Common ostrich - Knowledge

696: 1745: 1807: 2034: 663: 1144: 1231: 1697: 1733: 1721: 8122: 115: 3309: 627: 1709: 3546: 1648: 1757: 1798:. This is believed to be the case due to the high rate of predation. Typically, the male defends the hatchlings and teaches them to feed, although males and females cooperate in rearing chicks. Fewer than 10% of nests survive the 9-week period of laying and incubation, and of the surviving chicks, only 15% of those survive to 1 year of age. However, among those common ostriches who survive to adulthood, the species is one of the longest-living bird species. Common ostriches in captivity have lived to 62 years and 7 months. 3413: 393: 3361: 1896: 1786:

20 in most cases. A female common ostrich can distinguish her own eggs from the others in a communal nest. Ostrich eggs are the largest of all eggs, though they are actually the smallest eggs relative to the size of the adult bird – on average they are 15 cm (5.9 in) long, 13 cm (5.1 in) wide, and weigh 1.4 kg (3.1 lb), over 20 times the weight of a chicken's egg and only 1 to 4% the size of the female. They are glossy cream-colored, with thick shells marked by small pits.

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appearance. The cock will then excitedly flap alternate wings again and start poking on the ground with his bill. He will then violently flap his wings to symbolically clear out a nest in the soil. Then, while the hen runs a circle around him with lowered wings, he will wind his head in a spiral motion. She will drop to the ground and he will mount for copulation. Common ostriches raised entirely by humans may direct their courtship behavior not at other ostriches, but toward their human keepers.

188: 2943:(2.8 in). The ostrich will also expose the thermal windows of their unfeathered skin to enhance convective and radiative loss in times of heat stress. At higher ambient temperatures lower appendage temperature increases to 5 °C (9.0 °F) difference from ambient temperature. Neck surfaces are around 6–7 °C (11–13 °F) difference at most ambient temperatures, except when temperatures are around 25 °C (77 °F) it was only 4 °C (7.2 °F) above ambient. 750:

night and day. Their temperature control relies in part on behavioral thermoregulation. For example, they use their wings to cover the naked skin of the upper legs and flanks to conserve heat, or leave these areas bare to release heat. The wings also function as stabilizers to give better maneuverability when running. Tests have shown that the wings are actively involved in rapid braking, turning, and zigzag maneuvers. They have 50–60 tail feathers, and their wings have 16 primary, four

8094: 2990:(TNZ)), common ostriches decrease body surface temperatures so that heat loss occurs only across about 10% of total surface area. This 10% include critical areas that require blood flow to remain high to prevent freezing, such as their eyes. Their eyes and ears tend to be the warmest regions. It has been found that temperatures of lower appendages were no more than 2.5 °C (4.5 °F) above ambient temperature, which minimizes heat exchange between feet, toes, wings, and legs. 1541: 1775: 1533: 651: 1374: 1582: 3460: 1289: 146: 3104:(and water) loss from its respiratory surfaces, therefore forcing air and heat removal without the loss of metabolic salts. Panting allows the common ostrich to have a very effective respiratory evaporative water loss (REWL). Heat dissipated by respiratory evaporation increases linearly with ambient temperature, matching the rate of heat production. As a result of panting the common ostrich should eventually experience alkalosis. However, The CO 8193: 1659: 687: 3472: 1986: 675: 2600:, not losing any necessary solutes from the kidneys when excess water is excreted. Dehydrated or salt-loaded ostriches can reach a maximal urine osmolality of approximately 800 mOsm. When the plasma osmolality has been measured simultaneously with the maximal osmotic urine, it is seen that the urine:plasma ratio is 2.6:1, the highest encountered among avian species. Along with dehydration, there is also a reduction in 3491:. Farmers captured baby common ostriches and raised them successfully on their property, and they were able to obtain a crop of feathers every seven to eight months instead of killing wild common ostriches for their feathers. Feathers are still commercially harvested. It is claimed that common ostriches produce the strongest commercial leather. Common ostrich meat tastes similar to lean beef and is low in fat and 2918:. As ostriches experience high ambient temperatures, circa 50 °C (122 °F), they become slightly hyperthermic; however, they can maintain a stable body temperature, around 40 °C (104 °F), for up to 8 hours in these conditions. When dehydrated, the common ostrich minimizes water loss, causing the body temperature to increase further. When the body heat is allowed to increase the 8108: 3421: 1061: 3565: 4942: 742:. The outer toe has no nail. The reduced number of toes is an adaptation that appears to aid in running, useful for getting away from predators. Common ostriches can run at a speed over 70 km/h (43 mph) and can cover 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) in a single stride. The wings reach a span of about 2 m (6 ft 7 in), and the 3523:

territories or offspring. Similar behaviors are noted in captive or domesticated common ostriches, which retain the same natural instincts and can occasionally respond aggressively to stress. When attacking a person, common ostriches deliver slashing kicks with their powerful feet, armed with long claws, with which they can

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50 km/h (31 mph), which makes the common ostrich the world's fastest two-legged animal. When lying down and hiding from predators, the birds lay their heads and necks flat on the ground, making them appear like a mound of earth from a distance, aided by the heat haze in their hot, dry habitat.

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tradition that female common ostriches do not sit on their eggs, but stare at them incessantly until they hatch out, because if they stop staring even for a second the egg will addle. This is equated to the obligation of the Christian to direct his entire attention towards God during prayer, lest the

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As ambient air becomes hotter, additional evaporation can take place lower in the trachea making its way to the posterior sacs, shunting the lung surface. The trachea acts as a buffer for evaporation because of the length and the controlled vascularization. The Gular is also heavily vascularized; its

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Both the Gular and air sacs, being close to body temperature, are the main contributors to heat and water loss. Surface temperature can be affected by the rate of blood flow to a certain area and also by the surface area of the surrounding tissue. The ostrich reduces blood flow to the trachea to cool

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of air allows less heat to be lost to the environment. This flattening behavior compensate for common ostrich's rather poor cutaneous evaporative water loss (CEWL). These feather-heavy areas such as the body, thighs, and wings do not usually vary much from ambient temperatures due to this behavioural

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ranging from 1.2–1.5 L (73–92 cu in). The tidal volume is seen to double resulting in a 16-fold increase in ventilation. Overall, ostrich respiration can be thought of as a high velocity-low pressure system. At rest, there is a small pressure difference between the ostrich air sacs and

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on the backs of common ostriches. The practice is common in Africa and is relatively unusual elsewhere. The common ostriches are ridden in the same way as horses with special saddles, reins, and bits. However, they are harder to manage than horses. The practice is becoming less common due to ethical

3399:(23–79 CE), who wrote that ostriches "imagine, when they have thrust their head and neck into a bush, that the whole of their body is concealed." This may have been a misunderstanding of their sticking their heads in the sand to swallow sand and pebbles to help digest their fibrous food, or, as 2401:

animal, due to the fact that it lives in habitats that are both dry and hot. Water is scarce in dry and hot environments, and this poses a challenge to the ostrich's water consumption. Also the ostrich is a ground bird and cannot fly to find water sources, which poses a further challenge. Because of

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The common ostrich is the largest and heaviest living bird. Males stand 2.1 to 2.75 m (6 ft 11 in to 9 ft 0 in) tall and weigh 100 to 130 kg (220 to 290 lb), whereas females are about 1.75 to 1.9 m (5 ft 9 in to 6 ft 3 in) tall and weigh 90

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suggests, of the defensive behavior of lying low, so that they may appear from a distance to have their head buried. Another possible origin for the myth lies with the fact that ostriches keep their eggs in holes in the sand instead of nests and must rotate them using their beaks during incubation;

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production mechanism as a source of hydration, the most important source of water is food. When ostriches were restricted to the no food or water condition, the metabolic water production was only 0.5 L·d, while total water lost to urine, feces, and evaporation was 2.3 L·d. When the birds

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open). Found between the terminal rectum and coprodeum is a strong sphincter. The coprodeum and cloaca are the main osmoregulatory mechanisms used for the regulation and reabsorption of ions and water, or net water conservation. As expected in a species inhabiting arid regions, dehydration causes a

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and dropping to 16–20% in 36-day-old chicks. However, IPP has low concentrations, around 4%, of total phosphate concentration in embryonic stages, but the IPP concentration jumps to 60% of total phosphate of the cell. The majority of phosphate concentration switches from 2,3- DPG to IPP, suggesting

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in a single communal nest, a simple pit, 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in) deep and 3 m (9.8 ft) wide, scraped in the ground by the male. The dominant female lays her eggs first; when it is time to cover them for incubation, she discards extra eggs from the weaker females, leaving about

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and small reptiles. It lives in nomadic groups of 5 to 50 birds. When threatened, the ostrich will either hide itself by lying flat against the ground or run away. If cornered, it can attack with a kick of its powerful legs. Mating patterns differ by geographical region, but territorial males fight

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and zebras to detect predators more efficiently. If the nest or young are threatened, either or both of the parents may create a distraction, feigning injury. However, they may sometimes fiercely fight predators, especially when chicks are being defended, and are capable of killing humans, hyenas,

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Due to predation pressure, common ostriches have many antipredator tactics. Though they can deliver formidable kicks, they use their great eyesight and speed to run from most of their predators. Since ostriches that have detected predators are almost impossible to catch, most predators will try to

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The cock performs with his wings, alternating wing beats, until he attracts a mate. They will go to the mating area and he will maintain privacy by driving away all intruders. They graze until their behavior is synchronized, then the feeding becomes secondary and the process takes on a ritualistic

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The long neck and legs keep their head up to 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) above the ground, and their eyes are said to be the largest of any land vertebrate – 50 mm (2.0 in) in diameter – helping them to see predators at a great distance. The eyes are shaded from sunlight from above.

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in color, with dark brown spots. After three months they start to gain their juvenile plumage, which is steadily replaced by adult-like plumage during their second year. At four or five months old, they are already about half the size of an adult bird, and after a year they reach adult height, but

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depending on the state of the bird. When the common ostrich is breathing normally, under no heat stress, air flow is laminar. When the common ostrich is experiencing heat stress from the environment the air flow is considered turbulent. This suggests that laminar air flow causes little to no heat

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value is influenced by differing organic modulators. In the typical mammalian RBC 2,3 – DPG causes a lower affinity for oxygen. 2,3- DPG constitutes approximately 42–47%, of the cells phosphate of the embryonic ostrich. However, the adult ostrich have no traceable 2,3- DPG.In place of 2,3-DPG the

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in India found molecular evidence that ostriches lived in India 25,000 years ago. DNA tests on fossilized eggshells recovered from eight archaeological sites in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh found 92% genetic similarity between the eggshells and the North African ostrich, so

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of the blood, nasal salt glands show no sizeable contribution of salt elimination. Also, the overall mass of the glands was less than that of the duck's nasal gland. The common ostrich, having a heavier body weight, should have larger, heavier nasal glands to more effectively excrete salt from a

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The feathers lack the tiny hooks that lock together the smooth external feathers of flying birds, and so are soft and fluffy and serve as insulation. Common ostriches can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. In much of their habitat, temperatures vary as much as 40 °C (72 °F) between

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and even lions in such confrontations. In non-native areas, especially on Ostrich farms in North America, adult ostriches have no known enemies due to their large size, intimidating presence and behaviour similar to that of overgrown guard dogs; with instances of them attacking and decapitating

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Common ostriches typically avoid humans in the wild, since they correctly assess humans as potential predators. If approached, they often run away, but sometimes ostriches can be very aggressive when threatened, especially if cornered, and may also attack if they feel the need to defend their

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Water mass accounts for 68% of body mass in adult common ostriches; this is down from 84% water mass in 35-day-old chicks. The differing degrees of water retention are thought to be a result of varying body fat mass. In comparison to smaller birds ostriches have a lower evaporative water loss

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is present. This subtype increases oxygen affinity in order to transport oxygen across the allantoic membrane of the embryo. This can be attributed to the high metabolic need of the developing embryo, thus high oxygen affinity serves to satisfy this demand. When the chick hatches hemoglobin E

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has been reported in Kenya. Similarly, lions hunt ostriches mainly in the Kalahari region and not in other regions, or take ostriches as only a small percentage of their prey. Overall, due to their speed, vigilance, and possibly dangerous kick, ostriches are usually avoided by most predators,

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The largest air sacs found within the respiratory system are those of the post-thoracic region, while the others decrease in size respectively, the interclavicular (unpaired), abdominal, pre-thoracic, and lateral clavicular sacs. The adult common ostrich lung lacks connective tissue known as

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Isaacks, R. E.; Harkness, D. R.; Froeman, G. A.; Goldman, P. H.; Adler, J. L.; Sussman, S. A.; Roth, S. (1976). "Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism—II. Relationship between the major phosphorylated metabolic intermediates and oxygen affinity of whole blood in chick embryos and chicks".

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at high ambient temperatures. They may also physically seek out shade in times of high ambient temperatures. When feather fluffing, they contract their muscles to raise their feathers to increase the air space next to their skin. This air space provides an insulating thickness of 7 cm

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With their acute eyesight and hearing, common ostriches can sense predators such as lions from far away. When being pursued by a predator, they have been known to reach speeds in excess of 70 km/h (43 mph), or possibly 80 km/h (50 mph) and can maintain a steady speed of

3424: 2213:, are found in different locations in the left and right ventricles. These bands are associated with contractions of the heart and suggests this difference causes the left ventricle to contract harder to create more pressure for a completed circulation of blood around the body. 3423: 2010:

and maintains a body temperature of 38.1–39.7 °C (100.6–103.5 °F) in its extreme living temperature conditions, such as the heat of the savanna and desert regions of Africa. The ostrich utilizes its respiratory system via a costal pump for ventilation rather than a

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than usual myocardial cells. The AV node connects the atrial and ventricular chambers. It functions to carry the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricle. Upon view, the myocardial cells are observed to have large densely packed chromosomes within the nucleus.

