2629:
751:
733:
3333:
187:
3120:
763:
4617:
3210:
162:
131:
3126:
839:
624:
4606:
3327:
714:(5–13 mya) they had spread to and become widespread across Eurasia. While the relationship of the African fossil species is comparatively straightforward, many Asian species of ostrich have been described from fragmentary remains, and their interrelationships and how they relate to the African ostriches are confusing. In India, Mongolia and
626:
630:
629:
625:
631:
628:
691:, and includes a variety of flightless forms which were present across the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Asia and North America) during the Eocene epoch. The closest relatives of Struthionidae within the Struthioniformes are the
1748:
Zelenkov, N. V.; Lavrov, A. V.; Startsev, D. B.; Vislobokova, I. A.; Lopatin, A. V. (2019). "A giant early
Pleistocene bird from eastern Europe: unexpected component of terrestrial faunas at the time of early Homo arrival".
627:
1483:
On the occurrence of fossil remains of
Struthionidae in China. In: Essays on the cenozoic of northern China. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of China (Peking), Series A, No. 3, pp. 53–77
529:
of any living land animal. With the ability to run at 70 km/h (43.5 mph), they are the fastest birds on land. They are farmed worldwide, with significant industries
890:
such as footprints rather than its body) and their association with those described from distinctive bones is contentious and in need of revision pending more good material.
1417:
973:
351:
913:
370:
949:
925:
430:
1976:
1496:
Jain, Sonal; Rai, Niraj; Kumar, Giriraj; Pruthi, Parul
Aggarwal; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Bajpai, Sunil; Pruthi, Vikas (2017-03-08). Calafell, Francesc (ed.).
332:
2671:
989:
902:
386:
324:
1794:"New Fossil Ratite (Aves: Palaeognathae) Eggshell Discoveries from the Late Miocene Baynunah Foramation of the United Arab Emirates, Arabian Peninsula"
750:
2458:
2405:
1659:
525:
They are the heaviest and largest living birds, with adult common ostriches weighing anywhere between 63.5 and 145 kilograms and laying the largest
2528:
4799:
2514:
2441:
1984:
Janz, Lisa; et al. (2009). "Dating North Asian surface assemblages with ostrich eggshell: Implications for palaeoecology and extirpation".
1677:
1440:
Janz, Lisa; et al. (2009). "Dating North Asian surface assemblages with ostrich eggshell: Implications for palaeoecology and extirpation".
3190:
3155:
2868:
2413:
4838:
4928:
3183:
2848:
2521:
4461:
2731:
2535:
3176:
2490:
2427:
4938:
4773:
2483:
4812:
2050:
1414:
2628:
1297:
4273:
1915:
4817:
732:
4958:
4278:
1245:
668:) has recently become recognized as a separate species by most authorities, while others are still reviewing the evidence.
1328:"Extinct crane-like birds (Eogruidae and Ergilornithidae) from the Cenozoic of Central Asia are indeed ostrich precursors"
1564:
806:
occurs alongside the Somali ostrich, but they are kept from interbreeding by behavioral and ecological differences. The
530:
710:~21 million years ago of Namibia in Africa, so it is proposed that genus is of African origin. By the middle to late
1925:
Hou, L.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F.; Wang, Z. (Aug 2005). "A Miocene ostrich fossil from Gansu
Province, northwest China".
1369:"The late Cenozoic history of the ostriches (Aves: Struthionidae), as revealed by fossil eggshell and bone remains"
4330:
4843:
1899:
3246:
1583:
1327:
4905:
4825:
4698:
4560:
1629:
1219:
Del Hoyo, Josep, et al. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 1. No. 8. Barcelona: Lynx edicions, 1992.
4721:
4423:
4283:
2043:
4726:
3989:
3119:
1198:
1099:
1088:
534:
4882:
1880:
4943:
4325:
3332:
1656:
1111:
617:
541:
produces about 70% of global ostrich products, with the industry largely centered around the town of
186:
17:
2013:
4466:
4398:
4288:
3831:
2121:
1077:
31:
1298:"The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources"
826:
to fill their ecological role have failed. Escaped common ostriches in
Australia have established
4446:
4247:
1368:
4948:
4869:
4638:
4257:
4232:
4200:
2036:
1840:
1478:
1415:"Genitalia, Totems and Painted Pottery: New Ceramic Discoveries in Gansu and Surrounding Areas"
1124:
409:
4804:
762:
4864:
4533:
4476:
4408:
4310:
3836:
3213:
1970:
1701:
1104:
1082:
823:
4856:
4747:
4685:
4252:
4242:
2175:
1993:
1934:
1758:
1509:
1449:
1380:
961:
343:
8:
4543:
4237:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4195:
4187:
3125:
1793:
1175:
1039:
719:
313:
151:
1997:
1938:
1762:
1513:
1453:
1384:
718:, ostriches are known to have become extinct only around, or even after, the end of the
4892:
4676:
4585:
4225:
4115:
3916:
3239:
2148:
1958:
1774:
1610:
1540:
1497:
1396:
1154:
1051:
511:
440:
359:
181:
3143:
1826:
612:, and ostriches were present across Asia as far east as China and Mongolia during the
4933:
4851:
4734:
4511:
4413:
4018:
3869:
3582:
2647:
2595:
1962:
1950:
1911:
1808:
1778:
1545:
1527:
1498:"Ancient DNA Reveals Late Pleistocene Existence of Ostriches in Indian Sub-Continent"
1400:
1349:
937:
799:
609:
378:
4135:
3537:
1392:
1301:
4953:
4580:
4481:
4375:
4370:
3879:
3791:
3717:
3702:
3652:
3162:
2810:
2356:
2001:
1942:
1766:
1602:
1535:
1517:
1457:
1388:
1339:
1193:
1158:
1066:
1028:
798:, having evolved isolated from the common ostrich by the geographic barrier of the
680:
652:
in 1758. The genus was used by
Linnaeus and other early taxonomists to include the
613:
570:
419:
292:
248:
4739:
1770:
1344:
4690:
4516:
4418:
3856:
3811:
3801:
3642:
3419:
3276:
2688:
2504:
2420:
2340:
2106:
1866:
Andersson, Johan Gunnar (1943). "Researches into the prehistory of the
Chinese".
