430:(1850â1909) conducted cognitive studies that mainly examined the function and capacity of human memory. Ebbinghaus developed his own experiment in which he constructed over 2,000 syllables made out of nonexistent words (for instance, 'EAS'). He then examined his own personal ability to learn these non-words. He purposely chose non-words as opposed to real words to control for the influence of pre-existing experience on what the words might symbolize, thus enabling easier recollection of them. Ebbinghaus observed and hypothesized a number of variables that may have affected his ability to learn and recall the non-words he created. One of the reasons, he concluded, was the amount of time between the presentation of the list of stimuli and the recitation or recall of the same. Ebbinghaus was the first to record and plot a "
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identify whether a green circle is present or not, should not change as the number of distractors increases. Conjunctive searches where the target is absent should have a longer reaction time than the conjunctive searches where the target is present. The theory is that in feature searches, it is easy to spot the target, or if it is absent, because of the difference in color between the target and the distractors. In conjunctive searches where the target is absent, reaction time increases because the subject has to look at each shape to determine whether it is the target or not because some of the distractors if not all of them, are the same color as the target stimuli. Conjunctive searches where the target is present take less time because if the target is found, the search between each shape stops.
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mind as a machine and consciousness as an executive function. However; post cognitivism began to emerge in the 1990s as the development of cognitive science presented theories that highlighted the necessity of cognitive action as embodied, extended, and producing dynamic processes in the mind. The development of
Cognitive psychology arose as psychology from different theories, and so began exploring these dynamics concerning mind and environment, starting a movement from these prior dualist paradigms that prioritized cognition as systematic computation or exclusively behavior.
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329:(384â322 BC) and his interest in the inner workings of the mind and how they affect the human experience. Aristotle focused on cognitive areas pertaining to memory, perception, and mental imagery. He placed great importance on ensuring that his studies were based on empirical evidence, that is, scientific information that is gathered through observation and conscientious experimentation. Two millennia later, the groundwork for modern concepts of cognition was laid during the
424:: examining the inner feelings of an individual. With introspection, the subject had to be careful with describing their feelings in the most objective manner possible in order for Wundt to find the information scientific. Though Wundt's contributions are by no means minimal, modern psychologists find his methods to be too subjective and choose to rely on more objective procedures of experimentation to make conclusions about the human cognitive process.
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883:. Consequently, information given in the middle of the sequence is typically forgotten, or not recalled as easily. This study predicts that the recency effect is stronger than the primacy effect, because the information that is most recently learned is still in working memory when asked to be recalled. Information that is learned first still has to go through a retrieval process. This experiment focuses on human memory processes.
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the environment, demonstrating cognitive achievements. However, organisms with simple reflexes cannot cognize the environment alone because the environment is the cacophony of stimuli (electromagnetic waves, chemical interactions, and pressure fluctuations). Their sensation is too limited by the noise to solve the cue problemâthe relevant stimulus cannot overcome the noise magnitude if it passes through the senses (see the
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the experiment, if the subject recalled a list correctly, the list length was increased by one for that type of material, and vice versa if it was recalled incorrectly. The theory is that people have a memory span of about seven items for numbers, the same for letters that sound dissimilar and short words. The memory span is projected to be shorter with letters that sound similar and with longer words.
454:(1842â1910) is another pivotal figure in the history of cognitive science. James was quite discontent with Wundt's emphasis on introspection and Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense stimuli. He instead chose to focus on the human learning experience in everyday life and its importance to the study of cognition. James' most significant contribution to the study and theory of cognition was his textbook
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1165:(TMS) has been shown to improve cognition in individuals without dementia 1 month after treatment session compared to before treatment. The effect was not significantly larger compared to placebo. Computerized cognitive training, utilizing a computer based training regime for different cognitive functions has been examined in a clinical setting but no lasting effects has been shown.
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448:, can be attributed to the studies that she conducted. The recency effect, also discussed in the subsequent experiment section, is the tendency for individuals to be able to accurately recollect the final items presented in a sequence of stimuli. Calkin's theory is closely related to the aforementioned study and conclusion of the memory experiments conducted by Hermann Ebbinghaus.