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Hayward, M.W., O’Brien, J., Hofmeyer, M. & Kerley, G.I.H.(2006b). Prey preferences of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) (Felidae: Carnivora): morphological limitations or the need to capture rapidly consumable prey before Kleptoparasites arrive? J. Zool. (Lond.) doi:

3428: 3570: 1341:. The neck and thighs are grey-blue, and during the mating season, the male's neck and thighs become brighter and bluer. The females are more brown than those of other subspecies. It generally lives in pairs or alone, rather than in flocks. Its range overlaps with 603:

to 120 kg (200 to 260 lb). While exceptional male ostriches (in the nominate subspecies) can weigh up to 156.8 kg (346 lb), some specimens in South Africa can only weigh between 59.5 to 81.3 kg (131 to 179 lb). New chicks are

2129:(BGB) of their lung tissue is thick. The advantage of this thick barrier may be protection from damage by large volumes of blood flow in times of activity, such as running, since air is pumped by the air sacs rather than the lung itself. As a result, the 540:. It is distinctive in its appearance, with a long neck and legs, and can run for a long time at a speed of 55 km/h (34 mph) with short bursts up to about 70 km/h (43 mph), the fastest land speed of any bird. The common ostrich is the 2595:

of both plasma and urine can alter in regards to whether there is an excess or depleted amount of water present within the kidneys. An interesting fact of common ostriches is that when water is freely available, the urine osmolality can reduce to 60–70

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The eggs are incubated by the females by day and by the males by night. This uses the coloration of the two sexes to escape detection of the nest. The drab female blends in with the sand, while the black male is nearly undetectable in the night. The

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leave the ventral caudomedial surface and continue caudally, near the midline into the opening of the urodeum of the cloaca. Although there is no bladder, a dilated pouch of ureter stores the urine until it is secreted continuously down from the

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osmotically. These extracellular fluids then drain into blood vessels, causing a rehydrating effect. This drainage prevents loss of water by both lowering volume and increasing concentration of the urine. Angiotensin, on the other hand, causes

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ostriches pant at a respiratory rate of 40–60 cycles per minute, versus their resting rate of 6–12 cycles per minute. Hot, dry, and moisture lacking properties of the common ostrich respiratory medium affect oxygen's diffusion rate

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interparabronchial septa, which render strength to the non-compliant avian lung in other bird species. Due to this the lack of connective tissue surrounding the parabronchi and adjacent parabronchial lumen, they exchange blood capillaries or

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Usually, ostrich hunting is done by male cheetah coalitions in the Kalahari region during the night, when ostrich's vigilance is less effective. Cheetahs in other regions rarely hunt ostriches, but an exceptional coalition composed of three

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based on its unique skeletal proportions. This population disappeared in the latter half of the 20th century. There were 19th-century reports of the existence of small ostriches in North Africa; these are referred to as Levaillant's ostrich

1425:, has apparently been prevented from occurring on a significant scale by ecological separation; the Somali ostrich prefers bushland where it browses middle-height vegetation for food while the Masai ostrich is, like the other subspecies, a 2112:

formation, characterizing many organs. It is not only involved in vasculature expansion, but also in angioadaptation of vessels to meet physiological requirements. The use of such mechanisms demonstrates an increase in the later stages of

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it is common to hang decorated common ostrich eggs on the chains holding the oil lamps. The initial reason was probably to prevent mice and rats from climbing down the chain to eat the oil. Another, symbolical explanation is based in the

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When threatened, common ostriches run away, but they can cause serious injury and death with kicks from their powerful legs. Their legs can only kick forward. The kick from an ostrich can yield 225 kgf (2,210 N; 500 lbf).

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The wild common ostrich population has declined drastically in the last 200 years, with most surviving birds in reserves or on farms. However, its range remains very large (9,800,000 km or 3,800,000 sq mi), leading the

2622:, a fairly reliable marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It has been seen that during normal hydration within the kidneys, the glomerular filtration rate is approximately 92 ml/min. However, when an ostrich experiences 1561:

Common ostriches normally spend the winter months in pairs or alone. Only 16 percent of common ostrich sightings were of more than two birds. During breeding season and sometimes during extreme rainless periods ostriches live in

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in the Near and Middle East were hunted to extinction by the middle of the 20th century. Attempts to reintroduce the common ostrich into Israel have failed. Common ostriches have occasionally been seen inhabiting islands on the

970:. It is the largest subspecies, at 2.74 m (9 ft 0 in) in height and up to 154 kg (340 lb) in weight. The neck is pinkish-red, the plumage of males is black and white, and the plumage of females is grey. 717:

Their skin varies in color depending on the subspecies, with some having light or dark gray skin and others having pinkish or even reddish skin. The strong legs of the common ostrich are unfeathered and show bare skin, with the

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games or cooking. They have been hunted and farmed for their feathers, which at various times have been popular for ornamentation in fashionable clothing (such as hats during the 19th century). Their skins are valued for their

3452:. In the 18th century they were almost hunted to extinction; farming for feathers began in the 19th century. At the start of the 20th century there were over 700,000 birds in captivity. The market for feathers collapsed after 3039:

Researchers suggest that common ostriches also employ a 'selective brain warming' mechanism in response to cooler surrounding temperatures in the evenings. The brain was found to maintain a warmer temperature when compared to

3177:, and can be calculated by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed during various activities. Therefore, in common ostriches we see use of more energy when compared to smaller birds in absolute terms, but less per unit mass. 3001:

Common ostriches have evolved a 'selective brain cooling' mechanism as a means of thermoregulation. This modality allows the common ostrich to manage the temperature of the blood going to the brain in response to the extreme

3162:, the relationship between body size to shape, anatomy, physiology, and behavior of an animal. Hence, it is plausible to state that metabolic rate in animals with larger masses is greater than animals with a smaller mass. 3123:

In hot temperatures water is lost via respiration. Moreover, varying surface temperatures within the respiratory tract contribute differently to overall heat and water loss through panting. The surface temperature of the

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may be cooler in comparison as found with regulating species. The temperature of their beak, neck surfaces, lower legs, feet, and toes are regulated through heat exchange with the environment. Up to 40% of their produced

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in their circulation, indicating an acquired immunological response. It is suggested that this immunological adaptability may allow this species to have a high success rate of survival in variable environmental settings.

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of the paleopulmo is in the same direction to the dorsobronchi during inspiration and expiration. Inspired air moves into the respiratory system as a result of the expansion of thoraco abdominal cavity; controlled by

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count per unit volume in the ostrich is about 40% of that of a human; however, the red blood cells of the ostrich are about three times larger than the red blood cells of a human. The blood oxygen affinity, known as

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and is worked on by the aforementioned pebbles. The gizzard can hold as much as 1,300 g (46 oz), of which up to 45% may be sand and pebbles. Common ostriches can go without drinking for several days, using

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is between 34 and 36 °C (93 and 97 °F), and that of both anterior and posterior air sacs is 38 °C (100 °F). The long trachea, being cooler than body temperature, is a site of water evaporation.

2284:(p-fibers) found in the hearts moderator bands are a specialized cardiac muscle fiber that causes the heart to contract. The Purkinje cells are mostly found within both the endocardium and the sub-endocardium. The 2650:

in their habitat. Ostriches will drink available water; however, they are limited in accessing water by being flightless. They are also able to harvest water through dietary means, consuming plants such as the

1686:(by inflating their neck) in defense of their territory and harem of two to seven hens; the successful male may then mate with several females in the area, but will only form a pair bond with a 'major' female. 2707:, keeping the ostrich hydrated, while the passed urine contains higher concentrations of solute. This mechanism exemplifies how renal function facilitates water retention during periods of dehydration stress. 1814:

As a flightless species in the rich biozone of the African savanna, the common ostrich faces a variety of formidable predators throughout its life cycle. Animals that prey on ostriches of all ages may include

2638:. The reduction of GFR during dehydration is extremely high and so the fractional excretion of water (urine flow rate as a percentage of GFR) drops down from 15% at normal hydration to 1% during dehydration. 1450:

because its eggshell pores were shaped like a teardrop and not round. As there is considerable variation of this character and there were no other differences between these birds and adjacent populations of

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and a white tail. However, the tail of one subspecies is buff. Females and young males are grayish-brown and white. The head and neck of both male and female ostriches are nearly bare, with a thin layer of

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Only populations of Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Sudan. No other population is included in the CITES Appendices.

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valve with blood nutrients for which to carry out their processes. The interatrial artery of the ostrich is small in size and exclusively supplies blood to only part of the left auricle and interatrial

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mechanism to counter the loss by urine, feces, and respiratory evaporation. An experiment to determine the primary source of water intake in the ostrich indicated that while the ostrich does employ a

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Yuri, Tamaki; Kimball, Rebecca; Harshman, John; Bowie, Rauri; Braun, Michael; Chojnowski, Jena; Han, Kin-Lan; Hackett, Shannon; Huddleston, Christopher; Moore, William; Reddy, Sushma (13 March 2013).

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however is not necessarily associated with a greater rate of oxygen consumption. Therefore, unlike most other birds, the common ostrich is able to dissipate heat through panting without experiencing

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in the parabronchi have thinner walls, permitting more efficient gaseous exchange. In combination with separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems, it helps to reduce stress on the BGB.

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type A and D, compared to typical mammalian tetramers composed of hemoglobin type A and B; hemoglobin D configuration causes a decreased oxygen affinity at the site of the respiratory surface.

1455:, the separation is no longer considered valid. However, a study analysing the postcranial skeleton of all living and recently extinct species and subspecies of ostriches appeared to validate 3425: 6005:

Hayward, Matt W., et al. "Prey preferences of the African wild dog Lycaon pictus (Canidae: Carnivora): ecological requirements for conservation." Journal of Mammalogy 87.6 (2006): 1122-1131.

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or kill a person with a single blow. In one study of common ostrich attacks, it was estimated that two to three attacks that result in serious injury or death occur each year in the area of

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across these structures, which account for about 12% of their total surface area. Total evaporative water loss (TEWL) is statistically lower in the common ostrich than in membering ratites.

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arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. The blood supply by the coronary arteries are fashioned starting as a large branch over the surface of the heart. It then moves along the

3531:, South Africa, where a large number of common ostrich farms are set next to both feral and wild common ostrich populations, making them statistically, the world's most dangerous bird. 3120:, rapid rhythmic contraction and relaxation of throat muscles, in a similar way to panting. Both these behaviors allow the ostrich to actively increase the rate of evaporative cooling. 2240:

start in the right and left aortic sinus and provide blood to the heart muscle in a similar fashion to most other vertebrates. Other domestic birds capable of flight have three or more

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larger volume of blood, but this is not the case. These unequal proportions contribute to the assumption that the common ostrich's nasal glands do not play any role in salt excretion.

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to its blood vessels around the gular region to raise the temperature of the tissue. The air sacs are poorly vascularized but show an increased temperature, which aids in heat loss.

1578:, but may be active on moonlit nights. They are most active early and late in the day. The male common ostrich territory is between 2 and 20 km (0.77 and 7.72 sq mi). 1488:

of Africa, both north and south of the equatorial forest zone. In southwest Africa they inhabit the semi-desert or true desert. Farmed common ostriches in Australia have established

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for ostriches. Both of these antidiuretic hormones work together to maintain water levels in the body that would normally be lost due to the osmotic stress of the arid environment.

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epithelial plates. Like mammals, ostrich lungs contain an abundance of type II cells at gas exchange sites; an adaptation for preventing lung collapse during slight volume changes.

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use ostrich eggshells as water containers, punching a hole in them. They also produce jewelry from it. The presence of such eggshells with engraved hatched symbols dating from the

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Thouless, C.R.; Fanshawe, J.H. & Bertram, B.C.R. (1989). "Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus and Ostrich Struthio camelus eggs: the origins of stone-throwing behaviour".

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g h, almost 2.3 times the BMR. On another note, animals that engage in extensive physical activity employ substantial amounts of energy for power. This is known as the maximum

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Concerning immunological adaptation, it was discovered that wild common ostriches have a pronounced non-specific immunity defense, with blood content reflecting high values of

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of the atrial surface of the right atrioventricular valve. It is not covered by connective tissue, which is characteristic of vertebrate heart anatomy. It also contains fewer

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is 71 cm (28 in). Unlike all other living birds, the common ostrich secretes urine separately from feces. All other birds store the urine and feces combined in the

2084:. Birds lack sweat glands, so when placed under stress due to heat, they heavily rely upon increased evaporation from the respiratory system for heat transfer. This rise in 1635:

and moisture in ingested plants, but they enjoy liquid water and frequently take baths where it is available. They can survive losing up to 25% of their body weight through

1402: 2703:; that is to say that the ratio of solutes to water in the plasma is shifted down whereby reducing osmotic pressure in the plasma. Water is then able to be held back from 7050:

Polly K.; Phillips & Sanborn Allen F. (1994). "An infrared, thermographic study of surface temperature in three ratites: Ostrich, emu and double-wattled cassowary".

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

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found in mammals, as it also facilitates transfer of heat from arterial blood coming from the core to venous blood returning from the evaporative surfaces at the head.

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their size, common ostriches cannot easily escape the heat of their environment; however, they dehydrate less than their small bird counterparts because of their small

2483:. The U:P (urine:plasma) ratio of the common ostrich is therefore greater than one. Diffusion of water to the coprodeum (where urine is stored) from plasma across the 1951:, one to each lung, in which they continue directly through to become mesobronchi. Ten different air sacs attach to the lungs to form areas for respiration. The most 2268:

are supplied of blood by this modality. The deep branches of the coronary arteries found within the heart tissue are small and supply the interventricular and right

2040:

Inhalation begins at the mouth and the nostrils located at the front of the beak. The air then flows through the anatomical dead space of a highly vascular trachea (

5819: 6692:"Studies on Avian Erythrocyte Metabolism. Inositol Tetrakisphosphate: The Major Phosphate Compound in the Erythrocytes of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus)" 3302: 2340:

diminishes while hemoglobin A and D increase in concentration. This shift in hemoglobin concentration results in both decreased oxygen affinity and increased P

7091: 4846: 2673:

were given both water and food, total water gain was 8.5 L·d. In the food only condition total water gain was 10.1 L·d. These results show that the

5146: 567:) of New Zealand laid larger eggs). Ostriches are the most dangerous birds on the planet, with an average of two to three deaths being recorded each year in 6946:

Gray, David A.; Brown, Christopher R. (1995). "Saline-Infusion-Induced Increase in Plasma osmolality Do Not Stimulate Nasal Gland Secretion in the Ostrich (

2727:. However, the common ostrich shows no nasal glandular function in regard to this homeostatic process. Even in a state of dehydration, which increases the 846:

name for the ostrich, meaning camel-sparrow, the "camel" term referring to its dry habitat. Στρουθοκάμηλος is still the modern Greek name for the ostrich.

2072:

of the respiratory system, (including the lungs and ten air sacs) of a 100 kg (220 lb) ostrich is about 15 L (920 cu in), with a

7794: 7601: 7575: 6513: 3561:

concerns, and nowadays ostrich farms set a limit weight for people to ride ostriches, making the activity mostly suited for children and smaller adults.

1696: 7338:

Texier, P. J.; Porraz, G.; Parkington, J.; Rigaud, J. P.; Poggenpoel, C.; Miller, C.; Tribolo, C.; Cartwright, C.; Coudenneau, A.; et al. (2010).

