxicity 8911: 8836: 8763: 8730: 8728:external causes 8724: 8694: 8689: 8658: 8640: 8622: 8521:Coeliac disease 8507: 8489: 8471: 8433: 8379: 8374: 8344: 8339: 8338: 8304: 8303: 8247: 8224: 8196: 8149: 8147: 8142: 8111: 8107: 8096: 8080: 8076: 8065: 8059: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8027: 8025: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7955: 7948: 7913: 7909: 7864: 7860: 7851: 7847: 7802: 7798: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7726: 7722: 7711: 7707: 7664: 7660: 7647: 7643: 7620: 7616: 7606: 7604: 7574: 7567: 7528: 7521: 7490: 7486: 7441: 7437: 7422: 7400: 7396: 7351: 7347: 7332: 7328: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7244: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7199: 7189: 7187: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7137: 7135: 7134:on 18 July 2011 7126: 7125: 7121: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7093:on 16 May 2012. 7081: 7079: 7075: 7065: 7063: 7062:on 18 July 2011 7054: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7024: 7023: 7019: 6980: 6976: 6931: 6922: 6883: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6840: 6838: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6809:10.4065/82.1.69 6800:10.1.1.456.5352 6783: 6779: 6756: 6749: 6712: 6708: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6620: 6614: 6603: 6572:(1): CD001936. 6558: 6554: 6522: 6518: 6497:(8): CD001186. 6491: 6484: 6445: 6441: 6420:(3): CD006474. 6414: 6410: 6365: 6361: 6328:(2): e1002507. 6314: 6307: 6270: 6261: 6230: 6226: 6212: 6208: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6180: 6176: 6167: 6163: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6085: 6084: 6077: 6038: 6034: 6003: 5999: 5962: 5958: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5841:on 1 April 2019 5838: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5761: 5757: 5712: 5703: 5698: 5689: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5617: 5613: 5574:BMC Dermatology 5566: 5562: 5523: 5519: 5488: 5484: 5453: 5446: 5425:(12): 3256–60. 5415: 5411: 5387:10.1.1.570.9502 5359: 5352: 5313: 5309: 5272: 5268: 5237: 5233: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5168: 5164: 5125: 5118: 5073: 5069: 5024: 5020: 4981: 4977: 4946: 4942: 4895: 4891: 4851: 4847: 4814: 4810: 4779: 4775: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4659: 4655: 4606: 4602: 4591: 4587: 4556: 4549: 4510: 4501: 4464:Current Biology 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4431: 4418: 4414: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4377: 4373: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4345:on 21 July 2009 4331: 4327: 4290: 4286: 4241: 4234: 4210: 4206: 4167: 4156: 4111: 4107: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3979: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3915: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3787: 3783: 3772: 3753: 3742: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3619: 3615: 3592: 3588: 3551: 3547: 3524: 3515: 3480:Pharmacotherapy 3476: 3472: 3427: 3423: 3378: 3374: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3312: 3308: 3293: 3289: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3118: 3114: 3069: 3065: 3033: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3013:on 18 June 2015 3001: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2983:on 18 June 2015 2971: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2943: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2921:on 18 June 2015 2909: 2908: 2901: 2864: 2860: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2772: 2766: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2744:on 17 June 2015 2736: 2735: 2712: 2681: 2670: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2598: 2563:Kay AB (2000). 2561: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2537:on 17 June 2015 2525: 2524: 2517: 2513: 2490:GWAS in allergy 2485:Allergic shiner 2481: 2468: 2415:(ABIM), or the 2379: 2377: 2342: 2325: 2324: 2313: 2301: 2300:Occupation type 2274: 2231: 2141: 2130: 2126: 2095: 2090: 2073: 1967:United Kingdom 1949: 1894: 1857: 1851: 1808:glucocorticoids 1796: 1784: 1765: 1759: 1743: 1702: 1629: 1606: 1600: 1542: 1508: 1477: 1470: 1444: 1354: 1351:(IL-4). These T 1343:that produce a 1336: 1277: 1253: 1251:Pathophysiology 1205:Parasitic worms 1151: 1127: 1088: 1082: 1016:identical twins 1008: 999: 977:immune response 937: 929: 923: 911: 901: 895: 840: 815:. In addition, 786:digestive tract 768:—distinct from 728: 722: 679: 673: 637: 602: 470:eustachian tube 459:laryngeal edema 373: 334:medical history 259:allergic asthma 148:skin prick test 120:allergic asthma 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10926: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10875: 10874: 10862: 10839: 10838: 10836: 10835: 10825: 10815: 10805: 10795: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10709: 10707: 10706:Related topics 10703: 10702: 10700: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10655:Medical school 10651: 10649: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10631: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10609:Sleep medicine 10606: 10605: 10604: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10583: 10582: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10556: 10551: 10550: 