Eastern Front (World War II)

9764: 9756: 5641: 8498: 4542: 6727: 8413: 9799: 5040: 8455: 7761: 5940: 8380: 9398: 3057: 4994: 4721: 765: 1494: 9406: 1734: 1722: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1654: 1642: 1629: 1616: 1604: 1592: 1580: 1568: 1556: 1544: 1532: 1512: 1482: 1470: 1458: 1446: 1434: 1422: 1410: 1398: 1386: 1374: 1362: 1350: 1338: 1326: 1312: 576: 1221: 1209: 1197: 1185: 477: 1814: 621: 5802: 726: 752: 534: 8586: 8443: 1106: 1094: 1082: 1070: 1058: 1046: 1034: 1022: 1010: 998: 986: 974: 962: 950: 938: 926: 914: 902: 890: 878: 865: 852: 840: 818: 439: 549: 1778: 1766: 1754: 590: 1287: 1269: 512: 7124: 7047: 781: 19872: 8322: 8633:). The Soviets incrementally upgraded existing designs, and simplified and refined manufacturing processes to increase production, and were helped by a mass infusion of harder to produce goods such as aviation fuel, machine tools, trucks, and high-explosives from Lend-Lease, allowing them to concentrate on a few key industries. Meanwhile, Germany had been cut off from foreign trade for years by the time it invaded the USSR, was in the middle of two extended and costly theatres at air and sea that further limited production ( 7297: 6879: 6593: 6497: 6333: 6139: 5596: 5321: 14371: 7844: 11756: 10785:"We National Socialists consciously draw a line under the direction of our foreign policy war. We begin where we ended six centuries ago. We stop the perpetual Germanic march towards the south and west of Europe, and have the view on the country in the east. We finally put the colonial and commercial policy of the pre-war and go over to the territorial policy of the future. But if we speak today in Europe of new land, we can primarily only to Russia and the border states subjects him think." Charles Long, 1965: 19030: 8022: 10541:, in the Eastern Front, Axis countries and German co-belligerents sustained 1,468,145 irrecoverable losses (668,163 KIA/MIA), Germany itself– 7,181,100 (3,604,800 KIA/MIA), and 579,900 PoWs died in Soviet captivity. So the Axis KIA/MIA amounted to 4.8 million in the East during the period of 1941–1945. This is more than a half of all Axis losses (including the Asia/Pacific theatre). The USSR sustained 10.5 million military losses (including PoWs who died in German captivity, according to Vadim Erlikman. 1802: 1790: 604: 10565:, p. xix: "That conflict, which ended sixty years before this book's completion, was a decisive component – arguably the single most decisive component – of the Second World War. It was on the eastern front, between 1941 and 1945, that the greater part of the land and associated air forces of Nazi Germany and its Axis partners were ultimately destroyed by the Soviet Union in what, from 1944, its people – and those of the fifteen successor states – called, and still call, the Great Patriotic War" 15727: 3933: 5640: 739: 9905:

camps to be used as forced labourers or killed. Additionally, millions of Soviet civilians were captured as POWs and treated in the same manner. It is estimated that between 2.25 and 3.3 million Soviet POWs died in Nazi custody, out of 5.25–5.7 million. This figure represents a total of 45–57% of all Soviet POWs and may be contrasted with 8,300 deaths out of 231,000 British and U.S. prisoners, or 3.6%. About 5% of the Soviet prisoners who died were of Jewish ethnicity.

1504: 1279: 5335:, raw materials and production capacity required to entertain long-term goals (such as European control, German territorial expansion and the destruction of the USSR) were limited. Political demands necessitated the expansion of Germany's control of natural and human resources, industrial capacity and farmland beyond its borders (conquered territories). Germany's military production was tied to resources outside its area of control, a dynamic not found amongst the Allies. 161: 7506: 9356:

and 1.75 million tons of food. The British supplied aircraft including 3,000 Hurricanes and 4,000 other aircraft during the war. Five thousand tanks were provided by the British and Canada. Total British supplies were about four million tons. Germany on the other hand had the resources of conquered Europe at its disposal; those numbers are however not included into the tables above, such as production in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and so on.

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divisions. Whenever the Allies open a second front on the Continent, it will be decidedly a secondary front to that of Russia; theirs will continue to be the main effort. Without Russia in the war, the Axis cannot be defeated in Europe, and the position of the United Nations becomes precarious. Similarly, Russia's post-war position in Europe will be a dominant one. With Germany crushed, there is no power in Europe to oppose her tremendous military forces.

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desperately tried not to give Hitler any provocation that Berlin could use as an excuse for a German attack; Stalin refused to allow the military to go on the alert – even as German troops gathered on the borders and German reconnaissance planes overflew installations. This refusal to take necessary action was instrumental in the destruction of major portions of the Red Air Force, lined up on its airfields, in the first days of the German–Soviet war.

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87,600 in the Northern Norway command (Bef. Fin.), and 238,700 in OKH Reserve units (some of which had not yet arrived in the East). It includes all personnel in the German Army (including the security units), Waffen SS, Luftwaffe ground forces and even naval coastal artillery (in the East). This figure compares very well with the figure in the table (around 3,119,000) derived from Earl Ziemke's book (which is used as the Axis source in the chart)

1862: 672: 15691: 15715: 1874: 1257: 1245: 1233: 693: 491: 8141: 1850: 1838: 1826: 1173: 1161: 1149: 1130: 1118: 649: 455: 7945: 45: 9763: 4990:, 150,000 of the Waffen-SS, and 1,200,000 of the Replacement Army (contained 450,400 active reservists, 550,000 new recruits and 204,000 in administrative services, vigiles and or in convalescence). The Wehrmacht had a total strength of 7,234,000 men by 1941. For Operation Barbarossa, Germany mobilised 3,300,000 troops of the Heer, 150,000 of the Waffen-SS and approximately 250,000 personnel of the Luftwaffe were actively earmarked. 7494: 15703: 9784:, states "these figures are undoubtedly too low". According to Soviet claims, the Germans lost 42,700 tanks, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and assault guns on the Eastern front. Overall, Germany produced 3,024 reconnaissance vehicles, 2,450 other armoured vehicles, 21,880 armoured personnel carriers, 36,703 semi-tracked tractors and 87,329 semi-tracked trucks, estimated 2/3 were lost on the Eastern Front. 7529:, the offensive was to be on a broad front and was to move as rapidly as possible to the west, to meet the Western Allies as far west as possible. But the over-riding objective was to capture Berlin. The two were complementary because possession of the zone could not be won quickly unless Berlin was taken. Another consideration was that Berlin itself held strategic assets, including Adolf Hitler and part of the 7752:, it had agreed to Allied pleas to terminate the neutrality pact with Japan and enter the Second World War's Pacific theatre within three months after the end of the war in Europe. While not a part of the Eastern Front operations, it is included here because the commanders and much of the forces used by the Red Army came from the European Theatre of operations and benefited from the experience gained there. 15755: 6802: 10442: 5429: 7540:. After several days of heavy fighting the Soviet 1BF and 1UF punched holes through the German front line and were fanning out across central Germany. By 24 April, elements of the 1BF and 1UF had completed the encirclement of the German capital and the Battle of Berlin entered its final stages. On 25 April the 2BF broke through the German 3rd Panzer Army's line south of 4491:. The populations of occupied Central Europe and the Soviet Union were to be partially deported to West Siberia, enslaved and eventually exterminated; the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanized" settlers. In addition, the Nazis also sought to rid themselves of the large Jewish population of Central and Eastern Europe as part of their 5006:, the Wehrmacht was up to 7,849,000 personnel in April 1944. 3,878,000 were deployed in eastern Europe, 311,000 in Norway/Denmark, 1,873,000 in western Europe, 961,000 in Italy, and 826,000 in the Balkans. About 15–20% of total German strength were foreign troops (from allied countries or conquered territories). The German high water mark was just before the 5078:, that ordered (as demanded by Stalin): "do not answer to any provocations" and "do not undertake any (offensive) actions without specific orders" – which meant that Soviet troops could open fire only on their soil and forbade counter-attack on German soil. The German invasion therefore caught the Soviet military and civilian leadership largely by surprise. 6923:. Hitler's insistence on holding the Dnieper line, even when facing the prospect of catastrophic defeat, was compounded by his conviction that the Cherkassy pocket could break out and even advance to Kiev, but Manstein was more concerned about being able to advance to the edge of the pocket and then implore the surrounded forces to break out. 5372:

70% of the total production of crude oil. In 1941, Germany only had 18% of the oil it had in peacetime. Romania supplied Germany and its allies with roughly 13 million barrels of oil (about 4 million per year) between 1941 and 1943. Germany's peak oil production in 1944 amounted to about 12 million barrels of oil per year.

10553:), so the number of military deaths (the USSR and the Axis) amounted to 15 million, far greater than in all other World War II theatres. According to the same source, total Soviet civilian deaths within post-war borders amounted to 15.7 million. The numbers for other Central European and German civilian casualties are not included here. 8614:

own. For example, while the USSR was able to produce fuel of octane numbers from 70 to 74, Soviet industry only met 4% of demand for fuel of octane numbers from 90+; all aircraft produced after 1939 required fuel of the latter category. To fulfill demands, the USSR depended on American assistance, both in finished products and TEL.

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libraries; leaving 25 million homeless. Seven million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep were also slaughtered or driven off. Wild fauna were also affected. Wolves and foxes fleeing westward from the killing zone, as the Soviet army advanced between 1943 and 1945, were responsible for a

7615:, defence commandant of Berlin, surrendered the city to the Soviet forces on 2 May. Altogether, the Berlin operation (16 April – 2 May) cost the Red Army 361,367 casualties (dead, wounded, missing and sick) and 1,997 tanks and assault guns. German losses in this period of the war remain impossible to determine with any reliability. 8376:

Nazi pillaging of Soviet villages and hamlets and unprecedented harsh punishment and treatment of civilians in general were some of the primary reasons for Soviet resistance to Nazi Germany's invasion. Indeed, the Soviets viewed Germany's invasion as an act of aggression and an attempt to conquer and enslave the local population.

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factory machinery. The aid of production-line equipment and machinery were crucial and helped to maintain adequate levels of Soviet armament production during the entire war. In addition, the USSR received wartime innovations including penicillin, radar, rocket, precision-bombing technology, the long-range navigation system

7421:, though often overshadowed by the Vistula–Oder operation and the later battle for Berlin, was in fact one of the largest and costliest operations fought by the Red Army throughout the war. During the period it lasted (13 January – 25 April), it cost the Red Army 584,788 casualties, and 3,525 tanks and assault guns. 8090:", which involved fortifying even the most unimportant or insignificant of cities and the holding of these "fortresses" at all costs. Many divisions became cut off in "fortress" cities, or wasted uselessly in secondary theatres, because Hitler would not sanction retreat or voluntarily abandon any of his conquests. 6934:, fought their way across the river to safety, although at the cost of half their number and all their equipment. They assumed the Red Army would not attack again, with the spring approaching, but on 3 March the Soviet Ukrainian Front went over to the offensive. Having already isolated the Crimea by severing the 9418:

half died in Soviet custody. Official OKW Casualty Figures list 65% of Heer killed/missing/captured as being lost on the Eastern Front from 1 September 1939, to 1 January 1945 (four months and a week before the conclusion of the war), with front not specified for losses of the Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe.

7444:. The 2BF moved into the positions being vacated by the 1BF north of the Seelow Heights. While this redeployment was in progress, gaps were left in the lines and the remnants of the German 2nd Army, which had been bottled up in a pocket near Danzig, managed to escape across the Oder. To the south General 7789:, all occurred on the Eastern Front. The distinctly brutal nature of warfare on the Eastern Front was exemplified by an often wilful disregard for human life by both sides. It was also reflected in the ideological premise for the war, which saw a momentous clash between two directly opposed ideologies. 6680:, just 8 km (5.0 mi) into the advance. The 9th Army blunted its spearhead against the Soviet minefields, frustratingly so considering that the high ground there was the only natural barrier between them and flat tank country all the way to Kursk. The direction of advance was then switched to 9355:

Soviet production and upkeep was assisted by the Lend-Lease program from the United States and the United Kingdom. In the course of the war the US supplied $ 11 billion of materiel through Lend-Lease. This included 400,000 trucks, 12,000 armoured vehicles (including 7,000 tanks), 11,400 aircraft

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and Defence of the Reich), and was forced to devote a large segment of its expenditures to goods the Soviets could cut back on (such as trucks) or which would never even be used against the Soviets (such as ships). Naval vessels alone constituted 10–15% of Germany's war expenditures from 1940 to 1944

8621:

German production of explosives from 1940 to 1944 was 1.595 million tons, along with 829,970 tons of powder. Consumption on all fronts during the same period was 1.493 million tons of explosives and 626,887 tons of powder. From 1941 to 1945, the USSR produced only 505,000 tons of explosives

8597:

The Soviet victory owed a great deal to the ability of its war industry to outperform the German economy, despite the enormous loss of population and land. Stalin's five-year plans of the 1930s had resulted in the industrialisation of the Urals and central Asia. In 1941, thousands of trains evacuated

8572:

Soviet repressions also contributed into the Eastern Front's death toll. Mass repression occurred in the occupied portions of Poland as well as in the Baltic states and Bessarabia. Immediately after the start of the German invasion, the NKVD massacred large numbers of inmates in most of their prisons

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as the Germans requisitioned food for their armies and fodder for their draft horses. As they retreated from Ukraine and Belarus in 1943–44, the German occupiers systematically applied a scorched earth policy, burning towns and cities, destroying infrastructure, and leaving civilians to starve or die

8375:

Instead, the Nazi ideologues saw the future of the East as one of settlement by German colonists, with the natives killed, expelled, or reduced to slave labour. The cruel and brutally inhumane treatment of Soviet civilians, women, children and elderly, the daily bombings of civilian cities and towns,

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at Prochorovka was a Soviet defensive success, albeit at heavy cost. The Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army, with about 800 light and medium tanks, attacked elements of the II SS Panzer Corps. Tank losses on both sides have been the source of controversy ever since. Although the 5th Guards Tank Army did not

5371:

On 27 May 1940, Germany signed the "Oil Pact" with Romania, by which Germany would trade arms for oil. Romania's oil production amounted to approximately 6,000,000 tons annually. This production represents 35% of the total fuel production of the Axis, including synthetic products and substitutes, and

5299:

In the last year of war, Lend-Lease data show that about 5.1 million tons of foodstuff left the United States for the Soviet Union. It is estimated that all the food supplies sent to Russia could feed a 12,000,000-man strong army a half pound of concentrated food per day, for the entire duration

5291:

Of the 800,000 tons of nonferrous metals shipped, about 350,000 tons were aluminium. The shipment of aluminium not only represented double the amount of metal that Germany possessed, but also composed the bulk of aluminium that was used in manufacture of Soviet aircraft, that had fallen in critically

9779:

According to a report prepared by the General Staff of the Army issued in December 1944, materiel losses in the East from the period of 22 June 1941 until November 1944 stood at 33,324 armoured vehicles of all types (tanks, assault guns, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and others). Paul Winter,

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supplies from the United Kingdom and the United States. The Germans, on the other hand, could rely on a large slave workforce from the conquered countries and Soviet POWs. American exports and technical expertise also enabled the Soviets to produce goods that they wouldn't have been able to on their

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The Nazi ideology and the maltreatment of the local population and Soviet POWs encouraged partisans fighting behind the front; it motivated even anti-communists or non-Russian nationalists to ally with the Soviets and greatly delayed the formation of German-allied divisions consisting of Soviet POWs

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As it became clear that the Soviet Union would win the war, Stalin ensured that propaganda always mentioned his leadership of the war; he sidelined the victorious generals and never allowed them to develop into political rivals. After the war the Soviets once again purged the Red Army (though not as

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from Belgorod to Karachev could not counteract it, and the Wehrmacht began a withdrawal from Orel (retaken by the Red Army on 5 August 1943), falling back to the Hagen line in front of Bryansk. To the south, the Red Army broke through Army Group South's Belgorod positions and headed for Kharkov once

6754:

At the end of the day both sides had fought each other to a standstill, but regardless of the German failure in the north Manstein proposed he continue the attack with the 4th Panzer Army. The Red Army started the strong offensive operation in the northern Orel salient and achieved a breakthrough on

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towards the Aksai river but became bogged down 65 km (40 mi) short of its goal. To divert the rescue attempt, the Red Army decided to smash the Italians and come down behind the relief attempt if they could; that operation starting on 16 December. What it did accomplish was to destroy many

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turnover, about 15 million men and women were forced labourers at one point during the war. For example, 1.5 million French soldiers were kept in POW camps in Germany as hostages and forced workers and, in 1943, 600,000 French civilians were forced to move to Germany to work in war plants.

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and of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in 1939–1940, Stalin insisted on the occupation of every fold of the newly Sovietized territories; this move westward positioned troops far from their depots, in salients that left them vulnerable to encirclement. As tension heightened in spring, 1941, Stalin

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The combined damage consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns, 70,000 villages/hamlets, 2,508 church buildings, 31,850 industrial establishments, 64,000 kilometres (40,000 mi) of railroad, 4,100 railroad stations, 40,000 hospitals, 84,000 schools, and 43,000 public

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of World War II. It is generally accepted as being the deadliest conflict in human history, with over 30 million killed as a result. The German armed forces suffered 80% of its military deaths in the Eastern Front. It involved more land combat than all other World War II theatres combined. The

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the keystone of the entire German defensive system. The 4th and 9th armies and 3rd Panzer Army still held their own east of the upper Dnieper, stifling Soviet attempts to reach Vitebsk. On Army Group North's front, there was barely any fighting at all until January 1944, when out of nowhere Volkhov

5295:

Stalin noted in 1944, that two-thirds of Soviet heavy industry had been built with the help of the United States, and the remaining one-third, with the help from other Western nations such as Great Britain and Canada. The massive transfer of equipment and skilled personnel from occupied territories

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For example, my own extensive study of German forces in 1941 (Volume IIA and IIB of 'Operation Barbarossa: the complete Organisational and Statistical Analysis') shows the entire German force on the Eastern Front (up to 4 July 1941) had around 3,359,000 men (page 74, Vol IIB). This includes around

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that "not a human being, not a single head of cattle, not a hundredweight of cereals and not a railway line remain behind; that not a house remains standing, not a mine is available which is not destroyed for years to come, that there is not a well which is not poisoned. The enemy must really find

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The huge death toll was attributed to several factors, including brutal mistreatment of POWs and captured partisans, the large deficiency of food and medical supplies in Soviet territories, and atrocities committed mostly by the Germans against the civilian population. The multiple battles and the

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Belarus lost a quarter of its pre-war population, including practically all its intellectual elite. Following bloody encirclement battles, all of the present-day Belarus territory was occupied by the Germans by the end of August 1941. The Nazis imposed a brutal regime, deporting some 380,000 young

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Aside from the ideological conflict, the mindframe of the leaders of Germany and the Soviet Union, Hitler and Stalin, respectively, contributed to the escalation of terror and murder on an unprecedented scale. Stalin and Hitler both disregarded human life in order to achieve their goal of victory.

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Included in this figure of German losses is the majority of the 2 million German military personnel listed as missing or unaccounted for after the war. Rüdiger Overmans states that it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of these men were killed in action and the other

7838:

In War II Russia occupies a dominant position and is the decisive factor looking toward the defeat of the Axis in Europe. While in Sicily the forces of Great Britain and the United States are being opposed by 2 German divisions, the Russian front is receiving attention of approximately 200 German

5652:

Operation Barbarossa began just before dawn on 22 June 1941. The Germans cut the wire network in all Soviet western military districts to undermine the Red Army's communications. Panicky transmissions from the Soviet front-line units to their command headquarters were picked up like this: "We are

5303:

The total Lend-Lease aid provided during the Second World War had been estimated between $ 42–50 billion. The Soviet Union received shipments in war materials, military equipment and other supplies worth of $ 12.5 billion, about a quarter of the American Lend-Lease aid provided to other

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called the Eastern Front "the most atrocious war of conquest, enslavement, and annihilation known to modern history", while British historian Robin Cross expressed that "In the Second World War no theatre was more gruelling and destructive than the Eastern Front, and nowhere was the fighting more

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called for Soviet political commissars, who were responsible for ensuring that Red Army units remained politically reliable, to be summarily shot when identified amongst captured troops. Axis troops who captured Red Army soldiers frequently shot them in the field or shipped them to concentration

9413:

The fighting involved millions of Axis and Soviet troops along the broadest land front in military history. It was by far the deadliest single theatre of the European portion of World War II with up to 8.7 to 10 million military deaths on the Soviet side (although, depending on the criteria

8537:

Some recent reports raise the number of Belarusians who perished in the war to "3 million 650 thousand people, unlike the former 2.2 million. That is to say not every fourth inhabitant but almost 40% of the pre-war Belarusian population perished (considering the present-day borders of Belarus)."

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to clear Nazi minefields. The order stipulated to capture or shoot "cowards" and fleeing panicked troops at the rear where blocking detachments were ordered to be set up. In the first three months after Order No. 227 was promulgated 1,000 retreating troops were shot and 24,993 were sent to penal

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attempted to seize Vyazma. This force was joined by additional paratroopers of the 8th Airborne Brigade at the end of January. However, in early February, the Germans managed to cut off this force, separating the Soviets from their main force in the rear of the Germans. They were supplied by air

5283:

Lend-Lease aid of military hardware, components and goods to the Soviet Union constituted to 20% percent of the assistance. The rest were foodstuff, nonferrous metals (e.g., copper, magnesium, nickel, zinc, lead, tin, aluminium), chemical substances, petroleum (high octane aviation gasoline) and

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The enormous territorial gains of 1941 presented Germany with vast areas to pacify and administer. For the majority of people of the Soviet Union, the Nazi invasion was viewed as a brutal act of unprovoked aggression. While it is important to note that not all parts of Soviet society viewed the

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near Kamenets-Podolskiy. After two weeks' of heavy fighting, the 1st Panzer managed to escape the pocket, at the cost of losing almost the entire heavy equipment. At this point, Hitler sacked several prominent generals, Manstein included. In April, the Red Army took back Odessa, followed by 4th

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The main problem for the Wehrmacht was that these defences had not yet been built; by the time Army Group South had evacuated eastern Ukraine and begun withdrawing across the Dnieper during September, the Soviet forces were hard behind them. Tenaciously, small units paddled their way across the

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began immediate attacks on Soviet airfields, destroying much of the forward-deployed Soviet Air Force airfield fleets consisting of largely obsolescent types before their pilots had a chance to leave the ground. For a month the offensive conducted on three axes was completely unstoppable as the

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Soviet intelligence was fooled by German disinformation, so sent false alarms to Moscow about a German invasion in April, May and the beginning of June. Soviet intelligence reported that Germany would rather invade the USSR after the fall of the British Empire or after an unacceptable ultimatum

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against the Finnish lines on 9 June 1944 (coordinated with the Western Allied Invasion of Normandy). Three armies were pitted there against the Finns, among them several experienced guards rifle formations. The attack breached the Finnish front line of defence in Valkeasaari on 10 June and the

7100:

By the end of August 1944, it had cost the Germans ~400,000 dead, wounded, missing and sick, from whom 160,000 were captured, as well as 2,000 tanks and 57,000 other vehicles. In the operation, the Red Army lost ~180,000 dead and missing (765,815 in total, including wounded and sick plus 5,073

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They focused their massive attacks on Army Group Centre, not Army Group North Ukraine as the Germans had originally expected. More than 2.3 million Soviet troops went into action against German Army Group Centre, which had a strength of fewer than 800,000 men. At the points of attack, the

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On 31 January 1943, the 90,000 survivors of the 300,000-man 6th Army surrendered. By that time the Hungarian 2nd Army had also been wiped out. The Red Army advanced from the Don 500 km (310 mi) to the west of Stalingrad, marching through Kursk (retaken on 8 February 1943) and Kharkov

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Germany had far greater resources than did the USSR, and dwarfed its production in every matrix except for oil, having over five times the USSR's coal production, over three times its iron production, three times its steel production, twice its electricity production, and about 2/3 of its oil

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The Soviet Union came out of World War II militarily victorious but economically and structurally devastated. Much of the combat took place in or close to populated areas, and the actions of both sides contributed to massive loss of civilian life and tremendous material damage. According to a

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and reinstated Heinz Guderian to a prominent role, this time as Inspector of Panzer Troops. Debate among the General Staff was polarised, with even Hitler nervous about any attempt to pinch off the Kursk salient. He knew that in the intervening six months the Soviet position at Kursk had been

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of conquered territories. It also contributed to the mass extermination of populations in German-occupied Europe. The Germans abducted approximately 12 million foreign people from almost twenty European countries; about two-thirds came from Central and Eastern Europe. Counting deaths and

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British historians Alan S. Milward and M. Medlicott show that Nazi Germany—unlike Imperial Germany—was prepared for only a short-term war (Blitzkrieg). According to Edward Ericson, although Germany's own resources were sufficient for the victories in the West in 1940, massive Soviet shipments

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Estimated civilian deaths range from about 14 to 17 million. Over 11.4 million Soviet civilians within pre-1939 Soviet borders were killed, and another estimated 3.5 million civilians were killed in the annexed territories. The Nazis exterminated one to two million Soviet Jews

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who opposed the mechanisation of the army and the production of tanks, but on the other hand purged the older commanders who had held their positions since the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, and who had experience, but were deemed "politically unreliable". This opened up their places to the

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The defeat of Germany in 1945 freed approximately 11 million foreigners (categorised as "displaced persons"), most of whom were forced labourers and POWs. In wartime, the German forces had brought into the Reich 6.5 million civilians in addition to Soviet POWs for unfree labour in

14458:, Italy: Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. . Ministero della Difesa – Edizioni 1986, Romania: G. I. Krivosheev (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie. OLMA-Press. pp. Tables 200–203. 5081:

The extent of warnings received by Stalin about a German invasion is controversial, and the claim that there was a warning that "Germany will attack on 22 June without declaration of war" has been dismissed as a "popular myth". However, some sources quoted in the articles on Soviet spies

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outside Moscow led Hitler to insist on the holding of territory when it made no military sense, and to sack generals who retreated without orders. Officers with initiative were replaced with yes-men or with fanatical Nazis. The disastrous encirclements later in the war – at Stalingrad,

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in its rear areas and at the front as an auxiliary force of the Red Army and the Soviet partisans, although combat was not the was not their main purpose. In the Third Reich, members of the National Committee for a Free Germany were known as "Seydlitz Troops", under a name given after

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Vadim Erlikman has detailed Soviet losses totalling 26.5 million war related deaths. Military losses of 10.6 million include six million killed or missing in action and 3.6 million POW dead, plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses. Civilian deaths totalled

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ground forces, personnel of the naval coastal artillery and security units. In the spring of 1940, Germany had mobilised 5,500,000 men. By the time of the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Wehrmacht consisted of c. 3,800,000 men of the Heer, 1,680,000 of the Luftwaffe, 404,000 of the

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against civilians in German-occupied areas were routine, including those carried out as part of the Holocaust. German and German-allied forces treated civilian populations with exceptional brutality, massacring whole village populations and routinely killing civilian hostages (see

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factories. In all, 5.2 million foreign workers and POWs were repatriated to the Soviet Union, 1.6 million to Poland, 1.5 million to France, and 900,000 to Italy, along with 300,000 to 400,000 each to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Belgium.

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Based on Soviet sources Krivosheev put German losses on the Eastern Front from 1941 to 1945 at 6,923,700 men: including killed in action, died of wounds or disease and reported missing and presumed dead – 4,137,100, taken prisoner 2,571,600 and 215,000 dead among

9755: 4350:, June–July 1940), although Hitler, in announcing the invasion of the Soviet Union, cited the Soviet annexations of Baltic and Romanian territory as having violated Germany's understanding of the pact. Moscow partitioned the annexed Romanian territory between the Ukrainian and 6759:

on 10 July, Hitler made the decision to halt the offensive even as the German 9th Army was rapidly giving ground in the north. The Germans' final strategic offensive in the Soviet Union ended with their defence against a major Soviet counteroffensive that lasted into August.

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During the war, as Germany acquired new territories (either by direct annexation or by installing puppet governments in defeated countries), these new territories were forced to sell raw materials and agricultural products to German buyers at extremely low prices. Overall,

6551:

of the aircraft that had been transporting relief supplies to Stalingrad. The fairly limited scope of the Soviet offensive, although still eventually targeted on Rostov, also allowed Hitler time to see sense and pull Army Group A out of the Caucasus and back over the Don.

5001:

By July 1943, the Wehrmacht numbered 6,815,000 troops. Of these, 3,900,000 were deployed in eastern Europe, 180,000 in Finland, 315,000 in Norway, 110,000 in Denmark, 1,370,000 in western Europe, 330,000 in Italy, and 610,000 in the Balkans. According to a presentation by

8399:

was appointed to the Ukrainian Commissariat. His opening speech was clear about German policy: "I am known as a brutal dog ... Our job is to suck from Ukraine all the goods we can get hold of ... I am expecting from you the utmost severity towards the native population."

8497: 8072:

I had to act ruthlessly. I had to send even my closest generals packing, two army generals, for example ... I could only tell these gentlemen, "Get yourself back to Germany as rapidly as you can – but leave the army in my charge. And the army is staying at the front."

7171:. The Soviet attack was supported by a heavy artillery barrage, air bombardments and armoured forces. The VT-line was breached on 14 June and after a failed counterattack in Kuuterselkä by the Finnish armoured division, the Finnish defence had to be pulled back to the 7872:, "The full demographic loss to the Soviet peoples was even greater: since a high proportion of those killed were young men of child-begetting age, the postwar Soviet population was 45 to 50 million smaller than post-1939 projections would have led one to expect." 4318:

among Germany, the Soviet Union and Lithuania. Soon after that, the Soviet Union demanded significant territorial concessions from Finland, and after Finland rejected Soviet demands, the Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939 in what became known as the

9794:

Polish Armed Forces in the East, initially consisting of Poles from Eastern Poland or otherwise in the Soviet Union in 1939–1941, began fighting alongside the Red Army in 1943, and grew steadily as more Polish territory was liberated from the Nazis in 1944–1945.

4467:

officers told their troops to target people who were described as "Jewish Bolshevik subhumans", the "Mongol hordes", the "Asiatic flood" and the "red beast". The vast majority of German soldiers viewed the war in Nazi terms, seeing the Soviet enemy as sub-human.

8048:

In part because of the unexpected degree of German success in the Battle of France (despite the warnings of the professional military) Hitler believed himself a military genius, with a grasp of the total war-effort that eluded his generals. In August 1941, when

5440:

While German historians do not apply any specific periodisation to the conduct of operations on the Eastern Front, all Soviet and Russian historians divide the war against Germany and its allies into three periods, which are further subdivided into eight major

5307:

Prof. Dr. Albert L. Weeks concluded, "As to attempts to sum up the importance of those four-year-long shipments of Lend-Lease for the Russian victory on the Eastern Front in World War II, the jury is still out – that is, in any definitive sense of establishing

4694:. This, as well as the reluctance of the British and French governments to sign a full-scale anti-German political and military alliance with the USSR, led to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Germany in late August 1939. The separate 8151:

Stalin bore the greatest responsibility for some of the disasters at the beginning of the war (for example, the Battle of Kiev in 1941), but equally deserves praise for the subsequent success of the Soviet Red Army, which depended on the unprecedentedly

6869:

during the middle of November, weakening the Soviet bridgehead by a daring outflanking strike mounted by the SS Panzer Corps along the river Teterev. This battle also enabled Army Group South to recapture Korosten and gain some time to rest. However, on

6850:

on 24 September, proved as disappointing as at Dorogobuzh eighteen months previously. The paratroopers were soon repelled – but not until still more Red Army troops had used the cover they provided to get themselves over the Dnieper and securely dug in.

5798:'s 2nd Panzer Group was ordered to move south in a giant pincer manoeuvre with Army Group South which was advancing into Ukraine. Army Group Centre's infantry divisions were left relatively unsupported by armour to continue their slow advance to Moscow. 6541:

The Germans rushed to transfer troops to the Soviet Union in a desperate attempt to relieve Stalingrad, but the offensive could not get going until 12 December, by which time the 6th Army in Stalingrad was starving and too weak to break out towards it.

6979:

was captured by Soviet forces. After a 120-kilometre (75 mi) advance in January and February, the Leningrad Front had reached the borders of Estonia. To Stalin, the Baltic Sea seemed the quickest way to take the battles to the German territory in

8394:

Regions closer to the front were managed by military powers of the region, in other areas such as the Baltic states annexed by the USSR in 1940, Reichscommissariats were established. As a rule, the maximum in loot was extracted. In September 1941,

7919:, the property damage in the Soviet Union inflicted by the Axis invasion was estimated to a value of 679 billion rubles. The largest number of civilian deaths in a single city was 1.2 million citizens dead during the Siege of Leningrad. 8057:) and Fedor von Bock appealed for an attack on Moscow, Hitler instead ordered the encirclement and capture of Ukraine, in order to acquire the farmland, industry, and natural resources of that country. Some historians like Bevin Alexander in 6926:

By 16 February the first stage was complete, with panzers separated from the contracting Cherkassy pocket only by the swollen Gniloy Tikich river. Under shellfire and pursued by Soviet tanks, the surrounded German troops, among whom were the

5296:

helped further to boost the economic base. Without Lend-Lease aid, Soviet Union's diminished post invasion economic base would not have produced adequate supplies of weaponry, other than focus on machine tool, foodstuff and consumer goods.

11999:(in Russian). "In 1944, we received about one third of the ammunition powder from the Lend-Lease. Almost half of TNT (the main explosive filler for most kinds of ammunition) or raw materials for its production came from abroad in 1942–44." 6874:

the retreat began anew when the First Ukrainian Front (renamed from the Voronezh Front) struck them in the same place. The Soviet advance continued along the railway line until the 1939 Polish–Soviet border was reached on 3 January 1944.

8545:

by the Western Allies) went to special NKVD "filtration" camps. By 1946, 80 per cent of civilians and 20 per cent of POWs were freed, others were re-drafted, or sent to labour battalions. Two per cent of civilians and 14 per cent of the

8367:

hoped in vain to establish the "independent state", relying on German armed force. However, Soviet society as a whole was hostile to the invading Nazis from the very start. The nascent national liberation movements among Ukrainians and

6918:

and continued westwards. In the second week of January 1944 they swung north, meeting Vatutin's tank forces which had swung south from their penetration into Poland and surrounding ten German divisions at Korsun–Shevchenkovsky, west of

6818:

again. Although intense battles of movement throughout late July and into August 1943 saw the Tigers blunting Soviet tank attacks on one axis, they were soon outflanked on another line to the west as the Soviet forces advanced down the

5968:

Hitler then decided to resume the advance on Moscow, re-designating the panzer groups as panzer armies for the occasion. Operation Typhoon, which was set in motion on 30 September, saw the 2nd Panzer Army rush along the paved road from

11620: 7405:

The OKW - Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or High Command of the German Army - claimed German losses of 77,000 killed, 334,000 wounded and 192,000 missing, with a total of 603,000 men, on the Eastern Front during January and February 1945.