3612: 1978:

end of the mesobronchus branches into several dorsobronchi. Together, the ventrobronchi and dorsobronchi are connected by intra-pulmonary airways, the

7913: 1966:

to the liver. While the left abdominal air sac is large and lies to the left of the mesentery. The connection from the main mesobronchi to the more

2898:; they regulate a constant body temperature via regulating their metabolic heat rate. They closely regulate their core body temperature, but their 1622:. The bolus may be as much as 210 mL (7.4 imp fl oz; 7.1 US fl oz). After passing through the neck (there is no 695: 7996: 8467: 8023: 7344: 2626:

for at least 48 hours (2 days), this value diminishes to only 25% of the hydrated GFR rate. Thus in response to the dehydration, ostrich kidneys

2587:

within various sized ostriches. During a normal hydration state of the kidneys, young ostriches tend to have a measured plasma osmolality of 284

1606:, small reptiles such as lizards, and occasionally animal remains left by carnivorous predators. Lacking teeth, they swallow pebbles that act as 5171: 1877:

including lions, leopards, wild dogs, and cheetahs. Despite parental care, 90% is typical for chick mortality, most of it caused by predation.

379: 8519: 7946: 1397: 8648: 7769: 3514:, which may produce a substantial portion of the farm's income. This may include tours of the farmlands, souvenirs, or even ostrich rides. 1982:, which form an arcade structure within the lung called the paleopulmo. It is the only structure found in primitive birds such as ratites. 1388: 7627: 5788: 5728:

Cooper, R. G.; Horbańczuk, J. O.; Villegas-Vizcaíno, R.; Kennou Sebei, S.; Faki Mohammed, A. E.; Mahrose, K. M. A. (2009). "Wild ostrich (

5191:

Lesku, J. A.; Meyer, L. C. R.; Fuller, A.; Maloney, S. K.; Dell'Omo, G.; Vyssotski, A. L.; Rattenborg, N. C. (2011). Balaban, Evan (ed.).

3915:

Clarke, Andrew (14 July 2008). Faculty of 1000 evaluation for A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history (Report).

2938:, such as altering their feathers. Common ostriches display a feather fluffing behavior that aids them in thermoregulation by regulating 2677:

mechanism is not able to sustain water loss independently and that food intake, specifically of plants with a high water content such as

2068:

To compensate for the large "dead" space, the common ostrich trachea lacks valves to allow faster inspiratory air flow. In addition, the

2026:

It provides birds with a large residual volume, allowing them to breathe much more slowly and deeply than a mammal of the same body mass.

1859:

ambush an unsuspecting bird using obstructing vegetation or other objects. Some ostriches forage with other ostriches or mammals such as

1744: 7340:"A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa" 5249:

Russell, Dale A. "Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada."Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 9.4 (1972): 375-402.

2971:

heat exchange with blood flow allows for regulated conservation/ elimination of heat of appendages. When ambient temperatures are low,

2057:. The common ostrich air sacs play a key role in respiration, since they are capacious, and increase surface area (as described by the 2044:

78 cm (31 in)) and expansive bronchial system, where it is further conducted to the posterior air sacs. Air flow through the

2883:

and related derivatives. Uric acid's low solubility in water gives a semi-solid paste consistency to the ostrich's nitrogenous waste.

8688: 5121: 2975:

will constrict their arterioles to reduce heat loss along skin surfaces. The reverse occurs at high ambient temperatures, arterioles

2591:

and urine osmolality of 62 mOsm. Adults have higher rates with a plasma osmolality of 330 mOsm and urine osmolality of 163 mOsm. The

2317: 2289: 8441: 7973: 2065:

across the respiratory surface of the lungs; providing the blood that has a crosscurrent flow with a high concentration of oxygen.

2946:

At low ambient temperatures the common ostrich utilizes feather flattening, which conserves body heat through insulation. The low

8480: 6998:

Gray, D.A.; Naudé, R.J.; Erasmus, T. (1988). "Plasma arginine vasotocin and angiotensin II in the water deprived common ostrich (

5805:

Austin, Oliver Luther. "Birds of the world; a survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families." (1961).

626: 5345: 2029:

It provides a large source of air that is used not only for gaseous exchange, but also for the transfer of heat by evaporation.

1513: 3936:

Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014).

3218:

g h) = 389 kg, describing a line parallel to the intercept with only about 60% in relation to other non-passerine birds.

726:

of the common ostrich is the largest of any living bird, measuring 39 to 53 cm (15 to 21 in) in length. The bird is

650: 8164: 8145: 7896: 7865: 7730: 7417: 6862: 6279: 6161: 5656: 5626: 5588: 5512: 5441: 5416: 5064: 4826: 4797: 4703: 4671: 4533: 4502: 4330: 4283: 4136: 3404:

digging the hole, placing the eggs, and rotating them might each be mistaken for an attempt to bury their heads in the sand.

2772:. The caecum contains a high water concentration with reduced levels nearing the terminal colon and exhibits a rapid fall in 8485: 3937: 8698: 8683: 3858:"Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals" 1720: 1678:

begins in March or April and ends sometime before September. The mating process differs in different geographical regions.

1670:

when they are 2 to 4 years old; females mature about six months earlier than males. As with other birds, an individual may

524:. However, recent genetic analysis has found that the group is not monophyletic, as it is paraphyletic with respect to the 6809:"Function of the lower intestine and osmoregulation in the ostrich: preliminary anatomical and physiological observations" 4579:

Skadhauge, E.; Erlwanger, K. H.; Ruziwa, S. D.; Dantzer, V.; Elbrønd, V. S.; Chamunorwa, J. P. (2003). "Does the ostrich (

4466: 2506:

and a layer of fat. Each kidney is about 300 mm (12 in) long, 70 mm (2.8 in) wide, and divided into a

2150:

muscular tissue associated with heart contraction features. There is a double circulatory plan in place possessing both a

7461: 6262:

King, J. R.; Farner, D.S. (1961). "Energy Metabolism, thermoregulation, and body temperature". In Marshall, A. J. (ed.).

5176: 8050: 5090: 3137:

purpose is for cooling blood, but also evaporation, as previously stated. Air flowing through the trachea can be either

1958:(abdominal and post-thoracic) differ in that the right abdominal air sac is relatively small, lying to the right of the 8215: 7484: 7217: 5944: 2454:

of carbohydrates produces around 0.56 g (8.6 gr) of water that can be used internally. The majority of their

1282:

Western Asia: Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen

8589: 1855:. Egyptian vultures have been known to hurl stones at ostrich eggs to crack them open so they can eat their contents. 1732: 620:. The skin of the female's neck and thighs is pinkish gray, while the male's is gray or pink dependent on subspecies. 473:

native to certain large areas of Africa. It is one of two extant species of ostriches, the only living members of the

7658: 7504: 5328: 4560: 3108:

concentration in the blood does not change when hot ambient temperatures are experienced. This effect is caused by a

2023:

Air is able to flow continuously in one direction through the lung, making it more efficient than the mammalian lung.

662: 2914:

As ambient temperature increases, dry heat loss decreases, but evaporative heat loss increases because of increased

8693: 8309: 7102: 6221: 5859:

Mills, M. G. L., and Margie Mills. Kalahari cheetahs: adaptations to an arid region. Oxford University Press, 2017.

3365: 2438:, which are around 80 cm (31 in) long. A well-developed caeca is also found and, in combination with the 1198: 1123: 8524: 8428: 6028:

Makanya, A.N.; T. Koller; R. Hulshchuck; V. Djonov (15 March 2012). "Pre-hatch lung development in the ostrich".

2784:. The colon is divided into three sections and takes part in solute absorption. The upper colon largely absorbs 337: 312: 4891: 714:

are relatively small for the birds' huge size, with the bill measuring 12 to 14.3 cm (4.7 to 5.6 in).

7576:"Festivals, fashion and feather bandits: why ostrich plumage is still worth its weight in gold – a photo essay" 2376:

cells in medium. This is in contrast to domesticated ostriches, who in captivity develop high concentration of

1806: 638: 7802: 7605: 6532: 2951:

controls. This ostrich will also cover its legs to reduce heat loss to the environment, along with undergoing

8625: 8506: 8028: 7520: 6879: 4321:

Brown, L. H.; Urban, E.K.; Newman, K. (1982). "Ostriches and to Birds of Prey". In Curry-Lindahl, Kai (ed.).

3392: 3305:(CITES) meaning commercial international trade is prohibited and non-commercial trade is strictly regulated. 2551:

of water within the kidney system when drinking water is scarce. Though there have been no official detailed

7137: 5286: 2203:

attach to the left atrium separately, and also the opening to the pulmonary veins are separated by a septum.

6421:

Zakrzewicz, A.; Secomb, T.W.; Pries, A.R. (2002). "Angioadaptation: Keeping the vascular system in shape".

5296: 2507: 2403: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1952: 1932: 1928: 1652: 6606:"The distribution patterns of the coronary arteries and ventricular branches in the heart of the ostrich ( 4234:

Del Hoyo, Josep, et al. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 1. No. 8. Barcelona: Lynx edicions, 1992.

2080:

The increase in respiration rate from the low range to the high range is sudden and occurs in response to

8658: 8353: 8291: 7923: 3540: 3400: 2630:

small amounts of very viscous glomerular filtrates that have not been broken down and return them to the

2514:

sections by large veins. The caudal section is the largest, extending into the middle of the pelvis. The

2471:

reduction in fecal water, or dry feces. This reduction is believed to be caused by high levels of plasma

2462:

are separately stored in the terminal colon. The coprodeum is located ventral to the terminal rectum and

2053:. During expiration, oxygen poor air flows to the anterior air sacs and is expelled by the action of the 1602:

They mainly feed on seeds, shrubs, grass, fruit, and flowers; occasionally they also eat insects such as

8358: 6557:

Parto P. (2012). "The Structure of the Atrioventricular Node in the Heart of the Female Laying Ostrich (

3479:

Common ostriches have been farmed in South Africa since the beginning of the 19th century. According to

3456:, but commercial farming for feathers and later for skins and meat became widespread during the 1970s. 3146:

transfer, while under heat stress turbulent airflow can cause maximum heat transfer within the trachea.

2543:. It is when drinking water is unavailable or withdrawn that the urine becomes highly concentrated with 722:(the lowest upright part of the leg) being covered in scales: red in the male, black in the female. The 8269: 8000: 5881: 3732: 2939: 1230: 4006:"Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites" 3357:

in South Africa suggests common ostriches were an important part of human life as early as 60,000 BP.

3301:) became extinct around 1966. North African ostrich populations are protected under Appendix I of the 2547:. It seems that common ostriches who normally drink relatively large amounts of water tend to rely on 2360:

to lower oxygen affinity. ATP has a consistent concentration of phosphate in the cell – around 31% at

8663: 8322: 5107: 3249:. In an ostrich, it is seen to be at least 28 times greater than the BMR. Likewise, the daily energy 2923: 2664:

When heat stress is at its maximum, common ostriches are able to recover evaporative loss by using a

2601: 2560: 2556: 1920: 187: 5920: 3591:, called 'The Ostrich Farm' opened up in 1892; it and its races became one of the most famous early 3253:

for an ostrich with access to free water is 12,700 kJ d, equivalent to 0.26 mL O

8678: 6374:

Maina, J.N.; Singh, P.; Moss, E.A. (2009). "Inspiratory aerodynamic valving occurs in the ostrich,

6151: 3648: 3173:) is high, the energy expended is at its minimum. This level of expenditure is better known as the 2915: 2511: 1550: 1383: 978: 5774:

Bertram, Brian CR. "Vigilance and group size in ostriches." Animal Behaviour 28.1 (1980): 278-286.

2356:(IPP), which vary from 1–6 phosphates per molecule. In relation to the IPP, the ostrich also uses 5387:

Studies on the possible causes of losses in Ostrich production in selected ostrich Farms in Kenya

4943:"Studies of the population structure and genetic diversity of domesticated and 'wild' ostriches ( 4664:

Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals

4127:

Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).

3938:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" 3615:", which features common ostrich races. Racing has also occurred at many other locations such as 2968: 2206: 2186: 1931:

to the choanae, excluding the nasal respiratory pathway from the buccal cavity. The trachea lies

1708: 8563: 8155:

Folch, A. (1992). "Family Struthionidae (Ostrich)". In del Hoya, Josep; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).

7779: 7746: 7453: 7245: 1143: 746:

measurement of 90 cm (35 in) is around the same size as for the largest flying birds.

8472: 8340: 8231: 8175: 7888: 7882: 7857: 7851: 7635: 5915: 5792: 5432:

Perrins, C.M.; Jackson, J.A.; Ford, H. (1996). "Order Struthioniformes". In Elphick, J. (ed.).

4275: 4267: 4046: 3816: 3354: 3286: 2765: 2653: 2443: 2357: 1393: 495: 8498: 7494: 7407: 6852: 5618: 5612: 5318: 4523: 4492: 4303: 3117: 2498:, which are chocolate brown in color, are granular in texture, and lie in a depression in the 2316:, is higher than that of both humans and similar avian species. The reason for this decreased 8599: 8558: 7720: 7551: 5871:

Sunquist, Mel, and Fiona Sunquist. Wild cats of the world. University of Chicago Press, 2017.

3640: 3588: 3580: 3549: 2728: 2689: 2269: 2218: 2089: 1940: 1069: 967: 920: 828: 794: 364: 345: 328: 292: 122: 8550: 4721:"Severe decline of large birds in the Northern Sahel of West Africa: a long-term assessment" 4519: 2823:

ions return to controlled concentration. The common ostrich also experiences an increase in

2431: 2019:. The use of air sacs forms the basis for the three main avian respiratory characteristics: 1756: 594:

products and its meat is marketed commercially, with its leanness a common marketing point.

8584: 8402: 8345: 8278: 7798: 7353: 7059: 6690:

Isaacks, R.; Harkness, D.; Sampsell, J.; Adler, S.; Roth, C.; Kim, P.; Goldman, R. (1977).

5943:

Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G.; Kerley, G. I. H. (2006).

5537: 5504: 5498: 5204: 4166: 3952: 3664: 3373: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3174: 3170: 2987: 2919: 2616: 2475:, which leads to rectal absorption of sodium and water. Also expected is the production of 2320:

is due to the hemoglobin configuration found in common ostrich blood. The common ostrich's

2241: 2234: 1873: 1520:

Ostriches are farmed in Australia. Many escaped, however, and feral ostriches now roam the

1174:, the male's neck and thighs become brighter. Its range is essentially limited to southern 743: 612: 586:

around the world, particularly for its feathers, which are decorative and are also used as

6457: 3233:. So, the metabolic rate in a resting, unfed bird, that is producing heat is known as the 3062:

They also speculate that there is an overall decrease in cerebral blood flow to the brain.