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464:(1596â1650) was a seventeenth-century philosopher who came up with the phrase "Cogito, ergo sum", which means "I think, therefore I am." He took a philosophical approach to the study of cognition and the mind, with his Meditations he wanted people to meditate along with him to come to the same conclusions as he did but in their own free cognition.
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of the same kind; words depicting objects, numbers, letters that sound similar, and letters that sound dissimilar. After being presented with the stimuli, the subject is asked to recall the sequence of stimuli that they were given in the exact order in which it was given. In one particular version of
1154:) to daily activities designed to stimulate thinking and memory in a social setting, seems to improve cognition. Although study materials are small, and larger studies need to confirm the results, the effect of social cognitive stimulation seems to be larger than the effects of some drug treatments.
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and in one particular version of the experiment, they are then given a distractor task, asking them to identify whether a sequence of words is in fact words, or non-words (due to being misspelled, etc.). After the distractor task, they are asked to recall the trigram from before the distractor task.
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Psychologists initially understood cognition governing human action as information processing. This was a movement known as cognitivism in the 1950s, emerging after the
Behaviorist movement viewed cognition as a form of behavior. Cognitivism approached cognition as a form of computation, viewing the
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have been studied concerning cognitive improvement. There appear to be short-term increases in attention span, verbal and visual memory in some studies. However, the effects are transient and diminish over time, after cessation of the physical activity. People with
Parkinson's disease has also seen
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presents a subject with a word, or a letter by itself, for a brief period of time, i.e. 40 ms, and they are then asked to recall the letter that was in a particular location in the word. In theory, the subject should be better able to correctly recall the letter when it was presented in a word
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Studies on cognitive development have also been conducted in children beginning from the embryonal period to understand when cognition appears and what environmental attributes stimulate the construction of human thought or mental processes. Research shows the intentional engagement of fetuses with
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introduced the notion of pre-perceptual communication in the mother-fetus communication model due to nonlocal neuronal coupling. This nonlocal coupling model refers to communication between two organisms through the copying of the adequate ecological dynamics by biological systems indwelling one
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search, the subject is presented with trial windows that have blue circles or green squares and a present or absent green circle whose presence the participant is asked to identify. What is expected is that in the feature searches, reaction time, that is the time it takes for a participant to
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of the low-frequency oscillator (Mother heartbeats) and already exhibited gamma activity in these neuronal networks (interference in physics is the combination of two or more electromagnetic waveforms to form a resultant wave). Therefore, the subliminal perception in a fetus emerges due to
794:, highlighting its contribution to cognitive development from birth. This primary interaction provides unaware collaboration in mother-child dyads for environmental learning. Later, Igor Val Danilov developed this notion, expanding it to the intrauterine period and clarifying the
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Intelligence is present; motor activity but no symbols; knowledge is developing yet limited; knowledge is based on experiences/ interactions; mobility allows the child to learn new things; some language skills are developed at the end of this stage. The goal is to develop
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Another crucial question in understanding the beginning of cognition is memory storage about the relevant ecological dynamics by the naive nervous system (i.e., memorizing the ecological condition of relevant sensory stimulus) at the molecular level â an
3080:
Hartelt, T. & Martens, H. (2024). Influence of self-assessment and conditional metaconceptual knowledge on students' self-regulation of intuitive and scientific conceptions of evolution. Journal of
Research in Science Teaching, 61(5), 1134â1180.
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who were also great contributors in the field of developmental psychology. Piaget is known for studying the cognitive development in children, having studied his own three children and their intellectual development, from which he would come to a
823:) but without interacting through sensory signals. The Mother's heartbeats (a low-frequency oscillator) modulate relevant local neuronal networks in specific subsystems of both her and the nervous system of the fetus due to the effect of the
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Logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts; Acquires flexibility in thinking as well as the capacities for abstract thinking and mental hypothesis testing; can consider possible alternatives in complex reasoning and problem-solving.
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techniques in conjunction with appropriate behavioural analyses continues to offer support for the idea that changing the strength of connections between neurons is one of the major mechanisms by which engrams are stored in the brain.