6420:, for a long period unsupported by 4th Panzer Army, which had been diverted to help 1st Panzer Army cross the Don. By the time the 4th Panzer Army had rejoined the Stalingrad offensive Soviet resistance (comprising the 62nd Army under 8372:, and others were viewed by Hitler with suspicion; some, especially those from the Baltic States, were co-opted into the Axis armies and others brutally suppressed. None of the conquered territories gained any measure of self-rule. 5660:

and ten motorised, were deployed against the Soviet Union from the Baltic to the Black Sea. They were accompanied by ten Romanian divisions, three Italian divisions, two Slovakian divisions and nine Romanian and four Hungarian

15366:. Text by Georgii Drozdov and Evgenii Ryabko, introd. by Vladimir Karpov pref. by Harrison E. Salisbury, ed. by Carey Schofield. New York: Vendome Press, 1987. 256 p., copiously ill. with b&2 photos and occasional maps. 6401:, but operational considerations and Hitler's vanity made him order both objectives to be attempted simultaneously. Rostov was recaptured on 24 July when the 1st Panzer Army joined in, and then that group drove south towards 4261:. If the West is too stupid and blind to grasp this, then I shall be compelled to come to an agreement with the Russians, beat the West and then after their defeat turn against the Soviet Union with all my forces. I need the 9787:

The Soviets lost 96,500 tanks, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and assault guns, as well as 37,600 other armoured vehicles (such as armoured cars and semi-tracked trucks) for a total of 134,100 armoured vehicles lost.

6319:

and drove a 100 km (62 mi) deep salient. The intent was to pin Army Group South against the Sea of Azov, but as the winter eased the Wehrmacht counter-attacked and cut off the over-extended Soviet troops in the

5914:

and south-eastern Siberia. Most civilians were left to make their own way east, with only industry-related workers evacuated with the equipment; much of the population was left behind to the mercy of the invading forces.

6966:

Along Army Group Centre's front, August 1943 saw this force pushed back from the Hagen line slowly, ceding comparatively little territory, but the loss of Bryansk, and more importantly Smolensk, on 25 September cost the

5343:

made the largest contribution to the German war effort. Two-thirds of all French trains in 1941 were used to carry goods to Germany. In 1943–44, French payments to Germany may have risen to as much as 55% of French GDP.

14110:

US Strategic Bombing Survey "Appendix D. Strategic Air Attack on the Powder and Explosives Industries", Table D7: German Monthly Production of Powders and Exploders (Including Extenders) and Consumption by German Armed

4291:

by dividing it between Germany and the Soviet Union. Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania would return to the Soviet control, while Poland and Romania would be divided. The Eastern Front was also made possible by the

6675:

In the north, the entire German 9th Army had been redeployed from the Rzhev salient into the Orel salient and was to advance from Maloarkhangelsk to Kursk. But its forces could not even get past the first objective at

5051:

flights over the border; the Soviet Union responded by assembling its divisions on its western border, although the Soviet mobilisation was slower than Germany's due to the country's less dense road network. As in the

5028:, and was reluctant to do anything to provoke Hitler. Another viewpoint is that Stalin expected war in 1942 (the time when all his preparations would be complete) and stubbornly refused to believe it would come early. 10799:

Gellately, Robert (June 1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk; Der "Generalplan Ost." Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by

8044:

in Berlin). At crucial periods in the war he held daily situation-conferences at which he used his remarkable talent for public speaking to overwhelm opposition from his generals and from the OKW staff with rhetoric.

7695:

until about 11 May. A small German garrison on the Danish island of Bornholm refused to surrender until they were bombed and invaded by the Soviets. The island was returned to the Danish government four months later.

7638:. Dönitz and Schwerin von Krosigk attempted to negotiate an armistice with the Western Allies while continuing to resist the Soviet Army, but were eventually forced to accept an unconditional surrender on all fronts. 6833:

industrial region to the Dnieper, losing half the farmland that Germany had invaded the Soviet Union to exploit. At this time Hitler agreed to a general withdrawal to the Dnieper line, along which was meant to be the

6048:, the gateway to the Caucasus. However, the German lines were over-extended and the Soviet defenders counterattacked the 1st Panzer Army's spearhead from the north, forcing them to pull out of the city and behind the 12551: 12414: 6059:

The onset of the winter freeze saw one last German lunge that opened on 15 November, when the Wehrmacht attempted to encircle Moscow. On 27 November, the 4th Panzer Army got to within 30 km (19 mi) of the

8598:

critical factories and workers from Belarus and Ukraine to safe areas far from the front lines. Once these facilities were reassembled east of the Urals, production could be resumed without fear of German bombing.

8557:

The official Polish government report of war losses prepared in 1947 reported 6,028,000 victims out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses.

8433:

of exposure. In many towns, the battles were fought within towns and cities with trapped civilians caught in the middle. Estimates of total civilian dead in the Soviet Union in the war range from seven million (

8114:

Hitler's direction of the war ultimately proved disastrous for the German Army, though the skill, loyalty, professionalism and endurance of officers and soldiers enabled him to keep Germany fighting to the end.

7089:

numerical and quality advantages of the Soviet forces were overwhelming. The Red Army achieved a ratio of ten to one in tanks and seven to one in aircraft over their enemy. The Germans crumbled. The capital of

6829:, now comprising the 1st Panzer Army and a reconstituted 6th Army, were by August too weak to repulse a Soviet attack on their own front, and when the Red Army hit them they retreated all the way through the 5926:

were formed in front-line areas, having the authority to summarily execute any suspicious person. The destruction battalions burned down villages, schools, and public buildings. As a part of this policy, the

5701:

armies while the panzers continued the offensive. Luftwaffe also dropped hundreds of Russian-speaking parachutists behind the offensive lines to bring back information of Soviet troops reserves' disposition.

8218:

shoulderboards had connotations as a symbol of the old Tsarist régime. Beginning in autumn 1941, units that had proved themselves by superior performance in combat were given the traditional "Guards" title.

20923: 5821:

area between Army Group Centre's southern flank and the bogged-down Army Group South's northern flank. This decision, Hitler's "summer pause", is believed to have had a severe impact on the outcome of the

7242:

on the Slovak–Polish border. Two months later, the Soviet forces won the battle and entered Slovakia. The toll was high: 20,000 Red Army soldiers died, plus several thousand Germans, Slovaks and Czechs.

14376: 14374: 10420:

completely burned and destroyed land". He ordered cooperation with Infantry general Staff, also someone named Stampf, and sent copies to the Chief of Regular Police, Chief of Security Police & SS,

13804: 6180:, "the success of the December counter-offensive in the central strategic direction was considerable. Having suffered a major defeat the German striking forces of Army Group Centre were retreating." 5292:

short supply. Soviet statistics show, that without these shipments of aluminium, aircraft production would have been less than one-half (or about 45,000 less) of the total 137,000 produced aircraft.

4399:("living space"): acquiring new territory for Germans in Eastern Europe, in particular Russia. He envisaged settling Germans there, as according to Nazi ideology the Germanic people constituted the " 12184: 8199: 7868:

tactics, but the loss of civilian lives in the case of Germany was incomparably smaller than that of the Soviet Union, in which at least 20 million were killed. According to British historian

12173: 8494:

deaths. Additional famine deaths, which totalled one million during 1946–47, are not included here. These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR including territories annexed in 1939–40.

7460:

River. The three Soviet fronts had altogether some 2.5 million men (including 78,556 soldiers of the 1st Polish Army); 6,250 tanks; 7,500 aircraft; 41,600 artillery pieces and mortars; 3,255

19993: 14542:

Kurenmaa, Pekka; Lentilä, Riitta (2005). "Sodan tappiot". In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti. Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. pp. 1150–1162.

6267:"During the winter offensive, the forces of the Western Front had advanced from 70 to 100 km, which somewhat improved the overall operational and strategic situation on the Western sector." 7432:(2BF) to move west to the east bank of the Oder. During the first two weeks of April, the Red Army performed their fastest front redeployment of the war. General Georgy Zhukov concentrated his 11626: 4145:

The two principal belligerent powers in the Eastern Front were Germany and the Soviet Union, along with their respective allies. Though they never sent ground troops to the Eastern Front, the

10213:

A battalion composed of Czechs and Slovaks in the Soviet Union (refugees, defectors, part of the ethnic minority in the USSR) was established early in the war and would eventually grow to a

7344:. During the full course of the Vistula–Oder operation (23 days), the Red Army forces sustained 194,191 total casualties (killed, wounded and missing) and lost 1,267 tanks and assault guns. 19442: 325: 7085:

in December 1943 and launched on 22 June 1944, was a massive Soviet attack, consisting of four Soviet army groups totalling over 120 divisions that smashed into a thinly held German line.

4602:

that officially began in 1928, although it was only towards the end of the second five-year plan in the mid-1930s that military power became the primary focus of Soviet industrialisation.

14101:

Walter Dunn, "The Soviet Economy and the Red Army", Praeger (30 August 1995), page 50. Citing K.F. Skorobogatkin, et al., "50 Let Voorezhennyk sil SSR" (Moscow: Voyenizdat, 1968), p. 457.

6862:. Finally, early in November the Red Army broke out of its bridgeheads on either side of Kiev and captured the Ukrainian capital, at that time the third largest city in the Soviet Union. 6672:

to the south. Both wings would converge on the area east of Kursk, and by that means restore the lines of Army Group South to the exact points that it held over the winter of 1941–1942.

6262:

until April when they were given permission to regain the Soviet main lines. Only part of Belov's Cavalry Corps made it to safety however, while Yefremov's men fought "a losing battle."

12022: 8191:. Larger units had military councils consisting of the commander, commissar and chief of staff – commissars ensured the loyalty of the commanding officers and implemented Party orders. 5304:

Allied countries. However, post-war negotiations to settle all the debt were never concluded, and as of date, the debt issues is still on in future American-Russian summits and talks.

7808:: "By measure of manpower, duration, territorial reach and casualties, the Eastern Front was as much as four times the scale of the conflict on the Western Front that opened with the 6385:

Although plans were made to attack Moscow again, on 28 June 1942, the offensive re-opened in a different direction. Army Group South took the initiative, anchoring the front with the

9791:

The Soviets also lost 102,600 aircraft (combat and non-combat causes), including 46,100 in combat. According to Soviet claims, the Germans lost 75,700 aircraft on the Eastern front.

6435:. At the end of August Romanian mountain troops joined the Caucasian spearhead, while the Romanian 3rd and 4th armies were redeployed from their successful task of clearing the Azov 4040:

attributed to World War II, around 30 million occurred on the Eastern Front, including 9 million children. The Eastern Front was decisive in determining the outcome in the

19393: 6439:. They took up position on either side of Stalingrad to free German troops for the main offensive. Mindful of the continuing antagonism between Axis allies Romania and Hungary over 5383:

may have amounted to 43% during the period of 1933–43. It may also be likely that "Swedish ore formed the raw material of four out of every ten German guns" during the Hitler era'.

5094:

in Switzerland also sent warnings, possibly deriving from Ultra codebreaking in Britain. Sweden had access to internal German communications through breaking the crypto used in the

7073:. Accordingly, they stripped troops from Army Group Centre, whose front still protruded deep into the Soviet Union. The Germans had transferred some units to France to counter the 4088:

terminated the German offensive strength and cleared the way for Soviet offensives. Its setbacks caused many countries friendly with Germany to defect and join the Allies, such as

19860: 19839: 19764: 19754: 19749: 19744: 19729: 19724: 10073: 6945:

One final move in the south completed the 1943–44 campaigning season, which had wrapped up a Soviet advance of over 800 kilometres (500 mi). In March, 20 German divisions of

9845:. The other main group of men joining the German army were citizens of the Baltic countries annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 or from Western Ukraine. They fought in their own 13989:Земское В.Н. К вопросу о репатриации советских граждан. 1944–1951 годы // История СССР. 1990. No. 4 (Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens. Istoriya SSSR., 1990, No.4) 9359:

After the defeat at Stalingrad, Germany geared completely towards a war economy, as expounded in a speech given by Joseph Goebbels (the Nazi propaganda minister), in the Berlin

6226:, the 22nd Tank Brigade and five ski battalions launched their attack on 10 January 1942. By 17 January, the Soviets had captured Lotoshino and Shakhovskaya. By 20 January, the 11736:

Materialien zum Vortrag des Chefs des Wehrmachtführungsstabes vom 7.11.1943 "Die strategische Lage am Anfang des fünften Kriegsjahres", (referenced to KTB OKW, IV, S. 1534 ff.)

5331:

Germany's economic, scientific, research and industrial capabilities were among the most technically advanced in the world at the time. However, access to (and control of) the

8630: 8626: 8180:

politics. Many of these newly promoted commanders proved terribly inexperienced, but some later became very successful. Soviet tank-output remained the largest in the world.

6303:. Initially this made some progress; however, it was unsupported, and by June a German counterattack cut off and destroyed the army. The Soviet commander, Lieutenant General 8160:

of the Red Army in the late 1930s involved the legal prosecution of many of the senior command, many of whom the courts convicted and sentenced to death or to imprisonment.

6184:'s objective in January 1942 was "to deny the Germans any breathing space, to drive them westward without let-up, to make them use up their reserves before spring comes..." 3126: 8514:

were burned with their entire population. More than 209 cities and towns (out of 270 total) and 9,000 villages were destroyed. Himmler pronounced a plan according to which

6854:

As September ended and October started, the Germans found the Dnieper line impossible to hold as the Soviet bridgeheads grew. Important Dnieper towns started to fall, with

6522:

While the German 6th and 4th Panzer Armies had been fighting their way into Stalingrad, Soviet armies had congregated on either side of the city, specifically into the Don

6253:

by two battalions of the 201st Airborne Brigade and the 250th Airborne Regiment on 18 and 22 January was designed to "cut off enemy communications with the rear." Lt.-Gen.

5898:(high command) turned its attention to evacuating as much of the western regions' industry as it could. Factories were dismantled and transported on flatcars away from the 4766:

The states that provided forces and other resources for the German war effort included the Axis Powers – primarily Romania, Hungary, Italy, pro-Nazi Slovakia, and Croatia.

3650: 354: 5884:

in 16 September, cutting off large numbers of Red Army troops in the pocket east of Kiev. 400,000 Soviet prisoners were captured as Kiev was surrendered on 19 September.

4515:

on 3 October, he announced, "We have only to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down." Thus the German authorities expected another short

19498: 17601: 8569:. A month after the German invasion in 1941, an offer was made for a reciprocal adherence to Hague convention. This 'note' was left unanswered by Third Reich officials. 8274: 17346: 6555:(retaken 16 February 1943). To save the position in the south, the Germans decided to abandon the Rzhev salient in February, freeing enough troops to make a successful 4541: 20918: 19083: 16954: 10004: 8206:

At the crisis of the war, in the autumn of 1942, Stalin made many concessions to the army: the government restored unitary command by removing the Commissars from the

4150: 3091: 4690:(1938–1939) demonstrated the impossibility of establishing a collective security system in Europe, a policy advocated by the Soviet ministry of foreign affairs under 19925: 18952: 16970: 9430:

of Defence order (No. 023, 4 February 1944), the irretrievable casualties include killed, missing, those who died due to war-time or subsequent wounds, maladies and

8064:

In the winter of 1941–1942 Hitler believed that his obstinate refusal to allow the German armies to retreat had saved Army Group Centre from collapse. He later told

5125:, being done to facilitate specific Soviet operational goals. In addition to Germany, hundreds of thousands of tons of bombs were dropped on their eastern allies of 4146: 2480: 12201:

Panayi, Panikos (2005). "Exploitation, Criminality, Resistance. The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabrck, 1939-49".

14494:) Pages 1508 to 1511. German prisoners: G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 12413:

Peeter Kaasik; Mika Raudvassar (2006). "Estonia from June to October, 1941: Forest Brothers and Summer War". In Toomas Hiio; Meelis Maripuu; Indrek Paavle (eds.).

17290: 9414:

used, casualties in the Far East theatre may have been similar in number). Axis military deaths were 5 million of which around 4,000,000 were German deaths.

8131:

From experience we had learned that when Hitler started refusing to do what the generals recommended, things started to go wrong, and this was to be no exception.

6715:. Stiff resistance caused a change of direction from east to west of the front, but the tanks got 25 km (16 mi) before encountering the reserves of the 6684:, to the west of Olkhovatka, but the 9th Army could not break through here either and went over to the defensive. The Red Army then launched a counter-offensive, 20280: 16893: 16865: 16009: 14621: 10136: 9854: 5130: 6443:, the Romanian army in the Don bend was separated from the Hungarian 2nd army by the Italian 8th Army. Thus, all of Hitler's allies were involved – including a 19401: 19397: 18931: 17610: 17297: 16431: 10140: 7139:

The rapid progress of Operation Bagration threatened to cut off and isolate the German units of Army Group North bitterly resisting the Soviet advance towards

7108:

was launched on 17 July 1944, with the Red Army routing the German forces in Western Ukraine and retaking Lviv. The Soviet advance in the south continued into

15544: 14466:, Hungary: G. I. Krivosheev (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie. OLMA-Press. pp. Tables 200–203. 8541:

Sixty percent of Soviet POWs died during the war. By its end, large numbers of Soviet POWs, forced labourers and Nazi collaborators (including those who were

6865:

130 kilometres (80 mi) west of Kiev, the 4th Panzer Army, still convinced that the Red Army was a spent force, was able to mount a successful riposte at

20972: 17913: 17276: 16585: 16210: 15556: 11846: 4339: 3961: 3638: 3572: 3271: 2270: 13812: 6195:

and the Western Front. The overall objective according to Zhukov was the "subsequent encirclement and destruction of the enemy's main forces in the area of

5098:

crypto machine also known as the Geheimschreiber and informed Stalin about the forthcoming invasion well ahead of June 22, but did not reveal its sources.

19346: 16926: 16872: 16058: 12488:

Stolfi, Russel H. S. (March 1982). "Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo–German Campaign (June–December 1941)".

12181: 12170: 10078: 5423: 15486: 12249: 8183:

From the foundation of the Red Army in 1918, political distrust of the military had led to a system of "dual command", with every commander paired with a

7409:

On 9 April 1945, Königsberg in East Prussia finally fell to the Red Army, although the shattered remnants of Army Group Centre continued to resist on the

21021: 19915: 19871: 17383: 16879: 16495: 5392: 5368:

benefited from Germany's net imports. Overall, Germany imported 20% of its food and 33% of its raw materials from conquered territories and Axis allies.

385: 19459: 15905: 13419: 8547: 8278: 7622:

as new "Leading Minister" of the German Reich. Rapidly advancing Allied forces limited the jurisdiction of the new German government to an area around

2072: 9200:

Summary of German and Soviet industrial labour (including those classified as handworkers), and summary of foreign, voluntary, coerced and POW labour

4338:(Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ostensibly provided security to the Soviets in the occupation both of the Baltics and of 21270: 17269: 16716: 16592: 9773: 8195: 7699:

The final battle of the Second World War on the Eastern Front, the Battle of Slivice, broke out on 11 May and ended in a Soviet victory on the 12th.

7328:

across the Narew River and from Warsaw. The Soviets outnumbered the Germans on average by 5–6:1 in troops, 6:1 in artillery, 6:1 in tanks and 4:1 in

4363: 4293: 7101:

Poles), as well as 2,957 tanks and assault guns. The offensive at Estonia claimed another 480,000 Soviet soldiers, 100,000 of them classed as dead.

5981:, while the 4th Panzer Army (transferred from Army Group North to Centre) and 3rd Panzer armies surrounded the Soviet forces in two huge pockets at 20987: 20317: 19587: 16569: 15949: 13437: 10201: 8428:

were only a part of the deaths from the Nazi occupation. Many hundreds of thousands of Soviet civilians were executed, and millions more died from

1134: 374: 350: 8249:

battalions. By October 1942 the idea of regular blocking detachments was quietly dropped, By 29 October 1944 the units were officially disbanded.

6668:. Certainly, the peace negotiations in April had gone nowhere. The advance would be executed from the Orel salient to the north of Kursk and from 5794:

advance by the North and South Army Groups forced Hitler to halt a central thrust at Moscow and to divert the 3rd Panzer Group north. Critically,

21106: 20065: 19656: 17006: 16318: 10214: 10169: 7892: 3365: 380: 8363:

This was particularly true for the territories of Western Ukraine, recently rejoined to the Soviet Union, where the anti-Polish and anti-Soviet

4323:– a bitter conflict that resulted in a peace treaty on 13 March 1940, with Finland maintaining its independence but losing its eastern parts in 4125:, wanton destruction, mass deportations, forced starvations, wholesale terrorism, and massacres. These also included the genocidal campaigns of 3056: 21184: 20851: 20543: 19076: 16825: 16127: 12567: 12430: 10009: 5121:

played a significant part in damaging German industry and tying up German air force and air defence resources, with some bombings, such as the

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3 km (1.9 mi) wide river and established bridgeheads. A second attempt by the Red Army to gain land using parachutists, mounted at

6707:, with three Tank Corps made more headway. Advancing on either side of the upper Donets on a narrow corridor, the II SS Panzer Corps and the 6462:. Instead, they switched the direction of their advance to approach it from the south, crossing the Malka at the end of October and entering 5033: 2473: 62: 17332: 21201: 17710: 17566: 17550: 17522: 16770: 15977: 13618: 8562: 7672:

In the Soviet Union the end of the war is considered to be 9 May, when the surrender took effect Moscow time. This date is celebrated as a

308: 6265:

By April 1942, the Soviet Supreme Command agreed to assume the defensive so as to "consolidate the captured ground." According to Zhukov,

5849: 5813:

This decision caused a severe leadership crisis. The German field commanders argued for an immediate offensive towards Moscow, but Hitler

5021:. Hitler had always intended to renege on his pact with the Soviet Union, eventually making the decision to invade in the spring of 1941. 20913: 20908: 20168: 18467: 17534: 17446: 17390: 17353: 16635: 15669: 9838: 9388: 8153: 7797:

of entire populations. All these factors resulted in tremendous brutality both to combatants and civilians that found no parallel on the

7320:

on 17 January 1945, after the city was destroyed and abandoned by the Germans. Over three days, on a broad front incorporating four army

3590: 3426: 3331: 3187: 109: 14200: 10181: 9397: 8412: 6726: 6620:

After the failure of the attempt to capture Stalingrad, Hitler had delegated planning authority for the upcoming campaign season to the

5279:

16% of all explosives (From 1941 to 1945, the USSR produced 505,000 tons of explosives and received 105,000 tons of Lend-Lease imports.)

20829: 20229: 17439: 16171: 15138: 10019: 4797: 3577: 2647: 2224: 2152: 81: 21275: 20027: 19608: 19069: 18945: 17573: 15963: 15921: 9803: 8379: 6776: 6284: 5817:, citing the importance of Ukrainian agricultural, mining and industrial resources, as well as the massing of Soviet reserves in the 4673: 3954: 3174: 3169: 19634: 15593: 11649: 9860:

The Soviet Union also used defectors from the Axis countries in combat. The Red Army had two divisions formed of Romanian POWs, the

20455: 19108: 18794: 16613: 16387: 16150: 16016: 15827: 14486:, 9780786474707. p. 527. Soviet volunteer deaths: Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940–1945: 8 Bde. ( 13900: 13211: 10049: 8086:

and many other places – resulted directly from Hitler's orders. This idea of holding territory led to another failed plan, dubbed "

7820: 4590:

from 1929 onwards. This represented an ideological shift in Soviet policy, away from its commitment to the international communist

3318: 2807: 2802: 2466: 2263: 2236: 20146: 9876:

of the Red Army. The USSR did not have a full analogue of the Vlasov Army which would consist of Germans, however, members of the

9865: 4483:) which was both an ideological and racial war. The Nazi vision for the future of Eastern Europe was codified most clearly in the 4215:

in Petrograd conceded to German demands and ceded control of Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Finland, and other areas, to the

4137:, which aimed to the extermination and ethnic cleansing of more than a hundred million Eastern European natives. German historian 88: 20310: 20295: 17689: 17486: 16523: 16023: 15935: 15871: 15612: 14261: 10197: 9989: 5653:

being fired upon. What shall we do?" The answer was just as confusing: "You must be insane. And why is your signal not in code?"

3288: 3229: 2517: 2366: 10995:

Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4".

10885:

Whether nations live in prosperity or starve to death … interests me only in so far as we need them as slaves for our Kultur ...

7390:

failed and the city fell on 13 February. On 6 March, the Germans launched what would be their final major offensive of the war,

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planners were convinced that the Red Army would attack again in the south, where the front was 80 kilometres (50 mi) from

4107:

The battles on the Eastern Front of World War II constituted the largest military confrontation in history. In pursuit of its "

3774: 3769: 3496: 3086: 2797: 2065: 15321: 9798: 6578:

in the third week of March, when the spring thaw intervened. This left a glaring Soviet bulge in the front centered on Kursk.

21265: 20589: 20015: 19622: 18488: 18393: 17920: 17666: 17541: 16627: 16601: 16458: 16164: 16081: 15303: 15193: 15115: 15015: 14996: 14951: 14928: 14829: 14001: 13882: 13764: 13698: 13601: 13545: 13403: 13276: 13191: 13076: 13030: 12956: 12854: 12595: 12345: 12042: 11974: 11793: 11766: 11721: 11573: 11546: 11323: 11296: 11266: 11239: 11209: 11182: 10961: 10855: 10717: 10687: 10519: 9877: 9372: 8032:

Hitler exercised tight control over the German war-effort, spending much of his time in his command bunkers (most notably at

7855:

The war inflicted huge losses and suffering upon the civilian populations of the affected countries. Behind the front lines,

5826:

later in the year, by slowing down the advance on Moscow in favour of encircling large numbers of Soviet troops around Kiev.

5406: 5039: 3643: 3398: 3224: 2785: 2376: 2219: 14723:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. Micheal Clodfelter

14476:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. Micheal Clodfelter

9810:

When the Axis countries of Central Europe were occupied by the Soviets, they changed sides and declared war on Germany (see

8454: 7760: 5140:

British and Commonwealth forces also contributed directly to the fighting on the Eastern Front through their service in the

4059:

on 22 June 1941, the opening date of the Eastern Front. Initially, Soviet forces were unable to halt the Axis forces, which

3759: 95: 20940: 20930: 20224: 18721: 18128: 18014: 17179: 16646: 16642: 16620: 16224: 12097: 7592: 7093:, Minsk, was taken on 3 July, trapping some 100,000 Germans. Ten days later the Red Army reached the prewar Polish border. 6813:

The Soviet multi-stage summer offensive started with the advance into the Orel salient. The diversion of the well-equipped

6176:

The Soviet counter-offensive during the Battle of Moscow had removed the immediate German threat to the city. According to

6107:, for them to try their luck on the battlefield rather than just sit and wait while their opponent gathered more strength. 4748: 3947: 3200: 3040: 2642: 2507: 2285: 2256: 14526:

Rüdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein., 2000 Page 246

11473:

Carley, Michael Jabara (1993). "End of the 'Low, Dishonest Decade': Failure of the Anglo–Franco–Soviet Alliance in 1939".

6538:

was supposed to advance to Smolensk, but was a costly failure, with German tactical defences preventing any breakthrough.

20965: 20037: 19649: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19266: 19261: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19231: 18636: 18100: 17432: 17418: 16631: 15743: 8383: 8188: 7510: 6920: 6424:) had stiffened. A leap across the Don brought German troops to the Volga on 23 August but for the next three months the 6041: 5939: 4687: 4587: 4351: 4262: 3894: 3096: 2898: 2608: 2512: 2422: 677: 189: 19061: 14889: 7332:. After four days the Red Army broke out and started moving thirty to forty kilometres a day, taking the Baltic states, 6963:

Ukrainian Front's campaign to restore control over the Crimea, which culminated in the capture of Sevastopol on 10 May.

21179: 21011: 20898: 20377: 19203: 18845: 18714: 18592: 18170: 17885: 17836: 17594: 17149: 16401: 16240: 16088: 15942: 14592: 13573: 10872: 10587: 10132: 8622:

and received 105,000 tons of Lend-Lease imports. Germany outproduced the Soviet Union 3.16 to 1 in explosives tonnage.

7498: 5126: 5122: 3764: 3682: 3618: 3164: 2868: 2383: 482: 345: 77: 14629: 14429: 14291: 11071:"The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews" 8344:

German advance in this way, the majority of the Soviet population viewed German forces as occupiers. In areas such as

8296:

drove him to endorse plans for the total extermination of the Jews, and almost simultaneously to openly intensify the

4077:— the bloodiest battle in the war — costing the Axis powers their morale and becoming the turning point of the front. 21121: 20740: 20686: 20681: 20629: 20624: 20614: 20579: 20574: 20564: 20554: 20532: 20527: 20504: 20499: 20474: 20450: 20445: 20430: 20290: 20032: 18961: 17843: 17815: 17632: 17214: 16933: 16900: 15761: 15422: 15389: 15375: 15352: 15334: 15284: 15267: 15241: 15221: 15178: 15160: 15130: 15100: 15076: 15061: 15043: 14977: 14877: 14854: 14804: 14752: 14580: 14568: 14547: 14531: 14499: 14491: 14471: 14463: 14455: 14424: 14404: 14346: 14325: 14076: 14052: 13849: 13788: 13184:

Estonia, 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity

13162: 12909: 12820: 12760: 12735: 12710: 12669: 12629: 11127: 10770: 10742: 10660: 10603: 10550: 10481: 10185: 9392: 8566: 7984: 7666: 7163: 7041: 6246: 5674: 5433: 4805: 4633:

from different countries on the side of the predominantly socialist and communist-led Second Spanish Republic; while

4423:, who were, in Hitler's opinion, incapable of ruling themselves and had thus ended up being ruled by Jewish masters. 3598: 2873: 2763: 2664: 2297: 2058: 128: 16116: 12553:

Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity

12416:

Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity

6413:

troops to destabilise Maikop's defences and allow the 1st Panzer Army to enter the oil town with little opposition.

5010:, in early July 1943: 3,403,000 German troops and 650,000 Finnish, Hungarian, Romanian and other countries' troops. 20723: 20659: 20484: 20397: 19952: 18998: 18156: 18093: 17228: 17064: 16187: 15501: 10218: 7875:

When the Red Army invaded Germany in 1944, many German civilians suffered from reprisals by Red Army soldiers (see

7702:

On 13 May 1945, all Soviet offensives ceased and the fighting on the Eastern Front of World War II came to an end.

6792: 6398: 6207:

and the right wing forces of the Northwestern Front were to rout the Army Group North." The Southwestern Front and

6171: 5880:

in a huge encirclement. Advancing armoured divisions of Army Group South met with Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group near

4041: 3628: 2853: 2848: 2618: 2094: 609: 262: 152: 16741: 13666:"The Executive of the Presidents Soviet Protocol Committee (Burns) to the President's Special Assistant (Hopkins)" 10452: 4781:

in places like Western Ukraine, and the Baltic states. Among the most prominent volunteer army formations was the

2541: 2432: 683: 370: 21116: 20876: 20861: 20802: 20161: 19709: 18522: 18363: 18352: 18188: 17947: 17906: 17799: 17737: 17124: 16394: 16263: 16231: 13594:

Germany and the Second World War: The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts

12453: 10509: 10173: 7355:

became Army Group Centre. Army Group North (old Army Group Centre) was driven into an ever-smaller pocket around

7235:

In the Autumn of 1944, the Soviets paused their offensive towards Berlin to first gain control over the Balkans.

6491: 6444: 5061: 5018: 4801: 4331: 4009: 3699: 3266: 2407: 2344: 2193: 2176: 594: 539: 21016: 19147: 16911: 16479: 7471:, (nicknamed "Stalin Organs"); and 95,383 motor vehicles, many of which were manufactured in the United States. 6534:

on 23 November, trapping 300,000 Axis troops behind them. A simultaneous offensive on the Rzhev sector known as

4657:

to experiment with equipment and tactics that they would later employ on a wider scale in the Second World War.

4296:

in which the Soviet Union gave Germany the resources necessary to launch military operations in Eastern Europe.

2427: 20584: 20548: 19854: 19849: 19844: 19834: 19829: 19824: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19804: 19799: 19794: 19789: 19784: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19759: 19739: 19734: 19719: 19714: 19704: 19699: 19694: 19642: 19447: 19271: 18908: 18880: 18758: 18551: 17788: 17239: 17165: 16961: 16332: 16051: 15956: 15841: 14730: 14483: 13968: 12900: 12298: 12253: 10271: 10259: 9920: 9897:

who had defected to the USSR because of the widespread myth that he had his own pro-Soviet military formation.

8403:

Atrocities against the Jewish population in the conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of

7966: 7646: 7619: 6928: 6212: 6167: 5141: 4101: 3846: 3555: 3518: 2924: 2768: 2356: 232: 201: 66: 14120:

Military Analysis Division, U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey- European War, Volume 3, page 144. Washington, 1947.

11992: 11500:

Watson, Derek (2000). "Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939".

8605:

were achieved at the expense of civilian living standards – the most thorough application of the principle of

8308:

meant further suffering and murders inflicted on millions. Millions of people perished heirless and nameless."

4638: 4521:

and made no serious preparations for prolonged warfare. However, following the decisive Soviet victory at the

20999: 20750: 20479: 20305: 20300: 20255: 20123: 20008: 19920: 19601: 19223: 18968: 18901: 18852: 18783: 18608: 18114: 18065: 17829: 17822: 17425: 17186: 16977: 16030: 12895: 12490: 11078: 10997: 10177: 9894: 9830: 7685: 7537: 7530: 7105: 7017: 6254: 6208: 4993: 4828:, leader of the Free French, who thought that it was important for French servicemen to serve on all fronts. 4606: 4561: 4378: 4220: 3914: 3884: 3879: 3005: 2995: 2885: 2637: 2320: 2302: 626: 14768: 13149: 7655:

All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European time on 8 May 1945

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was able to launch; subsequent offensives would represent only a shadow of previous German offensive might.