1663:
1522:
1421:
1116:
1016:
1004:
807:
692:
550:
546:
402:
394:
4830:
4661:
4486:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4009:
3841:
3697:
3522:
3487:
3462:
3454:
3399:
3364:
3041:
2303:
1270:
1129:
1071:
795:
791:
519:
515:
507:
143:
139:
4703:
2005:
1461:
1160:
Catalogue of the Genera and
Subgenera of Birds contained in the British Museum
4922:
4621:
4528:
4433:
4348:
4320:
4170:
4070:
3921:
3884:
3771:
3677:
3672:
3647:
3507:
3492:
3326:
3306:
3291:
3232:
3014:
2950:
2858:
2568:
2546:
2333:
2245:
2232:
2187:
2059:
1954:
1812:
1531:
1353:
1184:
1093:
1059:
878:
803:
676:
649:
598:
574:
275:
258:
238:
171:
166:
88:
1910:. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. p. 99.
1792:
Bibi, Faysal; Shabel, Alan B.; Kraatz, Brian P.; Stidham, Thomas A. (2006).
827:
699:
of Asia. It is therefore most likely that
Struthionidae originated in Asia.
4550:
4538:
4506:
4390:
4075:
4014:
3979:
3939:
3737:
3574:
3562:
3472:
3369:
3281:
3169:
2972:
2888:
2398:
2388:
1549:
887:
538:
284:
782:, where they occur in a range of open arid and semi-arid habitats such as
4786:
4670:
4610:
4521:
4471:
4456:
4441:
4160:
4150:
4120:
4050:
4045:
3984:
3969:
3911:
3906:
3891:
3712:
3692:
3617:
3607:
3592:
3587:
3542:
3512:
3502:
3467:
3444:
3316:
3311:
3069:
3057:
3030:
2990:
2981:
2929:
2895:
2803:
2738:
2680:
2558:
2266:
2160:
859:
657:
594:
586:
554:
456:
63:
4713:
2072:
4778:
4590:
4565:
4085:
4080:
3999:
3846:
3707:
3414:
3409:
3374:
3000:
2943:
2913:
2817:
2776:
2711:
2659:
2319:
2277:
2014:"Seagull Publishers:: K-8 segment | Books | Practice manuals"
1946:
1614:
1062:(Early Pliocene – Early Holocene of Central Asia to China? and Morocco)
811:
723:
684:
664:, until they each were placed in their own genera. The Somali ostrich (
542:
500:
108:
73:
1581:
1243:
722:; images of ostriches have been found prehistoric Chinese pottery and
4791:
4760:
4403:
4125:
4033:
4023:
4004:
3974:
3826:
3786:
3752:
3722:
3657:
3517:
3482:
3404:
3384:
3341:
3271:
3078:
3023:
2957:
2879:
2473:
2451:
2373:
2326:
2312:
2288:
2133:
2028:
981:
883:
661:
590:
198:
130:
113:
57:
4632:
1606:
818:
were hunted to extinction by the middle of the 20th century, and in
4765:
4655:
4575:
4570:
4380:
4130:
4110:
4105:
4095:
4090:
3959:
3949:
3901:
3864:
3667:
3622:
3597:
3557:
3527:
3477:
3389:
3379:
3095:
3085:
2922:
2796:
2769:
2721:
2084:
1032:
696:
218:
103:
98:
83:
78:
68:
50:
4900:
4752:
4451:
4315:
4165:
4145:
4028:
3954:
3821:
3796:
3766:
3758:
3742:
3727:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3612:
3602:
3552:
3497:
3359:
3263:
2936:
2902:
2832:
2787:
2699:
1747:
1634:
846:
838:
783:
711:
707:
118:
93:
46:
4140:
4040:
3994:
3895:
3874:
3816:
3806:
3776:
3662:
3547:
3394:
3349:
2078:
2018:
Seagull
Learning – A Unit of Seagull Publishers Private Limited
1584:"Phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial DNA of the Ostrich (
819:
815:
779:
688:
578:
208:
1725:
Wang, S. (2008). "Rediscussion in the taxonomic assignment of
1046:, East Asian ostrich (Late Pleistocene of China to Mongolia) –
4877:
4555:
4155:
4100:
4065:
4060:
3964:
3944:
3732:
3682:
3424:
3301:
1367:
Mikhailov, Konstantin E.; Zelenkov, Nikita (September 2020).