2033: 2015:

as seen in most mammals. Thus, they are able to use a series of air sacs connected to the

8: 8283: 3709: 3395:, ostriches do not bury their heads in sand to avoid danger. This myth likely began with 3334: 3308: 3003: 2860: 2162: 1989:

The syrinx has simple muscles. The only sounds that can be produced are roars and hisses.

1974:, lateral clavicular, and pre-thoracic sacs known as the ventrobronchi region. While the 1828: 674: 135: 8296: 7705: 7357: 7063: 5541: 5208: 4753: 4453: 3956: 3820: 3047:

blood supply. Researchers hypothesize three mechanisms that could explain this finding:

2062: 938:

Lives in North Africa. Historically it was the most widespread subspecies, ranging from

8703: 8668: 7376: 7339: 7284: 7276: 6975: 6967: 6921: 6708: 6691: 6586: 6403: 6378:, lung: A computational fluid dynamics study under resting unsteady state inhalation". 6271: 6244: 6053: 5757: 5685: 5561: 5227: 5192: 4997: 4980: 4920: 4414: 4371: 4209: 4182: 4071: 3986: 3892: 3857: 3788: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3480: 3129: 2947: 2681:, is necessary to overcome water loss challenges in the common ostrich's arid habitat. 2631: 2531:

Common ostrich kidneys are fairly large and so are able to hold significant amounts of

2422:

The common ostrich is well-adapted to hot, arid environments through specialization of

2174: 2012: 1679: 1618:

with food, which is in turn passed down their esophagus in the form of a ball called a

1521: 1498: 731: 182: 6768: 4596: 2792:

and SCFA, with little net transfer of K and Cl. The lower colon then slightly absorbs

2365:

the result of the overall low oxygen affinity is due to these varying polyphosphates.

2157:

The common ostrich's heart has similar features to other avian species, like having a

1647: 8653: 8545: 8376: 8160: 8141: 7892: 7861: 7726: 7500: 7480: 7413: 7381: 7316: 7288: 7213: 7207: 7071: 7015: 6858: 6830: 6825: 6808: 6772: 6713: 6578: 6574: 6481: 6438: 6395: 6275: 6157: 6045: 5967: 5749: 5699: 5652: 5646: 5622: 5584: 5553: 5508: 5437: 5412: 5324: 5291: 5232: 5060: 5002: 4822: 4793: 4699: 4667: 4600: 4556: 4529: 4498: 4406: 4363: 4326: 4279: 4214: 4132: 4076: 4027: 3990: 3978: 3897: 3879: 3608: 3600: 3158:

of absorbed nutrients. Much of the metabolic rate in animals is dependent upon their

3070: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3007: 2615:

is due to a high protein diets. As seen in various studies, scientists have measured

2580: 2361: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2151: 2126: 2125:

blood capillaries to establish the crosscurrent system at the blood-gas barrier. The

1619: 1566:

groups of five to 100 birds (led by a top hen) that often travel together with other

1418: 1407: 1382:

Some analyses indicate that the Somali ostrich is now considered a full species; the

1261: 1170:

It has some small feathers on its head, and its neck and thighs are pink. During the

723: 719: 541: 350: 114: 6979: 6925: 6626: 6605: 6590: 6057: 5761: 5385: 4432: 4418: 4375: 2189:, by a thick muscular stock, which prevents back-flow of blood into the atrium when 2146:

The common ostrich heart is a closed system, contractile chamber. It is composed of

8673: 8381: 8174:

O'Shea, Michael Vincent; Foster, Ellsworth D.; Locke, George Herbert, eds. (1918).

7371: 7361: 7268: 7188: 7067: 7011: 6963: 6959: 6917: 6913: 6820: 6764: 6703: 6663: 6621: 6570: 6473: 6430: 6387: 6267: 6236: 6037: 5963: 5925: 5741: 5681: 5565: 5545: 5222: 5212: 5037: 4992: 4912: 4732: 4592: 4398: 4355: 4204: 4194: 4066: 4058: 4017: 3968: 3960: 3916: 3887: 3869: 3727: 3350: 3230: 3222: 3189: 3166: 3154:

Common ostriches are able to attain their necessary energetic requirements via the

3112:. The lung is not completely shunted, allowing enough oxygen to fulfill the bird's 2983: 2935: 2865: 2584: 2540: 2085: 1852: 1791: 505: 249: 8612: 8368: 7317:"Ostrich Eggshell Cups of Mesopotamia and the Ostrich in Ancient and Modern Times" 5479: 3180:

A key point when looking at the common ostrich metabolism is to note that it is a

2934:

Common ostriches have developed a comprehensive set of behavioral adaptations for

8532: 7434: 6407: 5528:

Bertram, B.C.R. (1979). "Ostriches recognise their own eggs and discard others".

5465: 5406: 5368: 5217: 5041: 4814: 4787: 4550: 4131:. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 99–101. 3632: 3624: 3464: 3449: 3396: 3346: 3338: 3330: 3294: 3250: 3109: 2840: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2647: 2612: 2427: 2285: 2281: 2245: 2210: 1667: 1632: 1554: 1493: 1239: 1100: 823: 789:, but the ostrich stores the feces in the terminal rectum. They also have unique 591: 548: 502: 470: 374: 8576: 8511: 6900:

Withers, Philip (October 1983). "Energy Water and Solute Balance of the Ostrich

5260: 4583:) have the electrophysiological properties and microstructure of other birds?". 3360: 3184:

bird. Thus, BMR in ostriches is particularly low with a value of only 0.113 mL O

2288:

shows a small concentration of Purkinje fibers, however, continuing through the

392: 8433: 8204: 8099: 6645: 6391: 6041: 5971: 5896: 4199: 3524: 3265: 3096:, and under heat stress they rely on panting to reduce their body temperature. 2608: 2564: 2552: 2548: 2377: 2310: 2305: 2257: 2200: 2170: 2098: 2058: 1623: 1315: 880: 774: 735: 587: 574:

The common ostrich's diet consists mainly of plant matter, though it also eats

498:

in 2014 having been previously considered a distinctive subspecies of ostrich.

487: 7138:"Renal Function, Respiration, Heart Rate and Thermoregulation in the Ostrich ( 5929: 5842: 5745: 4737: 4720: 3221:

Along with BMR, energy is also needed for a range of other activities. If the

2077:

the atmosphere, suggesting simultaneous filling and emptying of the air sacs.

1895: 1585:

A large group of around 30 ostriches gathered in Nairobi National Park, Kenya.

1421:. Hybridization with the subspecies that evolved southwestwards of its range, 608:

not till they are 18 months old will they be fully as heavy as their parents.

8642: 8493: 8198:

a description of traditional methods used by Arabs to capture wild ostriches.

8127: 5727: 5021: 4903: 4637: 4618: 3921: 3883: 3829: 3718: 3616: 3321:

Common ostriches have inspired cultures and civilizations for 5,000 years in

3290: 3101: 2480: 2435: 2353: 2293: 2190: 1840: 1832: 1782: 1767: 1675: 1171: 1152: 1108: 851: 843: 842:

meaning "ostrich". The specific name is an allusion to "strouthokamelos" the

818: 802: 545: 533: 359: 333: 308: 259: 239: 155: 150: 62: 7824: 7366: 6477: 6434: 4302:

Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore, eds. (1903).

4022: 4005: 3964: 3433:

Being moved between camps in preparation for filming a movie in South Africa

3270: 3055:

heat production within the brain tissue itself to compensate for the colder

2535:. Hence, common ostriches drink relatively large volumes of water daily and 1489: 1443: 8254: 8159:. Vol. 1, Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 76–83. 8113: 8093: 8063: 7496:

Farm Animal Behaviour: Characteristics for Assessment of Health and Welfare

7385: 6582: 6485: 6442: 6399: 6219: 6049: 5753: 5236: 4604: 4471: 4410: 4367: 4218: 4080: 4062: 4031: 3982: 3901: 3874: 3757: 3604: 3545: 3511: 3504: 3438: 3138: 3093: 3077: 3073: 3033: 3025: 3014: 2995: 2976: 2972: 2952: 2904: 2724: 2700: 2635: 2499: 2476: 2447: 2336: 2166: 2122: 2109: 2105: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2016: 1995: 1979: 1908: 1104: 1096: 1032: 617: 575: 568: 529: 7662: 6834: 6668: 6647: 5006: 4878:) is being split: list S. molybdophanes as Near Threatened or Vulnerable?" 2177:. The ostrich heart has three features that are absent in related birds: 1413:

comparisons suggest that it diverged from the other ostriches not quite 4

604: 8537: 8454: 8263: 7691: 5557: 4981:"The coronary circulation of the heart of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)" 4389:

Martin, G. R.; Ashash, U.; Katzir, Gadi (2001). "Ostrich ocular optics".

4310:. Vol. XIII. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 497–498. 3652: 3492: 3484: 3453: 3322: 2908: 2892: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2685: 2623: 2576: 2472: 2411: 2407: 2222: 2182: 2130: 2118: 1683: 1671: 1636: 1373: 1014: 876: 860: 790: 778: 762: 552: 517: 509: 37: 8332: 6971: 6880:"Effect of Protein Intake on Kidney Function in Adult Female Ostriches ( 6717: 6648:"Distribution and Structure of Purkinje Fibers in the Heart of Ostrich ( 4047:"Estimating dinosaur maximum running speeds using evolutionary robotics" 3412: 3378: 2855:

of the kidney. ADH causes a reabsorption of water from the lumen of the

1581: 528:, so the ostriches are now classified as the only members of the order. 8607: 8446: 7774: 6857:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 32. 6776: 6248: 4924: 3528: 3459: 3142: 3125: 3113: 2876: 2716: 2619: 2592: 2503: 2484: 2451: 2430:– a length of approximately 11–13 m (36–43 ft) – between the 2380: 2325: 2226: 1860: 1774: 1607: 1575: 1477: 1414: 1288: 1002: 955: 896: 836: 560: 532:

studies have shown that it is the sister group to all other members of

82: 47: 7280: 6027: 5147:"Ostriches lived in India 25,000 yrs ago: BSIP study - Times of India" 4402: 4359: 4346:

Martin, G. R.; Katzir, G. (2000). "Sun Shades and Eye Size in Birds".

3973: 1400:

recognize it as a different species. A few authorities, including the

793:

that are fused to hold their gut. Unlike most birds, the males have a

8459: 8415: 8051:"Exotic animal racing at the Fair Grounds Race Course: photo gallery" 7969: 7918: 7825:"Ostrich Riding & Racing – The Bizzarre Sport You Never Heard of" 7259:

Thompson, Dorothy Burr (1955). "A Portrait of Arsinoe Philadelphos".

5671: 5549: 4243:

Urban, Emil K. "Roberts Birds of Southern Africa." (2007): 1104-1106.

3628: 3503:. Uncooked, it is dark red or cherry red, a little darker than beef. 3488: 3246: 3181: 3159: 3097: 3066: 3052: 3029: 2899: 2895: 2880: 2807:

When the common ostrich is in a dehydrated state, plasma osmolality,

2749: 2740:

The majority of the common ostrich's internal solutes are made up of

2704: 2646:

Common ostriches employ adaptive features to manage the dry heat and

2627: 2563:) and composition of the ureteral urine in the ostrich, knowledge of 2544: 2536: 2423: 2373: 2093: 2007: 1959: 1836: 1464:) but remain a hypothetical form not supported by material evidence. 1410: 868: 786: 521: 508:. Struthioniformes previously contained all the ratites, such as the 199: 87: 31: 8394: 8225: 8180:. Vol. 6. Chicago, IL: The World Book, Inc. pp. 4422–4424. 7192: 6240: 5019: 4916: 3241:. The common ostrich SMR has been seen to be approximately 0.26 mL O 1915:, structure. The opening to the respiratory pathway begins with the 1658: 1532: 8420: 8248: 7272: 6646:

Parto, P.; Tadjalli, M.; Ghazi, S. R. & Salamat, M. A. (2013).

6603: 5583:(3rd ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing. p. 475. 4004:

Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014).

3644: 3500: 3342: 3056: 3044: 2869: 2852: 2757: 2720: 2398: 2369: 2321: 2237: 2147: 1971: 1955: 1948: 1848: 1571: 1357: 1349: 1330: 1218: 1202: 1183: 1179: 1135: 1119: 1036: 990: 939: 884: 727: 536:

and thus the flighted tinamous are the sister group to the extinct

478: 219: 104: 77: 72: 57: 52: 42: 8192: 7546: 6806: 3471: 1985: 8620: 8407: 8317: 7179:

Maloney, Shane K (2008). "Termoregulation in ratities:a review".

6511: 6458:"A qualitative and quantitative study of the lung of an ostrich, 5942: 4851: 3496: 3443: 3274: 3208: 3041: 3006:

of the surroundings. The morphology for heat exchange occurs via

2856: 2769: 2692:

increases while urination rate decreases. Under these conditions

2532: 2515: 2488: 2467: 2463: 1844: 1824: 1816: 1794:

period is 35 to 45 days, which is rather short compared to other

1627: 1611: 1567: 1506: 1502: 1481: 1472:

Common ostriches formerly occupied Africa north and south of the

1430: 1426: 1365: 1353: 1338: 1214: 1194: 1187: 1127: 1092: 1052: 1048: 1022: 1006: 974: 963: 951: 856: 806: 770: 758: 702: 583: 525: 466: 269: 100: 92: 67: 8220: 7049: 1480:. Today common ostriches prefer open land and are native to the 1476:, East Africa, Africa south of the rainforest belt, and much of 797:, which is retractable and 20 cm (7.9 in) long. Their 686: 8304: 7303:

Calliope's Sisters: A Comparative Study of Philosophies of Art.

4892:"Phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial DNA of the Ostrich ( 4578: 3620: 3557: 3084:

Further research will need to be done to find how this occurs.

2956: 2741: 2696: 2520: 2495: 2439: 2426:

organs. The common ostrich has an extremely long and developed

2332: 2274: 2265: 1944: 1936: 1916: 1912: 1865: 1795: 1615: 1603: 1473: 1435: 1273: 1222: 1210: 1131: 1115: 798: 782: 751: 483: 209: 4003: 3935: 3703: 3701: 3699: 2661:

resulting from their small body surface area per unit weight.