5737: 4511:

in 1941, Hitler saw the Soviet Union as militarily weak and ripe for immediate conquest. In a speech at the

21280: 21076: 21046: 21041: 20871: 20866: 20834: 20775: 20696: 20654: 20537: 19493: 19042: 18938: 18313: 18274: 17193: 17028: 17013: 16940: 16919: 16737: 16415: 16194: 16178: 15889: 15848: 15820: 15496: 12071:"Employment and living standards - Life in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939 - OCR B - GCSE History Revision - OCR B" 10255: 10044: 9979: 8478:

15.9 million, which included 1.5 million from military actions; 7.1 million victims of Nazi

7798: 7721: 7677: 6788: 6691:

On 12 July, the Red Army battled through the demarcation line between the 211th and 293rd divisions on the

6665: 5670: 5361: 5114: 4228: 4063:. Despite their many attempts, the Axis failed to capture Moscow and soon focused on the oil fields in the 3899: 3749: 3565: 3560: 3540: 3383: 3378: 3339: 3293: 3281: 3246: 3215: 3205: 2958: 2713: 2676: 2581: 2388: 2137: 1014: 554: 405: 364: 359: 337: 287: 15630:; session by the Robert Citino and Jonathan Parshall at the 2013 International Conference on World War II. 15535: 11032: 8534:

of the racially 'cleaner' population (blue eyes, light hair) would be allowed to serve Germans as slaves.

7579:

On 29 and 30 April, as the Soviet forces fought their way into the centre of Berlin, Adolf Hitler married

6239: 4598:(Third International) organisation in 1943. The Soviet Union started a process of militarisation with the 2417: 21211: 21194: 21066: 20935: 20903: 20839: 20728: 20619: 20604: 20440: 19594: 19570: 19565: 19480: 19309: 19301: 19121: 19005: 18329: 18281: 17899: 17871: 17724: 17339: 17318: 16839: 16502: 16408: 15898: 14360: 14217: 13438:"Foreign Minister Bids Reich to Hope; Schwerin von Krosigk Begins Campaign to Regain Freedom for Germany" 11811: 11055:. The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes. Vol. 11. New York: Garland. pp. 18–32. 9984: 9861: 9405: 8510:

people for slave labour, and killing hundreds of thousands (civilians) more. More than 600 villages like

8083: 7147:, Estonia, the Soviet Leningrad Front failed to break through the defence of the smaller, well-fortified 6716: 5065: 5053: 4270: 4239:

and the Allies did not recognise the Bolshevik government, so no Soviet Russian representation attended.

4186: 3889: 3874: 3869: 3508: 3503: 3444: 3251: 3048: 2371: 2349: 2292: 1878: 1414: 1249: 1038: 401: 10650: 7112:

and, following a coup against the Axis-allied government of Romania on 23 August, the Red Army occupied

5922:

to deny the Germans and their allies basic supplies as they advanced eastward. To carry out that order,

5864:

Romanian Armies, aided by elements of the German 11th Army, fought their way through Bessarabia towards

5778:

in just six days, 650 km (400 mi) from their start lines. The next objective was to cross the

5090:, say they had sent warnings of an attack on 20 or 22 June, which were treated as "disinformation". The 102: 21111: 20649: 20639: 20609: 20599: 20214: 20154: 20108: 19689: 19126: 19116: 18803: 18299: 18218: 18163: 18051: 18007: 17657: 17283: 17207: 17109: 16986: 16858: 16851: 16811: 16784: 16516: 16449: 16044: 15855: 15785: 15681: 15673: 15665: 15638: 15623: 15604: 15577: 12891: 10763:

Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR

10239: 10165: 10059: 9873: 8314: 8215: 7553: 7391: 7325: 7275: 7255: 7180: 7152: 5072: 4720: 4526: 4315: 4052:

that "More than 80 percent of all combat during the Second World War took place on the Eastern Front".

3980: 3739: 3709: 2990: 2952: 2718: 2315: 2181: 2159: 1770: 769: 330: 254: 31: 17: 13068:

Battle in the Baltics, 1944–45: The Fighting for Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: a Photographic History

11860:

Ericson, Edward E. III (1998). "Karl Schnurre and the Evolution of Nazi–Soviet Relations, 1936–1941".

10180:. After diplomatic relations between the Polish government and the Soviet Union broke down in 1943, a 8435: 5868:. The 1st Panzer Group turned away from Kiev for the moment, advancing into the Dnieper bend (western 5024:

Some historians say Stalin was fearful of war with Germany, or just did not expect Germany to start a

4529:

began to portray the war as a German defence of Western civilisation against destruction by the vast "

4498:

Psychologically, the German surge to the east in 1941 marked a high point in some Germans' feeling of

2412: 20950: 20844: 20644: 19900: 19666: 19664: 18705: 18622: 18407: 18267: 18239: 18072: 17977: 17767: 17200: 16274: 15928: 14251: 10389: 9826: 9426:. Soviet and Russian historiography often uses the term "irretrievable casualties". According to the 7561: 7279: 7144: 7021: 6780: 6708: 6386: 6372: 5787: 4618: 4308: 2985: 2593: 2561: 2536: 2198: 2164: 1842: 16472: 9767:

Red Army soldiers in a trench near the corpse of a German soldier, still wearing an Iron Cross, 1942

7521:

The Soviet offensive had two objectives. Because of Stalin's suspicions about the intentions of the

21091: 20797: 20372: 20176: 20093: 20003: 19988: 19978: 19940: 18444: 18421: 17673: 17474: 17467: 17131: 16791: 16763: 16756: 16143: 15627: 10899: 10806: 10459: 10296: 10120: 8325: 7465: 7329: 7239: 7109: 7033: 7029: 7009: 6959: 6806: 6621: 6543: 6463: 6321: 6235: 6231: 6163: 5666: 5258:

53% of USSR domestic production of expended ordnance (artillery shells, mines, assorted explosives)

4793: 4583: 4192: 4055:

The Axis forces, led by Nazi Germany, began their advance into the Soviet Union under the codename

3528: 3195: 2904: 2696: 2214: 16488: 16465: 15203: 13207: 13147: 12098:"China today is foreign oil dependent like Germany in WW2 | Peak Oil News and Message Boards" 7716:

After the German defeat, Stalin promised his allies Truman and Churchill that he would attack the

7202:. Whether Stalin was unable or unwilling to come to the aid of the Polish resistance is disputed. 6127: 5852:

and into Ukraine. Their progress, however, was rather slow, and they took heavy casualties in the

4770:

Finland, which had fought the Winter War against the Soviet Union, also joined the offensive. The

21004: 20733: 20352: 20060: 20042: 19968: 19958: 19421: 19416: 19329: 19276: 18866: 18810: 18680: 18540: 18225: 17878: 17774: 17680: 17248: 17116: 17086: 17050: 17035: 16907: 16799: 16777: 16723: 16709: 16691: 16355: 16136: 15864: 15813: 13673: 12292: 10354: 10029: 10024: 10014: 9999: 9994: 9925: 9822: 9384: 8417: 8241: 8050: 7955: 7813: 7745: 7711: 7600: 7545: 7418: 7287: 7247: 7222: 7176: 6784: 6597: 6575: 6487: 6479: 6308: 6081: 6045: 5989:. Army Group North positioned itself in front of Leningrad and attempted to cut the rail link at 5963: 5928: 5057: 4974: 4752: 4614: 4569: 4208: 4037: 3672: 3349: 3144: 2963: 2780: 2742: 2730: 2613: 2598: 2251: 2110: 1498: 930: 869: 341: 55: 19319: 13841: 13835: 13628: 10421: 10416: 8226:, issued on 28 July 1942, threatened commanders who retreated without orders with punishment by 6938:, Malinovsky's forces advanced across the mud to the Romanian border, not stopping on the river 2132: 21206: 20881: 20402: 20337: 19983: 19963: 19905: 19615: 19357: 19208: 18558: 18451: 18253: 18204: 18107: 18000: 17970: 17753: 17641: 17367: 17158: 16749: 16730: 16700: 16247: 16217: 14256: 11625:. Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Clemson University. Archived from 9944: 8634: 7536:

The offensive to capture central Germany and Berlin started on 16 April with an assault on the

7522: 7425: 6985: 6796: 6700: 6406: 6227: 6123: 5923: 5853: 5801: 5697:

hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops in huge pockets that were then reduced by slower-moving

5402: 5095: 5047:

Germany had been assembling very large numbers of troops in eastern Poland and making repeated

4642: 4630: 4286: 4122: 4121:) throughout Eastern Europe. Nazi military operations were characterised by vicious brutality, 4001: 2858: 2831: 2708: 2551: 2361: 2280: 1714: 1633: 660: 564: 523: 466: 20594: 15406: 14722: 14475: 13688: 13665: 13651: 13533: 13148:

Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression (2005). Salo, Vello (ed.).

12972: 12702: 12621: 12615: 12585: 12394:

Rõngelep, Riho; Clemmesen, Michael Hesselholt (January 2003). "Tartu in the 1941 Summer War".

12384:

Helen Fry, "'The Walls Have Ears'", Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-23860-0, 2019, p. 81

12335: 11745:"Strategische Lage im Frühjahr 1944", Jodl, Vortrag 5 May 1944. (referenced to BA-MA, N69/18.) 11711: 11694: 11563: 11536: 11313: 11286: 11199: 9759:

Corpses of German soldiers at a collection point after the Battle of Stalingrad, February 1943

6530:

started on 19 November. Two Soviet fronts punched through the Romanian lines and converged at

4812:

Polish armies, were armed and trained, and would eventually fight alongside the Red Army. The

4751:, thereby invading the Soviet Union. The war ended on 9 May 1945, when Germany's armed forces 21136: 21096: 20856: 20785: 20234: 20047: 19930: 19470: 19375: 19352: 19099: 19049: 18772: 18615: 18511: 18481: 18437: 18177: 18142: 18135: 18058: 17956: 17397: 17374: 17221: 16832: 16369: 16109: 16095: 15778: 15085:

volume 2 of "Decisive and Indecisive Military Operations" (University Press of Kansas, 2016)

14195: 13016: 11862: 11840: 11783: 11258:

Vietnam: The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict

11256: 10951: 10677: 10161: 10107: 10054: 9442:, infrastructure, and whole towns, leaving much of the population homeless and without food. 8585: 8502: 8447: 8442: 7662: 7437: 7433: 7429: 6731: 6720: 6053: 6006: 5919: 5869: 5861: 5845: 5841: 5717: 5713: 4610: 4508: 4246: 4224: 4081: 3545: 3344: 2836: 2825: 2576: 2437: 1002: 828: 16667: 15510: 15313: 13643: 13266: 13179: 13066: 13020: 12946: 12694: 11964: 11229: 10873:"Speech of the Reichsfuehrer-SS at the meeting of SS Major-Generals at Posen 4 October 1943" 10845: 10633: 8156:, which Stalin's internal policy had made the first priority throughout the 1930s. Stalin's 7618:

Upon learning of Hitler and Goebbels's death, Dönitz (now President of the Reich) appointed

6664:

offensive could be mounted, then attention could then be turned to the Allied threat to the

4916:

2,460,000 Germans, 60,000 (northern Norway); 300,000 Finns, 550,000 Romanians and Hungarians

4894:

3,403,000 Germans, 80,000 (northern Norway); 400,000 Finns, 150,000 Romanians and Hungarians

1086: 20669: 20342: 20239: 20209: 19948: 19405: 19387: 19383: 19369: 19365: 19361: 19255: 19095: 18873: 18728: 18379: 18336: 18306: 18232: 18042: 18021: 16947: 16424: 16102: 15151: 14628:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. 15 January 2009. Archived from 12070: 11696:

Das Heer 1933–1945: Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues. Die Blitzfeldzüge 1939–1941

10786: 10308: 10283: 10189: 10099: 9931: 8164: 7896: 7778: 7774: 7635: 7074: 6475: 6454:

The advance into the Caucasus bogged down, with the Germans unable to fight their way past

6380: 6002: 5857: 5837: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5635: 5599: 5134: 5110: 4740: 4725: 4646: 4599: 4522: 4412: 4158: 4074: 4056: 3836: 3692: 3550: 3523: 3413: 3408: 3393: 3261: 2891: 2773: 2724: 2530: 2393: 1830: 1354: 221: 205: 10119:

Slovakia voluntarily participated in the conflict until August 1944, when it submitted to

7123: 7046: 5887:

On 26 September, the Soviet forces east of Kiev surrendered and the Battle of Kiev ended.

2556: 978: 966: 8: 21244: 21174: 21031: 20559: 20494: 20265: 20137: 20118: 20098: 19674: 19560: 19379: 19091: 18991: 18765: 18643: 18599: 18121: 17255: 17021: 16548: 16378: 16362: 16311: 15731: 15549: 15451:

Lak, Martijn (2015). "Contemporary Historiography on the Eastern Front in World War II".

15291: 13561: 11387: 10977: 10679:

The Supreme Control at the Paris Peace Conference 1919 (Routledge Revivals): A Commentary

10279: 9880:, formed mostly of German POWs, were allowed to form small units known as Combat Groups ( 8184: 8124: 7526: 7449: 7348: 7321: 7283: 7078: 7013: 6126:, as well as some well-trained Far-Eastern divisions transferred from the east following 5365: 4778: 4665: 4472: 4274: 4114: 4093: 4073:("Case Blue") plan on 28 June 1942. The Soviets successfully halted further Axis advance 3937: 3734: 3687: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3474: 3313: 3159: 3113: 2968: 2934: 2879: 2447: 2327: 1738: 1584: 1213: 19213: 13897: 13151:

The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes, 1940–1991

12776:

Rotundo, Louis (January 1986). "The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign".

10801: 10098:

Hungary voluntarily participated in the conflict until March 1944, when it submitted to

9841:

were primarily used in the Eastern Front but some were assigned to guard the beaches of

7748:, it marked the only military action of the Soviet Union against Imperial Japan; at the 4872:

2,600,000 Germans, 90,000 (northern Norway); 600,000 Romanians, Hungarians, and Italians

21234: 21216: 21169: 21151: 21131: 20770: 20522: 20420: 20392: 20275: 20260: 19514: 19465: 19411: 19188: 18984: 18817: 18742: 18696: 18666: 18574: 18414: 18079: 17963: 17857: 17808: 17746: 17502: 17453: 17262: 16886: 16541: 16339: 15468: 15411: 15230: 15035:

The Eastern Front: Barbarossa, Stalingrad, Kursk and Berlin (Campaigns of World War II)

14794: 14026: 14018: 13717: 13589: 13514: 13240: 12921: 12793: 12561: 12525: 12517: 12470: 12424: 12226: 12218: 11879: 11828: 11824: 11517: 11455: 11447: 11404: 11339: 11095: 11053:

The Wannsee Protocol and a 1944 Report on Auschwitz by the Office of Strategic Services

11014: 10953:

In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past

10932: 10916: 10823: 10380: 10235: 9360: 8625:

Soviet armoured fighting vehicle production was greater than the Germans (in 1943, the

8542: 8120: 8116: 7848: 7782: 7367: 7363: 7230: 7226: 7037: 6951: 6935: 6747: 6564: 6560: 6376: 6115: 5994: 5955: 5678: 5645: 5357: 5349: 4997:

German soldiers in a Panzer III tank; Kalmyk steppe north of Stalingrad, September 1942

4809: 4512: 4411:. Hitler as early as 1917 had referred to the Russians as inferior, believing that the 4300: 4227:(November 1918) and these territories became independent states under the terms of the 4089: 3919: 3623: 3613: 3533: 3134: 2978: 2939: 2919: 2914: 2812: 2587: 2100: 1378: 1342: 1062: 1026: 954: 654: 460: 397: 14847:

Churchill's German Special Forces: The Elite Refugee Troops Who Took the War to Hitler

12979:. Royal Institute of International Affairs. Information Department. 1944. p. 825. 11568:. Modern War Studies (second ed.). University Press of Kansas. pp. 301–303. 7373: 7210: 7205:

In Slovakia, the Slovak National Uprising started as an armed struggle between German

5814: 1854: 1758: 21141: 21081: 20888: 20814: 20792: 20691: 20569: 20382: 20362: 20357: 20347: 20182: 19944: 19451: 19314: 19157: 18975: 18859: 18749: 18689: 18650: 18583: 18565: 18531: 18474: 18428: 18372: 18197: 17935: 17927: 17864: 17717: 17311: 16843: 16304: 16283: 15993: 15472: 15418: 15395: 15385: 15371: 15348: 15330: 15299: 15280: 15263: 15237: 15217: 15189: 15174: 15156: 15126: 15111: 15096: 15072: 15057: 15039: 15011: 14992: 14973: 14947: 14940: 14924: 14873: 14850: 14825: 14800: 14748: 14726: 14576: 14564: 14543: 14527: 14495: 14487: 14479: 14467: 14459: 14451: 14420: 14400: 14342: 14321: 14072: 14048: 14030: 13878: 13855: 13845: 13784: 13760: 13694: 13644: 13597: 13569: 13541: 13399: 13272: 13187: 13158: 13072: 13026: 12952: 12850: 12816: 12756: 12731: 12706: 12695: 12675: 12665: 12625: 12591: 12529: 12341: 12230: 12038: 11970: 11789: 11762: 11717: 11569: 11542: 11521: 11459: 11408: 11319: 11292: 11262: 11235: 11205: 11178: 11123: 11099: 11066: 10957: 10924: 10877:

Source: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp. 616–634

10851: 10841: 10766: 10738: 10713: 10683: 10656: 10583: 10546: 10515: 9954: 9869: 9811: 9480: 9469: 8254: 8176:

promotion of many younger officers that Stalin and the NKVD regarded as in line with

8041: 7876: 7861: 7809: 7769: 7608: 7584: 7251: 7191: 7082: 7055: 6685: 6390: 6097: 6072:, the last Soviet city that stood in its way to the capital. After a meeting held in 5805:

Soviet children during a German air raid in the first days of the war, June 1941, by

5743: 5442: 5405:

during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale. It was a vital part of the

5068: 4825: 4711: 4622: 4575: 4565: 4545: 4439: 4278: 4250: 4236: 3989: 3909: 3841: 3821: 3786: 3781: 3677: 3513: 3464: 3439: 3434: 3403: 3139: 2863: 2691: 2332: 2171: 2147: 1690: 1596: 1450: 1390: 1139: 15318: 15086: 14158:

Soviet numbers for 1945 are for the whole of 1945, including after the war was over.

13980:("Военно-исторический журнал" ("Military-Historical Magazine"), 1997, No.5. page 32) 13877:. Translated by French, David. Warsaw, Poland: Polskiej Akademii Nauk. p. 176. 13596:. Vol. VIII (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83, 200. 13497:

Garthoff, Raymond L. (October 1969). "The Soviet Manchurian Campaign, August 1945".

11385:(2000). "The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact". 10936: 9776:. Deaths of POW were 450,600 including 356,700 in NKVD camps and 93,900 in transit. 8565:, it is generally accepted that it considered itself bound by the provisions of the 7764:

Soviet soldiers celebrating the surrender of the German forces in Berlin, 2 May 1945

7382:

and cleared the right bank of the Oder River. In the south, the German attempts, in

1806: 1225: 1201: 906: 21126: 21071: 20977: 20718: 20489: 20459: 20425: 20270: 20020: 19998: 19193: 19162: 19152: 18894: 18887: 18831: 18495: 18260: 18246: 18149: 18086: 18037: 17850: 17703: 17650: 17460: 17411: 17325: 16555: 16532: 16065: 15460: 14010: 13506: 13125: 13097: 12994: 12913: 12785: 12662:

Hitler's arctic war: the German campaigns in Norway, Finland and the USSR 1940–1945

12581: 12543: 12507: 12499: 12462: 12276:

The Bitter Road to Freedom: The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe

12210: 12133: 12128: 12116: 12030: 11871: 11820: 11509: 11482: 11437: 11396: 11364: 11282: 11161: 11087: 11006: 10908: 10815: 10408: 10345: 10275: 9461: 8458: 8293: 8207: 8078: 8009:. The character of the war was thus determined by the political leaders and their 7998: 7912: 7900: 7880: 7869: 7794: 7749: 7692: 7612: 7488: 7480: 7383: 7296: 7291: 7209:

forces and rebel Slovak troops between August and October 1944. It was centered at

7187: 7159: 6878: 6592: 6527: 6496: 6431:

Towards the south, the 1st Panzer Army had reached the Caucasian foothills and the

6332: 6258: 6159: 6138: 5959: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5751: 5747: 5721: 5709: 5705: 5595: 5579: 5568: 5557: 5544: 5528: 5517: 5504: 5488: 5477: 5466: 5453: 5353: 5145: 5014: 5013:

For nearly two years the border was quiet while Germany conquered Denmark, Norway,

4817: 4760: 4756: 4650: 4591: 4431: 4258: 4182: 4166: 4097: 4060: 4049: 4029: 3754: 3724: 3373: 3359: 3276: 3081: 3017: 3011: 3000: 2973: 2909: 2817: 2670: 2659: 2632: 2624: 2603: 2546: 2142: 2120: 1742: 1702: 1662: 1548: 1520: 1516: 1486: 1462: 1273: 1177: 1165: 1110: 19183: 16074: 15642: 15527: 15464: 15258: 14681: 13999:

Robinson, Jacob (April 1945). "Transfer of Property in Enemy Occupied Territory".

13951: 12149:

Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labour in Germany under the Third Reich

11156: 8305: 8253:

brutally as in the 1930s) and demoted many successful officers (including Zhukov,

7843: 1189: 21146: 20893: 20745: 20713: 20387: 20367: 20070: 20055: 19524: 19455: 19198: 19178: 18917: 18629: 18544: 18502: 18400: 18343: 18211: 17993: 17984: 17513: 17095: 17071: 16325: 15539: 15325: 15034: 14204: 14068: 13904: 13623: 13393: 13216: 13186:. Tallinn: Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. 12188: 12177: 12034: 11996: 11117: 10897:

Connelly, John (1999). "Nazis and Slavs: From Racial Theory to Racist Practice".

10372: 10157: 9959: 9901: 9881: 8574: 8425: 8321: 8282: 8270: 8237: 8105:

Hitler considered the army and its officer corps suspect and came to rely on the

8006: 7928: 7816: 7802: 7786: 7717: 7684:(as part of a two-day 8–9 May holiday) and some other post-Soviet countries. The 7596: 7565: 7557: 7484: 7468: 7263: 7259: 7195: 7025: 6955: 6756: 6735: 6654: 6601: 6587: 6280: 6216: 6200: 6188: 5733: 5729: 5657: 5118: 5007: 4785:, sent by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco to keep his ties to the Axis intact. 4695: 4669: 4486: 4476: 4382: 4162: 4128: 4085: 4021: 3826: 3816: 3714: 3354: 3303: 3022: 2929: 2791: 2756: 2681: 2571: 2310: 2231: 1818: 1782: 1678: 1658: 1608: 1560: 1402: 1366: 1291: 1098: 1074: 918: 181: 19029: 15253: 11288:

The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933–36

10458:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

8021: 6711:

battled their way through minefields and over comparatively high ground towards

4104:

on 8 May, a day that marked the end of the Eastern Front and the War in Europe.

4080:

Seeing the Axis setback from Stalingrad, the Soviet Union routed its forces and

1794: 1153: 21229: 21056: 20819: 20809: 20186: 19895: 19890: 19342: 18924: 18460: 18386: 16438: 16297: 15719: 15695: 15146: 14965: 14392: 12611: 12547: 11355: 11315:

World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History and Analysis

10463: 9949: 9850: 9465: 8577:

and Western Ukraine, while the remainder was to be evacuated in death marches.

8405: 8098: 7865: 7737: 7673: 7658: 7604: 7514: 7441: 6859: 6642: 6535: 6531: 6483: 6421: 6336: 6296: 6223: 6119: 6104: 6061: 5903: 5877: 5795: 5775: 5320: 5048: 4775: 4715: 4691: 4677: 4664:

régime, formalised its ideological position on 25 November 1936 by signing the

4661: 4434:, saw the war against the Soviet Union as a struggle between the ideologies of 4282: 4216: 4204: 4017: 4013: 3806: 3744: 3486: 3479: 3469: 3103: 2735: 2566: 2246: 2241: 1866: 1726: 1646: 1620: 1438: 942: 844: 744: 197: 30:"Great Patriotic War" redirects here. For a discussion of the term itself, see 15661: 15634: 15619: 15600: 15573: 13456: 12302: 11486: 11368: 10912: 10819: 8360:

was tolerated by a relatively more significant part of the native population.

7588: 7347:

On 25 January 1945, Hitler renamed three army groups. Army Group North became

5102:

demanding German occupation of Ukraine during the German invasion of Britain.

4973:

The above figures includes all personnel in the German Army, i.e. active-duty

4153:

both provided substantial material aid to the Soviet Union in the form of the

21259: 21189: 21026: 20664: 19555: 19519: 19333: 18735: 16660: 16509: 16348: 15707: 15608: 15340: 15273: 15049: 14869: 14447: 14183: 13120: 13092: 12214: 11676:

Blitzkrieg-Legende: Der Westfeldzug 1940, Operationen des Zweiten Weltkrieges

11428: 11010: 10635:

Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism

10243: 9818: 9423: 8638:

depending on the year, while armoured vehicles by comparison were only 5–8%.

8483: 8330: 8227: 8223: 8214:

for all ranks; this represented a significant symbolic step, since after the

8211: 8172: 8144: 8107: 7908: 7884: 7831: 7824: 7741: 7691:

The German Army Group Centre initially refused to surrender and continued to

7453: 7414: 7199: 7051: 6947: 6871: 6723:. Battle was joined on 12 July, with about one thousand tanks being engaged. 6692: 6304: 6300: 6204: 6192: 6101: 5998: 5891: 5873: 5779: 5755: 5398: 5348:

lost 20% of its national income in 1940 and 40% in 1943. Axis allies such as

5091: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5025: 4851:

3,050,000 Germans, 67,000 (northern Norway); 500,000 Finns, 150,000 Romanians

4782: 4579: 4549: 4459: 4335: 4200: 4025: 3904: 3831: 3811: 3719: 3491: 3239: 3154: 1536: 1503: 1474: 1330: 1317: 1278: 1122: 894: 731: 517: 185: 14893: 14596: 13859: 12679: 10880: 7997:

The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were both ideologically driven states (by

7856: 7356: 6992:

port, were stopped in February 1944. The German army group "Narwa" included

6699:, right behind them and behind Orel. The southern offensive, spearheaded by 6405:. As part of this, Operation Shamil was executed, a plan whereby a group of 5264:

93% of railway equipment (locomotives, freight cars, wide gauge rails, etc.)

4443: 2050: 20945: 20469: 20435: 20190: 19935: 19034: 18838: 17138: 17043: 16674: 16037: 15801: 15581: 15166: 14961: 14433: 14295: 12942: 12288: 11400: 11382: 11070: 10928: 10324: 9937: 9364: 8470:). These results and missed opportunities contributed to the defeat of the 8301: 8168: 8102: 8065: 8025: 7410: 7352: 7340:, and drawing up on a line sixty kilometres east of Berlin along the River 6981: 6911: 6704: 6440: 6312: 6292: 6114:

did not have the strength to capture Moscow, and the attack was suspended.

6085: 6069: 5911: 5725: 5694: 5603: 5340: 4987: 4736: 4634: 4408: 4304: 4245:

had declared his intention to invade the Soviet Union on 11 August 1939 to

4242: 4045: 4005: 3993: 2686: 2083: 1493: 1050: 990: 882: 823: 581: 444: 393: 302: 298: 283: 258: 20706: 15522: 15519:(photos, video, interviews, memorials. Written from a Russian perspective) 7827:

would have had to double the number of its soldiers on the Western Front.

7661:

repeated the signing in Berlin at Zhukov's headquarters, now known as the

7493: 7378:

Heinrich Himmler, had failed by 24 February, and the Red Army drove on to

6842:(Siegfried Line) of fortifications along the German frontier in the west. 6734:

was one of the largest tank battles ever fought. It was part of the wider

5148:, as well as in the provision of early material and intelligence support. 4672:. Fascist Italy joined the Pact a year later. The Soviet Union negotiated 4165:

are considered part of the Eastern Front. In addition, the Soviet–Finnish

21051: 20780: 20701: 20634: 20464: 20113: 19670: 19529: 19437: 18673: 18659: 18321: 16997: 16818: 16803: 16157: 12993:. Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 September 2006. Archived from 12546:, Peeter Kaasik (2006). "Destruction battalions in Estonia in 1941". In 11113: 10629: 9439: 8467: 8297: 8286: 8258: 8157: 7724:

began on 8 August 1945, with an assault on the Japanese puppet states of

6975:

In a lightning campaign, the Germans were pushed back from Leningrad and

6638: 6547: 6432: 6250: 6013: 5806: 5656:

At 03:15 on 22 June 1941, 99 of 190 German divisions, including fourteen

5003: 4813: 4767: 4744: 4702:

would not be signed until some four years after the Anti-Comintern Pact.

4699: 4557: 4400: 4196: 4138: 4134: 4044:

in World War II, eventually serving as the main reason for the defeat of

3997: 3729: 3608: 3459: 3449: 3234: 3108: 2207: 2125: 1426: 856: 786: 703: 501: 426: 160: 13875:

A ridiculous hundred million Slavs: Concerning Adolf Hitler's world-view

12222: 10735:

Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Military Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941

6763:

The Kursk offensive was the last on the scale of 1940 and 1941 that the

5736:

seized the moment and controlled most of Lithuania, northern Latvia and

4403:", while exterminating or deporting most of the existing inhabitants to 21086: 21036: 20955: 20824: 19910: 19534: 18028: 17781: 17760: 16653: 15986: 15914: 15650: 15560: 15497:

Prof Richard Overy writes a summary about the eastern front for the BBC

15490: 14022: 13908: 13566:

The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won

13518: 12925: 12797: 12521: 12512: 12474: 11883: 11832: 11451: 10920: 10827: 10123:, which ensured Slovakia's participation until the end of the conflict. 8610: 8429: 8396: 8094: 8033: 7969: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7505: 7445: 6989: 6915: 6855: 6677: 6646: 6523: 6417: 6089: 6049: 6037: 5947: 5899: 5881: 5872:). When it joined up with the southern elements of Army Group South at 4530: 4517: 4453: 4449: 4427: 4395: 4389: 4374: 4347: 4320: 4232: 4154: 4109: 3633: 3308: 3149: 3076: 2115: 2105: 1572: 1261: 1237: 11713:

Unternehmen Barbarossa: deutsche und sowjetische Angriffspläne 1940/41

11513: 11018: 10110:, which ensured Hungary's participation until the end of the conflict. 7097:

was, by any measure, one of the largest single operations of the war.

6500:

Soviet advances on the Eastern Front, 18 November 1942 to March 1943:

5064:, Soviet troops on the western border received a directive, signed by 4653:. It served as a useful testing ground for both the Wehrmacht and the 4169:

is generally also considered the northern flank of the Eastern Front.

3454: 20674: 19092: 18291: 17696: 17493: 17304: 17102: 17057: 15654: 12451:

Wilt, Alan F. (December 1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941".

10336:

As part of the Allied victory in the European theatre of World War II

9964: 9846: 9431: 8606: 8387: 8353: 8177: 7916: 7729: 7725: 7623: 7580: 7549: 7379: 7117: 7113: 6743: 6650: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6368: 6033: 5974: 5943: 5724:, this formation advanced through the Baltic states, and the Russian 4982: 4978: 4682: 4626: 4595: 4492: 4464: 4212: 4178: 4069: 3704: 3210: 3071: 2702: 16578: 14092:

Oil of Russia. Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. 2 November 2011.

14014: 13510: 12917: 12789: 12466: 11875: 11442: 11423: 8642:

Summary of German and Soviet raw material production during the war

8140: 8013:

to a much greater extent than in any other theatre of World War II.

7944: 7631: 7337: 6234:

Armies had captured Ruza, Dorokhovo, Mozhaisk and Vereya, while the

4788:

The Soviet Union offered support to the anti-Axis partisans in many

173: 44: 21239: 21101: 19539: 19488: 16562: 16290: 15511:

Rarities of the USSR photochronicles. Great Patriotic War 1941–1945

14089: 12503: 11989: 11966:

Russia's Life-Saver: Lend-Lease Aid to the U.S.S.R. in World War II

11091: 10847:

War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941

10222: 10193: 9842: 9427: 8602: 8479: 8336: 8232: 8037: 8010: 7645:

headquarters, German Chief-of-Staff General Alfred Jodl signed the

7387: 7172: 6976: 6866: 6819: 6742:

After the war, the battle near Prochorovka was idealised by Soviet

6696: 6669: 6455: 6448: 6436: 6276: 6272: 6142:

The Soviet winter counter-offensive, 5 December 1941 to 7 May 1942:

5907: 5783: 5698: 5332: 4654: 4343: 4064: 3603: 3298: 757: 294: 15259:

At Leningrad's Gates: The Story of a Soldier with Army Group North

11353:

Beloff, Max (1950). "Soviet Foreign Policy, 1929–41: Some Notes".

8524:

of the Belarusian population was designated for "eradication" and

8264: 8244:

which carried out especially hazardous duties, such as serving as

6546:, with three transferred panzer divisions, got going briskly from 4625:

of 1936–1939. This conflict soon took on the characteristics of a

20075: 14510: 14508: 13568:(Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 3, 257, 308. 13052:

Sinimäed Hills 1944: Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia

10879:. Stuart Stein, University of the West of England. Archived from 10511:

The Eastern Front: The Germans and Soviets at War in World War II

8491: 8369: 8345: 7927:

epidemic that spread slowly westwards, reaching the coast of the

7888: 7627: 7541: 7395: 7168: 7140: 7128: 7090: 6572: 6568: 6556: 6025: 6017: 5986: 5662: 4832:

Comparative strengths of combat forces, Eastern Front, 1941–1945

4732: 4404: 4324: 4033: 698: 496: 177: 15516: 15155:, Da Capo Press Reissue edition. New York: Da Capo Press, 2001. 10074:

List of military operations on the Eastern Front of World War II

8652:(million tonnes, Germany includes lignite and bituminous types) 7793:

This included the terrorisation of their own people, as well as

7603:; however, Goebbels also committed suicide, along with his wife 4816:

forces also contributed to the Red Army by the formation of the

4036:), and lasted from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945. Of the estimated 2458: 20178: 17172: 15770: 15400:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

14225: 10164:), composed of Poles in the USSR and loyal to the London-based 8511: 8487: 8349: 8002: 7924: 7681: 7569: 7525:

to hand over territory occupied by them in the post-war Soviet

7497:

14,933,000 Soviet and Soviet-allied personnel were awarded the

7457: 7399: 7333: 7317: 7132: 7070: 6830: 6801: 6712: 6681: 6459: 6402: 6288: 6181: 6177: 6093: 6065: 6029: 5982: 5978: 5895: 5865: 5690: 5376: 5345: 5324: 4435: 4265:

so that they can't starve us out, as happened in the last war.