3140:
Gunstone, R. F. & Mitchell, I. I. (2005). Metacognition and conceptual change. In J. J. Mintzes, J. H. Wandersee & J. D. Novak (Eds.), Teaching science for understanding: A human constructivist view (pp. 133ÂŹâ163). Academic
1075:. There are generally two components of metacognition: (1) cognitive conceptions and (2) cognitive regulation system. Research has shown that both components of metacognition play key roles in metaconceptual knowledge and learning.
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Szymanski C, Pesquita A, Brennan AA, Perdikis D, Enns JT, Brick TR, et al. (May 2017). "Teams on the same wavelength perform better: Inter-brain phase synchronization constitutes a neural substrate for social facilitation".
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approach, the mother shares the essential sensory stimulus of the actual cognitive problem with the child. By sharing this stimulus, the mother provides a template for developing the young organism's nervous system.
1926:
Pyszczynski, Tom; Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander; Solomon, Sheldon (2010). "Experimental
Existential Psychology: Coping With the Facts of Life". In Fiske, Susan T.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Lindzey, Gardner (eds.).
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Woods B, Aguirre E, Spector AE, Orrell M, et al. (Cochrane
Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group) (February 2012). "Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia".
530:. However, psychological research within the field of cognitive science has also suggested an embodied approach to understanding cognition. Contrary to the traditional computationalist approach,
1071:, meaning "beyond", or "on top of". Metacognition can take many forms, such as reflecting on one's ways of thinking, and knowing when and how oneself and others use particular strategies for
2398:
Jardri, R.; Houfflin-Debarge, V.; Delion, P.; Pruvo, J-P.; Thomas, P.; Pins, D. (2012). "Assessing fetal response to maternal speech using a noninvasive functional brain imaging technique."
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Castiello, U.; Becchio, C.; Zoia, S.; Nelini, C.; Sartori, L.; Blason, L.; D'Ottavio, G.; Bulgheroni, M.; Gallese, V. (2010). "Wired to be social: the ontogeny of human interaction."
958:, a participant is presented with a window that displays circles and squares scattered across it. The participant is to identify whether there is a green circle on the window. In the
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Val
Danilov Igor, Mihailova Sandra. (2021). "Neuronal Coherence Agent for Shared Intentionality: A Hypothesis of Neurobiological Processes Occurring during Social Interaction".
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is meant to test a theory of memory that states that when information is given in a serial manner, we tend to remember information at the beginning of the sequence, called the
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Recent findings in research on child cognitive development and advances in inter-brain neuroscience experiments have made the above proposition plausible. Based on them, the
1142:. Another study on the effects of herbal and dietary supplements on cognition in menopause show that soy and Ginkgo biloba supplementation could improve women's cognition.
2364:
Lecanuet, J.P.; GranierâDeferre, C.; Jacquet, A.Y.; Capponi, I.; Ledru, L. (1993). "Prenatal discrimination of a male and a female voice uttering the same sentence."
2093:"Smartphone in Detecting Developmental Disability in Infancy: A Theoretical Approach to Shared Intentionality for Assessment Tool of Cognitive Decline and e-Learning"
3478:
Sokolov AN, Pavlova MA, Klosterhalfen S, Enck P (December 2013). "Chocolate and the brain: neurobiological impact of cocoa flavanols on cognition and behavior".
3219:"Dose-response relationship between exercise and cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2709:
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Hazamy, Audrey A.; Altmann, Lori J.P.; Stegemöller, Elizabeth; Bowers, Dawn; Lee, Hyo Keun; Wilson, Jonathan; Okun, Michael S.; Hass, Chris J. (April 2017).
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Two (or more) possible mechanisms of cognition can involve both quantum effects and synchronization of brain structures due to electromagnetic interference.
649:. He believed that humans are unique in comparison to animals because we have the capacity to do "abstract symbolic reasoning". His work can be compared to
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search, the subject is presented with several trial windows that have blue squares or circles and one green circle or no green circle in it at all. In the
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1513:ĂbrahĂĄm KovĂĄcs (Ed.), Reformed Churches Working Unity in Diversity: Global Historical, Theological and Ethical Perspectives (Budapest: l'Harmattan, 2016)
444:(1863â1930) was an influential American pioneer in the realm of psychology. Her work also focused on human memory capacity. A common theory, called the
1138:, blueberry supplementation and antioxidants showed minor increases in cognitive function after supplementation but no significant effects compared to
782:). Fetuses need external help to stimulate their nervous system in choosing the relevant sensory stimulus for grasping the perception of objects. The
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In theory, the longer the distractor task, the harder it will be for participants to correctly recall the trigram. This experiment focuses on human
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environmental context, where a naive actor (Fetus) replicates information from an experienced actor (Mother) due to intrinsic processes of these
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Gates NJ, Rutjes AW, Di Nisio M, Karim S, Chong LY, March E, et al. (Cochrane
Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group) (February 2020).