10549: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10473: 10468: 10467: 10466: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10422:Anesthesiology 10419: 10414: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10352:Neuroradiology 10349: 10338: 10336: 10330: 10329: 10327: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10295: 10293: 10289:Obstetrics and 10285: 10284: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10240: 10239: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10204: 10202: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10190: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10173: 10171:Trauma surgery 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10134:Otolaryngology 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10073: 10071: 10062: 10060:subspecialties 10050: 10049: 10042: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10019: 10010: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9975: 9970: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9930: 9928: 9921: 9915: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9901: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9853: 9851: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9843: 9838: 9832: 9830: 9823: 9807: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9783: 9781: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9771:Serum sickness 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9737: 9735: 9728: 9725:Immune complex 9716: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9688: 9686: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9635: 9633: 9624: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9612: 9610: 9603: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9599: 9594: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9557: 9555: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9483: 9478: 9472: 9470: 9463: 9443: 9442: 9431: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9408: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9383: 9371: 9359: 9347: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9295: 9290: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9276:Wrestler's ear 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9256:Surfer's knots 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9180: 9178: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9146: 9144: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9101: 9099: 9098:Adverse effect 9095: 9094: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9070: 9068: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9048:Physical abuse 9044: 9042: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8972: 8971: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8867:Radiation burn 8864: 8862:Radiation acne 8859: 8854: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8777: 8771: 8769: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8745: 8743: 8736: 8732: 8731: 8723: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8700: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8650: 8648: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8638: 8632: 8630: 8628:Nervous system 8624: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8517: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8499: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8485:Serum sickness 8481: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8443: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8389: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8373: 8372: 8365: 8358: 8350: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8325: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8290: 8279: 8264: 8248: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8239:Classification 8233: 8232: 8206: 8194: 8183: 8146: 8145:External links 8143: 8141: 8140: 8121:(6): 1462–69. 8105: 8094: 8074: 8070:(1.03 MB) 8057: 8035: 8009: 7983: 7969: 7946: 7907: 7878:(4): 884–892. 7858: 7845: 7796: 7747: 7740: 7720: 7705: 7658: 7641: 7614: 7565: 7519: 7484: 7435: 7420: 7394: 7345: 7326: 7297:(11): 558–63. 7277: 7252: 7226: 7197: 7171: 7145: 7119: 7096: 7073: 7047: 7017: 6990:(7): 1007–10. 6974: 6920: 6874: 6848: 6822: 6777: 6747: 6726:(8): 1301–09. 6706: 6685:(9): 1119–23. 6665: 6601: 6552: 6516: 6482: 6439: 6408: 6359: 6305: 6259: 6244:(6): 1057–62. 6224: 6206: 6187: 6174: 6161: 6110: 6075: 6032: 5997: 5976:(6): 1077–84. 5956: 5921: 5896: 5869:(9): 1220–26. 5852: 5820: 5798: 5755: 5701: 5687: 5644: 5637: 5611: 5560: 5517: 5482: 5444: 5409: 5362:Yazdanbakhsh M 5350: 5323:(10): 525–34. 5307: 5266: 5231: 5210:(12): 869–77. 5190: 5162: 5116: 5067: 5018: 4975: 4940: 4889: 4845: 4808: 4773: 4714: 4688: 4653: 4600: 4585: 4547: 4499: 4450: 4412: 4396: 4389: 4371: 4356: 4339:GlobalTwitcher 4325: 4284: 4255:(5): 295–300. 4232: 4204: 4154: 4105: 4064: 4038: 4029: 4003: 3991: 3977: 3934: 3927: 3906: 3877: 3851: 3815: 3781: 3770: 3740: 3691: 3684: 3664: 3613: 3602:(5): 1123–28. 3586: 3565:(8): 1057–64. 3545: 3534:(7): 1325–32. 