843:
787:
715:
561:
549:
is a lucrative commodity, and the large feathers are used as
4605:
3781:
3687:
3532:
3434:
3429:
3354:
3255:
2090:
742:
503:
228:
790:, both north and south of the equatorial forest zone. The
4055:
3439:
3286:
2756:
756:
Size comparison (with a chicken egg and a US dollar bill)
653:
602:
582:
526:
996:(Late Pleistocene of Tanzania) – probably subspecies of
778:
Today, ostriches are only found natively in the wild in
3224:
1843:(1943). "Research into the prehistory of the Chinese".
1791:
1582:
Freitag, Stephanie & Robinson, Terence J. (1993).
1295:
1173:
980:(Late Miocene – Early Pliocene of SW and CE Africa) –
30:
This article is about the animal. For other uses, see
1678:"The outback ostriches — Australia's loneliest birds"
3091:
3053:
3011:
2996:
2864:
2854:
2844:
2753:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2668:
2564:
2554:
2501:
2470:
2438:
2385:
2369:
2300:
2284:
2273:
2262:
1244:
Western Cape Department of Agriculture (July 2020).
1229:
Doherty, James G. (March 1974). "Speed of animals".
577:, a diverse group of flightless birds also known as
138:Montage of two living species, from left to right:
1495:
1199:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T45020636A132189458.en
608:The common ostrich was historically native to the
1975:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1902:(2003). "Ostriches". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
1868:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
1845:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
1366:
968:(Early Pliocene of Laetoli, Tanzania) – oospecies
886:(that is, classified according to the organism's
4920:
2594:
1924:
956:(Early – Middle Pliocene of Namibia) – oospecies
2105:
1246:"The South African Ostrich Industry Footprint"
1163:. London, UK: Taylor and Francis. p. 109.
932:(Pliocene of SE Europe to WC Asia) – oospecies
3240:
2044:
1326:Mayr, Gerald; Zelenkov, Nikita (2021-11-13).
882:in 2019. Several additional fossil forms are
2243:
1741:
1556:
1485:. Peking, China: Geological Survey of China.
1325:
687:birds which first appeared during the Early
1571:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
1268:
773:
553:for the decoration of ceremonial headgear.
3247:
3233:
2051:
2037:
1630:"The Bitter Fate of Ostriches in the Wild"
160:
129:
1865:
1839:
1657:Ostriches in Australia – and near my home
1539:
1521:
1477:
1343:
1197:
944:(Early Miocene of Elizabethfeld, Namibia)
506:. Two living species are recognised, the
1904:Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins
1666:. trevorsbirding.com (13 September 2007)
837:
622:
557:have been used by humans for millennia.
1575:
1562:
1435:
1433:
1228:
14:
4921:
2058:
1898:
1878:
1222:
1149:
1147:
1023:(Early Pliocene of China and Mongolia)
802:. In some areas, the common ostrich's
695:, known from the late Eocene to early
4637:
4636:
3228:
3141:
2646:
2645:
2230:
2071:
2032:
1859:
1675:
1627:
1473:
1471:
4906:B37DFABC-BE36-4A78-9812-0B9D89410BDC
4883:0FBE5A9B-C3EF-A7FB-BA57-04251798E628
1983:
1785:
1724:
1439:
1430:
1213:
1153:
639:
4929:IUCN Red List least concern species
1702:"Common Ostrich (Struthio camelus)"
1185:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1144:
24:
1908:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
1751:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1628:Rinat, Zafrir (25 December 2007).
1468:
1289:
978:Senut, Dauphin & Pickford 1998
954:Pickford, Senut & Dauphin 1995
702:The earliest fossils of the genus
25:
4970:
2231:
1986:Journal of Archaeological Science
1442:Journal of Archaeological Science
1319:
4939:Extant Miocene first appearances
4616:
4615:
4604:
3331:
3325:
3209:
3208:
3124:
3118:
2627:
876:, were transferred to the genus
761:
749:
731:
454:Temminick 1840 fide Gray, 1841 (
185:
61:
1833:
1819:
1718:
1694:
1669:
1650:
1621:
1489:
1407:
1393:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103270
1296:BirdLife International (2012).
1174:BirdLife International (2018).
1879:Brands, Sheila (14 Aug 2008).
1676:Rural, A. B. C. (2018-09-01).
1360:
1262:
1237:
1167:
13:
1:
4274:Countries by meat consumption
1771:10.1080/02724634.2019.1605521
1269:Gill, F.; Donsker, D (2012).