2274:"Low-Frequency Oscillations for Nonlocal Neuronal Coupling in Shared Intentionality Before and After Birth: Toward the Origin of Perception"
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Takeuchi, T; Duszkiewicz, A.J.; Morris, R.G. (2013). "The synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis: encoding, storage and persistence."
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Hu Y, Pan Y, Shi X, Cai Q, Li X, Cheng X (March 2018). "Inter-brain synchrony and cooperation context in interactive decision making".
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approach proposes a plausible explanation of perception development in this earlier stage. Initially, Michael
Tomasello introduced the
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Symbols or language skills are present; memory and imagination are developed; non-reversible and non-logical thinking; shows intuitive
3649:"Computerised cognitive training for 12 or more weeks for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in late life"
2052:"Shared Intentionality Modulation at the Cell Level: Low-Frequency Oscillations for Temporal Coordination in Bioengineering Systems"
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Val
Danilov I. (2023). "Theoretical Grounds of Shared Intentionality for Neuroscience in Developing Bioengineering Systems".
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of emotion; research is also focused on one's awareness of one's own strategies and methods of cognition, which is called
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609:. The concept of cognition has gone through several revisions through the development of disciplines within psychology.
484:, it extracts similarities from numerous examples; the simplification enables higher-level thinking (abstract thinking).
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Young J, Angevaren M, Rusted J, Tabet N, et al. (Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group) (April 2015).
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Wolfe J, Cave K, Franzel S (1989). "Guided search: An alternative to the feature integration model for visual search".
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2563:"Putting our heads together: interpersonal neural synchronization as a biological mechanism for shared intentionality"
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1977:
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746:; thinking is now characterized by reversibility and the ability to take the role of another; grasps concepts of the
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Sanders LM, HortobĂĄgyi T, la Bastide-van Gemert S, van der Zee EA, van Heuvelen MJ (2019-01-10). Regnaux JP (ed.).
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Hanslmayr, S.; Axmacher, N.; Inman, C. S. (2019). "Modulating human memory via entrainment of brain oscillations."
2422:"Shared intentionality modulates interpersonal neural synchronization at the establishment of communication system"
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Madigan S, O'Hara R (1992). "Short-term memory at the turn of the century: Mary Whiton Calkin's memory research".
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Lee, G.Y.C.; Kisilevsky, B.S. (2014). "Fetuses respond to father's voice but prefer mother's voice after birth."
1289:â a list that identifies many types of thoughts, types of thinking, aspects of thought, related fields, and more.
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Cognitive processes are analyzed from different perspectives within different contexts, notably in the fields of
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Kisilevsky, B.C. (2016). "Fetal Auditory Processing: Implications for Language Development? Fetal Development."
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Flavell, J.H. (1979). "Metacognition and cognitive monitoring. A new area of cognitive-development inquiry".
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of words is the first factor. More controlled experiments examine the categorical relationships of words in
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2471:"Joint control of visually guided actions involves concordant increases in behavioural and neural coupling"
1017:. More dynamic models of semantic networks have been created and tested with computational systems such as
3172:. Oxford Paperback Reference (4 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2015). p. 456.
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Fishburn FA, Murty VP, Hlutkowsky CO, MacGillivray CE, Bemis LM, Murphy ME, et al. (September 2018).
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750:, length, weight, and volume; predominantly operational thinking; nonreversible and egocentric thinking
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which preliminarily examines aspects of cognition such as perception, memory, reasoning, and attention.
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3376:"The effects of acute wild blueberry supplementation on the cognition of 7â10-year-old schoolchildren"
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1998:
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emphasizes the body's significant role in the acquisition and development of cognitive capabilities.
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Trung J, Hanganu A, Jobert S, Degroot C, Mejia-Constain B, Kibreab M, et al. (September 2019).