3513: 3470: 3421: 3372: 3331: 3324: 3306: 3287: 3238: 3231: 3211: 3187: 3163: 3112: 3063: 3024: 2994: 2964: 2957: 2932: 2899: 2858: 2809: 2755: 2710: 2668: 2630: 2596: 2548: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2477: 2467: 2464: 2459:House of Lords 2384: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2273: 2270: 2230: 2227: 2140: 2137: 2128: 2124: 2093: 2088: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2044: 2043:Food allergies 2040: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2032:Drug allergies 2029: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1948: 1945: 1893: 1890: 1878:conjunctivitis 1853:Main article: 1850: 1847: 1814:(adrenaline), 1804:antihistamines 1795: 1792: 1783: 1780: 1758: 1755: 1742: 1739: 1701: 1698: 1653:in the blood. 1651:IgE antibodies 1628: 1625: 1602:Main article: 1599: 1596: 1592:antihistamines 1541: 1538: 1507: 1504: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1443: 1440: 1405:prostaglandins 1352: 1339:, a subset of 1334: 1276: 1275:Acute response 1273: 1252: 1249: 1187:interleukin-12 1183:interleukin-10 1167:atopic allergy 1163:microorganisms 1150: 1147: 1135:interleukin 12 1126: 1123: 1084:Main article: 1081: 1078: 1007: 1004: 936: 933: 925:Main article: 922: 919: 897:Main article: 894: 891: 839: 836: 724:Main article: 721: 718: 675:Main article: 672: 669: 636: 633: 601: 598: 512: 511: 501:Abdominal pain 498: 492: 491: 478: 474: 473: 466: 462: 461: 439: 433: 432: 421: 415: 414: 408: 402: 401: 397:) runny nose, 387: 383: 382: 379: 378:Affected organ 372: 369: 349:antihistamines 295:food poisoning 251:food allergies 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 203:antihistamines 196: 190: 189: 183: 179: 178: 175: 171: 170: 168:food poisoning 161: 155: 154: 144: 138: 137: 131: 127: 126: 112:food allergies 105: 101: 100: 82: 76: 75: 70: 64: 63: 56: 55: 47: 46: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10925: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10908:Immune system 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10873: 10863: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10850: 10847: 10834: 10826: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10814: 10806: 10804: 10796: 10794: 10786: 10785: 10782: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10738:Public health 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10718:Allied health 10716: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10642: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10544: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10527:Oral medicine 10525: 10523: 10522:Ophthalmology 10520: 10518: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10403: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10384:Cytopathology 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10362: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10325: 10324:Urogynecology 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10286: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10227:Endocrinology 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10195: 10189: 10186: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10040: 10035: 10033: 10028: 10026: 10021: 10020: 10017: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9953: 9950: 9947: 9946:Latex allergy 9944: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9922: 9916: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9848: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9821: 9816: 9815:cell-mediated 9812: 9808: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9778: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9746:Farmer's lung 9744: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9681: 9676: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9628: 9625: 9621: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9543: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9429: 9424: 9422: 9417: 9415: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9372: 9370: 9369: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9348: 9346: 9345: 9336: 9335: 9332: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9303:Skin pop scar 9301: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9251:Runner's rump 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9169: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9141: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9065: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8987:High altitude 8985: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8958:Aerosinusitis 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8721: 8716: 8714: 8709: 8707: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8680:Latex allergy 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8510: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8424:Farmer's lung 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8366: 8364: 8359: 8357: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8246: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8227: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8109: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8078: 8071: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8047: 8046: 8039: 8023: 8019: 8013: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7972: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7953: 7951: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7927:(8): 783–84. 7926: 7922: 7918: 7911: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7751: 7743: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7724: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7694:(5): 388–90. 7693: 7689: 7684:Reprinted in 7681: 7677: 7674:(5): 388–90. 