857:was transferred to the genus
4561:Non-vegetarian food in India
4279:Countries by meat production
1523:10.1371/journal.pone.0164823
1137:
930:(Brandt 1873) Lambrecht 1921
671:
635:Mating dance of the Ostrich.
7:
4959:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4284:Food and drink prohibitions
1345:10.1093/ornithology/ukab048
942:Mourer-Chauviré et al. 1996
842:A male Somali ostrich in a
510:, native to large areas of
10:
4975:
3323:
3142:
1801:Palaeontologia Electronica
1100:Struthio camelus australis
1089:Struthio camelus massaicus
1011:(Late Miocene of Moldavia)
864:Three additional species,
849:, showing its blueish neck
833:
573:, part of the infra-class
29:
4645:
4599:
4497:
4432:
4389:
4341:
4326:Psychology of eating meat
4301:
4266:
4186:
4179:
3930:
3870:Black soldier fly maggots
3855:
3751:
3573:
3453:
3340:
3262:
3204:
3150:
3137:
3115:
3068:
3049:
3040:
3010:
2980:
2971:
2912:
2878:
2840:
2831:
2786:
2764:
2752:
2698:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2641:
2624:
2590:
2545:
2500:
2469:
2437:
2384:
2365:
2354:
2299:
2258:
2254:
2239:
2226:
2186:
2168:
2159:
2141:
2132:
2114:
2101:
2067:
2006:10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.012
1874:: 1–300, plus 200 plates.
1731:Acta Paleotologica Sinica
1462:10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.012
1192:: e.T45020636A132189458.
1112:Struthio camelus syriacus
1009:Kuročkin & Lungo 1970
966:Harrison & Msuya 2005
446:
439:
308:
303:
290:
283:
182:Scientific classification
180:
158:
149:
137:
128:
41:
27:Genus of flightless birds
4399:Beef hormone controversy
3254:
1927:Chinese Science Bulletin
1885:Project: The Taxonomicon
1563:Donegan, Keenan (2002).
1426:China Heritage Quarterly
1078:Struthio camelus camelus
974:Struthio karingarabensis
774:Distribution and habitat
32:Ostrich (disambiguation)
1949:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1881:"Taxon: Genus Struthio"
1841:Andersson, Johan Gunnar
1479:Andersson, Johan Gunnar
918:Burchak-Abramovich 1939
914:Struthio brachydactylus
824:North African ostriches
648:was first described by
487:Burchak-Abramovich 1953
4424:Water holding capacity
1125:Struthio molybdophanes
850:
822:attempts to introduce
666:Struthio molybdophanes
636:
616:and possibly into the
4865:Paleobiology Database
4409:Feed conversion ratio
4311:Ethics of eating meat
1706:iNaturalist Australia
1373:Earth-Science Reviews
1105:South African ostrich
1083:North African ostrich
950:Struthio daberasensis
926:Struthio chersonensis
920:(Pliocene of Ukraine)
841:
634:
560:Ostriches are of the
4462:Environmental impact
1829:. olduvai-paleo.org.
1729:Hou, et al., 2005".
1727:Struthio linxiaensis
1569:Animal Diversity Web
1277:. WorldBirdNames.org
962:Struthio kakesiensis
1998:2009JArSc..36.1982J
1939:2005ChSBu..50.1808H
1900:Davies, S. J. J. F.
1763:2019JVPal..39E5521Z
1514:2017PLoSO..1264823J
1454:2009JArSc..36.1982J
1385:2020ESRv..20803270M
1307:on 25 December 2011
1275:IOC World Bird List
1155:Gray, George Robert
1040:Struthio anderssoni
706:are from the early
679:is a member of the
152:Conservation status
4586:Warmed-over flavor
4354:Semi-vegetarianism
1947:10.1360/982005-575
1860:General references
1662:2020-06-11 at the
1565:"Struthio camelus"
1420:2020-09-23 at the
1413:Doar, B.G. (2007)
1052:Struthio asiaticus
874:S. transcaucasicus
851:
637:
581:that includes the
531:in the Philippines
512:sub-Saharan Africa
352:S. karingarabensis
337:Short-toed ostrich
318:East Asian ostrich
4916:
4915:
4852:Open Tree of Life
4639:Taxon identifiers
4630:
4629:
4297:
4296:
3222:
3221:
3200:
3199:
3133:
3132:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
2967:
2966:
2827:
2826:
2748:
2747:
2672:Opisthodactylidae
2648:Notopalaeognathae
2637:
2636:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2596:Notopalaeognathae
2586:
2585:
2350:
2349:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
1933:(16): 1808–1810.