15532: 14822:

Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth

14704: 14692: 14505: 12896:"Stalin and the Prospects of a Separate Peace in World War II" 9062:

Summary of Axis and Soviet aircraft production during the war

8627:

Soviet Union manufactured 24,089 tanks and self-propelled guns

8416:

Viktor Cherevihkin, a Soviet teenager killed by German troops

8001:

and by Nazism, respectively), in which the foremost political

7167:

Finnish forces retreated to their secondary defence line, the

6755:

the flank of the German 9th Army. Also worried by the Allies'

17360: 15737: 15545:

Don't forget how the Soviet Union saved the world from Hitler

13461:. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office. p. 258 13129:. Northern Territory, Australia. 15 September 1944. p. 1 13101:. Northern Territory, Australia. 14 September 1944. p. 1 12163: 10412: 8551: 8061:

regard this decision as a missed opportunity to win the war.

7733: 7650: 7642: 7630:

border, where Dönitz's headquarters were located, along with

7461: 7394:, which failed by 16 March. On 30 March the Red Army entered 6993: 6847: 6822:, and Kharkov was abandoned for the final time on 22 August. 6428:

would be fighting the Battle of Stalingrad street-by-street.

6394: 6316: 6196: 6073: 6021: 5970: 5818: 5759: 5285: 5276:

50% of TNT (1942–1944) and 33% of ammunition powder (in 1944)

4420: 4311: 15214:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

14872:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (2004),

14450:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (2004),

13022:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

12542: 12412: 11602: 11600: 8335:

murders a Jew who is kneeling before a filled mass grave in

7183:, Finnish troops finally managed to halt the Soviet attack. 5934: 5428: 5270:

43% of garage facilities (building materials and blueprints)

4739:

and its allies. The conflict began on 22 June 1941 with the

4277:

between Germany and the Soviet Union. It contained a secret

243:(3 years, 10 months, 2 weeks and 2 days) 19973: 14796:

The Free Germany Movement: A Case of Patriotism Or Treason?

13805:"ПРИКАЗ О РАСФОРМИРОВАНИИ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАГРАДИТЕЛЬНЫХ ОТРЯДОВ" 13182:. In Hiio, Toomas; Maripuu, Meelis; Paavle, Indrek (eds.). 12029:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–55. 8590: 8275:

German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war

8167:, a proponent of armoured blitzkrieg. Stalin promoted some 7573: 7341: 7066: 6939: 6826: 6751:

attain its objectives, the German advance had been halted.

6526:, and it was from these that they struck in November 1942. 6410: 5782:, which was accomplished by 11 July. Their next target was 5380: 5034:

during a short period of Nazi–Soviet economic collaboration

4680:

with the aim of containing Germany's expansion. The German

4586:", manifested itself as a series of nationwide centralised 4471:

Hitler referred to the war in radical terms, calling it a "

4416: 169: 15370:.: This is mostly a photo-history, with connecting texts. 15319:

Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment

10638:(1st ed.). Holt, Rinehart & Winston. p. 358. 10005:

German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II

9817:

Some Soviet citizens would side with the Germans and join

8222:

These concessions were combined with ruthless discipline:

7732:; the greater offensive would eventually include northern 7634:. Accordingly, this administration was referred to as the 5036:

were critical for Germany to launch Operation Barbarossa.

4525:

in 1943 and the resulting dire German military situation,

19142: 14644: 14232: 14066:

Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe.

13395:

After Hitler: The Last Ten Days of World War II in Europe

12701:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. pp. 11916:

1939–1945, Der Zweite Weltkrieg in Chronik und Dokumenten

11650:"The Myth of German Superiority on the WW2 Eastern Front" 11597: 11231:

The Condor Legion: German Troops in the Spanish Civil War

9628:

Military losses on the Eastern Front during World War II

9446:

Military losses on the Eastern Front during World War II

8356:(which had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940) the 7440:

in the south to the Baltic, into an area in front of the

7436:(1BF), which had been deployed along the Oder river from 7424:

The fall of Königsberg allowed Stavka to free up General

6563:'s counteroffensive, strengthened by a specially trained 6393:

southeastwards. The grand plan was to secure the Don and

6257:'s 33rd Army aided by Gen. Belov's 1st Cavalry Corps and 6028:. The combined German and Romanian forces moved into the 5990: 4724:

Situation in Europe by May/June 1941, immediately before

4161:

across the northernmost Finnish–Soviet border and in the

14989:

Stumbling colossus: the Red Army on the eve of World War

12587:

Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe

12243:

Ulrich Herbert, "Forced Laborers in the 'Third Reich'",

11587: 11585: 9837:

units. Most of those who joined were Soviet POWs. These

9371:

armaments minister) direction, despite the intensifying

8482:

and reprisals; 1.8 million deported to Germany for

7585:

committed suicide by taking cyanide and shooting himself

7238:

On 8 September 1944 the Red Army began an attack on the

6882:

Soviet advances from 1 August 1943 to 31 December 1944:

6466:

and entered the suburbs of Ordzhonikidze on 2 November.

6327: 6133: 6064:

when it reached the last tramstop of the Moscow line at

4574:

Throughout the 1930s the Soviet Union underwent massive

4504:- an intoxication with the idea of colonising the East. 4448:(superhumans) - who according to Nazi ideology were the 19616:

Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust

15660:"How the Red Army Defeated Germany: The Three Alibis": 15557:

Images depicting conditions in the camps for Soviet POW

15432:, NY:Ballantine Books, London:Macdomald & Co, 1969. 15345:

Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941–1945

14671:

Micheal Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts, p. 449

14166: 14164: 11201:

The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution

10394: 9409:

World War II military deaths in Europe by theatre, year

7077:

two weeks before. The Belorussian Offensive (codenamed

6339:: German advances from 7 May 1942 to 18 November 1942: 4824:

or 3rd Fighter Group) unit to fulfil the commitment of

4191:

Germany and the Soviet Union remained unsatisfied with

16432:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

15202:

International Military Tribunal at Nurnberg, Germany.

15083:

From Defeat to Victory: The Eastern Front, Summer 1944

13736: 12664:. Jörgensen, Christer. Surrey: Allan. pp. 81–86. 11682:] (in German). München: R. Oldenbourg. p. 43. 11223: 11221: 10424:

Berger, and the chief of the partisan combating units.

8304:

propaganda. Then in 1943 came the call for total war.

7657:. The next day shortly before midnight, Field Marshal 4860:

2,680,000 active in Western Military Districts out of

3984:

in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the

27:

Theatre of war of European Axis and Soviet Union blocs

20973:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

15679: 15296:

Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945

15008:

Colossus reborn : the Red Army at war: 1941-1943

13206: 12294:

The Soviet–German War, 1941–1945: Myths and Realities

11905:

Source: L. E. Reshin, "Year of 1941", vol. 2, p. 152.

11896:

Source: L. E. Reshin, "Year of 1941", vol. 1, p. 508.

11622:

The Soviet-German War, 1941–1945: Myths and Realities

11582: 10543:

Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik.

10359: 9967:– Japanese plan to invade the Soviet Far East in 1941 8593:

tanks being transported from the factory to the front

7116:

on 31 August. Romania and the Soviet Union signed an

6571:, opened on 20 February 1943 and fought its way from 6012:

Army Group South pushed down from the Dnieper to the

5918:

Stalin ordered the retreating Red Army to initiate a

4792:-occupied countries in Central Europe, notably those 4157:

program, along with naval and air support. The joint

3272:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

15437:

The U.S. Army in the occupation of Germany 1944–1946

15093:

The Road to Stalingrad. Stalin's War against Germany

14970:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army stopped Hitler

14170:

German figures for 1941 and 1942 include tanks only.

14161: 14130: 14128: 14126: 13781:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

13690:

Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union

13458:

THE U.S. ARMY IN THE OCCUPATION OF GERMANY 1944-1946

13373: 12886: 12884: 12250:"Forced Laborers in the "Third Reich" - an Overview" 12051: 11809:

Milward, A. S. (1964). "The End of the Blitzkrieg".

11785:

Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945

11565:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

10079:

Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II

9972: 7300:

Soviet advances from 1 January 1945 to 11 May 1945:

6984:

and seize control of Finland. The Leningrad Front's

5648:'s announcement of the German invasion, 22 June 1941 5590: 5424:

Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II

15347:, New Edition. New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 1998. 15277:

Thunder in the East: the Nazi–Soviet War, 1941–1945

14921:

Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War

14417:

Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg

14339:

Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg

14318:

Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg

13048:

Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis

11218: 11204:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 483. 11144:(a colonizing high or intoxication with the East) . 10709:

Hitler's Shadow War: The Holocaust and World War II

8097:in the war was one of the factors in the attempted 6447:contingent with the 1st Panzer Army and a Croatian 5393:

Forced labour under German rule during World War II

4967:(450,000 Poles, Romanians, Bulgarians, and Czechs) 4947:(360,000 Poles, Romanians, Bulgarians, and Czechs) 4763:), a strategic operation executed by the Red Army. 4731:The war was fought between Germany, its allies and 4594:, and eventually leading to the dissolution of the 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 19460:Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia 15417:, New Edition. Orion Publishing Group Ltd., 2000. 14939: 14154: 14152: 14150: 14148: 13969:Partisan Resistance in Belarus during World War II 13534:"The Crisis Deepens: The Outbreak of World War II" 12991:"The Otto Tief government and the fall of Tallinn" 12574: 11177:. UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–44. 11160:is available for free viewing and download at the 11122:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 71. 9363:, increasing production in subsequent years under 8279:World War II German war crimes in the Soviet Union 8111:(SS) and Nazi party members to prosecute the war. 6307:, later defected to Germany and formed the ROA or 6044:until 3 July 1942). On 21 November, the Wehrmacht 5267:50–80% of rolled steel, cable, lead, and aluminium 4442:, ensuring territorial expansion for the Germanic 3445:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests 15513:Borodulin Collection. Excellent set of war photos 15236:. United States of America: Da Capo Press, 1999. 14123: 13540:(sixth ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 138. 12881: 12393: 12159: 12157: 11845:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 11758:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 11692: 11119:Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine 9669:2,250,000–3,300,000 of which 1,283,200 confirmed 7830:Memorandum for the President's Special Assistant 7823:, calculated that without the Eastern Front, the 7649:documents for all German forces to the Allies at 7474: 5929:NKVD massacred thousands of anti-Soviet prisoners 5902:for re-establishment in more remote areas of the 21257: 20988:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 20318:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 15599:"Fighting a Lost War: The German Army in 1943": 15110:. New York: Orion Publishing Group, Ltd., 2007. 15108:The Road to Berlin. Stalin's War against Germany 14972:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 14359:Göttingen, Percy E. Schramm (21 November 2012). 14180:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia 13157:. Estonian Encyclopedia Publishers. p. 19. 12840: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12832: 12644: 12011:Ivan Ivanovich Vernidub, Boepripasy pobedy, 1998 11534: 10147:pilots operated as part of the German Air Force. 7785:, and the single largest battle in the history, 7768:The Eastern Front was the largest and bloodiest 7538:German front lines on the Oder and Neisse rivers 7351:; Army Group Centre became Army Group North and 6110:However, by 6 December it became clear that the 6068:. Meanwhile, the 2nd Panzer Army failed to take 5890:As the Red Army withdrew behind the Dnieper and 5681:, Western and Southwestern Fronts respectively. 5644:Moscovites gather by a loudspeaker to listen to 5327:at the height of German military expansion, 1942 4113:" settler-colonial agenda, Nazi Germany waged a 600: 21107:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 21022:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 15125:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995. 14207:, US Army Center of Military History, page 158. 14145: 13840:. New York : Metropolitan Books. pp. 13009: 12649:. Harmandsworth, England: Penguin. p. 179. 12365:. Moscow: Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury. 11699:. Vol. 2. Mittler & Sohn. p. 102. 9422:(including the annexed territories) as part of 8409:(task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. 8265:Repression and genocide in occupied territories 7705: 7153:terrain not suitable for large-scale operations 7127:Soviet soldiers advance through the streets of 6397:first and then drive into the Caucasus towards 6271:To the north, the Red Army surrounded a German 5946:soldiers pulling a car from the mud during the 5105: 4493:program aiming to exterminate all European Jews 4457:("master race") - at the expense of the Slavic 4067:. German forces invaded the Caucasus under the 4048:and the Axis nations. It is noted by historian 14991:. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. 14844: 14792: 14769:"Nazi Foreign Legions – History Learning Site" 14561:Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik 14316:German losses according to: Rüdiger Overmans, 14197:World War II The War Against Germany And Italy 14142:, by Chris Bishop and Chris McNab, pp. 244–52. 13712: 13710: 13322: 12620:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 12154: 12117:"Swedish iron ore exports to Germany, 1933–44" 12021:Tooze, Adam; Martin, Jamie (26 October 2015). 11157:Adolf Hitler's Speech on Operation Barbarossa 10760: 10737:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 34–35. 9666:4,059,000 (military personnel only)–5,700,000 8123:to continue the attack to the west during the 7587:. In his will, Hitler appointed Grand Admiral 7544:. They were now free to move west towards the 6096:since it was better, as argued by the head of 6092:groups and armies, decided to push forward to 20961:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 20162: 19650: 19077: 15786: 15171:Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945 14361:"Die deutschen Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg" 14252:"Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War" 12829: 12245:International Labor and Working-Class History 12027:The Cambridge History of the Second World War 12007: 12005: 11788:. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 16. 11562:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (2015). 11541:. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 282. 11342:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 27 December 2023. 10675: 10040:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 10035:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 9916:Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II 8561:Although the Soviet Union had not signed the 6910:To the south, the Second Ukrainian Front (ex 5788:fierce Soviet resistance in the Smolensk area 5135:an attempt to cripple Romanian oil production 5123:bombing of the eastern German city of Dresden 4340:the north and northeastern regions of Romania 4294:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement 3955: 2474: 2080: 2066: 19588:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 15205:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Supplement A 14747:. London: Simon & Schuster. p. 34. 13934:"The Nazi struggle against Soviet partisans" 13920:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Supplement A 13635: 13426:. Vol. 94, no. 31888. 15 May 1945. 13290: 13288: 12725: 12023:"The economics of the war with Nazi Germany" 11318:. University Press of America. p. 257. 11291:. University of Chicago Press. p. 346. 10870: 10834: 7720:within 90 days of the German surrender. The 7371: 6770: 6746:as the largest tank battle of all time. The 6416:Meanwhile, the 6th Army was driving towards 6311:. In the south the Red Army lunged over the 6191:orchestrated by the Northwestern Front, the 6128:intelligence that Japan would remain neutral 4747:forces crossed the borders described in the 4578:and economic growth under the leadership of 4499: 4484: 4126: 617: 20914:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 20909:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 15670:U.S. Army Command and General Staff College 15586:Operation Typhoon. Hitler's March on Moscow 14960: 14942:The German Economy in the Twentieth Century 13721:, 9 February 1946, Volume 95, Number 32158. 13707: 13473: 13444:. Vol. 94, no. 31881. 8 May 1945. 13356: 13268:Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–45 12849:. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. pp. 52–53. 12020: 11918:. Darmstadt 1961, p. 568. (German Language) 11761:. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. 11606: 11561: 10787:The term 'habitat' in Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' 10652:The Battle of Kursk: Operation Citadel 1943 9389:World War II casualties of the Soviet Union 8154:rapid industrialisation of the Soviet Union 7851:, in which about one million civilians died 7198:, the Red Army were ordered to halt at the 7186:In Poland, as the Red Army approached, the 5740:prior to the arrival of the German forces. 5252:58% of the USSR's high octane aviation fuel 4864:(overall); 12,000,000 mobilizable reserves 2015:6.5–6.7 million killed or missing in action 20230:Military history of the Russian Federation 20169: 20155: 19657: 19643: 19084: 19070: 15793: 15779: 15533:World War II Eastern Front Order Of Battle 15095:. New York: Orion Publishing Group, 2007. 14745:D-Day: the Battle for the Normandy Beaches 14710: 14698: 14650: 14514: 14380: 14238: 13837:Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army 13379: 13015: 12937: 12935: 12566:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12429:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12087:A History of Romanian Oil, Vol. II, p. 245 12002: 11050: 10756: 10754: 10669: 10538: 10020:Italian participation on the Eastern Front 8450:, hanged by German forces in November 1941 7081:), which was agreed upon by Allies at the 6958:were encircled in what was to be known as 6469: 4649:, the military rebel group led by General 3962: 3948: 2481: 2467: 2073: 2059: 668: 530: 20480:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 15517:Pobediteli: Eastern Front flash animation 15430:Battle For Berlin: End of the Third Reich 15384:, Reprint edition. Presidio Press, 1993. 15290: 14430:"German military deaths to all causes EF" 14358: 14292:"German military deaths to all causes EF" 13833: 13693:. Harvard University Press. p. 242. 13339: 13285: 12580: 12511: 12132: 12025:. In Tooze, Adam; Geyer, Michael (eds.). 11958: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11528: 11441: 10994: 10984:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 127. 10798: 10482:Learn how and when to remove this message 8917:Summary of Axis and Soviet tank and self- 8210:. Order 25 of 15 January 1943 introduced 8147:led the Soviet Union during World War II. 7985:Learn how and when to remove this message 7907:summary, presented by Lieutenant General 7175:. After heavy fighting in the battles of 6998:re-establishment of Estonian independence 6709:Großdeutschland Panzergrenadier divisions 6283:, and established themselves in front of 5935:Leningrad, Moscow and Rostov: Autumn 1941 5549:Третий период Великой Отечественной войны 5509:Второй период Великой Отечественной войны 5458:Первый период Великой Отечественной войны 4674:treaties of mutual assistance with France 4364:Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941 4219:. Subsequently, when Germany in its turn 645: 545: 473: 451: 435: 188:dive bombers on the Eastern Front, 1943; 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 21271:Eastern European theatre of World War II 15647:Soldaten: On Fighting, Killing and Dying 15487:Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa 15407:Svensk knäckte nazisternas hemliga koder 15054:Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942–1943 14716: 14616: 14614: 14386: 13998: 13898:Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa 13872: 13616: 13496: 13264: 12810: 12550:; Meelis Maripuu; Indrek Paavle (eds.). 11942: 11940: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11781: 11754: 11421: 11281: 11275: 11197: 10896: 10840: 10712:. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 124. 10577: 10050:Women in the Russian and Soviet military 9888:) which participated in combat with the 9797: 9762: 9754: 9508:Soviet residents who joined German army 9438:use of scorched earth tactics destroyed 9404: 9396: 8919:propelled gun production during the war 8584: 8496: 8453: 8441: 8439:) to seventeen million (Richard Overy). 8411: 8378: 8320: 8139: 8040:in Ukraine, and under the garden of the 8020: 7842: 7759: 7504: 7492: 7417:until the end of the war in Europe. The 7295: 7122: 7045: 6877: 6800: 6725: 6591: 6495: 6331: 6281:held out with air supply for four months 6137: 5938: 5800: 5774:. The combined panzer force reached the 5639: 5594: 5427: 5417: 5379:share of Germany's total consumption of 5319: 5248:Among other goods, Lend-Lease supplied: 5038: 4992: 4719: 4609:brought many communist leaders into the 4540: 20441:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 20311:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 15657:, a Canadian public television station. 15613:U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center 14918: 14819: 14742: 14262:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 13778: 13730: 13686: 13641: 13588: 13121:"Terms Of Rumanian Armistice Announced" 13058: 12932: 12775: 12692: 12645:Calvocoressi, Peter; Wint, Guy (1972). 12610: 12446: 12444: 12442: 12440: 12305:on 28 October 2021 – via YouTube. 12114: 11990:"Interview with Historian Alexei Isaev" 11859: 11808: 11673: 11311: 11234:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 5–6. 11065: 10976: 10850:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 4. 10751: 10732: 10562: 10507: 10221:in London, which fought as part of the 10198:Polish Committee of National Liberation 9990:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II 8461:hanged by German forces in January 1943 7773:largest military operation in history, 7386:, to relieve the encircled garrison at 6517: to March 1943 (Soviet gains only) 6187:The main blow was to be delivered by a 5878:captured about 100,000 Soviet prisoners 5511:) (19 November 1942 – 31 December 1943) 4533:hordes" that were pouring into Europe. 4507:After Germany's initial success at the 4387:Hitler had argued in his autobiography 4096:. The Eastern Front concluded with the 1990:4.5 million killed or missing in action 508: 14: 21258: 21062:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 20993:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 20852:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 20830:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 20544:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 20220:Military history of the Russian Empire 19979:Missile Forces of Strategic Importance 19499:Persecution of Soviet prisoners of war 17640: 17618:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 15618:"Kursk, The Epic Armored Engagement": 15010:. Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 15005: 14986: 13783:. Yale University Press. p. 132. 13742: 13560: 13531: 13454: 13200: 13141: 13064: 12941: 12890: 12844: 12659: 12536: 12487: 12406: 12360: 12318: 12314: 12312: 12287: 12200: 11618: 11591: 11535:Stanley G. Payne (27 September 2011). 11499: 11472: 11466: 11352: 11227: 10705: 10582:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 9. 10533: 10531: 10321:Fighter Squadron 2/30 Normandie-Niemen 10184:was formed, which would grow into the 9633:Forces fighting with the Soviet Union 8101:of 1944, but after the failure of the 5754:), advanced to the north and south of 5712:via the Baltic states. Comprising the 5401:and slavery in Germany and throughout 4903:6,724,000 (front); 446,445 (hospital); 3497:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 3087:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 21212:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 20590:Russian colonization of North America 20150: 19638: 19623:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality 19065: 18489:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17921:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 17567:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 17523:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16628:Rape during the occupation of Germany 15774: 15668:—lecture by Jonathan M. House of the 15186:The Red Army and the Second World War 15141:: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay 14937: 14662:Paul Winter, Defeating Hitler, p. 234 14611: 14002:American Journal of International Law 13754: 13420:"Regime of Doenitz Urges Recognition" 13391: 13238: 13171: 13054:] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Varrak. 13039: 12755:. London: Cassell. pp. 172–180. 12750: 12333: 12164:John C. Beyer; Stephen A. Schneider. 12057: 11962: 11921: 11755:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (11 July 2013). 11647: 11381: 11175:The Red Army and the Second World War 11112: 10949: 10701: 10699: 10655:. Penguin Publishing. pp. viii. 10648: 10628: 10573: 10571: 10196:. Political leadership came from the 10170:formed in the early stages of the war 9878:National Committee for a Free Germany 7548:and north towards the Baltic port of 7269: 7069:and offered the most direct route to 6777:Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket 6604:, 19 February 1943 to 1 August 1943: 6581: 6328:Don, Volga, and Caucasus: Summer 1942 6211:were to defeat Army Group South. The 6134:Soviet counter-offensive: Winter 1941 5152:Allied shipments to the Soviet Union 4935:2,230,000 Germans, 100,000 Hungarians 4881:5,313,000 (front); 383,000 (hospital) 3988:in modern Germany and Ukraine, was a 3399:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 2462: 2054: 194:death squad murdering Jews in Ukraine 20225:Military history of the Soviet Union 17611:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16643:Rape during the liberation of France 15744: 15592:(2015); via the official channel of 15183: 14140:Campaigns of World War II Day By Day 13554: 13177: 13045: 12450: 12437: 12121:Scandinavian Economic History Review 11709: 11693:Muller-Hillebrand, Burkhart (1956). 11619:Glantz, David M. (11 October 2001). 11254: 11172: 10435: 10319:Support provided by the presence of 9401:Soviets bury their fallen, July 1944 8580: 7967:adding citations to reliable sources 7938: 7899:, in what became one of the largest 7834:, Washington, D.C., 10 August 1943: 7781:, the most lethal siege in history, 7362:A limited counter-attack (codenamed 5993:to the east. This began the 900-day 5848:, was tasked with advancing through 5043:German infantry in Russia, June 1943 4941:in the east (60% of the German Army) 4922:in the east (62% of the German Army) 4900:in the east (63% of the German Army) 4878:in the east (80% of the German Army) 4857:in the east (80% of the German Army) 4698:between what became the three prime 4352:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republics 4235:, Soviet Russia was in the midst of 67:adding citations to reliable sources 38: 20966:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 15633:"Mindset of WWII German Soldiers": 15528:Armchair General maps, year by year 15450: 15123:Barbarossa, the Axis and the Allies 12983: 12948:The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944 12323:. Moscow: Agenstvo pechati Novosti. 12309: 10706:McKale, Donald M. (17 March 2006). 10528: 9839:foreign volunteers in the Wehrmacht 8292:"... Hitler's first defeats on the 8196:Soviet occupation of eastern Poland 8189:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 7883:agreements between the Allies, the 7864:). Both sides practised widespread 7777:, the bloodiest battle in history, 6838:, a line of defence similar to the 6245:The Wehrmacht rallied, retaining a 5606:, 21 June 1941 to 5 December 1941: 5524:) (19 November 1942 – 3 March 1943) 5484:) (5 December 1941 – 30 April 1942) 5460:) (22 June 1941 – 18 November 1942) 4536: 381:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltics 24: 21012:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 20378:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 19609:Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945 17837:German invasion of the Netherlands 16117:Weather events during World War II 15611:, via the official channel of the 15453:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15188:. UK: Cambridge University Press. 15038:. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2001. 15025: 13650:. Harper & Brothers. pp. 12977:The Bulletin of International News 11825:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1964.tb01744.x 11261:. Simon and Schuster. p. 59. 10956:. Pantheon Books. pp. 59–60. 10696: 10568: 10508:Edwards, Robert (15 August 2018). 10192:that fought as part of the Soviet 9774:Soviet volunteers in the Wehrmacht 8236:were punished with transferral to 7653:in France. It included the phrase 7620:Johann Ludwig Schwerin von Krosigk 6005:but could get no further than the 4368: 4203:had lost substantial territory in 3619:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 3165:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 25: 21292: 20877:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 20033:Investigative Committee of Russia 18468:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 15480: 15444: 15121:Erickson, John, and David Dilks. 15071:. New York: Penguin Books, 2002, 15056:. New York: Penguin Books, 1998. 13392:Jones, Michael (6 October 2015). 11228:Jurado, Carlos Caballero (2013). 10604:"World War II: The Eastern Front" 9973:National and regional experiences 9393:German casualties in World War II 8365:Ukrainian nationalist underground 7847:Citizens of Leningrad during the 7316:The Soviet Union finally entered 7246:Under the pressure of the Soviet 6972:and Second Baltic Fronts struck. 5786:, which fell on 16 July, but the 5591:Operation Barbarossa: Summer 1941 4100:, followed by the signing of the 2488: 2018:2.2–3.3 million died in captivity 78:"Eastern Front" World War II 21276:European theatre of World War II 20931:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 20724:Russian conquest of Central Asia 20660:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 20456:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 20398:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 20028:Ministry of Emergency Situations 19953:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces 19870: 19443:Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941 19028: 15800: 15753: 15725: 15713: 15701: 15689: 15262:, Philadelphia: Casemate, 2006. 14882: 14863: 14838: 14813: 14786: 14761: 14736: 14674: 14665: 14656: 14622:"Gross-Rosen Timeline 1940–1945" 14585: 14575:. Arms and Armour 1995, p. 216. 14553: 14536: 14520: 14409: 14352: 14331: 14310: 14284: 14275: 14244: 14210: 14189: 14173: 14114: 14104: 14095: 14090:A High Octane Weapon of Victory. 14082: 14058: 14037: 13992: 13983: 13974: 13962: 13952:"Khatyn WWI Memorial in Belarus" 13944: 13926: 13914: 13891: 13866: 13827: 13797: 13772: 13748: 13724: 13680: 13658: 13617:Bonfante, Jordan (23 May 2008). 13610: 13582: 13525: 13490: 13448: 13430: 13412: 13385: 13305: 13258: 13232: 13113: 13085: 12965: 12872: 12863: 12815:. London: Pimlico. p. 479. 12804: 12769: 12730:. London: Cassell. p. 176. 12590:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 391. 11648:Askey, Nigel (30 October 2017). 10440: 10401: 10274:, as well as by the presence of 10219:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 9866:Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division 9649:Prisoners who died in captivity 9477:Prisoners who died in Captivity 8505:executing Soviet civilians, 1943 8424:The massacres of Jews and other 8135: 8028:led Germany during World War II. 7943: 7879:). After the war, following the 6172:Bombing of Gorky in World War II 5856:. At the beginning of July, the 5684:To establish air supremacy, the 5578:Campaign in Europe during 1945 ( 5567:Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1944 ( 5527:Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1943 ( 5487:Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1942 ( 5465:Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1941 ( 5386: 5062:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 4749:German–Soviet Nonaggression Pact 4084:at its expense. The Axis defeat 3931: 3683:End of communist rule in Hungary 3629:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration 3055: 2557:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1872: 1860: 1848: 1836: 1824: 1812: 1800: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1732: 1720: 1708: 1696: 1684: 1672: 1652: 1640: 1627: 1614: 1602: 1590: 1578: 1566: 1554: 1542: 1530: 1510: 1502: 1492: 1480: 1468: 1456: 1444: 1432: 1420: 1408: 1396: 1384: 1372: 1360: 1348: 1336: 1324: 1310: 1285: 1277: 1267: 1255: 1243: 1231: 1219: 1207: 1195: 1183: 1171: 1159: 1147: 1128: 1116: 1104: 1092: 1080: 1068: 1056: 1044: 1032: 1020: 1008: 996: 984: 972: 960: 948: 936: 924: 912: 900: 888: 876: 863: 850: 838: 816: 779: 763: 750: 737: 724: 691: 670: 647: 619: 602: 588: 574: 547: 532: 510: 489: 475: 453: 437: 396:split between the Soviet Union ( 159: 153:European theatre of World War II 43: 21217:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 20862:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 20803:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 19394:Police Regiment Special Purpose 15502:World War II: The Eastern Front 15402:New York: Simon & Schuster. 15382:The Russo-German War, 1941–1945 15234:History of the Second World War 13484: 13367: 13350: 13333: 13316: 13299: 12744: 12728:History of the Second World War 12719: 12686: 12653: 12638: 12604: 12481: 12387: 12378: 12369: 12354: 12327: 12281: 12268: 12237: 12203:Journal of Contemporary History 12194: 12166:Forced Labour under Third Reich 12141: 12108: 12090: 12081: 12063: 12014: 11983: 11908: 11899: 11890: 11853: 11802: 11775: 11748: 11739: 11730: 11703: 11686: 11667: 11641: 11612: 11555: 11493: 11415: 11375: 11346: 11332: 11312:Spector, Robert Melvin (2005). 11305: 11248: 11191: 11166: 11149: 11106: 11059: 11025: 10988: 10982:Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy 10970: 10943: 10890: 10864: 10792: 10779: 10726: 10642: 10622: 10596: 10556: 10501: 10366: 10339: 10330: 10313: 10301: 9474:Prisoners taken by the Soviets 8601:The increases in production of 8300:slogans of anti-Bolshevist and 8016: 7954:needs additional citations for 7913:International Military Tribunal 7688:was held in Moscow on 24 June. 7513:raised over the Reichstag (the 7448:shifted the main weight of the 6492:Battle for Velikiye Luki (1943) 6052:; the first significant German 6032:and took control of all of the 5675:Kiev Special military districts 5562:Зимне-весенняя кампания 1944 г. 5551:) (1 January 1944 – 9 May 1945) 5434:South Western Front (Ukrainian) 5315: 5243: 4802:Polish Armed Forces in the East 4688:dismemberment of Czechoslovakia 4629:involving the Soviet Union and 3700:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 3267:Occupation of the Baltic states 2042: 2026: 2001: 54:needs additional citations for 20899:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 20549:War of the Austrian Succession 18715:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 16425:Territorial changes of Germany 16333:Indonesian National Revolution 15672:, via the official channel of 15649:, via the official channel of 15641:—interview with the historian 15626:, via the official channel of 13455:Ziemke, Earl F. (1975). "15". 13271:. Vintage Books. p. 260. 13241:"The Slovak National Uprising" 12951:. University Press of Kansas. 12901:The American Historical Review 12363:Velikaya Otechestvennaya voyna 12340:. Andre Deutsch. p. 210. 12299:United States Army War College 12134:10.1080/03585522.1968.10411499 11051:Mendelsohn, John, ed. (1982). 10361:Velíkaya Otéchestvennaya voyná 10350:Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́ 10289: 10264: 10248: 10228: 10207: 10150: 10126: 10113: 10102:. In October the same year, a 10092: 9921:Historiography of World War II 9737:Up to ~8,719,000 – 10,000,000 9451:Forces fighting with the Axis 8230:. Infractions by military and 7499:Medal for Victory over Germany 7475:End of the war: April–May 1945 7250:, the German Army Group North 7216: 7003: 6219:were to take back the Crimea. 6122:, employing freshly mobilised 6016:coast, also advancing through 5573:Летне-осенняя кампания 1944 г. 5533:Летне-осенняя кампания 1943 г. 5493:Летне-осенняя кампания 1942 г. 5471:Летне-осенняя кампания 1941 г. 5288:, and many other innovations. 4332:occupied and illegally annexed 4330:In June 1940 the Soviet Union 4229:Paris Peace Conference of 1919 4102:German Instrument of Surrender 4042:European theatre of operations 3519:Mozambican War of Independence 3216:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933 202:German Instrument of Surrender 13: 1: 21122:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 21000:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 20751:Russian invasion of Manchuria 20741:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 20687:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 20682:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 20625:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 20615:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 20580:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 20575:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 20565:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 20555:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 20533:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 20528:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 20505:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 20500:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 20475:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 20451:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 20446:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 20431:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 20306:List of wars involving Russia 20301:Sino-Russian border conflicts 20124:Victory Banner (Soviet Union) 20009:National Guard Forces Command 19921:Moscow Military Music College 18115:Japanese invasion of Thailand 18066:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 17830:German invasion of Luxembourg 16211:Mediterranean and Middle East 15465:10.1080/13518046.2015.1061828 15212:Krivosheev, Grigoriy (1997). 15139:The Soviet‐German War 1941–45 13834:Merridale, Catherine (2006). 13687:Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2006). 13212:"Białe plamy wokół Powstania" 12847:Marshal of Victory, Volume II 12491:The Journal of Modern History 12321:Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya 11827:(inactive 3 September 2024). 11716:. E.S. Mittler. p. 249. 11079:The Journal of Modern History 10998:The English Historical Review 10789:(pdf, 12 Seiten; 695 kB) 10676:Donald Hankey (3 June 2015). 10431: 10182:pro-communist Polish division 9895:Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach 9872:, some Hungarians joined the 9434:and those who were captured. 9378: 8384:Einsatzgruppen murdering Jews 7934: 7641:At 2:41 am on 7 May 1945, at 7164:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive 7042:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive 6914:) had crossed the Dnieper at 6858:the first to go, followed by 6255:Mikhail Grigoryevich Yefremov 5602:: the German invasion of the 5575:) (1 June – 31 December 1944) 5535:) (1 July – 31 December 1943) 5522:Зимняя кампания 1942–1943 гг. 5473:) (22 June – 4 December 1941) 5146:training Red Air Force pilots 4774:forces were also assisted by 4562:Purge of the Red Army in 1941 4379:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 4357: 4259:directed against the Russians 4172: 3578:Death and funeral of Brezhnev 2271:Mediterranean and Middle East 204:, 1945; Soviet troops at the 21266:Eastern Front (World War II) 21077:Eritrean War of Independence 21047:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 21042:East German uprising of 1953 20983:Eastern Front (World War II) 20872:Red Army invasion of Georgia 20867:Red Army invasion of Armenia 20835:Estonian War of Independence 20776:Russian occupation of Tabriz 20697:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 20655:War of the Seventh Coalition 20538:War of the Polish Succession 20485:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 20016:Ministry of Internal Affairs 19494:Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre 19148:Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS 19109:Army Group Rear Area Command 18022:Invasion of the Soviet Union 17711:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 17029:Independent State of Croatia 15740:Eastern Front (World War II) 14938:Braun, Hans-Joachim (1990). 14281:Richard Overy, The Dictators 13619:"Remembering a Red Flag Day" 13093:"Armistice Agreement Signed" 12726:Liddell Hart, B. H. (1970). 12556:. Tallinn. pp. 469–493. 12419:. Tallinn. pp. 495–517. 12035:10.1017/CHO9781139626859.003 11674:Frieser, Karl-Heinz (1995). 11538:The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 11039:. University of Pennsylvania 10804:and Sabine Schleiermacher". 10514:. Rowman & Littlefield. 10494: 10045:Soviet Union in World War II 9980:Bulgaria during World War II 9646:Prisoners taken by the Axis 8261:) to unimportant positions. 8119:wrote of Hitler's signal to 7903:of people in world history. 7722:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 7706:Soviet Far East: August 1945 7324:, the Red Army launched the 7145:attack at the Sinimäed Hills 6793:Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive 6789:Dnieper-Carpathian Offensive 5973:(captured 5 October) to the 5516:Winter Campaign of 1942–43 ( 5495:) (1 May – 18 November 1942) 5476:Winter Campaign of 1941–42 ( 5407:German economic exploitation 5375:Rolf Karlbom estimated that 5115:United States Army Air Force 5106:Foreign support and measures 4617:, but in a matter of months 4393:(1925) for the necessity of 4273:signed in August 1939 was a 3996:fought between the European 3384:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 3379:1956 Georgian demonstrations 3340:East German uprising of 1953 3282:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 2252:Manchuria and Northern Korea 2039:18–24 million civilians dead 406:Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship 365:Soviet occupation of Hungary 360:Soviet occupation of Romania 338:Allied occupation of Germany 7: 21117:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 21067:Sino-Soviet border conflict 20936:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 20904:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 20840:Latvian War of Independence 20729:Russian conquest of Bukhara 20620:War of the Fourth Coalition 20605:War of the Second Coalition 19571:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 19566:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 19310:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 19006:End of World War II in Asia 18846:Western invasion of Germany 18353:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 18330:Second Battle of El Alamein 17900:Hundred Regiments Offensive 17872:Battle of the Mediterranean 17725:Italian invasion of Albania 15899:Air warfare of World War II 15173:. Vintage Books USA, 2005. 13873:Borejsza, Jerzy W. (2017). 13532:Duiker, William J. (2015). 13180:"Combat in Estonia in 1944" 11812:The Economic History Review 11422:Uldricks, Teddy J. (1977). 11198:Bolloten, Burnett (2015) . 11037:Literature of the Holocaust 10395: 10385:Німе́цько-радя́нська війна́ 10360: 10204:rivaling the one in London. 9985:Byelorussia in World War II 9908: 9862:Tudor Vladimirescu Division 8053:(commander-in-chief of the 7511:Soviet 150th Rifle Division 6717:Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army 6660:However, if one last great 6295:. Further north still, the 6222:The 20th Army, part of the 6199:, Vyazma and Smolensk. The 6009:, where they settled down. 5564:) (1 January – 31 May 1944) 5312:how crucial this aid was." 5261:30% of fighters and bombers 5255:33% of their motor vehicles 5234: 5229: 5219: 5216: 5208: 5205: 5197: 5194: 5186: 5183: 5175: 5172: 4753:surrendered unconditionally 4686:of Austria in 1938 and the 4660:Nazi Germany, which was an 4582:. Stalin's central tenet, " 4407:and using the remainder as 3509:Angolan War of Independence 3366:"On the Cult of Personality 3319:Death and funeral of Stalin 3049:History of the Soviet Union 309:anti-communist insurgencies 10: 21297: 21112:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 20650:War of the Sixth Coalition 20640:War of the Fifth Coalition 20610:War of the Third Coalition 20215:Military history of Russia 20177:Armed conflicts involving 19602:Hitler's Generals on Trial 18932:Naval bombardment of Japan 18300:First Battle of El Alamein 18219:Battle of Christmas Island 18164:Japanese invasion of Burma 17928:Italian invasion of Greece 17844:German invasion of Belgium 17816:German invasion of Denmark 17789:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 17658:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 15922:Comparative military ranks 15674:Dole Institute of Politics 14912: 14849:. Pen and Sword Military. 13779:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). 13538:Contemporary World History 12361:Zhilin, P.A., ed. (1973). 10950:Evans, Richard J. (1989). 10578:Geoffrey, Roberts (2002). 10396:Niméts'ko-radiáns'ka viiná 10377:Deutsch-Sowjetischer Krieg 10240:Operation Spring Awakening 10166:Polish government-in-exile 10060:World War II in Yugoslavia 10010:Greece during World War II 9874:Volunteer Regiment of Buda 9382: 8420:Rostov for keeping pigeons 8268: 8216:Russian Revolution of 1917 7755: 7709: 7667:The war in Europe was over 7554:58th Guards Rifle Division 7478: 7392:Operation Spring Awakening 7273: 7254:to fight in the sieges of 7220: 7162:, the Red Army launched a 7007: 6986:offensives towards Tallinn 6774: 6585: 6473: 6366: 6168:Winter Campaign of 1941–42 6157: 5953: 5746:'s two panzer groups (the 5633: 5586:) (1 January – 8 May 1945) 5482:Зимняя кампания 1941/42 г. 5421: 5390: 5224: 5213: 5202: 5191: 5180: 5169: 4709: 4619:a right-wing military coup 4555: 4419:in power over the mass of 4372: 4361: 4257:Everything I undertake is 4176: 3710:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 3294:Soviet famine of 1946–1947 3206:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 3175:Death and funeral of Lenin 331:Central and Eastern Europe 255:Central and Eastern Europe 32:Great Patriotic War (term) 29: 21225: 21160: 20951:Soviet invasion of Poland 20761: 20645:French invasion of Russia 20513: 20411: 20330: 20256:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 20248: 20205: 20198: 20132: 20086: 19901:National anthem of Russia 19879: 19868: 19682: 19579: 19548: 19507: 19479: 19430: 19328: 19300: 19256:Police Battalion (PB) 309 19222: 19171: 19135: 19107: 19021: 18853:Bratislava–Brno offensive 18793: 18784:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 18521: 18408:Allied invasion of Sicily 18362: 18268:Aleutian Islands campaign 18240:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 18187: 18178:Greek famine of 1941–1944 18073:Second Battle of Changsha 17978:German invasion of Greece 17946: 17823:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 17798: 17736: 17631: 17512: 17238: 17148: 16996: 16699: 16690: 16448: 16273: 16165:North and Central Pacific 16126: 15888: 15881: 15808: 15566: 15364:Russian at War, 1941–1945 15069:Berlin: The Downfall 1945 15032:Anderson, Dunkan, et al. 15006:Glantz, David M. (2005). 