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1029:, and multidimensional factor analysis. The meanings of words are studied by all the disciplines of
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was not thought of as a cognitive process, but now much research is being undertaken to examine the
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who sought to develop a model of the mind in which ideas were acquired, remembered and manipulated.
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3278:"Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment"
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Kerskens, C. M.; PĂ©rez, D. L. (2022). "Experimental indications of non-classical brain functions."
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An international journal publishing theoretical and experimental papers on the study of the mind.
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Hepper, P.G.; Scott, D.; Shahidullah, S. (1993). "Newborn and fetal response to maternal voice."
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Hepper P. (2015). "Behavior during the prenatal period: Adaptive for development and survival."
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2133:"A New Perspective on Assessing Cognition in Children through Estimating Shared Intentionality"
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than when it was presented in isolation. This experiment focuses on human speech and language.
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Information on cognition research, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and
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and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses". It encompasses all aspects of
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1283:â a list of traits, capacities, models, and research fields of human intelligence, and more.
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1528:"The politics of cognition: liberalism and the evolutionary origins of Victorian education"
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3523:"Effects of herbal and dietary supplements on cognition in menopause: A systematic review"
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Writings on metacognition date back at least as far as two works by the Greek philosopher
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10.1088/2399-6528/ac94be https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2399-6528/ac94be/meta
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Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atqve technica historia
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3425:"Does phytoestrogen supplementation improve cognition in humans? A systematic review"
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Barfoot KL, May G, Lamport DJ, Ricketts J, Riddell PM, Williams CM (October 2019).
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3096:"Metacognitive Theory: A Framework for Teaching Literacy, Writing, and Math Skills"
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Research on Brain and Behavior, Environmental In uences, and Emerging Technologies,
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systems have been studied in various paradigms. One of the oldest paradigms is the
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improved cognition while cycling, while pairing it with other cognitive tasks.
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with the mother that stimulates cognition in this organism even before birth.
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Clement, Yuri N.; Onakpoya, Igho; Hung, Shao K.; Ernst, Edzard (March 2011).
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Pinker S, Bloom P (December 1990). "Natural language and natural selection".
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2099:. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Vol. 508. pp. 305â315.
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2825:"Short-term forgetting of order under conditions of reduced interference"
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99:
4144:
2420:
Liu J, Zhang R, Xie E, Lin Y, Chen D, Liu Y, et al. (August 2023).
150:. Cognitive processes use existing knowledge to discover new knowledge.
4299:
3983:
3448:
2897:
2880:
2800:
2783:
2759:
2742:
2386:
1960:
Zelazo, Philip David; Moscovitch, Morris; Thompson, Evan, eds. (2007).
1697:
1076:
582:
495:
380:
368:, and they were even used by politicians when considering the national
345:
334:
182:
174:
170:
162:
158:
123:
87:
2843:
1744:
Blomberg O (2011). "Concepts of cognition for cognitive engineering".
4327:
4317:
4273:
4129:
4114:
3951:
3894:
3824:â an article describing the evolution of mammals' cognitive abilities
3202:
3043:
Schraw, Gregory (1998). "Promoting general metacognitive awareness".
1509:"The Cognitive Unity of Calvinist Pedagogy in Enlightenment Scotland"
1275:
1111:
1086:
698:
645:
was one of the most important and influential people in the field of
578:
550:
326:
194:
178:
107:
91:
83:
79:
3082:
2922:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
1508:
1475:
The Search for a Theory of Cognition: Early Mechanisms and New Ideas
1009:. The hierarchical structure of words has been explicitly mapped in
4332:
4139:
4048:
3844:
2560:
1151:
1080:
574:
353:
247:('examination', 'learning', or 'knowledge'), derived from the verb
205:. These and other approaches to the analysis of cognition (such as
147:
1323:
4357:
4159:
3036:
1730:
1139:
1014:
915:
709:
598:
477:
407:
would offer their contributions to the study of human cognition.