1917:978-0-7876-5784-0
1827:"OVPP-Struthio 8"
1057:
1045:
1022:
1010:
995:
990:Struthio oldawayi
979:
967:
955:
943:
938:Struthio coppensi
931:
919:
908:
903:Struthio barbarus
893:The species are:
808:Arabian ostriches
800:East African Rift
768:Ostrich with eggs
640:Taxonomic history
632:
610:Arabian Peninsula
494:
493:
488:
479:
470:
461:
425:
415:
371:S. brachydactylus
365:
338:
319:
279:
175:
16:(Redirected from
4966:
4944:Flightless birds
4909:
4908:
4896:
4895:
4886:
4885:
4873:
4872:
4860:
4859:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4833:
4831:NHMSYS0020930493
4821:
4820:
4808:
4807:
4795:
4794:
4782:
4781:
4769:
4768:
4756:
4755:
4743:
4742:
4730:
4729:
4717:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4694:
4693:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4634:
4633:
4619:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4581:Roadkill cuisine
4376:Meat alternative
4371:Plant-based diet
4289:Meat substitutes
4184:
4183:
3335:
3329:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3212:
3211:
3163:Incognitoolithus
3139:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3093:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3013:
2998:
2978:
2977:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2762:
2761:
2757:Dinornithiformes
2755:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2631:
2592:
2591:
2566:
2556:
2503:
2472:
2440:
2387:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2357:Struthioniformes
2302:
2286:
2275:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2227:
2166:
2165:
2139:
2138:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2069:
2068:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2009:
1992:(9): 1982–1989.
1980:
1974:
1966:
1921:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1875:
1853:
1852:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1673:
1667:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1592:
1586:Struthio camelus
1579:
1573:
1572:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1525:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1448:(9): 1982–1989.
1437:
1428:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1300:. Archived from
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1178:Struthio camelus
1171:
1165:
1164:
1151:
1067:Struthio camelus
1055:
1043:
1029:Late Pleistocene
1020:
1008:
993:
977:
965:
953:
941:
929:
917:
906:
804:Masai subspecies
765:
753:
739:Struthio camelus
735:
681:Struthioniformes
633:
614:Late Pleistocene
597:and the extinct
571:Struthioniformes
518:, native to the
486:
477:
468:
453:
423:
413:
410:S. molybdophanes
363:
336:
317:
293:Struthio camelus
274:
249:Struthioniformes
190:
189:
169:
164:
163:
133:
123:
60:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4904:
4899:
4891:
4889:
4881:
4876:
4868:
4863:
4855:
4850:
4842:
4837:
4829:
4824:
4816:
4811:
4803:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4777:
4772:
4764:
4759:
4751:
4746:
4738:
4733:
4725:
4720:
4712:
4710:
4702:
4697:
4689:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4641:
4631:
4626:
4611:Food portal
4603:
4595:
4517:Case-ready meat
4499:
4493:
4467:Factory farming
4428:
4385:
4337:
4303:
4293:
4262:
4175:
3932:
3926:
3851:
3756:
3747:
3569:
3449:
3420:Lamb and mutton
3336:
3330:
3321:
3258:
3253:
3223:
3218:
3196:
3146:
3129:
3117:
3101:
3064:
3036:
3006:
2963:
2908:
2874:
2823:
2782:
2744:
2694:
2689:Opisthodactylus
2650:
2633:
2626:
2610:
2582:
2541:
2505:Ergilornithidae
2496:
2465:
2459:Galligeranoides
2433:
2421:Palaeophasianus
2406:Galligeranoides
2380:
2359:
2346:
2341:Pseudocrypturus
2295:
2248:
2235:
2202:
2182:
2155:
2128:
2122:Avemetatarsalia
2107:Avemetatarsalia
2097:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2057:
2024:. 20 July 2023.
2012:
1968:
1967:
1918:
1889:
1887:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1757:(2): e1605521.
1746:
1742:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1674:
1670:
1664:Wayback Machine
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1626:
1622:
1607:10.2307/4088425
1590:
1580:
1576:
1561:
1557:
1508:(3): e0164823.
1494:
1490:
1476:
1469:
1438:
1431:
1422:Wayback Machine
1412:
1408:
1365:
1361:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1231:Natural History
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1172:
1168:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1117:Arabian ostrich
1017:Struthio wimani
1005:Struthio orlovi
836:
776:
769:
766:
757:
754:
745:
736:
693:Ergilornithidae
674:
642:
623:
547:Ostrich leather
475:Megaloscelornis
431:S. daberasensis
333:S. chersonensis
299:
296:
273:
184:
176:
165:
161:
154:
124:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
55:
54:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4972:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4897:
4887:
4874:
4861:
4848:
4835:
4822:
4809:
4796:
4783:
4770:
4757:
4744:
4731:
4718:
4708:
4695:
4682:
4667:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4622:Category: Meat
4613:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4487:Slaughterhouse
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4364:Pollotarianism
4361:
4359:Pescetarianism
4351:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4021:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3050:
3044:
3042:Casuariiformes
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3017:
3015:Aepyornithidae
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2994:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2674:
2662:
2652:
2651:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2562:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2529:Sinoergilornis
2525:
2518:
2510:
2508:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2445:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2306:
2304:Lithornithidae
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2282:
2271:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2010:
1981:
1922:
1916:
1896:
1876:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1832:
1818:
1784:
1740:
1717:
1693:
1668:
1649:
1620:
1601:(3): 614–622.
1574:
1555:
1488:
1467:
1429:
1406:
1359:
1338:(4): ukab048.