8571: 8389: 8210: 6753: 3499:, protein, and iron. It is considered to be both poultry and 3326: 3155: 2788:

and SCFA and partially absorbs KCl. The middle colon absorbs

2693: 2572: 2568: 2459: 2455: 1924: 1563: 1485: 1403:

Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World

1361: 1334: 1276: 1265: 1206: 1175: 1044: 1040: 1028: 1010: 994: 986: 959: 947: 943: 832: 474: 172: 166: 7656: 7634:. US Department of Agriculture. 17 July 2019. Archived from 7337: 6689: 5022:"Metric variation in the postcranial skeleton of ostriches, 5786: 5026:(Aves: Palaeognathae), with new data on extinct subspecies" 4325:. Vol. I. London, UK: Academic Press. pp. 32–37. 3696: 3636: 3282: 2597: 2588: 2487:

is voided. This void is believed to be caused by the thick

2194: 2158: 2114: 2092:

by modifying ventilation of the respiratory medium. During

1907:

indicates that the structure conforms to that of the other

1904: 1820: 1269: 1018: 998: 982: 766: 739: 711: 229: 6266:. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. pp. 215–88. 6220:

Schmidt-Nielsen, K.; Kanwish, J. Lawsiewski R. C. (1969).

4181:

Usurelu, Sergiu; Bettencourt, Vanessa; Melo, Gina (2015).

2197:

this valve is only connected by a short septal attachment.

1911:, but still retains parts of its primitive avian species, 1060: 7232: 3441:

times, there was a demand for common ostriches to use in

2575:. Studies have shown that the amount of water intake and 872: 864: 611:

The feathers of adult males are mostly black, with white

537: 513: 5497:

Harrison, C.; Greensmith, A. (1993). Bunting, E. (ed.).

3855: 1835:. Predators of nests and young common ostriches include 6222:"Temperature Regulation and Respiration in the Ostrich" 5190: 4813:

Stöcker, Friedrich W.; Dietrich, Gerhard, eds. (1995).

4467:"Ostrich Wings Explain Mystery of Flightless Dinosaurs" 3789:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Genus Struthio" 3303:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

3192:, which relates the BMR to the body mass of an animal. 2221:

position differs from other fowl. It is located in the

7795:"'They're Off!' Thrills of the Turf in Ostrich Racing" 7412:(3rd ed.). Charlotte, North Carolina: TAN Books. 6877: 5611:

Perrins, Christopher (1987) . Harrison, C.J.O. (ed.).

5059:(2nd ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 4698:(6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 4528:. Wallingford, UK: Cabi Publishing. pp. 136–155. 4180: 3815: 3707: 3337:

riding a common ostrich was found in a tomb in Egypt.

2839:(AII), are increased in blood plasma as a response to 656:

Feet are frequently missing the nail on the outer toe.

8173: 7513: 6604:

Henriquez, H.; Henriquez, J. & Olave, E. (2012).

6420: 5840: 5373:. Vol. 3, Part 1. W. Wells Gardner. p. 304. 5320:

The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in Art

5172:"The outback ostriches — Australia's loneliest birds" 3475:

A platter of ostrich meat in Oudtshoorn, South Africa

2607:

In mammals and common ostriches, the increase of the

1702:

Only 15% of the surviving chicks reach 1 year of age.

555:

of any living bird (the extinct giant elephant bird (

8089: 7135: 6807:

Skadhauge, E; Warüi CN; Kamau JM; Maloiy GM (1984).

6652:) with the Special References on the Ultrastructure" 4152:

Doherty, James G. (March 1974). "Speed of animals".

3811: 3809: 3387: 2165:

layer. Moreover, similarities also include a larger

8205:

Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

7947:"Shake a tail feather, get out to Ostrich Festival" 7521:"Do ostriches really bury their heads in the sand?" 6512:Tadjalli, M.; Ghazi, S. R. & Parto, P. (2009). 6358:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 3076:helps to warm the cerebral blood that supplies the 2296:shows the highest amount of these Purkinje fibers. 7997:"Canterbury brings the Middle East to the Midwest" 7246:"Strawberry season has started - The Elephant Mum" 6354:Hill, W.R.; Wyse, A.G. & Anderson, M. (2012). 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6153:The ostrich : biology, production, and health 5496: 5431: 4745: 4388: 3733:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T45020636A132189458.en 2406:. Hot, arid habitats pose osmotic stress, such as 765:to which wing muscles attach in flying birds. The 8140:. New York, NY: Harpercollins. pp. 170–171. 6455: 3806: 3752: 3750: 494:), which was recognized as a distinct species by 8640: 7405: 7101:. Ratite Science Newsletter: 1–4. Archived from 6997: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6353: 4974: 4972: 4890:Freitag, Stefanie; Robinson, Terence J. (1993). 4696:The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World 4320: 4176: 4174: 3207:is body mass, and metabolic rate is measured in 2117:development, along with elaborate parabronchial 1517:these could have been fairly distant relatives. 769:is flat and broad, with a rounded tip. Like all 8024:"King of the Roxy seeks another crown at Ellis" 7887:. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, Inc. pp. 7792: 7718: 6749: 6747: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6170: 5782: 5780: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5020:Elzanowski, Andrzej; Louchart, Antoine (2022). 4936: 4934: 4889: 4840: 4838: 4812: 4456:. Sandiegozoo.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2012. 4301: 4266:Davies, S. J. J. F.; Bertram, B. C. R. (2003). 3188:g h. This value can further be described using 2922:between the common ostrich and ambient heat is 817:The common ostrich was originally described by 7474: 7406:Attwater, Donald, ed. (1997). "Ostrich Eggs". 7181:Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 6745: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6373: 5708:eggs: the origins of stone-throwing behaviour" 5346:"Ostriches Don't Hide Their Heads in the Sand" 5280: 5278: 4635: 4297: 4295: 4044: 3747: 3507:is a dish prepared using common ostrich meat. 2479:urine; cloacal urine has been found to be 800 1781:The female common ostrich lays her fertilized 7445: 7199: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6783: 6369: 6367: 6365: 5894: 5648:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts & Feats 5617:. Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 4969: 4792:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 26. 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4497:. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. p. 164. 4265: 4171: 3065:Finally, they suggest that warm venous blood 3017:, a network of arteries originating from the 2571:, and samples or quantitative collections of 1935:to the cervical vertebrae extending from the 849:The common ostrich belongs to the Infraclass 8216:Index for various ostrich studies and papers 7905: 7451: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7085: 7083: 7081: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6846: 6844: 6813:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 6492: 5777: 5503:. New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. p. 5450: 5073: 5055:Fuller, Errol (2001) . Bunney, Sarah (ed.). 4978: 4940: 4931: 4835: 4574: 4572: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4345: 4274:. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books, Ltd. pp. 2641: 2032: 1773: 1766: 1389:The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World 7676:"Agritourism helps ostrich farm fly high". 7657:Canadian Ostrich Association (April 2008). 7475:Kreibich, Andreas; Sommer, Mathias (1995). 7174: 7172: 7170: 6878:Bennett, Darin C.; Yutaka Karasawa (2003). 6724: 6676: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6264:Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 5936: 5888: 5867: 5865: 5614:Birds: Their Lifes, Their Ways, Their World 5521: 5275: 5097:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4552:Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds 4292: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 3929: 3165:When a bird is inactive and unfed, and the 2539:generous quantities of highly concentrated 2392: 1467: 7739: 7045: 6932: 6362: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6261: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5258: 4847:"The Bitter Fate of Ostriches in the Wild" 4768: 4382: 4339: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 3463:An ostrich in captivity in a farm park in 3260: 3051:They first suggest a possible increase in 2959:when faced with low ambient temperatures. 391: 144: 113: 8015: 7767: 7468: 7426: 7392: 7375: 7365: 7252: 7078: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7004:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 6986: 6945: 6850: 6841: 6824: 6757:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 6707: 6667: 6625: 6597: 6380:Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 6030:Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 5919: 5895:Hayward, M. W.; Kerley, G. I. H. (2005). 5723: 5721: 5252: 5226: 5216: 5108:Ostriches in Australia – and near my home 5030:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4996: 4736: 4585:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 4569: 4517: 4511: 4479: 4208: 4198: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4070: 4021: 3972: 3920: 3891: 3873: 3731: 3541:List of racing forms § Animal racing 3128:is 38 °C (100 °F), that of the 2868:on the systemic arterioles and acts as a 1672:reproduce several times over its lifetime 8211:British Domesticated Ostrich Association 8021: 7988: 7957: 7547:"Africa—Cape of Good Hope, Ostrich Farm" 7432: 7258: 7167: 6634: 6556: 6514:"Gross anatomy of the heart in Ostrich ( 5862: 5817: 5665: 5490: 5425: 5366: 5360: 5110:. trevorsbirding.com (13 September 2007) 4754:"North African Ostrich Recovery Project" 4718: 4712: 4693: 4680: 4617: 4611: 4548: 4542: 4246: 4230: 4228: 3997: 3563: 3544: 3510:Some common ostrich farms also cater to 3470: 3458: 3419: 3411: 3359: 3307: 3264: 3087: 2502:of the dorsal wall. They are covered by 1984: 1894: 1805: 1657: 1646: 1580: 1539: 1531: 1527: 7963: 7604:. Roden Leather Company. Archived from 7331: 7308: 7205: 7178: 7136:Louw, Gideon; Belonje, Coetzee (1969). 6899: 6893: 6288: 6149: 6064: 6008: 5640: 5638: 5610: 5597: 5527: 5411:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 26. 5404: 5398: 5383: 5316: 5310: 5284: 5088: 4941:Bezuidenhout, Cornelius Carlos (1999). 4883: 4806: 4151: 4145: 4045:Sellers, W. I.; Manning, P. L. (2007). 2962: 2929: 2699::plasma ratio is approximately 2.5, or 801:differs from other ratites in that the 632:Head feathers are a thin layer of down. 8641: 8135: 7999:. Southwest Newspapers. Archived from 7994: 7938: 7911: 7874: 7599: 7492: 7452:Kruszelnicki, Karl (2 November 2006). 7314: 7022: 6156:. Wallingford : CABi. pp. 62–64. 5841:Longhorn Lester's (13 November 2023). 5718: 5343: 5337: 5054: 5048: 4666:. London: Facts on File. p. 176. 4126: 4087: 3914: 3786: 3483:, the English are credited with first 2719:, alongside their kidneys, to control 2410:, which triggers the common ostrich's 1514:Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany 821:from Sweden in his 18th-century work, 738:on the larger, inner toe resembling a 8230: 8229: 8154: 7944: 7880: 7843: 7786: 7770:"Extreme Race Day at Canterbury Park" 7761: 7593: 7573: 7129: 6550: 6449: 5813: 5811: 5734:Tropical Animal Health and Production 5434:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds 4844: 4785: 4661: 4655: 4454:San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Ostrich 4314: 4225: 2684:In times of water deprivation, urine 2161:shaped heart and being enclosed by a 1899:Diagrammatic location of the air sacs 579:for a harem of two to seven females. 8626:E3FEA23C-1913-4FF3-8914-5E46227AE02C 7914:"Florian-Ayala Fauna: Art Magickian" 7849: 7650: 7628:"Are ratites "red" or "white" meat?" 7539: 7089: 6255: 5787:National Geographic Society (2009). 5644: 5635: 5578: 5572: 4874:"Archived 2014 discussion: Ostrich ( 4490: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3579:The racing is also a part of modern 3416:Fashion accessories, Amsterdam, 1919 2879:, excreting nitrogen in the form of 2776:concentrations and small changes in 2458:is stored in the coprodeum, and the 2299: 2248:and continues on into the tissue as 1614:. When eating, they will fill their 8649:IUCN Red List least concern species 7462:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 7433:Gosselin, Michael (December 2010). 7209:Environmental Physiology of Animals 6614:International Journal of Morphology 6466:The Journal of Experimental Biology 5472: 5466:The Ostrich Communal Nesting System 5177:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4821:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1149. 4636:Douglas Harper (11 December 2013). 3830:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3719:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3116:needs. The common ostrich utilizes 2886: 2804:and SCFA found in the lower colon. 1406:, do not recognize it as separate. 1099:Rivers. It is farmed for its meat, 13: 8157:Handbook of the Birds of the World 8085: 7884:200 Quick Looks at Florida History 7793:Modern Mechanix (September 1929). 7149:Scient. Pap. Namib Desert Res. STN 6709:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11700.x 6456:Maina, J.N.; Nathaniel C. (2001). 6272:10.1016/B978-1-4832-3143-3.50014-9 5945:"Prey preferences of the leopard ( 5808: 5686:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb02737.x 5581:Zoology: An Inside View of Animals 5323:. London: Continuum. p. 300. 5119: 4845:Rinat, Zafrir (25 December 2007). 4662:Gotch, A.F. (1995) . "Ostriches". 4518:Brand, T. S.; Gous, R. M. (2006). 4308:The New International Encyclopædia 4129:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia 2526: 2417: 1927:. The tip of the tongue then lies 501:The common ostrich belongs to the 14: 8715: 8185: 8138:Symbolic and Mythological Animals 7853:Weird and Wonderful Science Facts 6563:Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 5996:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00184.x. 5408:The Ecophysiology of Desert Birds 5193:"Ostriches Sleep like Platypuses" 4494:The Garden Route and Little Karoo 4270:. In Perrins, Christopher (ed.). 3787:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). 3775: 2604:from 20 L·d to only 0.3–0.5 L·d. 2523:to the urodeum until discharged. 2387: 1903:Morphology of the common ostrich 1279:; it became extinct around 1966. 903:Subspecies of the common ostrich 734:(most birds have four), with the 486:order of birds. The other is the 8689:Extant Miocene first appearances 8191: 8120: 8106: 8092: 8056: 8049:DeMocker, Michael (August 2014) 8043: 7912:Barton, Dave (7 February 2013). 7856:. Sterling Pub Co. Inc. p. 7817: 7747:"Ostrich riding in South Africa" 7712: 7698: 7684: 7669: 7620: 7574:Bryce, Emma (20 February 2023). 7567: 7295: 7238: 7226: 7120: 6826:10.1113/expphysiol.1984.sp002870 6696:European Journal of Biochemistry 6656:International Journal of Zoology 6575:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01109.x 5968:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x 5882:"Epic cheetah hunt filmed in HD" 5480:"Ostriches "Flirt With Farmers"" 5405:Maclean, Gordon Lindsay (1996). 5344:Hiskey, Daven (12 August 2010). 4872:Taylor, Joe (4 September 2013). 4187:Annals of Medicine & Surgery 3366:Church of Saint Lazarus, Larnaca 3214:In common ostriches, a BMR (mL O 2609:glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 2141: 1810:Young female chased by a cheetah 1755: 1743: 1731: 1719: 1707: 1695: 1372: 1287: 1260:Was formerly very common in the 1229: 1199:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1142: 1124:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1059: 754:, and 20–23 secondary feathers. 694: 685: 673: 661: 649: 644:Long eyelashes protect the eyes. 637: 625: 563:and the south island giant moa ( 186: 35: 7922:. OC Weekly, LP. Archived from 7768:Palosaari, Ben (19 July 2008). 7261:American Journal of Archaeology 7092:"Ostrich Welfare and Transport" 6871: 6627:10.4067/S0717-95022012000300040 6414: 5999: 5989: 5897:"Prey preferences of the lion ( 5874: 5853: 5834: 5799: 5768: 5692: 5377: 5243: 5184: 5164: 5139: 5122:"Ostriches lived in India once" 5113: 5101: 5013: 4866: 4725:Bird Conservation International 4629: 4555:. Academic Press. p. 446. 4525:Feeding in Domestic Vertebrates 4459: 4447: 4425: 4237: 4167:Physics World, February 2, 2017 4160: 4038: 4010:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3708:BirdLife International (2018). 3603:, consists of both ostrich and 3407: 3229:, heat is produced to maintain 2986:below their body temperatures ( 2800:. There is no net movements of 2735: 2710: 1943:, where the trachea enters the 730:, having just two toes on each 8029:Evansville Courier & Press 8022:Ethridge, Tim (18 July 2009). 7525:Science World British Columbia 7479:. Landwirtschaftsverlag GmbH. 6964:10.1086/physzool.68.1.30163924 6918:10.1086/physzool.56.4.30155880 6423:News in Physiological Sciences 5367:Halcombe, John Joseph (1872). 3908: 3849: 3677: 3599:. Likewise, the arts scene in 3583:. Within the United States, a 3293:. Of its five subspecies, the 2715:A number of avian species use 2136: 1919:cavity lying posterior to the 1885: 597: 1: 7301:Anderson, Richard L. (2004). 6769:10.1016/S0300-9629(76)80046-1 5843:"Ostrich Decapitates Coyote!" 5469:. Princeton University Press. 5285:Stewart, D. (1 August 2006). 4597:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00006-0 4522:. In Bels, Vincent L. (ed.). 4391:Brain, Behavior and Evolution 4348:Brain, Behavior and Evolution 4272:Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds 4183:"Abdominal trauma by ostrich" 3690: 3364:Eggs on the oil lamps of the 3235:standard metabolic rate (SMR) 3149: 3059:blood arriving from the core. 2831:. Two antidiuretic hormones, 2567:has been based on samples of 2104:Common ostriches develop via 2061:). The oxygen rich air flows 2041: 1880: 890: 7945:Scott, Luci (8 March 2011). 7706:"South Africa Ostrich Rides" 7441:. Canadian Museum of Nature. 7072:10.1016/0306-4565(94)90042-6 7016:10.1016/0300-9629(88)91088-2 5463:Bertram, Brian C.R. (1992). 5297:National Wildlife Federation 5218:10.1371/journal.pone.0023203 4979:Bezuidenhout, A. J. (1984). 4819:Concise Encyclopedia Biology 4549:Marshall, Alan John (1960). 3312:Roman mosaic, 2nd century AD 3289:to treat it as a species of 3239:resting metabolic rate (RMR) 2819:ions all increase; however, 2404:surface area to volume ratio 2106:Intussusceptive angiogenesis 1947:, dividing into two primary 1801: 1653:Ngorongoro Conservation Area 7: 8699:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 8684:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa 7995:Fluker, Meryn (July 2007). 5818:Hurxthal, Lewis M. (1986). 5732:) ecology and physiology". 4642:Online Etymology Dictionary 3658: 3269:The Ketola Ostrich Farm in 2657:that hold up to 87% water. 2491:layering of the coprodeum. 2121:, and reorientation of the 2001: 1570:animals, such as zebras or 946:in the east throughout the 812: 10: 8720: 7052:Journal of Thermal Biology 6854:Ostrich Production Systems 6392:10.1016/j.resp.2009.09.011 6042:10.1016/j.resp.2011.11.005 5789:"Ostrich Struthio camelus" 5651:. Sterling Publishing Co. 5042:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab049 4751:Sahara Conservation Fund: 4200:10.1016/j.amsu.2014.12.004 3556:In some countries, people 3538: 3517: 3393:Contrary to popular belief 3175:basal metabolic rate (BMR) 3092:The common ostrich has no 2494:Common ostriches have two 2414:response to osmoregulate. 1890: 1597: 1512:Research conducted by the 958:in the west, and north to 129:) male (left) and females 16:Species of flightless bird 8238: 8221:World Ostrich Association 8064:"Ostrich Races in the US" 7725:. Penguin. pp. 76–. 7602:"Genuine Ostrich Leather" 7439:Natural History Notebooks 7233:Strutsitarha Ketolan Tila 6531:(1): 21–7. Archived from 5930:10.1017/S0952836905007508 5820:"Our gang, ostrich style" 5746:10.1007/s11250-009-9428-2 5317:Werness, Hope B. (2006). 4738:10.1017/S0959270906000487 3726:: e.T45020636A132189458. 3534: 3487:common ostriches outside 3325:and African centres like 3316: 2642:Water intake and turnover 2006:The common ostrich is an 1726:Recently hatched from egg 1642: 399: 390: 324: 319: 298: 291: 183:Scientific classification 181: 164: 142: 133: 121: 112: 23: 7881:Clark, James C. (2000). 7719:Coyne, Jerry A. (2010). 6851:Shanawany, M.M. (1999). 5436:. Barnes and Noble Inc. 5384:Jelagat, Chemis (2009). 5089:Donegan, Keenan (2002). 4694:Clements, James (2007). 4625:(in Latin). p. 155. 3922:10.3410/f.1115666.571731 3793:Project: The Taxonomicon 3670: 2851:(ADH) which targets the 2833:Arginine vasotocin (AVT) 2397:The common ostrich is a 2393:Physiological challenges 1666:Common ostriches become 1468:Distribution and habitat 1417:due to formation of the 979:Central African Republic 859:. Other members include 8694:Birds described in 1758 7953:. The Arizona Republic. 7493:Ekesbo, Ingvar (2011). 7477:Ostrich Farm Management 7367:10.1073/pnas.0913047107 6478:10.1242/jeb.204.13.2313 6435:10.1152/nips.01395.2001 4719:Thiollay, J.M. (2006). 3965:10.1126/science.1251981 3388:"Head in the sand" myth 3261:Status and conservation 2979:to increase heat loss. 2948:conductance coefficient 2796:and water and secretes 2766:short-chain fatty acids 2187:interventricular septum 1970:air sacs including the 1448:Struthio camelus spatzi 1345:in northeastern Kenya. 809:bones are unconnected. 590:. Its skin is used for 8136:Cooper, J. C. (1992). 7964:Hedding, Judy (2008). 7692:"Curacao Ostrich Farm" 7454:"Ostrich head in sand" 6150:Deeming, D.C. (1999). 5579:Hyde, Kenneth (2004). 5287:"A Bird Like No Other" 4435:. TheWonderofBirds.com 4063:10.1098/rspb.2007.0846 3875:10.3390/biology2010419 3837:: e.T22732795A95049558 3823:Struthio molybdophanes 3817:BirdLife International 3576: 3553: 3476: 3468: 3434: 3417: 3369: 3355:Diepkloof Rock Shelter 3313: 3287:BirdLife International 3277: 2679:Euphorbia heterochroma 2654:Euphorbia heterochroma 2444:microbial fermentation 2352:ostrich uses inositol 2183:atrioventricular valve 2154:and systemic circuit. 