14987:Glantz, David M. (1998). 14743:Ambrose, Stephen (1997). 13903:16 September 2012 at the 11995:23 September 2017 at the 11963:Weeks, Albert L. (2004). 11487:10.1080/09668139308412091 11424:"Stalin and Nazi Germany" 11369:10.1080/09668135008409773 10913:10.1017/S0008938900020628 10820:10.1017/S0008938900013170 10765:. Leiden, Boston: Brill. 10682:. Routledge. p. 50. 10524:– via Google Books. 10384: 10349: 10270:Support provided through 10254:Support provided through 10172:, but shortly thereafter 9827:Ukrainian Liberation Army 9632: 9450: 9213: 9210: 9207: 9204: 9109: 9069: 9066: 9011: 8988: 8926: 8923: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8646: 8059:How Hitler Could Have Won 7686:ceremonial Victory parade 7562:US 69th Infantry Division 7280:East Pomeranian Offensive 7106:Lvov–Sandomierz operation 7022:Battle of Tannenberg Line 7018:Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive 6905: to 31 December 1944 6825:The German forces on the 6781:Battle of Smolensk (1943) 6771:Autumn and winter 1943–44 6511: to 18 February 1943 6505: to 12 December 1942 6458:and to the main prize of 6373:Battle of Voronezh (1942) 6362: to 18 November 1942 6242:Armies were at Domanovo. 6001:, a German–Finnish force 5623: to 9 September 1941 5617: to 1 September 1941 5584:Кампания в Европе 1945 г. 5583: 5572: 5561: 5548: 5532: 5521: 5508: 5492: 5481: 5470: 5457: 5111:A strategic air offensive 5015:France, the Low Countries 4705: 4253:Commissioner, by saying: 4159:German–Finnish operations 2498: 2091: 2033: 1993:600,000 died in captivity 1976: 1887: 799: 419: 253:Europe, east of Germany: 212: 158: 150: 145: 21092:South African Border War 21017:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 20919:Chechen uprising of 1932 20600:Russo-Persian War (1796) 20094:1992 Moscow peace parade 20004:National Guard of Russia 19989:Federal Security Service 19941:Russian Aerospace Forces 19136:Commanding organisations 18445:Allied invasion of Italy 18422:Solomon Islands campaign 18171:Third Battle of Changsha 17768:First Battle of Changsha 17674:Second Sino-Japanese War 16614:German military brothels 16480:United States war crimes 15628:The National WWII Museum 15329:. Berghahn Books, 1997. 15312:Müller, Rolf-Dieter and 15184:Hill, Alexander (2016). 14820:Loeffel, Robert (2012). 14682:"German arms production" 14626:Internet Wayback Machine 12878:Shirer (1990), p.927–928 12869:Shirer (1990), p.925–926 12334:Regan, Geoffrey (1992). 12215:10.1177/0022009405054568 11657:operationbarbarossa.net/ 11173:Hill, Alexander (2016). 10900:Central European History 10807:Central European History 10733:Ericson, Edward (1999). 10297:Mongolia in World War II 10135:units fought as part of 10085: 10066: 9802:Dead Soviet soldiers in 9652:WIA (not including DOW) 8563:Geneva Convention (1929) 8326:The Last Jew in Vinnitsa 8294:frontline outside Moscow 8093:Frustration at Hitler's 7821:U.S. Army Chief of Staff 7595:and Propaganda Minister 7330:self-propelled artillery 7034:Battle of Romania (1944) 7030:Slovak National Uprising 7010:Crimean Offensive (1944) 6887: to 1 December 1943 6815:Großdeutschland Division 6625:reinforced heavily with 6622:German Army High Command 6322:Second Battle of Kharkov 6164:Second Battle of Kharkov 6076:between the head of the 5629: to 5 December 1941 5556:Winter–Spring Campaign ( 4961:(66% of the German Army) 4607:Spanish general election 4584:Socialism in One Country 4275:non-aggression agreement 4211:(March 1918), where the 3770:independence declaration 3541:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 3529:South African Border War 3196:Socialism in one country 2257:pre-war border conflicts 1955:(Front) 6,724,000 troops 1948:(Front) 5,313,000 troops 1941:(Front) 2,680,000 troops 371:Bulgarian communist coup 20734:Khivan campaign of 1873 20585:Russo-Polish War (1792) 20043:Suvorov Military School 19959:Russian Airborne Forces 19926:Preobrazhensky Regiment 19595:Hitler’s Bandit Hunters 19422:2nd SS Infantry Brigade 19417:1st SS Infantry Brigade 18867:Second Guangxi campaign 18722:Philippines (1944–1945) 18226:Battle of the Coral Sea 18129:Fall of the Philippines 17775:Battle of South Guangxi 17681:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 17087:Italian Social Republic 15298:, New York: Macmillan, 15249:Svenska Kryptobedrifter 14919:Bellamy, Chris (2007). 14845:Paul Moorcraft (2023). 14799:. Bloomsbury Academic. 14793:Kai Schoenhals (1989). 14733:, 9780786474707. P. 449 13938:Holocaust Controversies 13674:Office of the Historian 13646:Roosevelt in Retrospect 12845:Zhukov, Georgy (1974). 12319:Zhukov, Georgy (1972). 11607:Glantz & House 1995 10761:Mälksoo, Lauri (2003). 10286:) on the Eastern Front. 10215:Czechoslovak Army Corps 10200:, which evolved into a 10025:Romania in World War II 10015:Hungary in World War II 10000:Finland in World War II 9995:Estonia in World War II 9926:Outline of World War II 9823:Russian Liberation Army 9385:World War II casualties 9373:Allied bombing campaign 8609:– and with the help of 8501:German officers of the 8486:; and 5.5 million 8436:Encyclopædia Britannica 8051:Walther von Brauchitsch 7746:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 7693:fight in Czechoslovakia 7647:unconditional surrender 7601:Chancellor of the Reich 7546:British 21st Army Group 7419:East Prussian operation 7370:, under the command of 7366:) by the newly created 7288:East Prussian Offensive 7223:Baltic Offensive (1944) 7149:army detachment "Narwa" 6929:5th SS Panzer Division 6899: to 19 August 1944 6785:Lower Dnieper Offensive 6488:Third Battle of Kharkov 6480:Operation Little Saturn 6470:Stalingrad: Winter 1942 6407:Brandenburger commandos 6389:and then following the 6309:Russian Liberation Army 6088:and the heads of three 5964:Battle of Rostov (1941) 5665:. On the same day, the 5445:of the Theatre of war: 5058:Chinese Eastern Railway 4615:Second Spanish Republic 4570:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 4307:. On 17 September, the 4285:to the pre–World War I 4271:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 4209:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4187:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 3938:Soviet Union portal 3673:Fall of the Berlin Wall 3639:Lithuanian independence 3350:1954 transfer of Crimea 3252:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 3145:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 870:Walther von Brauchitsch 286:(concurrently with the 166:Clockwise from top left 21207:Western Libya campaign 20882:East Karelian uprising 20403:Wagner Group rebellion 20338:Uprising of Bolotnikov 19984:Russian Railway Troops 19969:Russian Naval Infantry 19964:Russian Naval Aviation 19906:Ribbon of Saint George 19667:Moscow military parade 19358:Police Regiment Centre 19209:Max von Schenckendorff 18452:Armistice of Cassibile 18254:Battle of Dutch Harbor 18205:Battle of the Java Sea 18108:Attack on Pearl Harbor 18008:Syria–Lebanon campaign 18001:Battle of South Shanxi 17971:Invasion of Yugoslavia 17754:Battle of the Atlantic 17368:Korean Liberation Army 17081:(until September 1943) 17038:(until September 1944) 17016:(until September 1944) 15594:USS Silversides Museum 14824:. Palgrave Macmillan. 14573:Third Axis Fourth Ally 14397:Atlas of the Holocaust 14257:Holocaust Encyclopedia 14088:Alexander Matveichuk. 13755:Toppe, Alfred (1998), 13642:Gunther, John (1950). 13265:Hastings, Max (2005). 12813:Blood, Tears and Folly 12811:Deighton, Len (1993). 12693:Hayward, Joel (1998). 12274:William I. Hitchcock, 12176:24 August 2015 at the 12115:Karlbom, Rolf (1968). 11782:Hardesty, Von (1982). 11401:10.1080/09668130098253 11255:Lind, Michael (2002). 11033:"The Wannsee Protocol" 11011:10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620 10376: 10202:Provisional Government 9945:Horses in World War II 9941:propaganda film series 9885: 9807: 9768: 9760: 9410: 9402: 8635:Battle of the Atlantic 8594: 8543:forcefully repatriated 8506: 8462: 8451: 8421: 8391: 8340: 8319: 8163:The executed included 8148: 8133: 8075: 8029: 7852: 7841: 7765: 7593:President of the Reich 7560:made contact with the 7518: 7502: 7426:Konstantin Rokossovsky 7372: 7326:Vistula–Oder Offensive 7313: 7305: to 30 March 1945 7276:Vistula–Oder Offensive 7143:. Despite a ferocious 7136: 7059: 6907: 6893: to 30 April 1944 6810: 6797:Battle of Narva (1944) 6739: 6617: 6615: to 1 August 1943 6609: to 18 March 1943 6544:Operation Winter Storm 6519: 6451:attached to 6th Army. 6364: 6356: to 1 August 1942 6155: 5951: 5924:destruction battalions 5810: 5758:and converged east of 5649: 5631: 5437: 5403:German-occupied Europe 5328: 5096:Siemens and Halske T52 5044: 4998: 4728: 4643:Portugal's Estado Novo 4553: 4500: 4485: 4480: 4316:Poland was partitioned 4301:Germany invaded Poland 4267: 4127: 4123:scorched-earth tactics 3593:: Decline and collapse 1634:Konstantin Rokossovsky 800:Commanders and leaders 222:22 June 1941 21202:Intervention in Syria 21137:Tajikistani Civil War 20845:Lithuanian–Soviet War 20786:Battle of Robat Karim 20235:Post-Soviet conflicts 20048:Nakhimov Naval School 19931:Russian Ground Forces 19916:Military Band Service 19471:Nazi security warfare 19376:Police Regiment South 19353:Police Regiment North 19096:Army Group Rear Areas 18616:Second Battle of Guam 18512:Bengal famine of 1943 18482:Second Battle of Kiev 18438:Battle of the Dnieper 18143:Battle of Wake Island 18015:East African campaign 17957:Battle of South Henan 17602:atrocities by Germans 17375:Korean Volunteer Army 16356:Occupation of Germany 16110:Music in World War II 15590:The Battle for Moscow 15572:"Operation Typhoon": 15538:31 March 2012 at the 14773:History Learning Site 14474:. Hungarian wounded: 13759:, Diane, p. 28, 13670:www.history.state.gov 13220:(in Polish) (177): 13 13208:Jan Nowak-Jeziorański 13178:Hiio, Toomas (2006). 12697:Stopped at Stalingrad 12660:Chris., Mann (2002). 12396:Baltic Defence Review 12375:Shirer (1990), p. 852 11914:Hans-Adolf Jacobsen: 11863:German Studies Review 11710:Post, Walter (2001). 11680:The Blitzkrieg Legend 10842:Megargee, Geoffrey P. 10649:Cross, Robin (2002). 10580:Victory at Stalingrad 10407:On 7 September 1943, 10327:on the Eastern Front. 10055:Women in World War II 9849:units, including the 9801: 9766: 9758: 9660:8,668,400–10,000,000 9408: 9400: 9383:Further information: 8588: 8500: 8457: 8448:Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya 8445: 8415: 8382: 8324: 8290: 8143: 8129: 8088:Heaven-bound Missions 8070: 8024: 7893:displaced to the west 7846: 7836: 7763: 7663:German-Russian Museum 7508: 7496: 7434:1st Belorussian Front 7430:2nd Belorussian Front 7299: 7126: 7049: 6881: 6804: 6732:Battle of Prokhorovka 6729: 6595: 6499: 6409:dressed up as Soviet 6350: to 22 July 1942 6335: 6299:was unleashed on the 6297:Soviet 2nd Shock Army 6224:Soviet 1st Shock Army 6141: 6007:Zapadnaya Litsa River 5950:period, November 1941 5942: 5920:scorched-earth policy 5870:Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 5804: 5643: 5598: 5431: 5418:Conduct of operations 5323: 5273:12% of tanks and SPGs 5042: 4996: 4783:Spanish Blue Division 4723: 4605:In February 1936 the 4544: 4255: 4247:Carl Jacob Burckhardt 3345:Virgin Lands campaign 3170:National delimitation 2182:Yugoslavian Partisans 1977:Casualties and losses 1771:Michał Rola-Żymierski 1003:Maximilian von Weichs 21185:Annexation of Crimea 20889:Central Asian Revolt 20798:Ukrainian–Soviet War 20670:Russo-Circassian War 20353:Pugachev's Rebellion 20296:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 20240:Russian Armed Forces 20210:Early modern warfare 19949:Russian Space Forces 19320:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 18902:Surrender of Germany 18380:Battle of West Hubei 18337:Guadalcanal campaign 18307:Battle of Stalingrad 18233:Battle of Madagascar 17007:Albania protectorate 16794:(formerly Swaziland) 16503:Wehrmacht war crimes 16319:Expulsion of Germans 16103:Art and World War II 16001:British contribution 15950:Governments in exile 15645:discussing his book 15523:RKKA in World War II 15324:16 July 2012 at the 15292:Merridale, Catherine 14228:on 19 December 2000. 13956:www.belarusguide.com 13562:Hanson, Victor Davis 13382:, pp. 219, 220. 13370:pp. 259–357, 380–381 13065:Baxter, Ian (2009). 12751:Clark, Alan (1965). 12187:3 April 2017 at the 12168:. Nathan Associates. 11283:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 10422:SS-Obergruppenführer 10417:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 10309:Tuva in World War II 10284:No. 134 Squadron RAF 10190:Second Polish Armies 9932:The Battle of Russia 9746:2,250,000–3,300,000 9743:4,139,000–5,780,000 9615:4,264,497–4,530,818 9497:2,733,739–3,000,060 9483:(not including DOW) 8165:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 8077:The success of this 8036:in East Prussia, at 7963:improve this article 7887:of East Prussia and 7775:Operation Barbarossa 7636:Flensburg government 7311: to 11 May 1945 7075:invasion of Normandy 6695:and steamed towards 6559:in eastern Ukraine. 6476:Battle of Stalingrad 6381:Battle of Stalingrad 6344: to 7 July 1942 6116:Marshal Shaposhnikov 6003:set out for Murmansk 5636:Operation Barbarossa 5611: to 9 July 1941 5600:Operation Barbarossa 5054:Sino-Soviet conflict 4741:Operation Barbarossa 4726:Operation Barbarossa 4647:Spanish Nationalists 4631:left wing volunteers 4600:first five-year plan 4523:Battle of Stalingrad 4413:Bolshevik Revolution 4314:, and, as a result, 4309:Soviet Union invaded 4299:On 1 September 1939 4082:regained territories 4061:came close to Moscow 4057:Operation Barbarossa 4038:70–85 million deaths 3978:, also known as the 3765:Ukrainian revolution 3693:German reunification 3651:Latvian independence 3566:1984 Olympic boycott 3561:1980 Olympic boycott 3551:1980 Summer Olympics 3524:Mozambican Civil War 3414:Cuban Missile Crisis 3394:Peaceful coexistence 3262:Operation Barbarossa 2023:4.1 million captured 2011:8.7–10 million dead 1998:4.5 million captured 1843:Constantin Sănătescu 1355:Aleksandr Vasilevsky 386:Czechoslovakia cedes 346:Partition of Germany 297:and creation of the 233:8 May 1945 206:Battle of Stalingrad 63:improve this article 21281:Invasions of Russia 21245:Sphere of influence 21175:Russo-Ukrainian War 21032:First Indochina War 21005:Soviet–Japanese War 20941:Xinjiang War (1937) 20810:Kazakhstan Campaign 20595:Kościuszko Uprising 20495:Second Northern War 20373:Coup attempt (1991) 20266:Soviet-Finnish wars 20138:Victory Day Parades 20119:Z (military symbol) 20109:Great Patriotic War 20099:Victory Day (9 May) 19882:and prominent parts 19880:Participating units 19675:Great Patriotic War 19561:War of annihilation 19204:Edwin von Rothkirch 18992:Potsdam Declaration 18881:Italy (Spring 1945) 18644:Liberation of Paris 18101:Siege of Sevastopol 17119:(until August 1944) 17022:Wang Jingwei regime 16844:from September 1943 16804:from September 1944 16742:from September 1944 16602:Romanian war crimes 16593:Persecution of Jews 16579:Croatian war crimes 16549:Japanese war crimes 16363:Occupation of Japan 16312:First Indochina War 16024:Military production 15936:Declarations of war 15550:The Washington Post 15256:and David B. Hurt. 15216:. Greenhill Books. 14713:, pp. 359–360. 14701:, pp. 253–258. 14688:. 5 September 2020. 14517:, pp. 276–278. 14419:. Oldenbourg 2000. 14341:. Oldenbourg 2000. 14320:. Oldenbourg 2000. 13815:on 20 December 2018 13590:Frieser, Karl-Heinz 13046:Laar, Mart (2006). 13025:. Greenhill Books. 11969:. Lexington Books. 11502:Europe-Asia Studies 11475:Europe-Asia Studies 11388:Europe-Asia Studies 10610:. 18 September 2011 10280:No. 81 Squadron RAF 10030:Soviet–Japanese War 9900:Hitler's notorious 9629: 9447: 9201: 9063: 8920: 8643: 8185:political commissar 8125:Battle of the Bulge 8007:near-absolute power 7712:Soviet–Japanese War 7527:sphere of influence 7450:1st Ukrainian Front 7349:Army Group Courland 7284:Silesian Offensives 7079:Operation Bagration 7014:Operation Bagration 6994:Estonian conscripts 6703:, led by Gen. Col. 6596:German advances at 6249:at Rzhev. A Soviet 5894:rivers, the Soviet 5790:and slowing of the 5397:The use of foreign 5153: 5073:General of the Army 4833: 4804:, particularly the 4800:. In addition, the 4759:(also known as the 4666:Anti-Comintern Pact 4473:war of annihilation 4207:as a result of the 4115:war of annihilation 3981:Great Patriotic War 3688:Romanian Revolution 3668:Peaceful Revolution 3663:Pan-European Picnic 3658:Revolutions of 1989 3599:Invasion of Grenada 3475:Cambodian Civil War 3429:: Era of Stagnation 3314:First Indochina War 3289:Soviet deportations 3257:Great Patriotic War 3230:Cultural Revolution 3160:New Economic Policy 3114:February Revolution 2764:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh 2665:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya 2035:Civilian casualties 1739:Ivan Chernyakhovsky 1585:Yakov Cherevichenko 1214:Ferenc Szombathelyi 389:Carpathian Ruthenia 351:Polish puppet state 257:, in later stages: 21235:Russian Revolution 21170:Russo-Georgian War 21152:Second Chechen War 21132:Georgian Civil War 20771:Russo-Japanese War 20523:Great Northern War 20421:Russo-Crimean Wars 20393:Second Chechen War 20291:Russo-Turkish wars 20286:Russo-Swedish wars 20276:Russo-Persian Wars 20261:Russo-Crimean Wars 19515:High Command Trial 19466:Mogilev conference 19412:SS Cavalry Brigade 19224:Security Divisions 19189:Kuno-Hans von Both 18985:Surrender of Japan 18818:Battle of Iwo Jima 18667:Belgrade offensive 18080:Siege of Leningrad 17964:Battle of Shanggao 17893:British Somaliland 17858:Dunkirk evacuation 17809:Norwegian campaign 17747:Invasion of Poland 17574:Japanese prisoners 16542:Italian war crimes 16473:British war crimes 16388:Soviet occupations 16172:South-West Pacific 16059:Allied cooperation 16017:Military equipment 15412:Winterbotham, F.W. 15358:Schofield, Carey, 15314:Gerd R. Ueberschär 15231:Liddell Hart, B.H. 14632:on 15 January 2009 14415:Rüdiger Overmans, 14337:Rüdiger Overmans. 14203:6 May 2017 at the 14064:Robert Gellately. 13718:The New York Times 13442:The New York Times 13424:The New York Times 13239:Czarnecka, Daria. 13137:– via Trove. 13109:– via Trove. 12337:Military Anecdotes 11067:Gerlach, Christian 10871:Heinrich Himmler. 10236:Belgrade offensive 10145:Croatian Air Force 9935:– a film from the 9812:Allied Commissions 9808: 9769: 9761: 9627: 9445: 9411: 9403: 9208:Industrial labour 9199: 9061: 8916: 8662:(thousand tonnes) 8641: 8595: 8507: 8463: 8452: 8422: 8392: 8341: 8187:, a member of the 8149: 8121:Gerd von Rundstedt 8117:F. W. Winterbotham 8030: 7885:German populations 7853: 7766: 7531:German atomic bomb 7519: 7503: 7456:north-west to the 7368:Army Group Vistula 7364:Operation Solstice 7314: 7270:January–March 1945 7231:Budapest Offensive 7227:Belgrade Offensive 7137: 7060: 7050:Soviet and Polish 7038:Battle of Debrecen 6952:Hans-Valentin Hube 6908: 6811: 6805:Loading a Soviet " 6748:meeting engagement 6740: 6618: 6582:Kursk: Summer 1943 6520: 6387:Battle of Voronezh 6377:Battle of Caucasus 6365: 6189:double envelopment 6156: 6153: German gains 6147: Soviet gains 6082:Army General Staff 6036:by autumn (except 5995:Siege of Leningrad 5956:Siege of Leningrad 5952: 5811: 5762:, followed by the 5650: 5646:Vyacheslav Molotov 5632: 5438: 5329: 5151: 5045: 4999: 4831: 4822:Groupe de Chasse 3 4729: 4613:government in the 4554: 4513:Berlin Sportpalast 3920:Post-Soviet states 3624:Singing Revolution 3614:Chernobyl disaster 3534:Rhodesian Bush War 3135:October Revolution 2959:Western Carpathian 2899:2nd Jassy–Kishinev 2869:1st Jassy–Kishinev 2854:Leningrad–Novgorod 2849:Dnieper–Carpathian 2384:French West Africa 2225:South West Pacific 2133:Denmark and Norway 1379:Kliment Voroshilov 1343:Boris Shaposhnikov 1087:Ferdinand Schörner 1063:Johannes Friessner 1027:Erich von Manstein 955:Gerd von Rundstedt 638:Former Axis powers 398:Kaliningrad Oblast 21253: 21252: 21142:First Chechen War 21097:Soviet–Afghan War 21082:Angolan Civil War 20857:Polish–Soviet War 20815:Finnish Civil War 20793:Russian Civil War 20692:November Uprising 20630:Anglo-Russian War 20570:Bar Confederation 20383:First Chechen War 20363:Russian Civil War 20358:Decembrist revolt 20348:Bulavin Rebellion 20343:Razin's Rebellion 20326: 20325: 20281:Russo-Polish Wars 20249:Lists by opponent 20144: 20143: 19945:Russian Air Force 19632: 19631: 19508:War crimes trials 19452:Barbarossa Decree 19315:Friedrich Jeckeln 19158:Army Group Centre 19143:Army High Command 19100:German–Soviet War 19059: 19058: 19017: 19016: 18860:Battle of Okinawa 18759:Burma (1944–1945) 18593:Mariana and Palau 18373:Tunisian campaign 18198:Fall of Singapore 18122:Fall of Hong Kong 17865:Battle of Britain 17718:Operation Himmler 17627: 17626: 17291:Dutch East Indies 16934:Southern Rhodesia 16686: 16685: 16586:Genocide of Serbs 16489:German war crimes 16466:Soviet war crimes 16459:Allied war crimes 16305:Division of Korea 16284:Chinese Civil War 16082:Strategic bombing 15994:Manhattan Project 15653:, a programme of 15396:Shirer, William L 15305:978-0-312-42652-1 15195:978-1-107-02079-5 15116:978-0-304-36540-1 15017:978-0-7006-1353-3 14998:978-0-7006-1789-0 14953:978-0-415-02101-2 14930:978-0-375-41086-4 14831:978-0-230-34305-4 14593:"Non-Soviet POWs" 14571:; Mark Axworthy, 13884:978-83-63352-88-2 13766:978-0-7881-7080-5 13700:978-0-674-02178-5 13603:978-0-19-872346-2 13547:978-1-285-44790-2 13405:978-0-451-47701-9 13278:978-0-375-71422-1 13193:978-9949-13-040-5 13078:978-1-906033-33-0 13032:978-1-85367-280-4 13017:Krivosheev, G. F. 12958:978-0-7006-1208-6 12894:(December 1972). 12856:978-1-78159-291-5 12597:978-1-4000-4005-6 12582:Gellately, Robert 12347:978-0-233-05077-5 12291:(25 March 2010). 12278:(2008), pp 250–56 12044:978-1-139-62685-9 11976:978-0-7391-6054-1 11795:978-0-87474-510-8 11768:978-0-511-25293-8 11723:978-3-8132-0772-9 11575:978-0-7006-2121-7 11548:978-0-299-11073-4 11514:10.1080/713663077 11340:"Maksim Litvinov" 11325:978-0-7618-2963-8 11298:978-0-391-03825-7 11268:978-0-684-87027-4 11241:978-1-4728-0716-8 11211:978-1-4696-2447-1 11184:978-1-107-02079-5 11069:(December 1998). 10963:978-0-394-57686-2 10883:on 2 March 2009. 10857:978-0-7425-4482-6 10719:978-1-4616-3547-5 10689:978-1-317-56756-1 10521:978-0-8117-6784-2 10492: 10491: 10484: 10393: 10358: 10174:moved to the West 10121:German occupation 10104:puppet government 10100:German occupation 9955:Barbarossa decree 9870:Siege of Budapest 9753: 9752: 9625: 9624: 9440:agricultural land 9353: 9352: 9197: 9196: 9059: 9058: 8914: 8913: 8667:(million tonnes) 8657:(million tonnes) 8581:Industrial output 8550:were sent to the 8426:ethnic minorities 8315:Jerzy W. Borejsze 8313:Polish historian 8255:Rodion Malinovsky 8042:Reich Chancellery 7995: 7994: 7987: 7901:forced migrations 7877:Soviet war crimes 7862:German war crimes 7810:Normandy invasion 7795:mass deportations 7744:. Apart from the 7738:southern Sakhalin 7728:and neighbouring 7611:, on 1 May 1945. 7572:, Germany at the 7359:in East Prussia. 7192:Operation Tempest 7120:on 12 September. 7104:The neighbouring 7083:Tehran Conference 6809:" rocket launcher 6757:landing in Sicily 6686:Operation Kutuzov 6576:back into Kharkov 6098:Army Group Center 5744:Army Group Centre 5708:'s objective was 5677:were renamed the 5241: 5240: 5069:Semyon Timoshenko 4971: 4970: 4955:1,960,000 Germans 4826:Charles de Gaulle 4712:Aufbau Ost (1940) 4645:took the side of 4623:Spanish Civil War 4576:industrialisation 4566:Spanish Civil War 4546:Semyon Timoshenko 4481:Vernichtungskrieg 4440:Jewish Bolshevism 4281:aiming to return 4251:League of Nations 4119:Vernichtungskrieg 4098:capture of Berlin 4012:. It encompassed 3986:German–Soviet War 3972: 3971: 3801:Soviet leadership 3787:Alma-Ata Protocol 3782:Belovezha Accords 3678:Velvet Revolution 3644:Economic blockade 3546:Soviet–Afghan War 3514:Angolan Civil War 3465:Laotian Civil War 3440:Era of Stagnation 3435:Brezhnev Doctrine 3404:Sino-Soviet split 3334:: Khrushchev Thaw 3225:Industrialization 3140:Russian Civil War 3033: 3032: 2456: 2455: 2377:Strategic bombing 2293:Mediterranean Sea 2049: 2048: 1986:5.1 million dead 1879:C.G.E. Mannerheim 1691:Vasily Sokolovsky 1597:Rodion Malinovsky 1451:Alexander Novikov 1415:Nikolai Kuznetsov 1391:Semyon Timoshenko 1250:C.G.E. Mannerheim 979:Georg von Küchler 967:Günther von Kluge 415: 414: 375:Soviet occupation 355:change of borders 326:Soviet occupation 293:Beginning of the 180:tanks during the 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 21288: 21127:Transnistria War 21072:War of Attrition 20978:Continuation War 20927: 20719:January Uprising 20560:Seven Years' War 20460:Time of Troubles 20426:Russo-Kazan Wars 20271:Russo-Kazan Wars 20203: 20202: 20171: 20164: 20157: 20148: 20147: 20052:Aerobatic teams 20021:Police of Russia 19999:Kremlin Regiment 19874: 19659: 19652: 19645: 19636: 19635: 19549:Related articles 19214:Joachim Witthöft 19194:Franz von Roques 19163:Army Group South 19153:Army Group North 19086: 19079: 19072: 19063: 19062: 19052: 19045: 19038: 19035:World portal 19033: 19032: 19008: 19001: 18994: 18987: 18978: 18971: 18964: 18955: 18948: 18941: 18934: 18927: 18920: 18911: 18904: 18897: 18895:Prague offensive 18890: 18888:Battle of Berlin 18883: 18876: 18869: 18862: 18855: 18848: 18841: 18834: 18832:Vienna offensive 18827: 18820: 18813: 18811:Battle of Manila 18806: 18786: 18777: 18768: 18761: 18752: 18745: 18738: 18731: 18724: 18717: 18710: 18701: 18692: 18685: 18676: 18669: 18662: 18655: 18646: 18639: 18632: 18625: 18618: 18611: 18604: 18595: 18588: 18579: 18570: 18561: 18554: 18552:Korsun–Cherkassy 18547: 18536: 18514: 18505: 18498: 18491: 18484: 18477: 18470: 18463: 18454: 18447: 18440: 18433: 18424: 18417: 18410: 18403: 18396: 18394:Bombing of Gorky 18389: 18382: 18375: 18355: 18348: 18339: 18332: 18325: 18316: 18309: 18302: 18295: 18284: 18277: 18270: 18263: 18261:Battle of Midway 18256: 18249: 18247:Battle of Gazala 18242: 18235: 18228: 18221: 18214: 18207: 18200: 18180: 18173: 18166: 18159: 18157:Battle of Borneo 18152: 18150:Malayan campaign 18145: 18138: 18131: 18124: 18117: 18110: 18103: 18096: 18094:Bombing of Gorky 18089: 18087:Battle of Moscow 18082: 18075: 18068: 18061: 18054: 18047: 18031: 18024: 18017: 18010: 18003: 17996: 17987: 17980: 17973: 17966: 17959: 17939: 17930: 17923: 17916: 17909: 17902: 17895: 17888: 17881: 17874: 17867: 17860: 17853: 17851:Battle of France 17846: 17839: 17832: 17825: 17818: 17811: 17791: 17784: 17777: 17770: 17763: 17756: 17749: 17727: 17720: 17713: 17706: 17704:Munich Agreement 17699: 17692: 17683: 17676: 17669: 17660: 17653: 17638: 17637: 17620: 17613: 17604: 17597: 17590: 17589:Soviet prisoners 17583: 17576: 17569: 17560: 17553: 17544: 17537: 17530: 17529:German prisoners 17525: 17505: 17496: 17489: 17482: 17477: 17470: 17463: 17456: 17449: 17442: 17435: 17428: 17421: 17414: 17407: 17400: 17393: 17386: 17377: 17370: 17363: 17356: 17349: 17342: 17335: 17328: 17321: 17314: 17307: 17300: 17293: 17286: 17279: 17272: 17265: 17258: 17251: 17231: 17224: 17217: 17210: 17203: 17196: 17189: 17182: 17175: 17168: 17161: 17141: 17134: 17127: 17120: 17112: 17105: 17098: 17089: 17082: 17074: 17067: 17065:French Indochina 17060: 17053: 17046: 17039: 17031: 17024: 17017: 17009: 16989: 16980: 16973: 16964: 16957: 16950: 16943: 16936: 16929: 16922: 16915: 16912:from August 1944 16903: 16896: 16889: 16882: 16875: 16868: 16861: 16854: 16847: 16835: 16828: 16821: 16814: 16807: 16795: 16787: 16780: 16773: 16766: 16759: 16752: 16745: 16733: 16726: 16719: 16712: 16697: 16696: 16677: 16670: 16663: 16656: 16649: 16638: 16623: 16616: 16609: 16604: 16595: 16588: 16581: 16572: 16565: 16558: 16556:Nanjing Massacre 16551: 16544: 16535: 16533:Nuremberg trials 16526: 16519: 16512: 16505: 16498: 16491: 16482: 16475: 16468: 16461: 16441: 16434: 16427: 16418: 16411: 16404: 16397: 16390: 16383: 16374: 16365: 16358: 16351: 16344: 16335: 16328: 16321: 16314: 16307: 16300: 16293: 16286: 16266: 16257: 16250: 16243: 16234: 16227: 16220: 16213: 16204: 16197: 16190: 16181: 16174: 16167: 16160: 16153: 16146: 16139: 16137:Asia and Pacific 16119: 16112: 16105: 16098: 16091: 16084: 16077: 16068: 16066:Mulberry harbour 16061: 16054: 16047: 16040: 16033: 16026: 16019: 16012: 16003: 15996: 15989: 15980: 15973: 15966: 15959: 15952: 15945: 15938: 15931: 15924: 15917: 15908: 15901: 15886: 15885: 15874: 15867: 15858: 15851: 15844: 15837: 15830: 15823: 15816: 15795: 15788: 15781: 15772: 15771: 15766: 15758: 15757: 15756: 15746: 15730: 15729: 15728: 15718: 15717: 15716: 15706: 15705: 15704: 15694: 15693: 15692: 15685: 15504:by Alan Taylor, 15476: 15435:Ziemke, Earl F. 15428:Ziemke, Earl F. 15415:The Ultra Secret 15380:Seaton, Albert. 15308: 15254:Lubbeck, William 15227: 15199: 15106:Erickson, John. 15091:Erickson, John. 15067:Beevor, Antony. 15021: 15002: 14983: 14957: 14945: 14934: 14906: 14905: 14903: 14901: 14896:on 22 April 2013 14892:. Archived from 14886: 14880: 14867: 14861: 14860: 14842: 14836: 14835: 14817: 14811: 14810: 14790: 14784: 14783: 14781: 14779: 14765: 14759: 14758: 14740: 14734: 14720: 14714: 14708: 14702: 14696: 14690: 14689: 14678: 14672: 14669: 14663: 14660: 14654: 14648: 14642: 14641: 14639: 14637: 14618: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14604: 14599:on 22 April 2013 14595:. Archived from 14589: 14583: 14559:Vadim Erlikman, 14557: 14551: 14540: 14534: 14524: 14518: 14512: 14503: 14445: 14443: 14441: 14432:. Archived from 14413: 14407: 14390: 14384: 14378: 14369: 14368: 14356: 14350: 14335: 14329: 14314: 14308: 14307: 14305: 14303: 14294:. Archived from 14288: 14282: 14279: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14268: 14248: 14242: 14236: 14230: 14229: 14224:. Archived from 14214: 14208: 14193: 14187: 14177: 14171: 14168: 14159: 14156: 14143: 14132: 14121: 14118: 14112: 14108: 14102: 14099: 14093: 14086: 14080: 14062: 14056: 14041: 14035: 14034: 13996: 13990: 13987: 13981: 13978: 13972: 13971:belarusguide.com 13966: 13960: 13959: 13948: 13942: 13941: 13940:. 17 March 2012. 13930: 13924: 13918: 13912: 13895: 13889: 13888: 13870: 13864: 13863: 13831: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13820: 13811:. Archived from 13801: 13795: 13794: 13776: 13770: 13769: 13752: 13746: 13740: 13734: 13728: 13722: 13714: 13705: 13704: 13684: 13678: 13677: 13662: 13656: 13655: 13649: 13639: 13633: 13632: 13627:. Archived from 13614: 13608: 13607: 13586: 13580: 13579: 13558: 13552: 13551: 13529: 13523: 13522: 13499:Military Affairs 13494: 13488: 13477: 13471: 13470: 13468: 13466: 13452: 13446: 13445: 13434: 13428: 13427: 13416: 13410: 13409: 13389: 13383: 13377: 13371: 13360: 13354: 13343: 13337: 13326: 13320: 13309: 13303: 13292: 13283: 13282: 13262: 13256: 13255: 13253: 13251: 13236: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13225: 13210:(31 July 1993). 13204: 13198: 13197: 13175: 13169: 13168: 13156: 13145: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13117: 13111: 13110: 13108: 13106: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13062: 13056: 13055: 13043: 13037: 13036: 13013: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12987: 12981: 12980: 12969: 12963: 12962: 12943:Glantz, David M. 12939: 12930: 12929: 12888: 12879: 12876: 12870: 12867: 12861: 12860: 12842: 12827: 12826: 12808: 12802: 12801: 12778:Military Affairs 12773: 12767: 12766: 12748: 12742: 12741: 12723: 12717: 12716: 12700: 12690: 12684: 12683: 12657: 12651: 12650: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12617:Second World War 12608: 12602: 12601: 12578: 12572: 12571: 12565: 12557: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12515: 12485: 12479: 12478: 12454:Military Affairs 12448: 12435: 12434: 12428: 12420: 12410: 12404: 12403: 12391: 12385: 12382: 12376: 12373: 12367: 12366: 12358: 12352: 12351: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12316: 12307: 12306: 12301:. Archived from 12289:Glantz, David M. 12285: 12279: 12272: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12256:on 15 April 2008 12252:. Archived from 12241: 12235: 12234: 12198: 12192: 12169: 12161: 12152: 12147:Ulrich Herbert, 12145: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12112: 12106: 12105: 12094: 12088: 12085: 12079: 12078: 12067: 12061: 12055: 12049: 12048: 12018: 12012: 12009: 12000: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11960: 11919: 11912: 11906: 11903: 11897: 11894: 11888: 11887: 11857: 11851: 11850: 11844: 11836: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11779: 11773: 11772: 11752: 11746: 11743: 11737: 11734: 11728: 11727: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11690: 11684: 11683: 11671: 11665: 11664: 11654: 11645: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11616: 11610: 11604: 11595: 11589: 11580: 11579: 11559: 11553: 11552: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11497: 11491: 11490: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11445: 11419: 11413: 11412: 11379: 11373: 11372: 11350: 11344: 11343: 11336: 11330: 11329: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11279: 11273: 11272: 11252: 11246: 11245: 11225: 11216: 11215: 11195: 11189: 11188: 11170: 11164: 11162:Internet Archive 11153: 11147: 11146: 11138: 11136: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11075: 11063: 11057: 11056: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11005:(437): 620–651. 10992: 10986: 10985: 10974: 10968: 10967: 10947: 10941: 10940: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10868: 10862: 10861: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10802:Mechtild Rössler 10796: 10790: 10783: 10777: 10776: 10758: 10749: 10748: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10703: 10694: 10693: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10600: 10594: 10593: 10575: 10566: 10560: 10554: 10535: 10526: 10525: 10505: 10487: 10480: 10476: 10473: 10467: 10444: 10443: 10436: 10425: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10388: 10386: 10370: 10364: 10363: 10353: 10351: 10343: 10337: 10334: 10328: 10317: 10311: 10305: 10299: 10293: 10287: 10276:No. 151 Wing RAF 10268: 10262: 10252: 10246: 10232: 10226: 10211: 10205: 10162:Władysław Anders 10154: 10148: 10130: 10124: 10117: 10111: 10096: 9855:Galicia Division 9782:Defeating Hitler 9630: 9626: 9488:Greater Germany 9448: 9444: 9202: 9198: 9064: 9060: 8921: 8915: 8644: 8640: 8631:Germany's 19,800 8567:Hague convention 8533: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8459:Soviet partisans 8446:Soviet partisan 8317: 8238:penal battalions 8208:chain of command 8079:hedgehog defence 7999:Soviet communism 7990: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7970: 7947: 7939: 7897:Oder–Neisse line 7881:Yalta conference 7870:Geoffrey Hosking 7750:Yalta Conference 7674:national holiday 7613:Helmuth Weidling 7489:Prague Offensive 7481:Battle of Berlin 7469:rocket launchers 7384:Operation Konrad 7377: 7336:, East Prussia, 7310: 7304: 7292:Vienna Offensive 7248:Baltic Offensive 7188:Polish Home Army 7160:Karelian Isthmus 6996:, defending the 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6614: 6608: 6528:Operation Uranus 6516: 6510: 6504: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6259:Soviet partisans 6160:Battle of Moscow 6152: 6146: 5960:Battle of Moscow 5834:1st Panzer Group 5830:Army Group South 5824:Battle of Moscow 5738:southern Estonia 5734:Local insurgents 5722:4th Panzer Group 5706:Army Group North 5658:panzer divisions 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5585: 5574: 5563: 5550: 5534: 5523: 5510: 5494: 5483: 5472: 5459: 5436:on 22 June 1941. 