1318:
1288:
1261:
1236:
1221:
1212:
1166:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1130:Somali ostrich
1121:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1096:
1085:
1072:common ostrich
1063:
1047:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1012:
1000:
985:
969:
957:
945:
933:
921:
909:
907:Arambourg 1979
870:S. dmanisensis
855:S. linxiaensis
835:
832:
796:Horn of Africa
794:occurs in the
792:Somali ostrich
775:
772:
771:
770:
767:
760:
758:
755:
748:
746:
737:
730:
673:
670:
641:
638:
599:elephant birds
520:Horn of Africa
516:Somali ostrich
508:common ostrich
492:
491:
490:
489:
484:Palaeostruthio
480:
471:
466:Struthiolithus
462:
444:
443:
437:
436:
435:
434:
426:
424:Common ostrich
416:
414:Somali ostrich
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
366:
355:
347:
344:S. kakesiensis
339:
328:
320:
306:
305:
301:
300:
298:Linnaeus, 1758
297:
288:
287:
281:
280:
266:
262:
261:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
178:
177:
159:
156:
155:
150:
147:
146:
144:Somali ostrich
140:common ostrich
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4971:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Miocene birds
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4623:
4614:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Cultured meat
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4496:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4434:Meat industry
4431:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Vegetarianism
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:Animal rights
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4254:
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4246:
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4241:
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4234:
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4227:
4224:
4223:
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4219:
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4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4180:List articles
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
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4149:
4147:
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4139:
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4129:
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4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:Luncheon meat
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
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4020:
4016:
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4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
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3978:
3976:
3973:
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3968:
3966:
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3897:
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3868:
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3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
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3770:
3768:
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3762:
3760:
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3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Pacific saury
3676:
3674:
3673:Orange roughy
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3127:
3121:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:Querandiornis
2853:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:Anomalopteryx
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:Pachystruthio
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2547:Struthionidae
2544:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2515:Amphipelargus
2512:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:Palaeotididae
2436:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2334:Paracathartes
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2246:Palaeognathae
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:Palaeognathae
2229:
2225:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2188:Palaeognathae
2185:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1216:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1094:Masai ostrich
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:Asian ostrich
1056:Brodkorb 1863
1054:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1001:
999:
992:
991:
986:
983:
976:
975:
970:
964:
963:
958:
952:
951:
946:
940:
939:
934:
928:
927:
922:
916:
915:
910:
905:
904:
899:
898:
896:
895:
894:
891:
889:
888:trace fossils
885:
881:
880:
879:Pachystruthio
875:
871:
867:
866:S. pannonicus
863:
861:
856:
848:
845:
840:
831:
830:populations.
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
764:
759:
752:
747:
744:
740:
734:
729:
728:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
683:, a group of
682:
678:
677:Struthionidae
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:Carl Linnaeus
647:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:Palaeognathae
572:
569:in the order
568:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:
498:
485:
481:
478:Lydekker 1879
476:
472:
467:
463:
459:
458:
452:
448:
447:
445:
442:
438:
433:
432:
427:
422:
421:
417:
412:
411:
407:
405:
404:
399:
397:
396:
391:
389:
388:
383:
381:
380:
375:
373:
372:
367:
364:Asian ostrich
362:
361:
356:
354:
353:
348:
346:
345:
340:
335:
334:
329:
327:
326:
321:
316:
315:
314:S. anderssoni
310:
309:
307:
302:
295:
294:
289:
286:
282:
277:
272:
271:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:Struthionidae
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:Palaeognathae
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
188:
183:
179:
173:
168:
167:Least Concern
157:
153:
148:
145:
141:
136:
132:
127:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
52:
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4646:
4551:Mystery meat
4507:Arachnophagy
4447:Branch house
4414:Preservation
4391:Meat science
4342:Alternatives
4331:Meat paradox
4253:Smoked foods
3892:Grasshoppers
3837:Sea cucumber
3832:Shrimp/prawn
3296:
3191:Tsondabornis
3189:
3182:
3175:
3170:Medioolithus
3168:
3161:
3156:Diamantornis
3154:
3094:
3084:
3077:
3056:
3029:
3022:
2999:
2989:
2973:Novaeratitae
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2901:
2894:
2889:Crypturellus
2887:
2869:Roveretornis
2867:
2857:
2847:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2777:Megalapteryx
2775:
2768:
2737:
2730:
2720:
2710:
2687:
2679:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2557:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2489:
2482:
2457:
2450:
2426:
2419:
2414:Geranodornis
2412:
2404:
2399:Eogeranoides
2397:
2389:Geranoididae
2372:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2287:
2276:
2265:
2021:
2017:
1989:
1985:
1971:cite journal
1930:
1926:
1907:
1903:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:
1871:
1867:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1821:
1804:
1800:
1787:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1696:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
1671:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1633:
1623:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1577:
1568:
1558:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1482:
1445:
1441:
1425:
1409:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1274:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1239:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1189:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1159:
1123:
1110:
1098:
1087:
1076:
1065:
1050:
1038:
1015:
1003:
997:
988:
972:
960:
948:
936:
924:
912:
901:
897:Prehistoric
892:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
854:
852:
777:
738:
720:last ice age
703:
701:
675:
665:
645:
643:
607:
565:
564:
559:
555:Ostrich eggs
539:South Africa
524:
496:
495:
483:
474:
465:
455:
450:
429:
418:
408:
401:
393:
385:
377:
369:
360:S. asiaticus
358:
350:
342:
331:
323:
312:
291:
285:Type species
269:
268:
235:Infraclass:
36:
4787:iNaturalist
4671:Wikispecies
4534:Entomophagy
4522:Meat diaper
4512:Cannibalism
4188:Meat dishes
3970:Charcuterie
3933:preparation
3917:Mopane worm
3907:Mezcal worm
3070:Casuariidae
3058:Diogenornis
3031:Mullerornis
2982:Apterygidae
2930:Nothoprocta
2896:Nothocercus
2811:Euryapteryx
2681:Diogenornis
2559:Orientornis
2267:Asteriornis
2176:Maniraptora
2161:Maniraptora
2060:Palaeognath
1332:Ornithology
1205:29 February
860:Orientornis
724:petroglyphs
591:cassowaries
469:Brandt 1873
457:nomen nudum
387:S. oldawayi
379:S. coppensi
325:S. barbarus
4923:Categories
4591:White meat
4566:Pink slime
4544:Artificial
4419:Tenderness
4304:psychology
4302:Ethics and
4136:Salt-cured
3842:Sea urchin
3410:Guinea pig
3184:Psammornis
3001:Proapteryx
2944:Rhynchotus
2914:Nothurinae
2849:Miniothura
2818:Pachyornis
2712:Heterorhea
2660:Rheiformes
2605:see below↓
2522:Ergilornis
2320:Fissuravis
2278:Eremopezus
2197:see below↓
1737:: 362–368.
1711:2021-02-10
1687:2021-02-10
1642:10 January
1638:. Tel Aviv
1379:: 103270.
998:S. camelus
812:Asia Minor
685:paleognath
644:The genus
543:Oudtshoorn
535:in Namibia
514:, and the
501:flightless
499:are large
420:S. camelus
56:23–0
4482:Slaughter
4404:Drip loss
4126:Rillettes
4086:Marinated
4024:Forcemeat
4010:Fermented
3950:Barbecued
3922:Palm grub
3753:Shellfish
3723:Swordfish
3658:Mahi Mahi
3488:Crocodile
3463:Alligator
3342:Livestock
3272:Cassowary
3079:Casuarius
3024:Aepyornis
2958:Tinamotis
2951:Taoniscus
2880:Tinaminae
2833:Tinamidae
2732:Protorhea
2536:Urmiornis
2474:Eogruidae
2452:Palaeotis
2374:Remiornis
2327:Lithornis
2313:Calciavis
2289:Limenavis
2149:Theropoda
2134:Theropoda
2077:Kingdom:
1963:129449364
1955:1861-9541
1813:1094-8074
1807:(1): 2A.
1779:198384367
1532:1932-6203
1401:225275210
1354:0004-8038
1271:"Ratites"
1138:Citations
1044:Lowe 1931
1021:Lowe 1931
994:Lowe 1933
982:oospecies
884:ichnotaxa
853:In 2008,
672:Evolution
662:cassowary
497:Ostriches
451:Autruchon
403:S. wimani
395:S. orlovi
205:Kingdom:
199:Eukaryota
18:Ostriches
4934:Struthio
4753:45513748
4711:BioLib:
4691:Struthio
4677:Struthio
4662:Q2576337
4656:Wikidata
4647:Struthio
4576:Red meat
4571:Raw meat
4500:subjects
4381:Veganism
4248:Meatball
4111:Pemmican
4096:Meatloaf
4091:Meatball
3931:Cuts and
3912:Silkworm
3902:Mealworm
3880:Crickets
3792:Crayfish
3772:Calamari
3668:Milkfish
3653:Mackerel
3648:Kingfish
3623:Flounder
3523:Pangolin
3508:Kangaroo
3493:Elephant
3478:Bushmeat
3214:Category
3177:Namornis
3096:Emuarius
3086:Dromaius
2923:Eudromia
2770:Dinornis
2722:Hinasuri
2577:Struthio
2491:Sonogrus
2428:Paragrus
2085:Chordata
2083:Phylum:
2079:Animalia
1851:: 1–300.
1682:ABC News
1660:Archived
1550:28273082
1502:PLOS ONE
1481:(1923).
1418:Archived
1157:(1855).