2037: 1990: 1900: 1811: 1778: 1771: 1750:Female incubating eggs 1663: 1655: 1626:) the food enters the 1586: 1558: 1537: 1446:was once separated as 1394:BirdLife International 1256:Middle Eastern ostrich 1186:and parts of southern 1103:, and feathers in the 777:, and it also lacks a 710:However, the head and 582:The common ostrich is 542:largest living species 496:BirdLife International 492:Struthio molybdophanes 8559:Paleobiology Database 7850:Pyke, Magnus (1985). 7722:Why Evolution Is True 7600:Lappin, Alan (2017). 7552:World Digital Library 7499:. CABI. p. 181. 7458:ABC Science: In Depth 7409:A Catholic Dictionary 7305:2nd edition. Pearson. 7206:Willmer, Pat (2009). 6952:Physiological Zoology 6906:Physiological Zoology 5702:Neophron percnopterus 5645:Wood, Gerald (1983). 5392:University of Nairobi 4786:Roots, Clive (2006). 4433:"Bird claws or nails" 4023:10.1093/molbev/msu153 3589:Jacksonville, Florida 3581:South African culture 3575:1933, The Netherlands 3574: 3550:Jacksonville, Florida 3548: 3495:, as well as high in 3474: 3462: 3432: 3415: 3382:prayer be fruitless. 3363: 3311: 3268: 3088:Breathing adaptations 2891:Common ostriches are 2690:osmotic concentration 2613:urine flow rate (UFR) 2219:atrioventricular node 2193:is occurring. In the 2169:volume and a thicker 2090:respiratory alkalosis 2036: 1988: 1898: 1874:East African cheetahs 1809: 1777: 1770: 1661: 1650: 1610:to grind food in the 1584: 1548: 1535: 1528:Behaviour and ecology 1348:Northeastern Africa: 1323:), also known as the 1160:), also known as the 1077:), also known as the 1070:South African ostrich 968:Critically Endangered 928:), also known as the 921:North African ostrich 773:, the ostrich has no 761:is flat, lacking the 757:The common ostrich's 355:South African ostrich 341:North African ostrich 7976:on 15 September 2009 7799:Mechanix Illustrated 7321:Anthropology Leaflet 6472:(Pt 13): 2313–2330. 5348:. Todayifoundout.com 5263:. Digital West Media 5095:Animal Diversity Web 3758:"Appendices | CITES" 3665:Tallest extant birds 3611:, hosts the annual " 3374:Eastern Christianity 2988:thermal neutral zone 2984:ambient temperatures 2963:Internal adaptations 2940:convective heat loss 2930:Physical adaptations 2920:temperature gradient 2849:antidiuretic hormone 2545:uric acid and urates 2252:branches toward the 1829:African hunting dogs 1442:The population from 1384:Tree of Life Project 1166:East African ostrich 1079:black-necked ostrich 835:is derived from the 8203:(Common) Ostrich – 7638:on 15 November 2022 7358:2010PNAS..107.6180T 7315:Laufer, B. (1926). 7212:. Wiley-Blackwell. 7108:on 28 December 2013 7090:Mitchell, Malcolm. 7064:1994JTBio..19..423P 6669:10.1155/2013/293643 5977:on 29 February 2020 5795:on 7 February 2010. 5700:"Egyptian Vultures 5542:1979Natur.279..233B 5259:Desert USA (1996). 5209:2011PLoSO...623203L 4756:. 16 September 2019 4638:"struthious (adj.)" 4520:"Feeding ostriches" 4491:Nell, Leon (2003). 4323:The Birds of Africa 4057:(1626): 2711–2716. 3957:2014Sci...344..898M 3401:National Geographic 3335:Arsinoe II of Egypt 3227:thermo-neutral zone 3223:ambient temperature 3196:Metabolic rate = 70 3171:thermo-neutral zone 3167:ambient temperature 3004:ambient temperature 2861:extracellular fluid 2191:ventricular systole 2070:total lung capacity 2051:inspiratory muscles 1536:Two birds "dancing" 1462:Struthio bidactylus 1398:IOC World Bird List 1325:blue-necked ostrich 1299: 1162:pink-necked ostrich 1091:Found south of the 904: 855:commonly known as 136:Conservation status 8659:Domesticated birds 8003:on 24 October 2007 7966:"Ostrich Festival" 7831:. 30 December 2021 7805:on 28 January 2016 7527:. 11 December 2015 5956:Journal of Zoology 5908:Journal of Zoology 5884:. 12 October 2009. 5500:Birds of the World 5151:The Times of India 5091:"Struthio camelus" 4985:Journal of Anatomy 3597:history of Florida 3585:tourist attraction 3577: 3554: 3481:Frank G. Carpenter 3477: 3469: 3435: 3418: 3370: 3314: 3278: 3225:is lower than the 3110:lung surface shunt 2632:circulatory system 2549:renal conservation 2446:chambers used for 2362:incubation periods 2347:Furthermore, the P 2290:conducting pathway 2055:expiratory muscles 2038: 2013:diaphragmatic pump 1991: 1901: 1868:on one occasion. 1812: 1779: 1772: 1664: 1656: 1587: 1559: 1538: 1522:Australian outback 1499:Dahlak Archipelago 1329:Found in southern 1297: 1250:also known as the 930:red-necked ostrich 902: 827:under its current 680:Claws on the wings 8636: 8635: 8546:Open Tree of Life 8232:Taxon identifiers 8196:Works related to 8166:978-84-87334-09-2 8147:978-1-85538-118-6 8068:Sand-boarding.com 7926:on 6 October 2016 7898:978-1-56164-200-7 7867:978-0-8069-6254-2 7829:Sand-boarding.com 7782:on 18 March 2015. 7749:. SouthAfrica.com 7732:978-0-14-311664-6 7608:on 10 August 2020 7419:978-0-89555-549-6 7352:(14): 6180–6185. 7187:(10): 1293–1301. 6864:978-92-5-104300-4 6356:Animal Physiology 6281:978-1-4832-3143-3 6163:978-0-85199-350-8 5658:978-0-85112-235-9 5628:978-0-89577-065-3 5590:978-0-7575-0170-8 5536:(5710): 233–234. 5514:978-1-56458-295-9 5443:978-0-7607-0152-2 5418:978-3-540-59269-3 5292:National Wildlife 5180:. September 2018. 5066:978-0-19-850837-3 4828:978-3-11-010661-9 4799:978-0-313-33545-7 4705:978-0-8014-4501-9 4673:978-0-8160-3377-5 4619:Linnaeus, Carolus 4535:978-1-84593-063-9 4504:978-1-86872-856-5 4403:10.1159/000047265 4360:10.1159/000047218 4332:978-0-12-137301-6 4285:978-1-55297-777-4 4138:978-0-7876-5784-0 3951:(6186): 898–900. 3609:Chandler, Arizona 3601:Indio, California 3572: 3430: 3019:ophthalmic artery 3008:cerebral arteries 2829:hypovolemic state 2827:, resulting in a 2717:nasal salt glands 2581:plasma osmolality 2555:conducted on the 2300:Blood composition 2292:of the heart the 2254:apex of the heart 2152:pulmonary circuit 2127:blood–gas barrier 2108:, a mechanism of 1853:Egyptian vultures 1546: 1494:Arabian ostriches 1492:populations. The 1429:bird of the open 1419:East African Rift 1408:Mitochondrial DNA 1380: 1379: 1295: 1294: 1262:Arabian Peninsula 1114:Southern Africa: 973:Northern Africa: 565:Dinornis robustus 557:Aepyornis maximus 449: 448: 445: 444: 403:distribution map 383: 368: 354: 340: 176: 159: 8711: 8664:Flightless birds 8629: 8628: 8616: 8615: 8613:Struthio-camelus 8603: 8602: 8593: 8592: 8580: 8579: 8567: 8566: 8554: 8553: 8541: 8540: 8528: 8527: 8515: 8514: 8512:NHMSYS0001689684 8502: 8501: 8489: 8488: 8476: 8475: 8463: 8462: 8450: 8449: 8437: 8436: 8424: 8423: 8411: 8410: 8398: 8397: 8385: 8384: 8372: 8371: 8362: 8361: 8349: 8348: 8336: 8335: 8326: 8325: 8323:2247CB050A76CF8E 8313: 8312: 8310:struthio-camelus 8300: 8299: 8297:Struthio_camelus 8287: 8286: 8284:Struthio_camelus 8274: 8273: 8272: 8270:Struthio camelus 8259: 8258: 8257: 8240:Struthio camelus 8227: 8226: 8195: 8181: 8170: 8151: 8130: 8125: 8124: 8123: 8116: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8102: 8097: 8096: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8070:. 31 August 2021 8060: 8054: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8008: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7972:. Archived from 7961: 7955: 7954: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7801:. Archived from 7790: 7784: 7783: 7778:. Archived from 7765: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7680:. 19 March 2007. 7673: 7667: 7666: 7661:. Archived from 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7490: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7403: 7390: 7389: 7379: 7369: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7312: 7306: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7176: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7146: 7140:Struthio Camelus 7133: 7127: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7107: 7096: 7087: 7076: 7075: 7047: 7020: 7019: 7000:Struthio camelus 6995: 6984: 6983: 6948:Struthio camelus 6943: 6930: 6929: 6902:Struthio camelus 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6882:Struthio Camelus 6875: 6869: 6868: 6848: 6839: 6838: 6828: 6804: 6781: 6780: 6751: 6722: 6721: 6711: 6687: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6650:Struthio camelus 6643: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6620:(3): 1013–1018. 6608:Struthio Camelus 6601: 6595: 6594: 6559:Struthio camelus 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6538:on 18 March 2017 6537: 6525:Iran J. Vet. Res 6522: 6516:Struthio camelus 6509: 6490: 6489: 6460:Struthio camelus 6453: 6447: 6446: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6376:Struthio camelus 6371: 6360: 6359: 6351: 6286: 6285: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6226: 6217: 6168: 6167: 6147: 6062: 6061: 6036:(2–3): 183–192. 6025: 6006: 6003: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5976: 5970:. Archived from 5953: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5923: 5905: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5860: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5815: 5806: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5791:. Archived from 5784: 5775: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5730:Struthio camelus 5725: 5716: 5715: 5706:Struthio camelus 5696: 5690: 5689: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5642: 5633: 5632: 5608: 5595: 5594: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5550:10.1038/279233a0 5525: 5519: 5518: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5476: 5470: 5461: 5448: 5447: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5230: 5220: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5086: 5071: 5070: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5000: 4976: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4957:on 18 March 2017 4953:. Archived from 4945:Struthio camelus 4938: 4929: 4928: 4900: 4894:Struthio camelus 4887: 4881: 4876:Struthio camelus 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4842: 4833: 4832: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4789:Flightless Birds 4783: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4691: 4678: 4677: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4581:Struthio camelus 4576: 4567: 4566: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4488: 4477: 4476: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4299: 4290: 4289: 4263: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4212: 4202: 4178: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4124: 4085: 4084: 4074: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4025: 4016:(7): 1686–1696. 4001: 3995: 3994: 3976: 3942: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3895: 3877: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3784: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3735: 3712:Struthio camelus 3705: 3684: 3681: 3613:Ostrich Festival 3573: 3431: 3351:Middle Stone Age 3339:Hunter-gatherers 3257: g h. 3231:body temperature 3118:gular fluttering 3102:evaporative heat 2936:thermoregulation 2887:Thermoregulation 2866:vasoconstriction 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2763: 2755: 2747: 2585:urine osmolality 2561:Poiseuille's Law 2270:atrioventricular 2250:interventricular 2185:is fixed to the 2175:systemic circuit 2086:respiration rate 2063:unidirectionally 2043: 1759: 1747: 1735: 1723: 1711: 1699: 1682:males typically 1574:. Ostriches are 1547: 1376: 1321:S. molybdophanes 1300: 1296: 1291: 1249: 1233: 1193:Eastern Africa: 1146: 1130:, South Africa, 1087:southern ostrich 1063: 1027:Western Africa: 905: 901: 899:are recognized: 795:copulatory organ 698: 689: 677: 665: 653: 641: 629: 553:the largest eggs 506:Struthioniformes 458:Struthio camelus 440:S. molybdophanes 438: 429: 419: 410: 405: 404: 395: 378: 363: 349: 332: 304: 302:Struthio camelus 250:Struthioniformes 191: 190: 170: 153: 148: 147: 117: 107: 97: 34: 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8709: 8708: 8679:Birds of Africa 8639: 8638: 8637: 8632: 8624: 8619: 8611: 8606: 8598: 8596: 8588: 8583: 8575: 8570: 8562: 8557: 8549: 8544: 8536: 8533:Observation.org 8531: 8523: 8518: 8510: 8505: 8497: 8492: 8484: 8479: 8471: 8466: 8458: 8453: 8445: 8440: 8432: 8427: 8419: 8414: 8406: 8401: 8393: 8388: 8380: 8375: 8367: 8365: 8357: 8352: 8344: 8339: 8331: 8329: 8321: 8316: 8308: 8303: 8295: 8290: 8282: 8277: 8268: 8267: 8262: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8234: 8188: 8167: 8148: 8126: 8121: 8119: 8112: 8107: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8088: 8086:Further reading 8083: 8073: 8071: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8048: 8044: 8034: 8032: 8020: 8016: 8006: 8004: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7962: 7958: 7943: 7939: 7929: 7927: 7910: 7906: 7899: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7848: 7844: 7834: 7832: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7808: 7806: 7791: 7787: 7766: 7762: 7752: 7750: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7733: 7717: 7713: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7678:Farmer's Weekly 7675: 7674: 7670: 7665:on 6 July 2011. 7655: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7626: 7625: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7598: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7519: 7518: 7514: 7507: 7487: 7473: 7469: 7450: 7446: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7404: 7393: 7336: 7332: 7313: 7309: 7300: 7296: 7257: 7253: 7248:. 19 July 2017. 7244: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7204: 7200: 7193:10.1071/EA08142 7177: 7168: 7158: 7156: 7144: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7099:Ostrich Welfare 7094: 7088: 7079: 7048: 7023: 6996: 6987: 6944: 6933: 6898: 6894: 6889:. pp. vii. 6886: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6849: 6842: 6805: 6784: 6752: 6725: 6688: 6677: 6644: 6635: 6602: 6598: 6555: 6551: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6520: 6510: 6493: 6454: 6450: 6419: 6415: 6372: 6363: 6352: 6289: 6282: 6260: 6256: 6241:10.2307/1365733 6224: 6218: 6171: 6164: 6148: 6065: 6026: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5951: 5947:Panthera pardus 5941: 5937: 5921:10.1.1.611.8271 5903: 5893: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5839: 5835: 5824:Natural History 5816: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5785: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5726: 5719: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5609: 5598: 5591: 5577: 5573: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5495: 5491: 5486:. 9 March 2003. 5478: 5477: 5473: 5462: 5451: 5444: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5403: 5399: 5382: 5378: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5283: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5189: 5185: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5087: 5074: 5067: 5053: 5049: 5018: 5014: 4977: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4939: 4932: 4917:10.2307/4088425 4898: 4888: 4884: 4880:, birdlife.org. 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4784: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4692: 4681: 4674: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4634: 4630: 4616: 4612: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4489: 4480: 4475:. 30 June 2010. 4465: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4387: 4383: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4319: 4315: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4264: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4161: 4154:Natural History 4150: 4146: 4139: 4125: 4088: 4051:Proc. R. Soc. B 4043: 4039: 4002: 3998: 3940: 3934: 3930: 3913: 3909: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3814: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3785: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3756: 3755: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3706: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3661: 3633:Prairie Meadows 3625:Canterbury Park 3564: 3558:race each other 3543: 3537: 3520: 3465:Gloucestershire 3420: 3410: 3397:Pliny the Elder 3390: 3347:Howiesons Poort 3331:Kingdom of Kush 3319: 3295:Arabian ostrich 3263: 3256: 3247:metabolic scope 3244: 3217: 3187: 3152: 3107: 3090: 2965: 2932: 2889: 2847:. AVT triggers 2841:hyperosmolality 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2761: 2753: 2745: 2738: 2713: 2675:metabolic water 2670:metabolic water 2666:metabolic water 2648:solar radiation 2644: 2529: 2527:Kidney function 2450:breakdown. The 2434:and the paired 2420: 2418:System overview 2395: 2390: 2350: 2343: 2324:is composed of 2318:oxygen affinity 2314: 2302: 2286:sinoatrial node 2282:Purkinje fibers 2246:coronary groove 2211:Purkinje fibers 2207:Moderator bands 2201:Pulmonary veins 2144: 2139: 2004: 1972:interclavicular 1893: 1888: 1883: 1804: 1763: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1739: 1738:Hen with chicks 1736: 1727: 1724: 1715: 1712: 1703: 1700: 1668:sexually mature 1645: 1633:metabolic water 1600: 1555:slow-wave sleep 1549:Sleeping, with 1540: 1530: 1470: 1423:S. c. massaicus 1343:S. c. massaicus 1333:, northeastern 1298:Somali ostrich 1243: 1240:Arabian ostrich 1158:S. c. massaicus 1075:S. c. australis 934:Barbary ostrich 893: 824:Systema Naturae 815: 705: 699: 690: 681: 678: 669: 666: 657: 654: 645: 642: 633: 630: 600: 588:feather dusters 549:living dinosaur 471:flightless bird 436: 431:S. c. massaicus 427: 421:S. c. australis 417: 408: 384:Arabian ostrich 360:S. c. massaicus 346:S. c. australis 315: 306: 300: 287: 284:S. camelus 185: 177: 160: 149: 145: 138: 127:S. c. australis 108: 98: 96: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 40: 29: 28: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8717: 8707: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8617: 8604: 8594: 8581: 8568: 8555: 8542: 8529: 8516: 8503: 8490: 8477: 8464: 8451: 8438: 8425: 8412: 8399: 8386: 8373: 8363: 8350: 8337: 8327: 8314: 8301: 8288: 8275: 8260: 8244: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8201: 8187: 8186:External links 8184: 8183: 8182: 8171: 8165: 8152: 8146: 8132: 8131: 8117: 8103: 8100:Animals portal 8087: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8055: 8042: 8014: 7987: 7956: 7937: 7904: 7897: 7873: 7866: 7842: 7816: 7785: 7760: 7738: 7731: 7711: 7697: 7683: 7668: 7659:"Cooking Tips" 7649: 7619: 7592: 7566: 7538: 7512: 7505: 7486:978-3784327297 7485: 7467: 7444: 7425: 7418: 7391: 7330: 7307: 7294: 7273:10.2307/500319 7267:(3): 199–206. 7251: 7237: 7225: 7219:978-1405107242 7218: 7198: 7166: 7128: 7119: 7077: 7058:(6): 423–430. 7021: 7010:(2): 251–256. 6985: 6958:(1): 164–175. 6931: 6912:(4): 568–579. 