7673: 7669: 7662: 7656: 7655:Who Named It? 7652: 7651: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7630:(8): 470–71. 7629: 7625: 7618: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7570: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7538:(3): 232–36. 7537: 7533: 7526: 7524: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7202: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6945:(4): 402–25. 6944: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6879: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6752: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6533:(2): 141–48. 6532: 6528: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6487: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6455:(3): 353–65. 6454: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6379:(3): 402–14. 6378: 6374: 6370: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6322:PLOS Medicine 6319: 6312: 6310: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6210: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6172: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6080: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6048:(9): 905–11. 6047: 6043: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6013:(5): 891–96. 6012: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5937:(5): 382–84. 5936: 5932: 5925: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5837: 5830: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5771:(6): 447–53. 5770: 5766: 5759: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5660:(6): 455–61. 5659: 5655: 5648: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5498:(6): 751–60. 5497: 5493: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5463:(4): 157–60. 5462: 5458: 5451: 5449: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5286:(1): 240–58. 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5247:(6): 441–52. 5246: 5242: 5241:Immunobiology 5235: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5121: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5038:(8): 735–41. 5037: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4991:(4): 629–33. 4990: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4956:(3): 610–18. 4955: 4951: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4903:PLOS Medicine 4900: 4893: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4861:(3): 209–15. 4860: 4856: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4669:(3): 118–20. 4668: 4664: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4552: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4360: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4125:(2): 142–51. 4124: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4033: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4001:, pp. 41 4000: 3995: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3950:(7): 758–65. 3949: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3882: 3862: 3855: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3819: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3761:Immunobiology 3757: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3711:(7): 482–95. 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3351:(3): 171–84. 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3258:(2): 152–67. 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3204: 3197: 3191: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3083:(5): 456–63. 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3044:(6): 580–92. 3043: 3039: 3031: 3029: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2635: 2623: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2575:(4): 843–64. 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2474: 2463: 2460: 2457:In 2006, the 2455: 2453: 2449: 2448:immunologists 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2381: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2269: 2267: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2171:Ancient Greek 2168: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2091: 2083: 2078: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1998:Atopic eczema 1997: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1964:United States 1963: 1960: 1959: 1953: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1869:immunotherapy 1861: 1856: 1849:Immunotherapy 1846: 1845:may be used. 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1828:decongestants 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:degranulation 1791: 1789: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1769:breastfeeding 1764: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1706: 1700:Other testing 1697: 1695: 1692:(FEIA), and 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667:sensitization 1663: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1627:Blood testing 1624: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1598:Patch testing 1595: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1580:mosquito bite 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1546: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1512: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1495:that produce 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1472: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1427:contraction. 