357:
288:
230:
190:
95:
3759:
What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought
3191:
Writings on metacognition can be traced back at least as far as
2743:"Distinctiveness and serial position effects in tonal sequences"
2609:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
1925:
1050:
325:
came about more than eighteen centuries earlier, beginning with
4347:
4337:
4075:
3477:
1065:
of the patterns behind them. The term comes from the root word
686:
558:
557:(like a model of a language). It encompasses processes such as
384:
360:, these models were studied in the academy by scholars such as
127:
111:
32:
This article is about the mental process. For the journal, see
3324:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2126:
2124:
639:, i.e. the construction of human thought or mental processes.
4352:
4022:
2032:
1931:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. socpsy001020.
759:
234:
198:
3828:
Half-heard phone conversations reduce cognitive performance
2200:
2121:
859:
616:
3798:
2469:
Painter DR, Kim JJ, Renton AI, Mattingley JB (June 2021).
2468:
1001:
to determine the main meanings of words, finding that the
3599:
3559:
3373:
3275:
2998:
2996:
879:, and information at the end of the sequence, called the
3646:
3520:
1959:
3794:
Information on music cognition, University of Amsterdam
2784:"The word-superiority effect and phonological recoding"
1785:
989:
of stories as they are repeated from memory studied by
3144:
2993:
1611:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 951â952.
1570:
Fuchs AH, Milar KJ (2003). "Psychology as a science".
666:
that describes the developmental stages of childhood.
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
1686:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 5.
1496:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 4.
1150:
Exposing individuals with cognitive impairment (i.e.
1083:
strategies, is an important aspect of metacognition.
321:
itself dating back to the 15th century, attention to
3815:
Emotional and Decision Making Lab, Carnegie Mellon,
2822:
2400:
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience,
2130:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1172:
418:(1832â1920) emphasized the notion of what he called
3076:
3074:
1788:
Handbook of cognitive science: an embodied approach
1272:â i.e., the measuring of cognitive processing speed
304:
297:
3756:
3423:Thaung Zaw JJ, Howe PR, Wong RH (September 2017).
3422:
2254:
1724:
1061:is an awareness of one's thought processes and an
3106:(4). Hammill Institute on Disabilities: 253â257.
1774:
1651:
1626:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 276.
1145:
498:, the term "cognition" is usually used within an
476:When the mind makes a generalization such as the
4511:
3071:
3009:
2919:
1720:
1718:
1468:
229:dates back to the 15th century, where it meant "
48:"Cognitive" redirects here. For other uses, see
938:, each subject is presented with a sequence of
2832:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A
2419:
2353:Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology,
4210:
4196:
3860:
3722:
3002:Metcalfe, J., & Shimamura, A. P. (1994).
2878:
2131:Val Danilov, Igor; Mihailova, Sandra (2022).
1715:
209:) are synthesized in the developing field of
2879:May CP, Hasher L, Kane MJ (September 1999).
2603:
2554:
2511:
2462:
2413:
2019:
1997:. The New York Times Company. Archived from
1747:International Journal of Aviation Psychology
1428:
1390:. Princeton, MA: MIT Press. pp. 45â72.
914:, participants are briefly presented with a
3653:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3563:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3282:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2964:
2567:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
2517:
2271:
2090:
2049:
1383:
1327:
1265:Information processing technology and aging
972:
348:âparticularly by authors writing about the
282:
272:
262:
248:
238:
4203:
4189:
3867:
3853:
3429:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2740:
2022:Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint
1569:
1532:British Journal for the History of Science
383:emerged as a burgeoning field of study in
3763:. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.
3754:
3672:
3399:
3350:
3301:
3252:
3242:
3093:
2933:
2896:
2881:"The role of interference in memory span"
2799:
2758:
2632:
2586:
2494:
2445:
2289:
2166:
2148:
2067:
1836:
1677:
1675:
1543:
772:
3150:Dunlosky, J. & Bjork, R. A. (Eds.).
1786:Paco Calvo; Antoni Gomila, eds. (2008).
1743:
1737:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1565:
1563:
1205:Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument
1054:Metacognition and self directed learning
1049:
860:Common types of tests on human cognition
623:Piaget's theory of cognitive development
617:Piaget's theory of cognitive development
471:
233:and awareness". The term comes from the
54:
3015:
2823:Nairne J, Whiteman H, Kelley M (1999).