6892: 6870: 6863: 6840: 6782: 6763:(2): 151–156. 6723: 6702:(3): 567–574. 6675: 6633: 6596: 6549: 6491: 6448: 6429:(5): 197–201. 6413: 6386:(3): 262–270. 6361: 6287: 6280: 6254: 6235:(4): 341–352. 6169: 6162: 6063: 6007: 5998: 5988: 5962:(4): 298–313. 5935: 5914:(3): 309–322. 5887: 5873: 5861: 5852: 5833: 5807: 5798: 5776: 5767: 5740:(3): 363–373. 5717: 5691: 5664: 5657: 5634: 5627: 5596: 5589: 5571: 5520: 5513: 5489: 5471: 5449: 5442: 5424: 5417: 5397: 5376: 5359: 5336: 5329: 5309: 5274: 5251: 5242: 5183: 5163: 5138: 5112: 5100: 5072: 5065: 5047: 5012: 4968: 4930: 4911:(3): 614–622. 4882: 4865: 4834: 4827: 4805: 4798: 4767: 4744: 4731:(4): 353–365. 4711: 4704: 4679: 4672: 4654: 4628: 4610: 4591:(4): 749–755. 4568: 4561: 4541: 4534: 4510: 4503: 4478: 4458: 4446: 4424: 4397:(2): 115–120. 4381: 4354:(6): 340–344. 4338: 4331: 4313: 4291: 4284: 4245: 4236: 4224: 4170: 4159: 4144: 4137: 4086: 4037: 3996: 3928: 3907: 3868:(1): 419–444. 3848: 3805: 3774: 3746: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3660: 3657: 3536: 3533: 3519: 3516: 3409: 3406: 3389: 3386: 3349:period of the 3333:. A statue of 3318: 3315: 3299:S. c. syriacus 3262: 3259: 3254: 3242: 3215: 3201: 3200: 3185: 3151: 3148: 3105: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3063: 3060: 2969:countercurrent 2964: 2961: 2931: 2928: 2905:metabolic heat 2888: 2885: 2875:Ostriches are 2737: 2734: 2712: 2709: 2643: 2640: 2565:renal function 2528: 2525: 2510:, middle, and 2419: 2416: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2388:Osmoregulation 2386: 2378:immunoglobulin 2354:polyphosphates 2348: 2341: 2312: 2306:red blood cell 2301: 2298: 2215: 2214: 2204: 2198: 2173:to fulfil the 2171:left ventricle 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2059:Fick Principle 2031: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2003: 2000: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1833:spotted hyenas 1803: 1800: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1694: 1644: 1641: 1599: 1596: 1529: 1526: 1469: 1466: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1327: 1316:Somali ostrich 1311: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1258: 1252:Syrian ostrich 1246:S. c. syriacus 1235: 1234: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1168: 1148: 1147: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1089: 1065: 1064: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1025: 936: 916: 915: 912: 909: 892: 889: 881:elephant birds 814: 811: 707: 706: 701:Male running, 700: 693: 691: 684: 682: 679: 672: 670: 667: 660: 658: 655: 648: 646: 643: 636: 634: 631: 624: 599: 596: 488:Somali ostrich 453:common ostrich 447: 446: 443: 442: 433: 424: 423: 414: 397: 396: 388: 387: 386: 385: 375:S. c. syriacus 370: 356: 342: 322: 321: 317: 316: 307: 296: 295: 289: 288: 281: 279: 275: 274: 267: 263: 262: 257: 253: 252: 247: 243: 242: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 179: 178: 165: 162: 161: 143: 140: 139: 134: 131: 130: 119: 118: 110: 109: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 41: 36: 26: 24:Common ostrich 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8716: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8627: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8595: 8591: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8360: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8324: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8280: 8276: 8271: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8228: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8200:at Wikisource 8199: 8194: 8190: 8189: 8179: 8178: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8158: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8139: 8134: 8133: 8129: 8128:Africa portal 8118: 8115: 8104: 8101: 8095: 8090: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8052: 8046: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8018: 8002: 7998: 7991: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7960: 7952: 7951:AZCentral.com 7948: 7941: 7925: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7908: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7877: 7869: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7846: 7830: 7826: 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6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6885: 6883: 6874: 6866: 6860: 6856: 6855: 6847: 6845: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6819:(4): 809–18. 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6609: 6600: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6553: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6517: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6461: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6357: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6283: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6002: 5992: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5948: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5900: 5891: 5883: 5877: 5868: 5866: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5812: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5781: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5722: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5660: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5641: 5639: 5630: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5592: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5468: 5467: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5380: 5372: 5371: 5363: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5330:9780826419132 5326: 5322: 5321: 5313: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5279: 5262: 5255: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203:(8): e23203. 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5057:Extinct Birds 5051: 5043: 5039: 5036:(1): 88–105. 5035: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4991:(3): 385–97. 4990: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4973: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4946: 4937: 4935: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4897: 4895: 4886: 4879: 4877: 4869: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4755: 4748: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4573: 4564: 4562:9780124736016 4558: 4554: 4553: 4545: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4434: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4296: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4240: 4231: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3923: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3713: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3695: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3656: 3655:, Louisiana. 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3617:Virginia City 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3562: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3515: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3414: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3310: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3291:least concern 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3258: 3252: 3251:turnover rate 3248: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3190:Kleiber's law 3183: 3182:non-passerine 3178: 3176: 3172: 3169:(i.e. in the 3168: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3130:tracheal area 3127: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2805: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721:hypertonicity 2718: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2636:blood vessels 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2569:cloacal urine 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553:renal studies 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2500:pelvic cavity 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2294:bundle of his 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2142:Heart anatomy 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2035: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925:buccal cavity 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909:avian species 1906: 1897: 1878: 1875: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841:birds of prey 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1776: 1769: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676:mating season 1673: 1669: 1660: 1654: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1556: 1552: 1534: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1453:S. c. camelus 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:mating season 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1153:Masai ostrich 1150: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1109:Cape Province 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971: 969: 965: 962:and southern 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 935: 931: 927: 926:S. c. camelus 923: 922: 918: 917: 913: 910: 907: 906: 900: 898: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 853: 852:Palaeognathae 847: 845: 844:Ancient Greek 841: 838: 834: 830: 829:binomial name 826: 825: 820: 819:Carl Linnaeus 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 715: 713: 704: 697: 692: 688: 683: 676: 671: 664: 659: 652: 647: 640: 635: 628: 623: 622: 621: 619: 614: 609: 606: 595: 593: 589: 585: 580: 577: 576:invertebrates 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 547: 543: 539: 535: 534:Palaeognathae 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 461:), or simply 460: 459: 454: 441: 434: 432: 426: 425: 422: 415: 413: 412:S. c. camelus 407: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 381: 377: 376: 371: 369:Masai ostrich 366: 362: 361: 357: 352: 348: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 330: 329:S. c. camelus 326: 325: 323: 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 297: 294: 293:Binomial name 290: 286: 285: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260:Struthionidae 258: 255: 254: 251: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240:Palaeognathae 238: 235: 234: 231: 228: 225: 224: 221: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 194: 189: 184: 180: 174: 168: 163: 157: 152: 151:Least Concern 141: 137: 132: 128: 124: 123:South African 120: 116: 111: 106: 102: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 39: 33: 22: 19: 8239: 8176: 8156: 8137: 8114:Birds portal 8072:. 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Retrieved 3723: 3717: 3711: 3679: 3605:camel racing 3578: 3555: 3552:, circa 1911 3521: 3512:agri-tourism 3509: 3505:Ostrich stew 3478: 3442: 3436: 3408:Economic use 3391: 3384: 3371: 3320: 3298: 3279: 3220: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3179: 3164: 3153: 3135: 3122: 3094:sweat glands 3091: 3083: 3078:hypothalamus 3038: 3034:carotid rete 3000: 2992: 2981: 2973:heterotherms 2966: 2953:piloerection 2945: 2933: 2924:equilibrated 2913: 2893:homeothermic 2890: 2874: 2806: 2768:(SCFA), and 2739: 2736:Biochemistry 2725:blood plasma 2714: 2711:Nasal glands 2701:hyperosmotic 2683: 2678: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2617:clearance of 2606: 2579:impacts the 2573:voided urine 2530: 2493: 2477:hyperosmotic 2448:carbohydrate 2442:, forms the 2421: 2396: 2367: 2346: 2337:Hemoglobin E 2330: 2303: 2279: 2232: 2216: 2167:right atrium 2156: 2145: 2123:gas exchange 2110:blood vessel 2103: 2082:hyperthermia 2079: 2074:tidal volume 2067: 2039: 2005: 1992: 1902: 1870: 1857: 1813: 1788: 1780: 1688: 1665: 1601: 1592: 1588: 1560: 1519: 1511: 1471: 1461: 1457:S. c. spatzi 1456: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1434: 1422: 1401: 1387: 1381: 1342: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1238: 1178:and eastern 1165: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1105:Little Karoo 1086: 1083:Cape ostrich 1082: 1078: 1074: 1068: 1033:Burkina Faso 933: 929: 925: 919: 894: 850: 848: 839: 822: 816: 756: 748: 716: 708: 610: 601: 581: 573: 569:South Africa 564: 556: 544:of bird and 530:Phylogenetic 500: 491: 477: 462: 457: 456: 452: 450: 439: 430: 420: 411: 400: 373: 358: 344: 327: 301: 299: 283: 282: 270: 236:Infraclass: 126: 18: 8455:iNaturalist 8264:Wikispecies 7642:15 November 7585:23 November 7555:. 1910–1920 7159:29 November 7112:28 December 5267:17 February 5120:Prasad, R. 4647:14 December 3841:15 February 3739:19 November 3653:New Orleans 3649:Fairgrounds 3593:attractions 3493:cholesterol 3454:World War I 3323:Mesopotamia 2996:vasodilates 2994:itself and 2967:The use of 2916:respiration 2845:hypovolemia 2837:angiotensin 2825:haematocrit 2686:electrolyte 2624:dehydration 2577:dehydration 2473:aldosterone 2466:(where the 2412:homeostatic 2408:dehydration 2331:During the 2223:endocardium 2163:pericardium 2137:Circulation 2131:capillaries 2119:vasculature 2099:Henry's Law 2046:parabronchi 1980:parabronchi 1923:within the 1886:Respiration 1861:wildebeests 1680:Territorial 1637:dehydration 1608:gastroliths 1306:Description 1015:South Sudan 911:Description 869:cassowaries 791:pubic bones 779:gallbladder 598:Description 522:cassowaries 320:Subspecies 8643:Categories 8608:Xeno-canto 8053:. nola.com 7775:City Pages 6229:The Condor 5352:7 November 4951:PhD thesis 4858:8 November 4439:22 January 3974:2328/35953 3798:4 February 3767:14 January 3691:References 3647:, and the 3641:Ellis Park 3539:See also: 3529:Oudtshoorn 3525:disembowel 3467:, England. 3379:fictitious 3271:Nurmijärvi 3150:Metabolism 3126:gular area 3100:increases 3071:ophthalmic 3023:ophthalmic 3012:ophthalmic 2909:dissipated 2900:appendages 2896:endotherms 2877:uricotelic 2729:osmolality 2620:creatinine 2593:osmolality 2504:peritoneum 2485:epithelium 2452:catabolism 2381:antibodies 2326:hemoglobin 2262:ventricles 2227:myofibrils 2209:, full of 2181:The right 1881:Physiology 1839:, various 1792:incubation 1651:Mating in 1478:Asia Minor 1444:Río de Oro 1396:, and the 1003:Mauritania 956:Mauritania 908:Subspecies 897:subspecies 891:Subspecies 837:Late Latin 744:wing chord 561:Madagascar 551:. It lays 380:Rothschild 169:Appendix I 30:15–0 8704:Ostriches 8669:Livestock 7970:About.com 7930:17 August 7919:OC Weekly 7531:2 January 7491:cited in 7435:"Ostrich" 7289:192967497 5916:CiteSeerX 5394:(Thesis). 5261:"Ostrich" 5126:The Hindu 4815:"Ostrich" 4304:"Ostrich" 4268:"Ostrich" 3991:206555952 3884:2079-7737 3762:cites.org 3629:Minnesota 3489:Cape Town 3211:per day. 3160:allometry 3156:oxidation 3143:turbulent 3114:metabolic 3067:perfusion 3053:metabolic 3030:analogous 2957:shivering 2881:uric acid 2764:), total 2750:potassium 2723:in their 2705:excretion 2602:flow rate 2557:flow rate 2432:coprodeum 2424:excretory 2374:phagocyte 2333:embryonic 2159:conically 2094:hyperpnea 2008:endotherm 1996:avascular 1960:mesentery 1953:posterior 1933:ventrally 1917:laryngeal 1802:Predators 1662:With eggs 1572:antelopes 1551:REM sleep 1501:, in the 1439:habitat. 1411:haplotype 787:coprodeum 613:primaries 278:Species: 206:Kingdom: 200:Eukaryota 8654:Struthio 8572:Species+ 8499:45020636 8473:10199490 8408:45513749 8346:45020636 8341:BirdLife 8330:BioLib: 8249:Wikidata 8074:23 April 8035:17 March 7835:28 April 7809:17 March 7753:25 April 7612:25 April 7386:20194764 7126:Mitchell 6980:85890608 6972:30163924 6926:87164761 6591:31018229 6583:21943125 6542:17 March 6486:11507114 6443:12270956 6400:19786124 6058:25480430 6050:22138612 5981:9 August 5762:22907744 5754:19693684 5680:: 9–15. 5484:BBC News 5302:25 April 5237:21887239 5197:PLOS ONE 5156:10 March 5131:10 March 5024:Struthio 4961:17 March 4760:25 April 4621:(1758). 4605:12814783 4419:46827656 4411:11805377 4376:43023723 4368:11326139 4219:25685344 4081:17711833 4032:24825849 3983:24855267 3902:24832669 3819:(2016). 3659:See also 3645:Kentucky 3501:red meat 3368:, Cyprus 3343:Kalahari 3329:and the 3057:arterial 3045:arterial 3010:and the 2870:dipsogen 2853:nephrons 2758:chloride 2634:through 2370:lysosome 2322:tetramer 2242:coronary 2238:arteries 2235:coronary 2148:myogenic 2002:Function 1968:anterior 1964:dorsally 1956:air sacs 1929:anterior 1849:mongoose 1845:warthogs 1825:leopards 1817:cheetahs 1482:savannas 1358:Ethiopia 1350:Djibouti 1331:Ethiopia 1219:Tanzania 1203:Ethiopia 1184:Ethiopia 1180:Tanzania 1136:Zimbabwe 1120:Botswana 1107:area of 1037:Cameroon 991:Ethiopia 940:Ethiopia 885:tinamous 840:struthio 813:Taxonomy 803:sphenoid 781:and the 728:didactyl 526:tinamous 479:Struthio 401:Struthio 334:Linnaeus 309:Linnaeus 271:Struthio 256:Family: 220:Chordata 216:Phylum: 210:Animalia 196:Domain: 156:IUCN 3.1 8674:Ratites 8621:ZooBank 8600:3845394 8447:2495150 8395:ostric2 8369:ostric2 8318:Avibase 8177:Ostrich 8007:30 July 7980:30 July 7632:AskUSDA 7377:2851956 7354:Bibcode 7155:: 43–54 7060:Bibcode 6835:6514998 6662:: 1–6. 6249:1365733 5847:YouTube 5714:. 1987. 5619:168–170 5566:4236729 5538:Bibcode 5228:3160860 5205:Bibcode 5007:6735902 4998:1164323 4925:4088425 4852:Haaretz 4210:4323753 4072:2279215 3953:Bibcode 3945:Science 3893:4009869 3862:Biology 3595:in the 3518:Attacks 3497:calcium 3450:leather 3444:venatio 3341:in the 3275:Finland 3139:laminar 3098:Panting 3069:at the 3042:carotid 3032:to the 2859:to the 2857:nephron 2770:acetate 2628:secrete 2537:excrete 2533:solutes 2521:ureters 2516:ureters 2508:cranial 2496:kidneys 2489:mucosal 2468:ureters 2464:urodeum 2344:value. 2335:stage, 1949:bronchi 1939:to the 1921:choanae 1891:Anatomy 1866:coyotes 1837:jackals 1796:ratites 1628:gizzard 1612:gizzard 1604:locusts 1598:Feeding 1576:diurnal 1568:grazing 1564:nomadic 1507:Eritrea 1503:Red Sea 1431:savanna 1427:grazing 1366:Somalia 1354:Eritrea 1339:Somalia 1303:Species 1274:Israeli 1215:Somalia 1195:Burundi 1188:Somalia 1128:Namibia 1101:leather 1093:Zambezi 1053:Senegal 1049:Nigeria 1023:Tunisia 1007:Morocco 975:Algeria 964:Morocco 952:Senegal 857:ratites 807:palatal 771:ratites 759:sternum 703:Namibia 592:leather 546:largest 482:in the 467:species 465:, is a 463:ostrich 365:Neumann 266:Genus: 246:Order: 226:Class: 171: ( 154: ( 105:Present 101:Miocene 8597:uBio: 8564:223891 8551:647692 8486:174375 8429:EURING 8421:STRUCA 8305:ARKive 8255:Q17592 8163: 8144: 7895: 7864: 7729: 7559:30 May 7503: 7483: 7416: 7384: 7374: 7287: 7281:500319 7279: 7216: 6978: 6970: 6924: 6861: 6833: 6775: 6716: 6589: 6581: 6484: 6441: 6406: 6398: 6278: 6247: 6160: 6056: 6048: 5918: 5760: 5752: 5655: 5625: 5587: 5564: 5558:440431 5556: 5530:Nature 5511: 5440: 5415: 5327: 5235: 5225: 5063: 5005: 4995: 4923: 4825: 4796: 4702: 4670: 4603: 4559: 4532: 4501: 4417: 4409: 4374: 4366: 4329: 4282: 4217: 4207: 4135: 4079: 4069: 4030: 3989: 3981: 3900: 3890: 3882: 3621:Nevada 3535:Racing 3485:taming 3317:Humans 3203:where 3021:. 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