1426: 1425:smooth muscle 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407:) from their 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:degranulation 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1350: 1349:interleukin-4 1346: 1342: 1338: 1330: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1270: 1265: 1257: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1122: 1120: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1043:sensitization 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1003: 995: 993: 989: 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 932: 928: 921:Insect stings 918: 916: 910: 909:Drug eruption 906: 900: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 847: 844: 835: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 761: 757: 753: 752:Egg allergies 748: 745: 741: 737: 733: 727: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 686:sensitization 683: 678: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645:environmental 642: 632: 630: 629:immunotherapy 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 534:insect stings 530: 528: 524: 520: 510: 506: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 490: 486: 482: 479: 476: 475: 471: 467: 464: 463: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 438: 435: 434: 430: 426: 422: 420: 417: 416: 413: 409: 407: 404: 403: 400: 396: 392: 388: 385: 384: 380: 377: 376: 368: 366: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 310:insect stings 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 243:immune system 240: 236: 232: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 197: 195: 191: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: 160: 156: 153: 149: 145: 143: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 83: 81: 77: 74: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 10743:Rural health 10728:Nanomedicine 10279:Rheumatology 10210: / 10207: 10129:Hand surgery 10114:Neurosurgery 9841:Mantoux test 9502:Food allergy 9450: 9390: 9378: 9366: 9354: 9342: 9297: 9225: 9213: 9119: 9053:Sexual abuse 9041:Maltreatment 8968:Pneumothorax 8827:Acrocyanosis 8817:Aerosol burn 8759:Heat syncope 8754:Hyperthermia 8670:Drug allergy 8536:Food allergy 8376: 8327: 8316: 8292: 8281: 8266: 8251: 8214: 8201: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8084: 8077: 8069: 8063:the original 8044: 8038: 8026:. Retrieved 8012: 8000:. Retrieved 7986: 7974:. Retrieved 7959: 7924: 7920: 7910: 7875: 7871: 7861: 7853: 7848: 7816:(1): 75–85. 7813: 7809: 7799: 7767:(2): 67–71. 7764: 7760: 7750: 7730: 7723: 7714: 7708: 7691: 7687: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7648: 7644: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7607:22 September 7605:. Retrieved 7601:11424/219799 7581: 7535: 7531: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7452: 7448: 7438: 7403: 7397: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7339: 7329: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7268:. Retrieved 7265:www.aafa.org 7264: 7255: 7243:. Retrieved 7239:the original 7229: 7217:. Retrieved 7213:the original 7188:. Retrieved 7184:the original 7174: 7162:. Retrieved 7158:the original 7148: 7136:. Retrieved 7132:the original 7122: 7114:the original 7109: 7099: 7091:the original 7086: 7076: 7064:. Retrieved 7060:the original 7050: 7038:. Retrieved 7029: 7020: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6942: 6938: 6890: 6886: 6865:. Retrieved 6851: 6839:. Retrieved 6825: 6793:(1): 69–75. 6790: 6786: 6780: 6763: 6759: 6723: 6719: 6709: 6682: 6678: 6668: 6657:the original 6628: 6624: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6494: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6417: 6411: 6376: 6373:Epidemiology 6372: 6362: 6325: 6321: 6281: 6277: 6254:the original 6241: 6237: 6227: 6213: 6209: 6190: 6177: 6164: 6127: 6123: 6113: 6101:. Retrieved 6090: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5912:. Retrieved 5908: 5899: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5843:. Retrieved 5836:the original 5823: 5815:the original 5810: 5801: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5723: 5719: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5620: 5614: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5460: 5456: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5369: 5365: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5181:. Retrieved 5175: 5165: 5132: 5128: 5087:(1): 55–68. 5084: 5080: 5070: 5035: 5031: 5021: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4821: 4811: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4705:. Retrieved 4691: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4620:(1): 58–68. 4617: 4613: 4603: 4594: 4588: 4563: 4559: 4520:(2): 89–94. 4517: 4513: 4470:(3): R93–5. 4467: 4463: 4453: 4441:. Retrieved 4433:"Poison Oak" 4425: 4421: 4415: 4406: 4399: 4380: 4374: 4365: 4359: 4347:. Retrieved 4343:the original 4338: 4328: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4252: 4248: 4221:(1): 35–39. 4218: 4214: 4207: 4177:(1): 43–46. 4174: 4170: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4055:. Retrieved 4051: 4041: 4032: 4020:. Retrieved 4006: 3994: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3919:Food Allergy 3918: 3897:. Retrieved 3893:the original 3868:. Retrieved 3854: 3842:. Retrieved 3835:the original 3830: 3818: 3806:. 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