5154: 5150: 4834: 4830: 4761:Berlin Offensive 4757:Battle of Berlin 4743:offensive, when 4651:Francisco Franco 4537:Soviet situation 4503: 4490: 4432:Heinrich Himmler 4183:Munich Agreement 4167:Continuation War 4132: 4050:Geoffrey Roberts 4030:Southeast Europe 4022:Northeast Europe 4004:, including the 3964: 3957: 3950: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3915:Soviet republics 3755:New Union Treaty 3556:Olympic boycotts 3374:We will bury you 3360:De-Stalinization 3277:Battle of Berlin 3201:Collectivization 3082:World revolution 3059: 3036: 3035: 2925:Petsamo–Kirkenes 2803:Belgorod-Kharkov 2769:Voronezh–Kharkov 2493: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2460: 2459: 2443:French Indochina 2086: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2052: 2051: 1969:6,410,000 troops 1962:6,800,000 troops 1928:1,960,000 troops 1921:3,370,000 troops 1914:3,933,000 troops 1907:3,720,000 troops 1900:3,767,000 troops 1877: 1876: 1875: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1747: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1703:Fyodor Tolbukhin 1701: 1700: 1699: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1667: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1549:Andrey Yeremenko 1547: 1546: 1545: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1517:Mikhail Kirponos 1515: 1514: 1513: 1506: 1497: 1496: 1487:Fyodor Kuznetsov 1485: 1484: 1483: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1463:Sergei Khudyakov 1461: 1460: 1459: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1274:Benito Mussolini 1272: 1271: 1270: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1178:Horia Macellariu 1176: 1175: 1174: 1166:Petre Dumitrescu 1164: 1163: 1162: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1143: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1111:Heinrich Himmler 1109: 1108: 1107: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1015:Ewald von Kleist 1013: 1012: 1011: 1001: 1000: 999: 989: 988: 987: 977: 976: 975: 965: 964: 963: 953: 952: 951: 941: 940: 939: 931:Wilhelm von Leeb 929: 928: 927: 917: 916: 915: 905: 904: 903: 893: 892: 891: 881: 880: 879: 872: 868: 867: 866: 855: 854: 853: 843: 842: 841: 833: 821: 820: 819: 792: 791: 785: 783: 782: 774: 768: 767: 766: 756: 754: 753: 743: 741: 740: 730: 728: 727: 718: 707: 697: 695: 694: 687: 680: 676: 674: 673: 665: 664: 657: 653: 651: 650: 633: 632: 629: 625: 623: 622: 613: 612: 608: 606: 605: 593: 592: 591: 580: 578: 577: 557: 553: 551: 550: 542: 538: 536: 535: 527: 520: 516: 514: 513: 505: 495: 493: 492: 485: 481: 479: 478: 470: 463: 459: 457: 456: 447: 443: 441: 440: 377: 244: 240: 238: 229: 227: 214: 213: 163: 143: 142: 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 21: 21296: 21295: 21291: 21290: 21289: 21287: 21286: 21285: 21256: 21255: 21254: 21249: 21221: 21162: 21156: 21147:War of Dagestan 20921: 20894:August Uprising 20763: 20757: 20746:Boxer Rebellion 20714:Amur Annexation 20515: 20509: 20413: 20407: 20388:War of Dagestan 20368:August Uprising 20322: 20244: 20194: 20175: 20145: 20140: 20128: 20082: 20071:Russian Falcons 20056:Russian Knights 19883: 19881: 19875: 19866: 19678: 19663: 19633: 19628: 19575: 19544: 19525:Krasnodar Trial 19503: 19475: 19456:Commissar Order 19448:Criminal orders 19426: 19324: 19296: 19218: 19199:Karl von Roques 19179:Erich Friderici 19167: 19131: 19103: 19090: 19060: 19055: 19048: 19041: 19027: 19025: 19013: 19004: 18997: 18990: 18983: 18974: 18967: 18960: 18951: 18946:Atomic bombings 18944: 18937: 18930: 18923: 18916: 18907: 18900: 18893: 18886: 18879: 18872: 18865: 18858: 18851: 18844: 18837: 18830: 18823: 18816: 18809: 18802: 18789: 18782: 18771: 18764: 18757: 18748: 18741: 18734: 18727: 18720: 18713: 18704: 18695: 18688: 18679: 18672: 18665: 18658: 18649: 18642: 18637:Eastern Romania 18635: 18630:Warsaw Uprising 18628: 18623:Tannenberg Line 18621: 18614: 18609:Western Ukraine 18607: 18598: 18591: 18582: 18573: 18564: 18557: 18550: 18539: 18530: 18517: 18510: 18501: 18494: 18487: 18480: 18473: 18466: 18459: 18450: 18443: 18436: 18427: 18420: 18413: 18406: 18401:Battle of Kursk 18399: 18392: 18385: 18378: 18371: 18358: 18351: 18342: 18335: 18328: 18319: 18312: 18305: 18298: 18289: 18280: 18273: 18266: 18259: 18252: 18245: 18238: 18231: 18224: 18217: 18212:St Nazaire Raid 18210: 18203: 18196: 18183: 18176: 18169: 18162: 18155: 18148: 18141: 18134: 18127: 18120: 18113: 18106: 18099: 18092: 18085: 18078: 18071: 18064: 18057: 18050: 18036: 18027: 18020: 18013: 18006: 17999: 17994:Anglo-Iraqi War 17992: 17985:Battle of Crete 17983: 17976: 17969: 17962: 17955: 17942: 17933: 17926: 17919: 17914:Eastern Romania 17912: 17905: 17898: 17891: 17884: 17877: 17870: 17863: 17856: 17849: 17842: 17835: 17828: 17821: 17814: 17807: 17794: 17787: 17780: 17773: 17766: 17759: 17752: 17745: 17732: 17723: 17716: 17709: 17702: 17695: 17688: 17679: 17672: 17665: 17656: 17649: 17623: 17616: 17609: 17600: 17593: 17588: 17579: 17572: 17565: 17556: 17549: 17540: 17533: 17528: 17521: 17508: 17501: 17492: 17485: 17480: 17475:Western Ukraine 17473: 17466: 17459: 17452: 17445: 17438: 17431: 17424: 17419:Northeast China 17417: 17410: 17403: 17396: 17389: 17382: 17373: 17366: 17359: 17352: 17345: 17338: 17331: 17324: 17317: 17310: 17303: 17296: 17289: 17282: 17275: 17268: 17261: 17254: 17247: 17234: 17227: 17220: 17213: 17206: 17199: 17192: 17185: 17178: 17171: 17164: 17157: 17144: 17137: 17130: 17125:Slovak Republic 17123: 17115: 17108: 17101: 17096:Empire of Japan 17094: 17085: 17077: 17070: 17063: 17056: 17049: 17042: 17034: 17027: 17020: 17012: 17005: 16992: 16985: 16976: 16969: 16960: 16953: 16946: 16939: 16932: 16925: 16918: 16906: 16899: 16892: 16885: 16878: 16871: 16864: 16857: 16850: 16838: 16831: 16824: 16817: 16810: 16798: 16790: 16783: 16776: 16769: 16762: 16755: 16748: 16736: 16729: 16722: 16715: 16708: 16682: 16673: 16666: 16659: 16652: 16641: 16626: 16619: 16612: 16608:Sexual violence 16607: 16600: 16591: 16584: 16577: 16568: 16561: 16554: 16547: 16540: 16531: 16522: 16515: 16508: 16501: 16494: 16487: 16478: 16471: 16464: 16457: 16444: 16437: 16430: 16423: 16414: 16407: 16400: 16393: 16386: 16377: 16368: 16361: 16354: 16347: 16338: 16331: 16326:Greek Civil War 16324: 16317: 16310: 16303: 16296: 16289: 16282: 16269: 16262: 16253: 16246: 16239: 16230: 16223: 16216: 16209: 16200: 16193: 16186: 16177: 16170: 16163: 16156: 16151:South-East Asia 16149: 16142: 16135: 16122: 16115: 16108: 16101: 16094: 16087: 16080: 16073: 16064: 16057: 16050: 16043: 16036: 16029: 16022: 16015: 16010:Military awards 16008: 15999: 15992: 15985: 15976: 15969: 15962: 15955: 15948: 15941: 15934: 15927: 15920: 15913: 15904: 15897: 15877: 15870: 15863: 15854: 15847: 15840: 15835: 15826: 15819: 15812: 15804: 15799: 15769: 15759: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15745:sister projects 15742:at Knowledge's 15736: 15726: 15724: 15714: 15712: 15702: 15700: 15690: 15688: 15680: 15569: 15540:Wayback Machine 15483: 15447: 15442: 15405:SvD 2010-10-23 15326:Wayback Machine 15306: 15279:. London 2005. 15247:Bengt Beckman. 15224: 15211: 15196: 15147:Guderian, Heinz 15136:Glantz, David, 15028: 15026:Further reading 15018: 14999: 14980: 14966:House, Jonathan 14954: 14931: 14915: 14910: 14909: 14899: 14897: 14888: 14887: 14883: 14868: 14864: 14857: 14843: 14839: 14832: 14818: 14814: 14807: 14791: 14787: 14777: 14775: 14767: 14766: 14762: 14755: 14741: 14737: 14721: 14717: 14711:Krivosheev 1997 14709: 14705: 14699:Krivosheev 1997 14697: 14693: 14680: 14679: 14675: 14670: 14666: 14661: 14657: 14651:Krivosheev 1997 14649: 14645: 14635: 14633: 14620: 14619: 14612: 14602: 14600: 14591: 14590: 14586: 14563:. Moscow 2004. 14558: 14554: 14541: 14537: 14525: 14521: 14515:Krivosheev 1997 14513: 14506: 14439: 14437: 14428: 14414: 14410: 14391: 14387: 14381:Krivosheev 1997 14379: 14372: 14357: 14353: 14336: 14332: 14315: 14311: 14301: 14299: 14290: 14289: 14285: 14280: 14276: 14266: 14264: 14250: 14249: 14245: 14239:Krivosheev 1997 14237: 14233: 14216: 14215: 14211: 14205:Wayback Machine 14194: 14190: 14178: 14174: 14169: 14162: 14157: 14146: 14134:Richard Overy, 14133: 14124: 14119: 14115: 14109: 14105: 14100: 14096: 14087: 14083: 14063: 14059: 14047:. Penguin 2001 14042: 14038: 14015:10.2307/2192342 13997: 13993: 13988: 13984: 13979: 13975: 13967: 13963: 13950: 13949: 13945: 13932: 13931: 13927: 13919: 13915: 13905:Wayback Machine 13896: 13892: 13885: 13871: 13867: 13852: 13832: 13828: 13818: 13816: 13803: 13802: 13798: 13791: 13777: 13773: 13767: 13753: 13749: 13741: 13737: 13729: 13725: 13715: 13708: 13701: 13685: 13681: 13664: 13663: 13659: 13640: 13636: 13631:on 28 May 2008. 13615: 13611: 13604: 13587: 13583: 13576: 13559: 13555: 13548: 13530: 13526: 13511:10.2307/1983926 13495: 13491: 13478: 13474: 13464: 13462: 13453: 13449: 13436: 13435: 13431: 13418: 13417: 13413: 13406: 13390: 13386: 13380:Krivosheev 1997 13378: 13374: 13361: 13357: 13344: 13340: 13327: 13323: 13310: 13306: 13293: 13286: 13279: 13263: 13259: 13249: 13247: 13237: 13233: 13223: 13221: 13217:Gazeta Wyborcza 13205: 13201: 13194: 13176: 13172: 13165: 13154: 13146: 13142: 13132: 13130: 13119: 13118: 13114: 13104: 13102: 13091: 13090: 13086: 13079: 13063: 13059: 13044: 13040: 13033: 13014: 13010: 13000: 12998: 12997:on 6 March 2019 12989: 12988: 12984: 12971: 12970: 12966: 12959: 12940: 12933: 12918:10.2307/1861311 12892:Mastny, Vojtech 12889: 12882: 12877: 12873: 12868: 12864: 12857: 12843: 12830: 12823: 12809: 12805: 12790:10.2307/1988530 12774: 12770: 12763: 12749: 12745: 12738: 12724: 12720: 12713: 12691: 12687: 12672: 12658: 12654: 12643: 12639: 12632: 12612:Gilbert, Martin 12609: 12605: 12598: 12579: 12575: 12559: 12558: 12541: 12537: 12486: 12482: 12467:10.2307/1987464 12449: 12438: 12422: 12421: 12411: 12407: 12392: 12388: 12383: 12379: 12374: 12370: 12359: 12355: 12348: 12332: 12328: 12317: 12310: 12286: 12282: 12273: 12269: 12259: 12257: 12248: 12242: 12238: 12199: 12195: 12189:Wayback Machine 12178:Wayback Machine 12162: 12155: 12146: 12142: 12113: 12109: 12096: 12095: 12091: 12086: 12082: 12069: 12068: 12064: 12056: 12052: 12045: 12019: 12015: 12010: 12003: 11997:Wayback Machine 11988: 11984: 11977: 11961: 11922: 11913: 11909: 11904: 11900: 11895: 11891: 11876:10.2307/1432205 11858: 11854: 11838: 11837: 11807: 11803: 11796: 11780: 11776: 11769: 11753: 11749: 11744: 11740: 11735: 11731: 11724: 11708: 11704: 11691: 11687: 11672: 11668: 11652: 11646: 11642: 11632: 11630: 11629:on 8 April 2016 11617: 11613: 11605: 11598: 11590: 11583: 11576: 11560: 11556: 11549: 11533: 11529: 11498: 11494: 11471: 11467: 11443:10.2307/2495264 11420: 11416: 11380: 11376: 11351: 11347: 11338: 11337: 11333: 11326: 11310: 11306: 11299: 11280: 11276: 11269: 11253: 11249: 11242: 11226: 11219: 11212: 11196: 11192: 11185: 11171: 11167: 11154: 11150: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11116:(18 May 2006). 11111: 11107: 11073: 11064: 11060: 11042: 11040: 11031: 11030: 11026: 10993: 10989: 10978:Förster, Jürgen 10975: 10971: 10964: 10948: 10944: 10895: 10891: 10869: 10865: 10858: 10839: 10835: 10797: 10793: 10784: 10780: 10773: 10759: 10752: 10745: 10731: 10727: 10720: 10704: 10697: 10690: 10674: 10670: 10663: 10647: 10643: 10627: 10623: 10613: 10611: 10602: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10576: 10569: 10561: 10557: 10539:Krivosheev 1997 10536: 10529: 10522: 10506: 10502: 10497: 10488: 10477: 10471: 10468: 10457: 10451:has an unclear 10445: 10441: 10434: 10429: 10428: 10411:sent orders to 10406: 10402: 10371: 10367: 10344: 10340: 10335: 10331: 10318: 10314: 10306: 10302: 10294: 10290: 10269: 10265: 10253: 10249: 10233: 10229: 10217:, loyal to the 10212: 10208: 10156:The so-called " 10155: 10151: 10131: 10127: 10118: 10114: 10097: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10069: 10064: 9975: 9970: 9960:Commissar Order 9911: 9902:Commissar Order 9831:Georgian Legion 9395: 9381: 9211:Foreign labour 8929:propelled guns 8928: 8927:Tanks and self- 8918: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8583: 8575:Western Belarus 8530: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8390:, Ukraine, 1942 8318: 8312: 8289: 8283:Commissar Order 8271:Generalplan Ost 8267: 8138: 8019: 7991: 7980: 7974: 7971: 7960: 7948: 7937: 7929:English Channel 7817:George Marshall 7812:." Conversely, 7801:. According to 7758: 7714: 7708: 7597:Joseph Goebbels 7558:5th Guards Army 7491: 7485:Battle of Halbe 7479:Main articles: 7477: 7374:Reichsführer-SS 7312: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7294: 7274:Main articles: 7272: 7233: 7221:Main articles: 7219: 7211:Banská Bystrica 7196:Warsaw Uprising 7044: 7026:Warsaw Uprising 7008:Main articles: 7006: 6956:1st Panzer Army 6936:Perekop isthmus 6906: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6799: 6775:Main articles: 6773: 6736:Battle of Kursk 6701:4th Panzer Army 6616: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6590: 6588:Battle of Kursk 6584: 6565:SS Panzer Corps 6518: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6494: 6474:Main articles: 6472: 6383: 6367:Main articles: 6363: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6330: 6217:Black Sea Fleet 6213:Caucasian Front 6201:Leningrad Front 6174: 6158:Main articles: 6154: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6118:thus began his 5997:. North of the 5966: 5954:Main articles: 5937: 5854:Battle of Brody 5815:over-ruled them 5638: 5630: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5593: 5426: 5420: 5395: 5389: 5318: 5246: 5161: 5133:, primarily in 5119:Royal Air Force 5108: 5008:Battle of Kursk 4956: 4936: 4917: 4904: 4895: 4882: 4873: 4852: 4718: 4708: 4696:Tripartite Pact 4588:five-year plans 4572: 4539: 4527:Nazi propaganda 4487:Generalplan Ost 4385: 4383:Nazism and race 4373:Main articles: 4371: 4369:German ideology 4366: 4360: 4189: 4175: 4163:Murmansk region 4129:Generalplan Ost 3968: 3932: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3865: 3857: 3856: 3802: 3794: 3793: 3715:April 9 tragedy 3594: 3583: 3582: 3430: 3419: 3418: 3355:Khrushchev Thaw 3335: 3324: 3323: 3304:Berlin Blockade 3191: 3180: 3179: 3130: 3129:: Establishment 3119: 3118: 3097:Bolshevik Party 3092:Bolshevik split 3067: 3034: 3029: 3023:Prague uprising 3006:Bratislava–Brno 2996:Moravia–Ostrava 2886:Lvov–Sandomierz 2714:Rzhev–Sychyovka 2542:Białystok–Minsk 2494: 2489: 2487: 2457: 2452: 2339:Other campaigns 2333:Southern France 2242:Burma and India 2237:South-East Asia 2232:Franco-Thai War 2087: 2081: 2079: 2040: 2038: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2010: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1985: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1954: 1947: 1940: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1913: 1906: 1899: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1855:Nicolae Rădescu 1849: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1819:Josip Broz Tito 1813: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1783:Zygmunt Berling 1777: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1759:Bolesław Bierut 1753: 1751: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1679:Maksim Purkayev 1673: 1671: 1663: 1659:Nikolai Vatutin 1653: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1609:Kiril Meretskov 1603: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1561:Pavel Kurochkin 1555: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1521: 1511: 1509: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1457: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1421: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1403:Semyon Budyonny 1397: 1395: 1385: 1383: 1373: 1371: 1367:Aleksei Antonov 1361: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1303:Allied leaders: 1296: 1292:Italo Gariboldi 1286: 1284: 1268: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1220: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1172: 1170: 1160: 1158: 1148: 1146: 1137: 1129: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1105: 1103: 1099:Lothar Rendulic 1093: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1075:Georg Lindemann 1069: 1067: 1057: 1055: 1045: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1021: 1019: 1009: 1007: 997: 995: 985: 983: 973: 971: 961: 959: 949: 947: 937: 935: 925: 923: 919:Hans Jeschonnek 913: 911: 901: 899: 889: 887: 877: 875: 864: 862: 861: 851: 849: 839: 837: 829: 817: 815: 812: 811: 795: 789: 780: 778: 777: 772: 764: 762: 751: 749: 738: 736: 725: 723: 720: 719: 714: 710: 701: 692: 690: 681: 671: 669: 658: 648: 646: 644: 636: 630: 620: 618: 616: 603: 601: 599: 589: 587: 575: 573: 560: 548: 546: 533: 531: 521: 511: 509: 499: 490: 488: 476: 474: 464: 454: 452: 438: 436: 411: 369: 334: 333: 329: 318: 279: 265: 242: 236: 234: 225: 223: 220: 184:, 1943; German 182:Battle of Kursk 176:, 1945; German 172:tanks storming 164: 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21294: 21284: 21283: 21278: 21273: 21268: 21251: 21250: 21248: 21247: 21242: 21237: 21232: 21230:Russian Winter 21226: 21223: 21222: 21220: 21219: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21198: 21197: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21172: 21166: 21164: 21158: 21157: 21155: 21154: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21074: 21069: 21064: 21059: 21057:Vlora incident 21054: 21049: 21044: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21014: 21009: 21008: 21007: 21002: 20997: 20996: 20995: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20969: 20968: 20958: 20953: 20943: 20938: 20933: 20928: 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20885: 20884: 20879: 20874: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20848: 20847: 20842: 20837: 20827: 20822: 20820:Sochi conflict 20817: 20812: 20807: 20806: 20805: 20790: 20789: 20788: 20778: 20773: 20767: 20765: 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18814: 18807: 18799: 18797: 18791: 18790: 18788: 18787: 18780: 18779: 18778: 18762: 18755: 18754: 18753: 18739: 18732: 18725: 18718: 18711: 18702: 18693: 18686: 18677: 18670: 18663: 18656: 18647: 18640: 18633: 18626: 18619: 18612: 18605: 18596: 18589: 18580: 18571: 18562: 18555: 18548: 18537: 18527: 18525: 18519: 18518: 18516: 18515: 18508: 18507: 18506: 18499: 18485: 18478: 18471: 18464: 18457: 18456: 18455: 18441: 18434: 18425: 18418: 18411: 18404: 18397: 18390: 18387:Battle of Attu 18383: 18376: 18368: 18366: 18360: 18359: 18357: 18356: 18349: 18340: 18333: 18326: 18317: 18310: 18303: 18296: 18287: 18286: 18285: 18278: 18264: 18257: 18250: 18243: 18236: 18229: 18222: 18215: 18208: 18201: 18193: 18191: 18185: 18184: 18182: 18181: 18174: 18167: 18160: 18153: 18146: 18139: 18136:Battle of Guam 18132: 18125: 18118: 18111: 18104: 18097: 18090: 18083: 18076: 18069: 18062: 18059:Battle of Kiev 18055: 18048: 18034: 18033: 18032: 18018: 18011: 18004: 17997: 17990: 17989: 17988: 17974: 17967: 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16384: 16375: 16366: 16359: 16352: 16345: 16336: 16329: 16322: 16315: 16308: 16301: 16298:Decolonization 16294: 16287: 16279: 16277: 16271: 16270: 16268: 16267: 16260: 16259: 16258: 16244: 16237: 16236: 16235: 16228: 16221: 16207: 16206: 16205: 16198: 16184: 16183: 16182: 16175: 16168: 16161: 16154: 16147: 16132: 16130: 16124: 16123: 16121: 16120: 16113: 16106: 16099: 16092: 16085: 16078: 16071: 16070: 16069: 16062: 16048: 16041: 16034: 16027: 16020: 16013: 16006: 16005: 16004: 15990: 15983: 15982: 15981: 15974: 15971:United Kingdom 15967: 15953: 15946: 15939: 15932: 15925: 15918: 15911: 15910: 15909: 15894: 15892: 15883: 15879: 15878: 15876: 15875: 15868: 15861: 15860: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15833: 15832: 15831: 15817: 15809: 15806: 15805: 15798: 15797: 15790: 15783: 15775: 15768: 15767: 15738: 15735: 15734: 15722: 15710: 15698: 15678: 15677: 15658: 15631: 15616: 15597: 15568: 15565: 15564: 15563: 15554: 15542: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15514: 15508: 15499: 15494: 15482: 15481:External links 15479: 15478: 15477: 15459:(3): 567–587. 15446: 15445:Historiography 15443: 15441: 15440: 15433: 15426: 15409: 15403: 15393: 15378: 15356: 15341:Overy, Richard 15338: 15310: 15304: 15288: 15274:Mawdsley, Evan 15271: 15251: 15245: 15228: 15222: 15209: 15208:, USGPO, 1947. 15200: 15194: 15181: 15164: 15144: 15134: 15119: 15104: 15089: 15079: 15065: 15050:Beevor, Antony 15047: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15023: 15022: 15016: 15003: 14997: 14984: 14978: 14958: 14952: 14935: 14929: 14914: 14911: 14908: 14907: 14881: 14862: 14855: 14837: 14830: 14812: 14805: 14785: 14760: 14753: 14735: 14715: 14703: 14691: 14673: 14664: 14655: 14643: 14610: 14584: 14552: 14535: 14519: 14504: 14408: 14393:Martin Gilbert 14385: 14370: 14351: 14330: 14328:, pp. 265, 272 14309: 14283: 14274: 14243: 14231: 14209: 14188: 14172: 14160: 14144: 14122: 14113: 14103: 14094: 14081: 14057: 14036: 14009:(2): 216–230. 13991: 13982: 13973: 13961: 13943: 13925: 13913: 13890: 13883: 13865: 13850: 13826: 13796: 13789: 13771: 13765: 13747: 13745:, p. 181. 13735: 13733:, pp. 1–2 13723: 13706: 13699: 13679: 13657: 13634: 13609: 13602: 13581: 13575:978-1541674103 13574: 13553: 13546: 13524: 13505:(2): 312–336. 13489: 13472: 13447: 13429: 13411: 13404: 13384: 13372: 13355: 13338: 13321: 13304: 13284: 13277: 13257: 13231: 13199: 13192: 13170: 13163: 13140: 13112: 13084: 13077: 13057: 13038: 13031: 13008: 12982: 12964: 12957: 12931: 12880: 12871: 12862: 12855: 12828: 12821: 12803: 12768: 12761: 12743: 12736: 12718: 12711: 12685: 12670: 12652: 12637: 12630: 12603: 12596: 12573: 12535: 12504:10.1086/244076 12480: 12461:(4): 187–191. 12436: 12405: 12386: 12377: 12368: 12353: 12346: 12326: 12308: 12280: 12267: 12236: 12209:(3): 483–502. 12193: 12153: 12140: 12127:(2): 171–175. 12107: 12089: 12080: 12062: 12060:, p. 121. 12050: 12043: 12013: 12001: 11982: 11975: 11920: 11907: 11898: 11889: 11870:(2): 263–283. 11852: 11819:(3): 499–518. 11801: 11794: 11774: 11767: 11747: 11738: 11729: 11722: 11702: 11685: 11666: 11640: 11611: 11596: 11594:, p. 107. 11581: 11574: 11554: 11547: 11527: 11508:(4): 695–722. 11492: 11481:(2): 303–341. 11465: 11436:(4): 599–603. 11414: 11374: 11363:(2): 123–137. 11356:Soviet Studies 11345: 11331: 11324: 11304: 11297: 11274: 11267: 11247: 11240: 11217: 11210: 11190: 11183: 11165: 11148: 11128: 11105: 11092:10.1086/235167 11086:(4): 759–812. 11058: 11024: 10987: 10969: 10962: 10942: 10889: 10863: 10856: 10833: 10814:(2): 270–274. 10791: 10778: 10771: 10750: 10743: 10725: 10718: 10695: 10688: 10668: 10661: 10641: 10621: 10595: 10589:978-0582771857 10588: 10567: 10555: 10527: 10520: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10472:September 2022 10453:citation style 10448: 10446: 10439: 10433: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10400: 10365: 10338: 10329: 10312: 10300: 10288: 10272:Arctic convoys 10263: 10260:Arctic convoys 10247: 10227: 10206: 10149: 10125: 10112: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9968: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9950:Severity Order 9947: 9942: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9851:Latvian Legion 9806:, January 1942 9751: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9722: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9684: 9681: 9678: 9674: 9673: 9670: 9667: 9664: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9623: 9622: 9619: 9616: 9613: 9612:est 4,437,400 9610: 9609:est 5,078,000 9607: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9596: 9593: 9590: 9587: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9574: 9571: 9568: 9564: 9563: 9560: 9557: 9554: 9551: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9525: 9524: 9521: 9518: 9515: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9504: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9494:est 3,637,000 9492: 9491:est 4,137,000 9489: 9485: 9484: 9478: 9475: 9472: 9459: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9380: 9377: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9344: 9341: 9338: 9335: 9332: 9328: 9327: 9324: 9321: 9318: 9315: 9312: 9309: 9305: 9304: 9301: 9298: 9295: 9292: 9289: 9286: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9275: 9272: 9269: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9252: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9223: 9220: 9216: 9215: 9212: 9209: 9206: 9195: 9194: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9175: 9174: 9171: 9168: 9165: 9162: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9142: 9139: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9128: 9125: 9122: 9119: 9115: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9079: 9076: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9050: 9047: 9044: 9041: 9038: 9034: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8997: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8878: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8808: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8785: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8694: 8691: 8688: 8685: 8682: 8679: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8582: 8579: 8406:Einsatzgruppen 8328:. A member of 8310: 8266: 8263: 8212:shoulderboards 8194:Following the 8137: 8134: 8018: 8015: 7993: 7992: 7951: 7949: 7942: 7936: 7933: 7866:scorched earth 7757: 7754: 7710:Main article: 7707: 7704: 7659:Wilhelm Keitel 7609:their children 7523:Western Allies 7515:Victory Banner 7509:A flag of the 7476: 7473: 7442:Seelow Heights 7307: 7301: 7271: 7268: 7252:were withdrawn 7218: 7215: 7190:(AK) launched 7005: 7002: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6860:Dnepropetrovsk 6772: 6769: 6611: 6605: 6586:Main article: 6583: 6580: 6567:equipped with 6536:Operation Mars 6513: 6507: 6501: 6484:Operation Mars 6471: 6468: 6422:Vasily Chuikov 6399:the oil fields 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6337:Operation Blue 6329: 6326: 6251:parachute drop 6209:Southern Front 6149: 6143: 6135: 6132: 6120:counter-attack 6105:Fedor von Bock 5936: 5933: 5904:Ural Mountains 5776:Beresina River 5634:Main article: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5576: 5565: 5553: 5552: 5537: 5536: 5525: 5513: 5512: 5497: 5496: 5485: 5474: 5462: 5461: 5422:Main article: 5419: 5416: 5391:Main article: 5388: 5385: 5317: 5314: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5158: 5142:Arctic convoys 5107: 5104: 5049:reconnaissance 4969: 4968: 4962: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4942: 4933: 4932:1 January 1945 4929: 4928: 4923: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4901: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4879: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4858: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4843:Soviet forces 4841: 4838: 4776:anti-Communist 4755:following the 4735:, against the 4716:Lossberg study 4707: 4704: 4692:Maxim Litvinov 4678:Czechoslovakia 4670:Imperial Japan 4662:anti-communist 4621:initiated the 4538: 4535: 4509:Battle of Kiev 4370: 4367: 4362:Main article: 4359: 4356: 4312:Eastern Poland 4283:Central Europe 4217:Central Powers 4205:Eastern Europe 4174: 4171: 4151:United Kingdom 4018:Eastern Europe 4014:Central Europe 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3866: 3864:Related topics 3863: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3745:The Barricades 3742: 3740:January Events 3737: 3735:Dushanbe riots 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3631: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3504:Wars in Africa 3501: 3500: 3499: 3489: 3487:Yom Kippur War 3484: 3483: 3482: 3480:Fall of Saigon 3477: 3472: 3470:Operation Menu 3467: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3104:Russian Empire 3101: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3079: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3052: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2986:East Pomerania 2983: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2677:Toropets–Kholm 2674: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2408:Baltic Nations 2399: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2217: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2108: 2103: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2078: 2077: 2070: 2063: 2055: 2047: 2046: 2031: 2030: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2005: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1963: 1956: 1949: 1942: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1869: 1867:Kimon Georgiev 1857: 1845: 1833: 1821: 1809: 1807:Ludvík Svoboda 1797: 1785: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1729: 1727:Ivan Bagramyan 1717: 1705: 1693: 1681: 1669: 1649: 1647:Leonid Govorov 1637: 1623: 1621:Filipp Golikov 1611: 1599: 1587: 1575: 1563: 1551: 1539: 1527: 1507: 1489: 1477: 1465: 1453: 1441: 1439:Pavel Zhigarev 1429: 1417: 1405: 1393: 1381: 1369: 1357: 1345: 1333: 1321: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1282: 1264: 1252: 1240: 1228: 1226:Károly Beregfy 1216: 1204: 1202:Ferenc Szálasi 1192: 1180: 1168: 1156: 1144: 1135:Iosif Iacobici 1125: 1113: 1101: 1089: 1077: 1065: 1053: 1041: 1029: 1017: 1005: 993: 981: 969: 957: 945: 943:Fedor von Bock 933: 921: 909: 907:Hermann Göring 897: 885: 873: 859: 847: 845:Wilhelm Keitel 835: 807: 806: 805: 802: 801: 797: 796: 794: 793: 775: 760: 747: 745:British Empire 734: 713: 712: 711: 709: 708: 688: 666: 641: 635: 634: 614: 610:Czechoslovakia 597: 585: 569: 561: 559: 558: 543: 528: 506: 486: 471: 449: 431: 422: 421: 417: 416: 413: 412: 410: 409: 391: 383: 378: 367: 362: 357: 348: 324: 323: 322: 320: 314: 313: 312: 311: 305: 291: 278: 277: 276:Soviet victory 273: 271: 267: 266: 252: 250: 246: 245: 218: 210: 209: 198:Wilhelm Keitel 192:Einsatzgruppen 156: 155: 148: 147: 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21293: 21282: 21279: 21277: 21274: 21272: 21269: 21267: 21264: 21263: 21261: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21233: 21231: 21228: 21227: 21224: 21218: 21215: 21213: 21210: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21196: 21195:2022 invasion 21193: 21191: 21190:War in Donbas 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21177: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21167: 21165: 21159: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21027:Ili Rebellion 21025: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20994: 20991: 20990: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20967: 20964: 20963: 20962: 20959: 20957: 20954: 20952: 20949: 20948: 20947: 20944: 20942: 20939: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20925: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20846: 20843: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20832: 20831: 20828: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20804: 20801: 20800: 20799: 20796: 20795: 20794: 20791: 20787: 20784: 20783: 20782: 20779: 20777: 20774: 20772: 20769: 20768: 20766: 20760: 20752: 20749: 20748: 20747: 20744: 20742: 20739: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20726: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20708: 20705: 20704: 20703: 20700: 20698: 20695: 20693: 20690: 20688: 20685: 20683: 20680: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20667: 20666: 20665:Caucasian War 20663: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20601: 20598: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20520: 20518: 20512: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20418: 20416: 20410: 20404: 20401: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20379: 20376: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20364: 20361: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20335: 20333: 20329: 20319: 20316: 20312: 20309: 20308: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20253: 20251: 20247: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20207: 20204: 20201: 20197: 20192: 20188: 20184: 20180: 20172: 20167: 20165: 20160: 20158: 20153: 20152: 20149: 20139: 20135: 20131: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20104:Eastern Front 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20091: 20089: 20085: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20066:Crimean Wings 20064: 20062: 20059: 20057: 20054: 20053: 20051: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20022: 20019: 20018: 20017: 20014: 20010: 20007: 20006: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19954: 19950: 19946: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19888: 19886: 19884:of the parade 19878: 19873: 19863: 19862: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19841: 19838: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19813: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19746: 19743: 19741: 19738: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19723: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19687: 19685: 19681: 19676: 19672: 19668: 19660: 19655: 19653: 19648: 19646: 19641: 19640: 19637: 19625: 19624: 19620: 19618: 19617: 19613: 19611: 19610: 19606: 19604: 19603: 19599: 19597: 19596: 19592: 19590: 19589: 19585: 19584: 19582: 19578: 19572: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19556:The Holocaust 19554: 19553: 19551: 19547: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19520:Kharkov Trial 19518: 19516: 19513: 19512: 19510: 19506: 19500: 19497: 19495: 19492: 19490: 19487: 19486: 19484: 19482: 19478: 19472: 19469: 19467: 19464: 19461: 19457: 19453: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19435: 19433: 19429: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19407: 19403: 19399: 19395: 19392: 19389: 19385: 19381: 19377: 19374: 19371: 19367: 19363: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19348: 19344: 19341: 19340: 19338: 19335: 19331: 19327: 19321: 19318: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19307: 19305: 19303: 19299: 19293: 19290: 19288: 19285: 19283: 19280: 19278: 19275: 19273: 19270: 19268: 19265: 19263: 19260: 19257: 19253: 19250: 19248: 19245: 19243: 19240: 19238: 19235: 19233: 19230: 19229: 19227: 19225: 19221: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19184:Ludwig Kübler 19182: 19180: 19177: 19176: 19174: 19170: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19140: 19138: 19134: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19120: 19118: 19115: 19114: 19112: 19110: 19106: 19101: 19097: 19094: 19087: 19082: 19080: 19075: 19073: 19068: 19067: 19064: 19051: 19047: 19044: 19040: 19037: 19036: 19031: 19024: 19023: 19020: 19007: 19003: 19000: 18996: 18993: 18989: 18988: 18986: 18982: 18977: 18973: 18972: 18970: 18969:Kuril Islands 18966: 18963: 18959: 18954: 18950: 18949: 18947: 18943: 18940: 18936: 18933: 18929: 18926: 18922: 18919: 18915: 18910: 18906: 18905: 18903: 18899: 18896: 18892: 18889: 18885: 18882: 18878: 18875: 18871: 18868: 18864: 18861: 18857: 18854: 18850: 18847: 18843: 18840: 18836: 18833: 18829: 18826: 18822: 18819: 18815: 18812: 18808: 18805: 18801: 18800: 18798: 18796: 18792: 18785: 18781: 18776: 18775: 18770: 18769: 18767: 18763: 18760: 18756: 18751: 18747: 18746: 18744: 18740: 18737: 18736:Syrmian Front 18733: 18730: 18726: 18723: 18719: 18716: 18712: 18709: 18708: 18703: 18700: 18699: 18694: 18691: 18687: 18684: 18683: 18682:Market Garden 18678: 18675: 18671: 18668: 18664: 18661: 18657: 18654: 18653: 18648: 18645: 18641: 18638: 18634: 18631: 18627: 18624: 18620: 18617: 18613: 18610: 18606: 18603: 18602: 18597: 18594: 18590: 18587: 18586: 18581: 18578: 18577: 18572: 18569: 18568: 18563: 18560: 18556: 18553: 18549: 18546: 18542: 18541:Monte Cassino 18538: 18535: 18534: 18529: 18528: 18526: 18524: 18520: 18513: 18509: 18504: 18500: 18497: 18493: 18492: 18490: 18486: 18483: 18479: 18476: 18472: 18469: 18465: 18462: 18458: 18453: 18449: 18448: 18446: 18442: 18439: 18435: 18432: 18431: 18426: 18423: 18419: 18416: 18412: 18409: 18405: 18402: 18398: 18395: 18391: 18388: 18384: 18381: 18377: 18374: 18370: 18369: 18367: 18365: 18361: 18354: 18350: 18347: 18346: 18341: 18338: 18334: 18331: 18327: 18324: 18323: 18318: 18315: 18311: 18308: 18304: 18301: 18297: 18294: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18279: 18276: 18272: 18271: 18269: 18265: 18262: 18258: 18255: 18251: 18248: 18244: 18241: 18237: 18234: 18230: 18227: 18223: 18220: 18216: 18213: 18209: 18206: 18202: 18199: 18195: 18194: 18192: 18190: 18186: 18179: 18175: 18172: 18168: 18165: 18161: 18158: 18154: 18151: 18147: 18144: 18140: 18137: 18133: 18130: 18126: 18123: 18119: 18116: 18112: 18109: 18105: 18102: 18098: 18095: 18091: 18088: 18084: 18081: 18077: 18074: 18070: 18067: 18063: 18060: 18056: 18053: 18049: 18045: 18044: 18039: 18035: 18030: 18026: 18025: 18023: 18019: 18016: 18012: 18009: 18005: 18002: 17998: 17995: 17991: 17986: 17982: 17981: 17979: 17975: 17972: 17968: 17965: 17961: 17958: 17954: 17953: 17951: 17949: 17945: 17938: 17937: 17932: 17929: 17925: 17922: 17918: 17915: 17911: 17908: 17907:Baltic states 17904: 17901: 17897: 17894: 17890: 17887: 17883: 17880: 17876: 17873: 17869: 17866: 17862: 17859: 17855: 17852: 17848: 17845: 17841: 17838: 17834: 17831: 17827: 17824: 17820: 17817: 17813: 17810: 17806: 17805: 17803: 17801: 17797: 17790: 17786: 17783: 17779: 17776: 17772: 17769: 17765: 17762: 17758: 17755: 17751: 17748: 17744: 17743: 17741: 17739: 17735: 17726: 17722: 17719: 17715: 17712: 17708: 17705: 17701: 17698: 17694: 17693: 17691: 17687: 17682: 17678: 17675: 17671: 17670: 17668: 17664: 17659: 17655: 17654: 17652: 17648: 17647: 17645: 17643: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17630: 17619: 17615: 17612: 17608: 17603: 17599: 17596: 17592: 17591: 17587: 17582: 17578: 17577: 17575: 17571: 17568: 17564: 17559: 17555: 17552: 17551:United States 17548: 17543: 17539: 17538: 17536: 17532: 17531: 17527: 17524: 17520: 17519: 17517: 17515: 17511: 17504: 17500: 17495: 17491: 17488: 17487:Quốc dân Đảng 17484: 17483: 17479: 17476: 17472: 17469: 17465: 17462: 17458: 17455: 17451: 17448: 17444: 17441: 17437: 17434: 17430: 17427: 17423: 17420: 17416: 17413: 17409: 17406: 17402: 17399: 17395: 17392: 17388: 17385: 17381: 17376: 17372: 17369: 17365: 17364: 17362: 17358: 17355: 17351: 17348: 17344: 17341: 17337: 17334: 17330: 17327: 17323: 17320: 17316: 17313: 17309: 17306: 17302: 17299: 17295: 17292: 17288: 17285: 17281: 17278: 17274: 17271: 17267: 17264: 17260: 17257: 17253: 17250: 17246: 17245: 17243: 17241: 17237: 17230: 17226: 17223: 17219: 17216: 17212: 17209: 17205: 17202: 17198: 17195: 17191: 17188: 17187:Liechtenstein 17184: 17181: 17177: 17174: 17170: 17167: 17163: 17160: 17156: 17155: 17153: 17151: 17147: 17140: 17136: 17133: 17129: 17126: 17122: 17118: 17114: 17111: 17107: 17104: 17100: 17097: 17093: 17088: 17084: 17083: 17080: 17076: 17073: 17069: 17066: 17062: 17059: 17055: 17052: 17048: 17045: 17041: 17037: 17033: 17030: 17026: 17023: 17019: 17015: 17011: 17008: 17004: 17003: 17001: 16999: 16995: 16988: 16984: 16979: 16975: 16974: 16972: 16971:United States 16968: 16963: 16959: 16958: 16956: 16952: 16949: 16945: 16942: 16938: 16935: 16931: 16928: 16924: 16921: 16917: 16913: 16909: 16905: 16902: 16898: 16895: 16891: 16888: 16884: 16881: 16877: 16874: 16870: 16867: 16863: 16860: 16856: 16853: 16849: 16845: 16841: 16837: 16834: 16830: 16827: 16823: 16820: 16816: 16813: 16809: 16805: 16801: 16797: 16793: 16789: 16786: 16782: 16779: 16775: 16772: 16768: 16765: 16761: 16758: 16754: 16751: 16747: 16743: 16739: 16735: 16732: 16728: 16725: 16721: 16718: 16714: 16711: 16707: 16706: 16704: 16702: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16689: 16676: 16672: 16669: 16665: 16662: 16661:Comfort women 16658: 16655: 16651: 16648: 16645: / 16644: 16640: 16637: 16634: / 16633: 16630: / 16629: 16625: 16622: 16621:Camp brothels 16618: 16615: 16611: 16610: 16606: 16603: 16599: 16594: 16590: 16587: 16583: 16582: 16580: 16576: 16571: 16567: 16564: 16560: 16557: 16553: 16552: 16550: 16546: 16543: 16539: 16534: 16530: 16525: 16521: 16518: 16514: 16513: 16511: 16510:The Holocaust 16507: 16504: 16500: 16497: 16496:forced labour 16493: 16492: 16490: 16486: 16481: 16477: 16474: 16470: 16467: 16463: 16462: 16460: 16456: 16455: 16453: 16451: 16447: 16440: 16436: 16433: 16429: 16426: 16422: 16417: 16413: 16410: 16406: 16403: 16399: 16396: 16392: 16391: 16389: 16385: 16382: 16381: 16376: 16373: 16372: 16367: 16364: 16360: 16357: 16353: 16350: 16349:Marshall Plan 16346: 16343: 16342: 16337: 16334: 16330: 16327: 16323: 16320: 16316: 16313: 16309: 16306: 16302: 16299: 16295: 16292: 16288: 16285: 16281: 16280: 16278: 16276: 16272: 16265: 16261: 16256: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16245: 16242: 16238: 16233: 16229: 16226: 16222: 16219: 16215: 16214: 16212: 16208: 16203: 16202:Eastern Front 16199: 16196: 16195:Western Front 16192: 16191: 16189: 16185: 16180: 16176: 16173: 16169: 16166: 16162: 16159: 16155: 16152: 16148: 16145: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16134: 16133: 16131: 16129: 16125: 16118: 16114: 16111: 16107: 16104: 16100: 16097: 16093: 16090: 16089:Puppet states 16086: 16083: 16079: 16076: 16072: 16067: 16063: 16060: 16056: 16055: 16053: 16049: 16046: 16042: 16039: 16035: 16032: 16031:Naval history 16028: 16025: 16021: 16018: 16014: 16011: 16007: 16002: 15998: 15997: 15995: 15991: 15988: 15984: 15979: 15978:United States 15975: 15972: 15968: 15965: 15961: 15960: 15958: 15954: 15951: 15947: 15944: 15940: 15937: 15933: 15930: 15926: 15923: 15919: 15916: 15912: 15907: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15896: 15895: 15893: 15891: 15887: 15884: 15880: 15873: 15869: 15866: 15862: 15857: 15853: 15850: 15846: 15843: 15839: 15838: 15834: 15829: 15825: 15824: 15822: 15818: 15815: 15811: 15810: 15807: 15803: 15796: 15791: 15789: 15784: 15782: 15777: 15776: 15773: 15764: 15763: 15751: 15750: 15747: 15741: 15733: 15723: 15721: 15711: 15709: 15699: 15697: 15687: 15686: 15683: 15675: 15671: 15667: 15663: 15659: 15656: 15652: 15648: 15644: 15643:Sönke Neitzel 15640: 15636: 15632: 15629: 15625: 15621: 15617: 15614: 15610: 15609:Robert Citino 15607:, lecture by 15606: 15602: 15598: 15595: 15591: 15587: 15583: 15580:, lecture by 15579: 15575: 15571: 15570: 15562: 15558: 15555: 15553:, 8 May 2015. 