1033:Holocene
786:and the
784:savannas
704:Struthio
697:Pliocene
646:Struthio
618:Holocene
566:Struthio
441:Synonyms
304:Species
276:Linnaeus
270:Struthio
255:Family:
219:Chordata
215:Phylum:
209:Animalia
195:Domain:
172:IUCN 3.1
51:Holocene
4954:Ratites
4901:ZooBank
4805:1033636
4779:2495148
4539:Marbled
4498:Related
4477:Packing
4452:Butcher
4316:Carnism
4258:Sausage
4233:Seafood
4201:Chicken
4171:Tartare
4166:Tandoor
4146:Sausage
4131:Roasted
4116:Poached
4106:Pickled
4029:Cretons
4019:supreme
3960:Braised
3955:Biltong
3857:Insects
3822:Scallop
3812:Octopus
3802:Lobster
3797:Dolphin
3767:Abalone
3759:seafood
3743:Walleye
3728:Tilapia
3703:Sardine
3693:Pollock
3643:Herring
3638:Halibut
3633:Haddock
3628:Grouper
3613:Crappie
3603:Catfish
3583:Anchovy
3553:Venison
3370:Buffalo
3360:Beefalo
3297:Ostrich
3277:Chicken
3264:Poultry
2991:Apteryx
2937:Nothura
2903:Tinamus
2788:Emeidae
2700:Rheidae
2089:Class:
1994:Bibcode
1935:Bibcode
1759:Bibcode
1635:Haaretz
1615:4088425
1595:The Auk
1541:5342186
1510:Bibcode
1450:Bibcode
1381:Bibcode
847:savanna
834:Species
712:Miocene
708:Miocene
579:ratites
265:Genus:
245:Order:
225:Class:
170: (
47:Miocene
42:Ostrich
4890:uBio:
4857:292466
4818:174374
4766:1STRUG
4704:727062
4620:
4472:Jobber
4457:Cutter
4442:Broker
4243:Steaks
4161:Stewed
4151:Smoked
4141:Salumi
4121:Potted
4071:Kidney
4051:Ground
4046:Frozen
4015:Fillet
3995:Cutlet
3985:Corned
3980:Confit
3965:Burger
3896:locust
3875:Cicada
3817:Oyster
3807:Mussel
3777:Chiton
3757:other
3698:Salmon
3663:Marlin
3548:Turtle
3538:Rabbit
3513:Monkey
3503:Iguana
3445:Żubroń
3400:Snails
3395:Donkey
3350:Alpaca
3317:Turkey
3302:Pigeon
3144:Ootaxa
2484:Eogrus
2062:genera
1961:
1953:
1914:
1890:12 Jun
1811:
1777:
1613:
1548:
1538:
1530:
1399:
1352:
1311:16 Jun
1281:13 Jun
1254:20 May
872:, and
844:Kenyan
820:Israel
816:Arabia
780:Africa
741:egg –
689:Eocene
660:, and
551:plumes
278:, 1758
4878:Plazi
4870:39278
4800:IRMNG
4792:20524
4556:Offal
4267:Other
4156:Steak
4101:Offal
4076:Liver
4066:Kebab
4061:Jerky
4041:Fried
4000:Dried
3990:Cured
3945:Bacon
3885:Flour
3847:Whale
3733:Trout
3708:Shark
3683:Perch
3543:Snake
3518:Mouse
3425:Llama
3415:Horse
3375:Camel
3365:Bison
3307:Quail
3292:Goose
2804:Emeus
1959:S2CID
1797:(PDF)
1775:S2CID
1611:JSTOR
1591:(PDF)
1397:S2CID
1305:(xls)
1249:(PDF)
828:feral
788:Sahel
716:China
595:kiwis
587:rheas
562:genus
504:birds
4844:8800
4839:NCBI
4813:ITIS
4774:GBIF
4761:EPPO
4740:7PJW
4727:4611
4722:BOLD
4714:8309
4238:Veal
4221:Pork
4216:Lamb
4211:Goat
4206:Fish
4196:Beef
4034:Pâté
3975:Chop
3940:Aged
3865:Ants
3827:Seal
3787:Crab
3782:Clam
3738:Tuna
3718:Swai
3713:Sole
3688:Pike
3598:Carp
3593:Bass
3588:Basa
3575:Fish
3563:Wolf
3533:Hare
3483:Boar
3473:Bear
3455:Game
3435:Veal
3430:Pork
3405:Frog
3385:Goat
3355:Beef
3312:Rhea
3282:Duck
3256:Meat
2739:Rhea
2174:see
2147:see
2120:see
2091:Aves
1977:link
1951:ISSN
1912:ISBN
1892:2012
1809:ISSN
1644:2017
1546:PMID
1528:ISSN
1350:ISSN
1313:2012
1283:2012
1256:2024
1207:2024
1190:2018
814:and
743:MHNT
658:rhea
603:moas
601:and
583:emus
533:and
527:eggs
229:Aves
142:and
64:PreꞒ
4826:NBN
4748:EoL
4735:CoL
4699:BHL
4686:ADW
4226:Ham
4056:Ham
4005:Dum
3755:and
3618:Eel
3608:Cod
3558:Dog
3528:Rat
3498:Fox
3468:Bat
3440:Yak
3390:Dog
3380:Cat
3287:Emu
2002:doi
1943:doi
1767:doi
1603:doi
1599:110
1536:PMC
1518:doi
1458:doi
1389:doi
1377:208
1340:doi
1336:138
1194:doi
984:(?)
810:in
654:emu
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2016:.
2000:.
1990:36
1988:.
1973:}}
1969:{{
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1941:.
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1929:.
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