15552: 15551: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15537: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15518: 15515: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15492: 15488: 15485: 15484: 15474: 15470: 15466: 15462: 15458: 15454: 15449: 15448: 15439:, USGPO, 1975 15438: 15434: 15431: 15427: 15424: 15423:0-7528-3751-6 15420: 15416: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15404: 15401: 15397: 15394: 15391: 15390:0-89141-491-6 15387: 15383: 15379: 15377: 15376:0-88029-084-6 15373: 15369: 15365: 15361: 15357: 15354: 15353:0-14-027169-4 15350: 15346: 15342: 15339: 15336: 15335:1-57181-068-4 15332: 15328: 15327: 15323: 15320: 15315: 15311: 15307: 15301: 15297: 15293: 15289: 15286: 15285:0-340-80808-X 15282: 15278: 15275: 15272: 15269: 15268:1-932033-55-6 15265: 15261: 15260: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15246: 15243: 15242:0-306-80912-5 15239: 15235: 15232: 15229: 15225: 15223:1-85367-280-7 15219: 15215: 15210: 15207: 15206: 15201: 15197: 15191: 15187: 15182: 15180: 15179:0-375-71422-7 15176: 15172: 15168: 15167:Hastings, Max 15165: 15162: 15161:0-306-81101-4 15158: 15154: 15153: 15152:Panzer Leader 15148: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15135: 15132: 15131:0-7486-0504-5 15128: 15124: 15120: 15117: 15113: 15109: 15105: 15102: 15101:0-304-36541-6 15098: 15094: 15090: 15088: 15087:online review 15084: 15080: 15078: 15077:0-670-88695-5 15074: 15070: 15066: 15063: 15062:0-14-028458-3 15059: 15055: 15051: 15048: 15045: 15044:0-7603-0923-X 15041: 15037: 15036: 15031: 15030: 15019: 15013: 15009: 15004: 15000: 14994: 14990: 14985: 14981: 14979:0-7006-0899-0 14975: 14971: 14967: 14963: 14962:Glantz, David 14959: 14955: 14949: 14946:. Routledge. 14944: 14943: 14936: 14932: 14926: 14923:. Macmillan. 14922: 14917: 14916: 14895: 14891: 14885: 14879: 14878:0-7139-9309-X 14875: 14871: 14870:Richard Overy 14866: 14858: 14856:9781399061308 14852: 14848: 14841: 14833: 14827: 14823: 14816: 14808: 14806:9780313263903 14802: 14798: 14797: 14789: 14774: 14770: 14764: 14756: 14754:0-7434-4974-6 14750: 14746: 14739: 14732: 14728: 14724: 14719: 14712: 14707: 14700: 14695: 14687: 14683: 14677: 14668: 14659: 14653:, p. 89. 14652: 14647: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14617: 14615: 14598: 14594: 14588: 14582: 14581:1-85409-267-7 14578: 14574: 14570: 14569:5-93165-107-1 14566: 14562: 14556: 14549: 14548:951-0-28690-7 14545: 14539: 14533: 14532:3-549-07121-3 14529: 14523: 14516: 14511: 14509: 14501: 14500:5-224-01515-4 14497: 14493: 14492:9783881990738 14489: 14485: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14472:5-224-01515-4 14469: 14465: 14464:5-224-01515-4 14461: 14457: 14456:0-7139-9309-X 14453: 14449: 14448:Richard Overy 14436:on 2 May 2013 14435: 14431: 14426: 14425:3-486-56531-1 14422: 14418: 14412: 14406: 14405:0-688-12364-3 14402: 14398: 14394: 14389: 14382: 14377: 14375: 14366: 14362: 14355: 14348: 14347:3-486-56531-1 14344: 14340: 14334: 14327: 14326:3-486-56531-1 14323: 14319: 14313: 14298:on 2 May 2013 14297: 14293: 14287: 14278: 14263: 14259: 14258: 14253: 14247: 14241:, p. 85. 14240: 14235: 14227: 14223: 14222:The Telegraph 14219: 14213: 14206: 14202: 14199: 14198: 14192: 14185: 14184:Richard Overy 14181: 14176: 14167: 14165: 14155: 14153: 14151: 14149: 14141: 14138:, p. 155 and 14137: 14131: 14129: 14127: 14117: 14107: 14098: 14091: 14085: 14078: 14077:1-4000-4005-1 14074: 14070: 14067: 14061: 14054: 14053:0-14-100131-3 14050: 14046: 14040: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14008: 14004: 14003: 13995: 13986: 13977: 13970: 13965: 13957: 13953: 13947: 13939: 13935: 13929: 13923: 13917: 13910: 13906: 13902: 13899: 13894: 13886: 13880: 13876: 13869: 13861: 13857: 13853: 13851:0-8050-7455-4 13847: 13843: 13839: 13838: 13830: 13814: 13810: 13806: 13800: 13792: 13790:0-300-11204-1 13786: 13782: 13775: 13768: 13762: 13758: 13751: 13744: 13739: 13732: 13727: 13720: 13719: 13713: 13711: 13702: 13696: 13692: 13691: 13683: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13661: 13653: 13648: 13647: 13638: 13630: 13626: 13625: 13620: 13613: 13605: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13585: 13577: 13571: 13567: 13563: 13557: 13549: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13528: 13520: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13493: 13486: 13482: 13476: 13460: 13459: 13451: 13443: 13439: 13433: 13425: 13421: 13415: 13407: 13401: 13397: 13396: 13388: 13381: 13376: 13369: 13365: 13359: 13352: 13348: 13342: 13335: 13331: 13325: 13318: 13314: 13308: 13301: 13297: 13291: 13289: 13280: 13274: 13270: 13269: 13261: 13246: 13242: 13235: 13219: 13218: 13213: 13209: 13203: 13195: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13174: 13166: 13164:9985-70-195-X 13160: 13153: 13152: 13144: 13128: 13127: 13122: 13116: 13100: 13099: 13094: 13088: 13080: 13074: 13070: 13069: 13061: 13053: 13049: 13042: 13034: 13028: 13024: 13023: 13018: 13012: 12996: 12992: 12986: 12978: 12974: 12968: 12960: 12954: 12950: 12949: 12944: 12938: 12936: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12902: 12897: 12893: 12887: 12885: 12875: 12866: 12858: 12852: 12848: 12841: 12839: 12837: 12835: 12833: 12824: 12822:0-7126-6226-X 12818: 12814: 12807: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12779: 12772: 12764: 12762:0-304-35864-9 12758: 12754: 12747: 12739: 12737:0-330-23770-5 12733: 12729: 12722: 12714: 12712:0-7006-1146-0 12708: 12704: 12699: 12698: 12689: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12671:0-7110-2899-0 12667: 12663: 12656: 12648: 12641: 12633: 12631:0-297-79616-X 12627: 12623: 12619: 12618: 12613: 12607: 12599: 12593: 12589: 12588: 12583: 12577: 12569: 12563: 12555: 12554: 12549: 12545: 12544:Indrek Paavle 12539: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12505: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12492: 12484: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12455: 12447: 12445: 12443: 12441: 12432: 12426: 12418: 12417: 12409: 12401: 12397: 12390: 12381: 12372: 12364: 12357: 12349: 12343: 12339: 12338: 12330: 12322: 12315: 12313: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12295: 12290: 12284: 12277: 12271: 12255: 12251: 12246: 12240: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12197: 12190: 12186: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12172: 12167: 12160: 12158: 12150: 12144: 12135: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12111: 12103: 12099: 12093: 12084: 12076: 12072: 12066: 12059: 12054: 12046: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12017: 12008: 12006: 11998: 11994: 11991: 11986: 11978: 11972: 11968: 11967: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11927: 11925: 11917: 11911: 11902: 11893: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11864: 11856: 11848: 11842: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11813: 11805: 11797: 11791: 11787: 11786: 11778: 11770: 11764: 11760: 11759: 11751: 11742: 11733: 11725: 11719: 11715: 11714: 11706: 11698: 11697: 11689: 11681: 11677: 11670: 11663: 11658: 11651: 11644: 11628: 11624: 11623: 11615: 11609:, p. 68. 11608: 11603: 11601: 11593: 11588: 11586: 11577: 11571: 11567: 11566: 11558: 11550: 11544: 11540: 11539: 11531: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11496: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11469: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11430: 11429:Slavic Review 11425: 11418: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11389: 11384: 11383:Resis, Albert 11378: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11357: 11349: 11341: 11335: 11327: 11321: 11317: 11316: 11308: 11300: 11294: 11290: 11289: 11284: 11278: 11270: 11264: 11260: 11259: 11251: 11243: 11237: 11233: 11232: 11224: 11222: 11213: 11207: 11203: 11202: 11194: 11186: 11180: 11176: 11169: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11152: 11145: 11143: 11131: 11129:9780807876916 11125: 11121: 11120: 11115: 11109: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11080: 11072: 11068: 11062: 11054: 11038: 11034: 11028: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10999: 10991: 10983: 10979: 10973: 10965: 10959: 10955: 10954: 10946: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10901: 10893: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10867: 10859: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10837: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10808: 10803: 10795: 10788: 10782: 10774: 10772:90-411-2177-3 10768: 10764: 10757: 10755: 10746: 10744:0-275-96337-3 10740: 10736: 10729: 10721: 10715: 10711: 10710: 10702: 10700: 10691: 10685: 10681: 10680: 10672: 10664: 10662:9780141391090 10658: 10654: 10653: 10645: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10625: 10609: 10605: 10599: 10591: 10585: 10581: 10574: 10572: 10564: 10559: 10552: 10551:5-93165-107-1 10548: 10545:Moscow 2004. 10544: 10540: 10537:According to 10534: 10532: 10523: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10504: 10500: 10486: 10483: 10475: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10449:This article 10447: 10438: 10437: 10423: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10404: 10397: 10391: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10369: 10362: 10356: 10347: 10342: 10333: 10326: 10322: 10316: 10310: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10267: 10261: 10257: 10251: 10245: 10244:Syrmian Front 10241: 10237: 10231: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10210: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10146: 10142: 10141:Italian units 10138: 10134: 10133:Croatian army 10129: 10122: 10116: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10095: 10091: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9940: 9939: 9934: 9933: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9906: 9903: 9898: 9896: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9868:; during the 9867: 9863: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9819:Andrey Vlasov 9815: 9813: 9805: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9785: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9765: 9757: 9748: 9745: 9742: 9739: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9723: 9720: 9717: 9714: 9713: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9701: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9682: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9671: 9668: 9665: 9662: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9651: 9648: 9645: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9631: 9620: 9617: 9614: 9611: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9600: 9597: 9594: 9591: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9581: 9578: 9575: 9572: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9555: 9552: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9539: 9536: 9533: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9516: 9513: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9441: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9424:the Holocaust 9419: 9415: 9407: 9399: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9357: 9348: 9345: 9342: 9339: 9336: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9322: 9319: 9316: 9313: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9296: 9293: 9290: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9273: 9270: 9267: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9234:Total German 9233: 9231:Total Soviet 9230: 9227: 9224: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9214:Total labour 9203: 9192: 9189: 9186: 9183: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9146: 9143: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9126: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9086: 9083: 9080: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9065: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9014: 9008: 9005: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8942: 8939: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8922: 8909: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8882: 8879: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8821: 8818: 8815: 8812: 8809: 8806: 8803: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8671: 8670: 8645: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8599: 8592: 8587: 8578: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8513: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8484:forced labour 8481: 8475: 8473: 8469: 8460: 8456: 8449: 8444: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8431: 8427: 8419: 8414: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8401: 8398: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8338: 8334: 8332: 8331:Einsatzgruppe 8327: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240:and to penal 8239: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8228:court-martial 8225: 8224:Order No. 227 8220: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8204: 8201: 8200:Baltic states 8197: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8181: 8179: 8174: 8173:Grigory Kulik 8170: 8169:obscurantists 8166: 8161: 8159: 8155: 8146: 8145:Joseph Stalin 8142: 8136:Joseph Stalin 8132: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8108:Schutzstaffel 8104: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8080: 8074: 8069: 8067: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7989: 7986: 7978: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7952:This section 7950: 7946: 7941: 7940: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7909:Roman Rudenko 7904: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7858: 7850: 7849:872-day siege 7845: 7840: 7835: 7833: 7832:Harry Hopkins 7828: 7826: 7825:United States 7822: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7805: 7800: 7799:Western Front 7796: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7762: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7742:Kuril Islands 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7507: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7454:Upper Silesia 7452:(1UF) out of 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7415:Hel Peninsula 7412: 7407: 7403: 7402:on 13 April. 7401: 7398:and captured 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7375: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7298: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7241: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7203: 7201: 7200:Vistula River 7197: 7194:. During the 7193: 7189: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7177:Tali-Ihantala 7174: 7170: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7053: 7052:Armia Krajowa 7048: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6960:Hube's Pocket 6957: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6948:Generaloberst 6943: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6924: 6922: 6917: 6913: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6872:Christmas Eve 6868: 6863: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6823: 6821: 6816: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6758: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6693:Zhizdra River 6689: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6666:Western Front 6663: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6498: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6464:North Ossetia 6461: 6457: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6338: 6334: 6325: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6305:Andrey Vlasov 6302: 6301:Volkhov River 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6205:Volkhov Front 6202: 6198: 6194: 6193:Kalinin Front 6190: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6140: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102:Field Marshal 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5999:Arctic Circle 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5932: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5780:Dnieper river 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5756:Brest-Litovsk 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5501:Second period 5499: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5432:A map of the 5430: 5425: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5399:forced labour 5394: 5387:Forced labour 5384: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5336: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5287: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5212: 5201: 5190: 5179: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5103: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5092:Lucy spy ring 5089: 5088:Willi Lehmann 5085: 5084:Richard Sorge 5079: 5077: 5076:Georgy Zhukov 5074: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5041: 5037: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5026:two-front war 5022: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4639:Fascist Italy 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4611:Popular Front 4608: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4580:Joseph Stalin 4577: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4550:Georgy Zhukov 4547: 4543: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4463:(subhumans). 4462: 4461: 4460:Untermenschen 4456: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4336:Baltic states 4333: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4201:Soviet Russia 4199:(1914–1918). 4198: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4147:United States 4143: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4075:at Stalingrad 4072: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3976:Eastern Front 3965: 3960: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3905:Soviet Empire 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3720:Black January 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3573:Polish strike 3571: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3492:Prague Spring 3490: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3409:Space program 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3240:Moscow trials 3238: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3155:War communism 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2744:Little Saturn 2741: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2731:Velikiye Luki 2729: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2502:Naval warfare 2501: 2500: 2497: 2492: 2491:Eastern Front 2484: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2390: 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15802:World War II 15765:from Commons 15760: 15739: 15732:Soviet Union 15646: 15589: 15585: 15584:, author of 15582:David Stahel 15548: 15506:The Atlantic 15505: 15456: 15452: 15436: 15429: 15414: 15399: 15381: 15367: 15363: 15359: 15344: 15317: 15295: 15276: 15257: 15248: 15233: 15213: 15204: 15185: 15170: 15150: 15137: 15122: 15107: 15092: 15082: 15081:Dick, C. 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Penguin. 13336:pp. 217–233 13001:2 September 12548:Toomas Hiio 12513:10945/44218 12102:peakoil.com 11633:2 September 11592:Glantz 1998 11135:22 December 10907:(1): 1–33. 10614:26 November 10323:as part of 9835:Ostlegionen 9749:13,581,483 9672:13,581,483 9640:Total Dead 9458:Total Dead 9361:Sportpalast 9346:12,400,000 9326:18,000,000 9314:10,400,000 9303:16,800,000 9291:11,100,000 9280:16,200,000 9268:11,600,000 9257:16,400,000 9254:11,000,000 9245:12,900,000 9242:11,000,000 8468:Ostlegionen 8298:anti-Slavic 8287:Hunger Plan 8259:Ivan Koniev 8158:Great Purge 8099:coup d'etat 7678:Victory Day 7589:Karl Dönitz 7217:Autumn 1944 7135:, mid-1944. 7058:, July 1944 7004:Summer 1944 6721:Prokhorovka 6639:barbed wire 6569:Tiger tanks 6548:Kotelnikovo 6524:bridgeheads 6433:Malka River 6084:), General 6046:took Rostov 6014:Sea of Azov 5846:17th Armies 5832:, with the 5807:RIA Novosti 5718:18th Armies 5360:, Finland, 5004:Alfred Jodl 4891:9 July 1943 4869:7 June 1942 4814:Free French 4794:in Slovakia 4768:Anti-Soviet 4700:Axis Powers 4558:Great Purge 4401:master race 4303:, starting 4237:a civil war 4221:surrendered 4197:World War I 4193:the outcome 4139:Ernst Nolte 4135:Hunger Plan 4008:(USSR) and 3998:Axis powers 3760:August Coup 3730:War of Laws 3609:Perestroika 3460:Vietnam War 3450:Six-Day War 3235:Great Purge 3190:: Stalinism 3109:World War I 2786:Gorky Blitz 2781:3rd Kharkov 2697:2nd Kharkov 2599:1st Kharkov 2594:Sea of Azov 2372:Air Warfare 2286:East Africa 1715:Ivan Petrov 1427:Ivan Isakov 1138: [ 1039:Ernst Busch 857:Alfred Jodl 790:(from 1943) 787:Free France 631:(from 1944) 317:Territorial 21260:Categories 21087:Ogaden War 21037:Korean War 20956:Winter War 20825:Heimosodat 20412:Tsardom of 20038:Young Army 19911:Red Square 19535:Riga Trial 19431:Milestones 19172:Commanders 18874:West Hunan 18707:Pointblank 18043:Silver Fox 18029:Summer War 17782:Winter War 17761:Phoney War 17542:Azerbaijan 17503:Yugoslavia 17398:Luxembourg 17240:Resistance 16987:Yugoslavia 16852:Luxembourg 16654:Sook Ching 16450:War crimes 16052:Technology 16045:Opposition 15987:Lend-Lease 15964:Australian 15957:Home front 15915:Blitzkrieg 15865:Casualties 15856:Commanders 15828:Operations 15651:The Agenda 15561:Yad Vashem 15491:Yad Vashem 15398:. (1960). 14778:2 February 14731:078647470X 14484:078647470X 14045:Stalingrad 13909:Yad Vashem 13485:References 13368:References 13353:pp. 81–111 13351:References 13334:References 13317:References 13300:References 13071:. Helion. 12753:Barbarossa 12058:Braun 1990 10464:footnoting 10432:References 10415:"Ukraine" 10256:Lend-Lease 10188:and later 9833:and other 9740:6,880,600 9663:6,829,600 9432:chilblains 9379:Casualties 9340:2,900,000 9334:9,500,000 9323:9,000,000 9320:7,600,000 9311:8,200,000 9300:7,700,000 9297:5,700,000 9288:7,500,000 9277:7,250,000 9274:4,600,000 9265:7,200,000 9251:3,500,000 9084:Hungarian 8943:Hungarian 8699:Hungarian 8611:Lend-Lease 8430:starvation 8397:Erich Koch 8339:, in 1942. 8269:See also: 8095:leadership 8034:Rastenburg 7935:Leadership 7857:atrocities 7779:Stalingrad 7740:, and the 7566:First Army 7446:Ivan Konev 7357:Königsberg 7240:Dukla Pass 7056:in Vilnius 6916:Kremenchug 6856:Zaporozhye 6744:historians 6678:Olkhovatka 6662:blitzkrieg 6631:tank traps 6418:Stalingrad 6054:withdrawal 6050:Mius River 6038:Sevastopol 5948:rasputitsa 5900:front line 5772:9th Armies 5231:17,499,861 5217:3,673,819 5206:6,217,622 5195:4,794,545 5184:2,453,097 5017:, and the 4913:1 May 1944 4907:10,300,000 4710:See also: 4592:revolution 4556:See also: 4518:Blitzkrieg 4454:Herrenvolk 4428:leadership 4396:Lebensraum 4390:Mein Kampf 4375:Mein Kampf 4358:Ideologies 4348:Bessarabia 4342:(Northern 4334:the three 4321:Winter War 4288:status quo 4233:Versailles 4213:Bolsheviks 4177:See also: 4173:Background 4155:Lend-Lease 4110:Lebensraum 3895:Leadership 3822:Khrushchev 3775:referendum 3750:Referendum 3634:Baltic Way 3309:Korean War 3150:Red Terror 3077:Bolshevism 3066:Background 2910:2nd Baltic 2905:Dukla Pass 2892:Doppelkopf 2864:2nd Crimea 2808:2nd Donbas 2798:1st Donbas 2775:Polar Star 2725:Stalingrad 2609:Sevastopol 2604:1st Crimea 2547:1st Baltic 2531:Barbarossa 2508:Baltic Sea 2413:Yugoslavia 2394:Madagascar 2357:Antarctica 2328:Dodecanese 2148:Resistance 2116:Winter War 2106:Phoney War 1573:Ivan Konev 1262:Aksel Airo 1238:Risto Ryti 770:Tannu Tuva 627:Yugoslavia 524:until 1943 502:until 1944 467:until 1944 237:1945-05-08 226:1941-06-22 89:newspapers 18:Ostfeldzug 20707:Åland War 20675:Murid War 20514:18th–19th 19677:(1941–45) 19102:, 1941–45 19093:Wehrmacht 18939:Manchuria 18825:Indochina 18601:Bagration 18052:Lithuania 17697:Anschluss 17494:Viet Minh 17391:Lithuania 17333:Hong Kong 17103:Manchukuo 17058:Azad Hind 16717:Australia 16517:Aftermath 16380:Paperclip 16275:Aftermath 16075:Total war 15943:Diplomacy 15906:In Europe 15655:TVOntario 15473:142875289 15294:(2007) , 14502:Table 198 14031:147065225 13126:Army News 13098:Army News 12973:"Estonia" 12647:Total War 12562:cite book 12530:143690841 12425:cite book 12231:159846665 11522:144385167 11460:159765625 11409:153557275 11142:Ostrausch 11100:143904500 11043:5 January 10495:Citations 10390:romanized 10381:Ukrainian 10355:romanized 10160:" (under 10108:installed 9965:Kantokuen 9890:Wehrmacht 9847:Waffen-SS 9715:Bulgaria 9517:400,000+ 9090:Japanese 9087:Romanian 9070:Aircraft 8949:Japanese 8946:Romanian 8705:Japanese 8702:Romanian 8660:Aluminium 8607:total war 8503:16th Army 8472:Wehrmacht 8418:occupying 8388:Ivanhorod 8358:Wehrmacht 8354:Lithuania 8306:Total war 8246:tramplers 8242:companies 8233:politruks 8198:, of the 8178:Stalinist 8055:Wehrmacht 7931:by 1968. 7917:Nuremberg 7783:Leningrad 7730:Mengjiang 7726:Manchukuo 7626:near the 7624:Flensburg 7583:and then 7581:Eva Braun 7550:Stralsund 7533:program. 7464:-mounted 7438:Frankfurt 7380:Pomerania 7207:Wehrmacht 7181:Ilomantsi 7118:armistice 7114:Bucharest 7095:Bagration 7063:Wehrmacht 7054:soldiers 6988:, a main 6969:Wehrmacht 6921:Cherkassy 6765:Wehrmacht 6651:artillery 6647:pillboxes 6635:landmines 6627:anti-tank 6445:Slovakian 6426:Wehrmacht 6391:Don river 6369:Case Blue 6112:Wehrmacht 6034:peninsula 5975:Oka River 5944:Wehrmacht 5882:Lokhvytsa 5792:Wehrmacht 5732:regions. 5710:Leningrad 5695:encircled 5686:Luftwaffe 5443:campaigns 5333:resources 5032:obtained 4983:Luftwaffe 4979:Waffen SS 4965:6,410,000 4959:1,960,000 4945:6,532,000 4939:2,330,000 4926:6,425,000 4920:3,370,000 4898:3,933,000 4885:9,350,000 4876:3,720,000 4862:5,500,000 4855:3,767,000 4790:Wehrmacht 4779:partisans 4772:Wehrmacht 4683:Anschluss 4676:and with 4627:proxy war 4596:Comintern 4531:Bolshevik 4501:Ostrausch 4465:Wehrmacht 4426:The Nazi 4179:Anschluss 4142:bitter". 4070:Fall Blau 3885:Geography 3880:Education 3842:Gorbachev 3837:Chernenko 3725:Osh riots 3705:Jeltoqsan 3591:1982–1991 3427:1964–1982 3332:1953–1964 3211:Holodomor 3188:1927–1953 3127:1917–1927 3072:Communism 2935:Gumbinnen 2880:Bagration 2719:Sinyavino 2703:Case Blue 2588:Leningrad 2513:Black Sea 2264:Australia 2160:Alps 1940 2153:1944–1945 1831:Michael I 704:from 1944 684:from 1944 661:from 1944 168:: Soviet 21240:Cold War 21102:Gulf War 20458:and the 20331:Internal 20187:Imperial 19540:Ukase 43 19489:Babi Yar 19050:Category 18999:document 18909:document 18766:Ardennes 18750:Budapest 18698:Crossbow 18576:Overlord 18415:Smolensk 17633:Timeline 17468:Slovakia 17454:Thailand 17305:Ethiopia 17270:Bulgaria 17194:Portugal 17132:Thailand 17014:Bulgaria 16792:Eswatini 16785:Ethiopia 16738:Bulgaria 16563:Unit 731 16524:Response 16341:Keelhaul 16291:Cold War 16264:Americas 16255:timeline 16248:Atlantic 16128:Theaters 15536:Archived 15322:Archived 14968:(1995). 14365:Die Zeit 14201:Archived 14043:Beevor, 13901:Archived 13860:60671899 13592:(2017). 13564:(2020). 13479:Ziemke, 13362:Beevor, 13345:Ziemke, 13328:Beevor, 13319:Page 138 13311:Beevor, 13294:Ziemke, 13133:15 April 13105:15 April 13019:(1997). 12945:(2002). 12680:58342844 12614:(1989). 12584:(2007). 12223:30036339 12185:Archived 12174:Archived 11993:Archived 11285:(1970). 10980:(2005). 10937:41052845 10929:20077627 10844:(2007). 10632:(1966). 10460:citation 10223:Red Army 10194:Red Army 10176:through 9909:See also 9864:and the 9853:and the 9843:Normandy 9727:Unknown 9724:Unknown 9708:Unknown 9696:Romania 9689:Unknown 9686:Unknown 9621:Unknown 9601:158,000 9586:Finland 9556:500,000 9553:245,000 9550:300,000 9547:Hungary 9537:500,000 9534:226,000 9531:281,000 9528:Romania 9523:118,127 9520:Unknown 9514:215,000 9511:215,000 9503:Unknown 9500:500,000 9428:Narkomat 9367:'s (the 9317:800,000 9294:200,000 9081:Italian 8940:Italian 8696:Italian 8603:materiel 8480:genocide 8370:Cossacks 8337:Vinnitsa 8311:— 8038:Vinnitsa 8011:ideology 7806:magazine 7718:Japanese 7466:Katyusha 7388:Budapest 7260:Courland 7256:Saaremaa 7173:VKT-line 6977:Novgorod 6867:Zhytomyr 6840:Westwall 6807:Katyusha 6719:outside 6697:Karachev 6670:Belgorod 6643:trenches 6561:Manstein 6456:Malgobek 6449:regiment 6437:littoral 6279:, which 6277:Demyansk 6273:garrison 6124:reserves 6042:held out 6040:, which 5908:Caucasus 5796:Guderian 5784:Smolensk 5730:Novgorod 5720:and the 5699:infantry 5663:brigades 5366:Bulgaria 5173:360,778 4655:Red Army 4344:Bukovina 4279:protocol 4149:and the 4094:Bulgaria 4086:at Kursk 4065:Caucasus 3900:Politics 3847:List of 3832:Andropov 3827:Brezhnev 3817:Malenkov 3604:Glasnost 3299:Cold War 3041:a series 3039:Part of 2980:Solstice 2940:Budapest 2930:Courland 2920:Debrecen 2915:Belgrade 2837:2nd Kiev 2709:Caucasus 2682:Demyansk 2643:Chechnya 2577:1st Kiev 2433:Bulgaria 2362:Atlantic 2345:Americas 2298:Adriatic 1888:Strength 758:Mongolia 716:Support: 678:Bulgaria 540:Slovakia 301:and the 295:Cold War 282:Fall of 249:Location 196:, 1942; 21180:Outline 21163:century 20764:century 20516:century 20199:Related 20183:Tsarist 20133:Part of 20087:Related 20076:Berkuts 20061:Strizhi 19683:By year 19673:in the 19665:Annual 18976:Shumshu 18743:Hungary 18690:Estonia 18674:Lapland 18652:Dragoon 18585:Neptune 18567:Ichi-Go 18533:Tempest 18475:Changde 18430:Cottage 18322:Jubilee 18038:Finland 17936:Compass 17642:Prelude 17595:Finland 17481:Vietnam 17447:Romania 17319:Germany 17298:Estonia 17284:Denmark 17263:Belgium 17256:Austria 17249:Albania 17180:Ireland 17166:Andorra 17150:Neutral 17117:Romania 17051:Hungary 17036:Finland 16908:Romania 16800:Finland 16778:Denmark 16724:Belgium 16710:Algeria 16416:Romania 16402:Hungary 16158:Pacific 15882:General 15836:Leaders 15821:Battles 15814:Outline 15720:Romania 15696:Hungary 15682:Portals 15666:YouTube 15639:YouTube 15624:YouTube 15605:YouTube 15578:YouTube 15493:website 15489:on the 14913:Sources 14636:5 April 14440:10 July 14302:10 July 14267:15 June 14186:p. 498. 14071:, 2007 14023:2192342 13922:pg 1270 13911:website 13907:on the 13819:7 March 13809:bdsa.ru 13519:1983926 13302:page 71 13250:18 July 12926:1861311 12912:–1388. 12798:1988530 12522:1906049 12475:1987464 12247:(1997) 11884:1432205 11833:2592851 11452:2495264 11049:citing 10921:4546842 10828:4546609 10409:Himmler 10392:: 10357:: 10346:Russian 9721:10,000 9718:10,000 9705:80,000 9702:17,000 9699:17,000 9683:24,000 9680:24,000 9677:Poland 9657:Soviet 9592:62,731 9589:63,204 9579:27,000 9576:70,000 9573:55,000 9570:82,000 9562:89,313 9559:55,000 9540:55,000 9271:50,000 9228:German 9225:Soviet 9222:German 9219:Soviet 9181:20,052 9173:28,180 9164:39,807 9161:40,246 9153:16,693 9144:25,527 9141:34,845 9124:15,556 9121:25,436 9101:11,776 9098:15,735 9078:German 9075:Soviet 9040:15,400 9026:27,300 9023:28,963 9006:19,800 9003:24,089 8980:24,446 8937:German 8934:Soviet 8693:Soviet 8690:German 8687:Soviet 8684:German 8681:Soviet 8678:German 8675:Soviet 8672:German 8589:Soviet 8529:⁄ 8519:⁄ 8492:disease 8346:Estonia 8003:leaders 7911:at the 7895:of the 7889:Silesia 7814:General 7770:theatre 7756:Results 7599:as new 7591:as new 7576:river. 7564:of the 7556:of the 7542:Stettin 7396:Austria 7169:VT-line 7158:On the 7141:Tallinn 7129:Jelgava 7110:Romania 7091:Belarus 6836:Ostwall 6655:mortars 6598:Kharkov 6573:Poltava 6557:riposte 6247:salient 6062:Kremlin 6026:Stalino 6018:Kharkov 5987:Bryansk 5850:Galicia 5809:archive 5693:forces 5671:Western 5580:Russian 5569:Russian 5558:Russian 5545:Russian 5529:Russian 5518:Russian 5505:Russian 5489:Russian 5478:Russian 5467:Russian 5454:Russian 5377:Swedish 5362:Croatia 5358:Hungary 5350:Romania 5310:exactly 5162:(tons) 5131:Hungary 5127:Romania 5113:by the 5066:Marshal 5056:on the 5019:Balkans 4957:Total: 4937:Total: 4918:Total: 4905:Total: 4896:Total: 4883:Total: 4874:Total: 4853:Total: 4733:Finland 4552:in 1940 4405:Siberia 4325:Karelia 4263:Ukraine 4223:to the 4090:Romania 4034:Balkans 4028:), and 4026:Baltics 3990:theatre 3890:History 3875:Economy 3870:Culture 3849:troikas 3455:Détente 2974:Breslau 2969:Silesia 2874:Karelia 2826:Dnieper 2692:Bamberg 2633:Finland 2582:Tallinn 2438:Hungary 2428:Romania 2277:Africa 2177:Balkans 2172:Britain 2126:Lapland 2121:Karelia 2111:Finland 1745:† 1665:† 1523:† 831:† 699:Finland 655:Romania 555:Croatia 497:Finland 483:Hungary 461:Romania 445:Germany 342:Austria 319:changes 263:Austria 259:Germany 235: ( 224: ( 190:German 178:Tiger I 103:scholar 20490:Deluge 20414:Russia 20193:times) 20191:Soviet 20179:Russia 19406:PB 320 19402:PB 315 19398:PB 304 19388:PB 314 19384:PB 303 19370:PB 322 19366:PB 316 19362:PB 307 19302:HSS-PF 19122:Centre 18953:Debate 18925:Taipei 18918:Borneo 18496:Tarawa 17690:Europe 17651:Africa 17440:Poland 17426:Norway 17405:Malaya 17384:Latvia 17326:Greece 17312:France 17208:Sweden 17173:Bhutan 16901:Poland 16887:Norway 16859:Mexico 16826:Greece 16812:France 16750:Canada 16731:Brazil 16701:Allies 16647:Serbia 16636:Poland 16409:Poland 16395:Baltic 16188:Europe 15890:Topics 15842:Allied 15708:Poland 15567:Videos 15471: 15421: 15388: 15374: 15351: 15333: 15302: 15283: 15266: 15240: 15220: 15192: 15177: 15159: 15129: 15114: 15099: 15075: 15060: 15042: 15014: 14995: 14976: 14950: 14927: 14900:9 July 14890:"1945" 14876: 14853: 14828: 14803: 14751: 14729: 14603:9 July 14579: 14567: 14546: 14530: 14498: 14490: 14482: 14470: 14462: 14454: 14423: 14403: 14349:p. 289 14345: 14324: 14111:Forces 14079:p. 391 14075: 14051: 14029: 14021: 13881: 13858: 13848: 13787: 13763: 13697: 13600: 13572: 13544: 13517: 13487:p. 134 13481:Berlin 13402: 13366:, see 13364:Berlin 13349:, see 13347:Berlin 13332:, see 13330:Berlin 13315:, see 13313:Berlin 13298:, see 13296:Berlin 13275: 13224:14 May 13190: 13161: 13075: 13029: 12955: 12924: 12853: 12819: 12796: 12759: 12734: 12709: 12678: 12668: 12628: 12594: 12528: 12520: 12473: 12344: 12260:20 May 12229: 12221: 12182:Part 2 12151:(1997) 12041: 11973: 11882: 11831: 11792: 11765: 11720: 11572: 11545: 11520: 11458: 11450: 11407: 11322: 11295: 11265: 11238: 11208: 11181: 11126: 11098: 11019:578338 11017: 10960: 10935: 10927: 10919: 10854: 10826: 10769: 10741: 10716: 10686: 10659: 10586: 10549: 10518: 10373:German 10278:(with 10168:, was 10143:, and 10137:German 9882:German 9734:Total 9606:Total 9595:3,500 9567:Italy 9391:, and 9193:8,263 9184:7,544 9133:8,861 9127:2,818 9113:5,088 9110:1,000 9104:3,503 8986:1,252 8983:9,300 8960:5,200 8957:6,590 8880:149.3 8848:245.3 8839:121.5 8836:509.8 8807:250.0 8795:521.4 8766:264.0 8754:513.1 8725:233.6 8716:151.4 8713:483.4 8512:Khatyn 8488:famine 8352:, and 8350:Latvia 8285:, and 8084:Korsun 7925:rabies 7819:, the 7682:Russia 7632:Mürwik 7628:Danish 7570:Torgau 7552:. The 7487:, and 7458:Neisse 7400:Vienna 7338:Poznań 7334:Danzig 7322:fronts 7318:Warsaw 7309: 7303: 7290:, and 7229:, and 7133:Latvia 7071:Berlin 7040:, and 6990:Baltic 6931:Wiking 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6831:Donbas 6795:, and 6713:Oboyan 6682:Ponyri 6629:guns, 6613: 6607: 6532:Kalach 6515: 6509: 6503: 6490:, and 6460:Grozny 6403:Maikop 6379:, and 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6291:, and 6289:Velizh 6203:, the 6182:Stalin 6178:Zhukov 6170:, and 6151: 6145: 6094:Moscow 6066:Khimki 6030:Crimea 6024:, and 5983:Vyazma 5979:Plavsk 5962:, and 5896:Stavka 5866:Odessa 5862:Fourth 5836:, the 5770:, and 5691:panzer 5667:Baltic 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5346:Norway 5341:France 5325:Europe 5160:Amount 4810:Second 4798:Poland 4706:Forces 4641:, and 4568:, and 4477:German 4436:Nazism 4381:, and 4225:Allies 4185:, and 4010:Poland 4002:Allies 3910:Russia 3812:Stalin 3043:on the 3018:Prague 3012:Berlin 3001:Vienna 2818:Lenino 2660:Lyuban 2625:Moscow 2614:Rostov 2572:Odessa 2367:Arctic 2199:Sicily 2101:Poland 2095:Europe 2008:Total: 1983:Total: 1741: 1661: 1519: 1501: 1276: 827: 784: 755: 742: 729: 696: 675: 652: 624: 607: 595:Poland 579: 565:Allies 552: 537: 515: 494: 480: 458: 442: 402:Poland 400:) and 270:Result 208:, 1943 174:Poznań 105: 98: 91: 84: 76: 20926:] 19380:PB 45 19292:707th 19287:454th 19282:444th 19277:403rd 19272:286th 19267:285th 19262:281st 19252:221st 19247:213th 19242:207th 19237:203rd 19232:201st 19127:South 19117:North 18729:Leyte 18559:Narva 18545:Anzio 18503:Makin 18461:Burma 18345:Torch 18314:Rzhev 18275:Kiska 17361:Korea 17347:Japan 17340:Italy 17222:Tibet 17201:Spain 17079:Italy 16840:Italy 16833:India 16757:China 16632:Japan 16232:Italy 16144:China 16096:Women 15762:Media 15662:Video 15635:Video 15620:Video 15601:Video 15574:Video 15559:from 15469:S2CID 14399:1988 14069:Knopf 14027:S2CID 14019:JSTOR 13515:JSTOR 13155:(PDF) 13050:[ 12922:JSTOR 12908:(5): 12794:JSTOR 12705:–11. 12622:242–3 12526:S2CID 12518:JSTOR 12471:JSTOR 12227:S2CID 12219:JSTOR 12171:Part1 11880:JSTOR 11829:JSTOR 11678:[ 11653:(PDF) 11518:S2CID 11456:S2CID 11448:JSTOR 11405:S2CID 11096:S2CID 11074:(PDF) 11015:JSTOR 10933:S2CID 10917:JSTOR 10824:JSTOR 10413:HSSPF 10186:First 10086:Notes 10067:Lists 9804:Kholm 9369:Reich 9331:1945 9308:1944 9285:1943 9262:1942 9239:1941 9205:Year 9178:1945 9158:1944 9138:1943 9118:1942 9095:1941 9067:Year 9037:1945 9020:1944 9000:1943 8977:1942 8954:1941 8924:Year 8898:19.4 8892:86.3 8886:12.3 8874:1945 8857:18.2 8851:82.7 8845:10.9 8842:28.5 8833:1944 8819:0.01 8816:18.0 8810:62.3 8801:34.6 8798:93.1 8792:1943 8778:0.01 8775:22.0 8769:51.7 8760:32.1 8757:75.5 8751:1942 8737:0.12 8734:33.0 8722:17.9 8719:31.8 8710:1941 8655:Steel 8647:Year 8552:Gulag 8466:(see 8171:like 7891:were 7787:Kursk 7734:Korea 7680:– in 7651:Reims 7643:SHAEF 7605:Magda 7568:near 7462:truck 7264:Memel 6848:Kaniv 6602:Kursk 6395:Volga 6317:Izyum 6285:Kholm 6197:Rzhev 6074:Orsha 6022:Kursk 5971:Oryol 5892:Dvina 5858:Third 5819:Gomel 5760:Minsk 5726:Pskov 5354:Italy 5286:Loran 5226:Total 5214:1945 5209:35.5 5203:1944 5198:27.4 5192:1943 5181:1942 5170:1941 5157:Year 4837:Date 4806:First 4668:with 4450:Aryan 4421:Slavs 3807:Lenin 2859:Narva 2832:Nevel 2792:Kursk 2758:Iskra 2687:Kholm 2671:Rzhev 2638:Kerch 2619:Gorky 2552:Brody 2537:Brest 2448:Japan 2423:Italy 2402:Coups 2303:Malta 2247:Japan 2215:China 2194:Italy 2043:below 2027:below 2002:below 1142:] 518:Italy 186:Stuka 110:JSTOR 96:books 21161:21st 20762:20th 20189:and 19974:GRAU 19951:and 19861:2025 19855:2024 19850:2023 19845:2022 19840:2021 19835:2020 19830:2019 19825:2018 19820:2017 19815:2016 19810:2015 19805:2014 19800:2013 19795:2012 19790:2011 19785:2010 19780:2009 19775:2008 19770:2007 19765:2006 19760:2005 19755:2004 19750:2003 19745:2002 19740:2001 19735:2000 19730:1999 19725:1998 19720:1997 19715:1996 19710:1995 19705:1990 19700:1985 19695:1965 19690:1945 19347:PB 9 19332:and 18795:1945 18523:1944 18364:1943 18292:Blue 18282:Attu 18189:1942 17948:1941 17800:1940 17738:1939 17667:Asia 17514:POWs 17354:Jews 17072:Iraq 16998:Axis 16948:Tuva 16764:Cuba 15849:Axis 15419:ISBN 15386:ISBN 15372:ISBN 15349:ISBN 15331:ISBN 15300:ISBN 15281:ISBN 15264:ISBN 15238:ISBN 15218:ISBN 15190:ISBN 15175:ISBN 15157:ISBN 15127:ISBN 15112:ISBN 15097:ISBN 15073:ISBN 15058:ISBN 15040:ISBN 15012:ISBN 14993:ISBN 14974:ISBN 14948:ISBN 14925:ISBN 14902:2018 14874:ISBN 14851:ISBN 14826:ISBN 14801:ISBN 14780:2018 14749:ISBN 14727:ISBN 14638:2014 14605:2018 14577:ISBN 14565:ISBN 14544:ISBN 14528:ISBN 14496:ISBN 14488:ISBN 14480:ISBN 14468:ISBN 14460:ISBN 14452:ISBN 14442:2018 14421:ISBN 14401:ISBN 14343:ISBN 14322:ISBN 14304:2018 14269:2011 14073:ISBN 14055:p 60 14049:ISBN 13879:ISBN 13856:OCLC 13846:ISBN 13821:2019 13785:ISBN 13761:ISBN 13695:ISBN 13624:Time 13598:ISBN 13570:ISBN 13542:ISBN 13467:2023 13400:ISBN 13273:ISBN 13252:2023 13245:ENRS 13226:2007 13188:ISBN 13159:ISBN 13135:2020 13107:2020 13073:ISBN 13027:ISBN 13003:2016 12953:ISBN 12910:1365 12851:ISBN 12817:ISBN 12757:ISBN 12732:ISBN 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