2781:
1962:The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness
1821:"Explaining Embodied Cognition Results"
1639:Psychology: A Student Friendly Approach
14:
4512:
3700:
3480:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
3163:
3042:
1818:
1681:
1672:
1491:
1314:. "De tripl. animae in corp. vision".
1129:
1105:
1079:, defined as knowing about memory and
502:view of an individual's psychological
4184:
3848:
3741:
1637:Brink TL (2008). ""Memory." Unit 7".
1636:
1560:
697:, achieving a basic understanding of
387:, whilst also gaining a following in
3874:
3606:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
3004:Metacognition: knowing about knowing
2191:Becoming Human: A Theory of Ontogeny
1910:
1525:
1409:
1407:
1116:
309:, 'I know,' or 'perceive').
4394:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
4305:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
3154:. Psychology Press: New York, 2008.
2665:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.
1702:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1578:(The history of psychology): 1â26.
886:
553:(like knowledge of a language) and
24:
3723:Coren S, Ward LM, Enns JT (1999).
3693:
2702:Journal of Physics Communications,
1992:
1937:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001020
1725:Sternberg RJ, Sternberg K (2009).
1413:
864:
410:
25:
4551:
3779:
3152:Handbook of Metamemory and Memory
3083:https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21938
1404:
1163:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
902:
537:Human cognition is conscious and
86:functions and processes such as:
4489:
3744:Mind and Cognition: An Anthology
3618:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.07.006
3100:Journal of Learning Disabilities
2625:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.013
2366:Early development and parenting,
1838:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2012.01222.x
1624:The Oxford companion to the mind
1609:The Oxford companion to the mind
1506:
1189:
1175:
1157:
1042:This section is an excerpt from
1036:
946:
812:shared intentionality hypothesis
312:
18:Organizing Knowledge Cognitively
4490:
4430:Evolution of human intelligence
3640:
3593:
3553:
3539:10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.12.005
3514:
3492:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.013
3471:
3416:
3367:
3318:
3269:
3210:
3157:
3134:
3087:
2958:
2913:
2872:
2816:
2775:
2734:
2714:
2694:
2667:2013 Dec 2;369(1633):20130288.
2657:
2532:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.12.005
2392:
2379:Child Development Perspectives,
2371:
2358:
2345:
2332:
2319:
2306:
2233:
2183:
2084:
2013:
1986:
1953:
1919:
1915:(5th ed.). pp. 15â17.
1904:
1869:
1812:
1790:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
1690:
1645:
1630:
1600:
1319:
664:theory of cognitive development
3665:10.1002/14651858.CD012277.pub3
3571:10.1002/14651858.CD005562.pub2
3294:10.1002/14651858.CD005381.pub4
2747:Perception & Psychophysics
2634:11858/00-001M-0000-002D-059A-1
2408:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.11.002
2291:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304192
2249:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2104113
2229:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2301156
2069:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304185
1519:
1500:
1485:
1462:
1422:
1416:Cognition: Theory and Practice
1377:
1339:
1305:
1146:Pleasurable social stimulation
926:
518:, the term is used to explain
13:
1:
4495:Outline of human intelligence
4399:Multiple-intelligences theory
3822:The Limits of Human Cognition
3727:. Harcourt Brace. p. 9.
3380:European Journal of Nutrition
2967:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
2150:10.3390/jintelligence10020021
1929:Handbook of Social Psychology
1729:(6th ed.). Belmont, CA:
1298:
1281:Outline of human intelligence
467:
370:Elementary Education Act 1870
213:, a progressively autonomous
4445:Intelligence and environment
4029:Perception as interpretation
3746:(2nd ed.). Malden, MA:
3244:10.1371/journal.pone.0210036
2782:Krueger LE (November 1992).
2340:Developmental Psychobiology,
2193:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
2105:10.1007/978-3-031-10467-1_19
2020:Parke RD, Gauvain M (2009).
1760:10.1080/10508414.2011.537561
220:
7:
4389:CattellâHornâCarroll theory
3343:10.1016/j.bandc.2017.01.002
3030:10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.906
3006:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1882:, and James T. Enns. 1999.
1825:Topics in Cognitive Science
1168:
281:('know'). The latter half,
10:
4556:
3833:The limits of intelligence
3170:A Dictionary of Psychology
3164:Colman, Andrew M. (2001).
3112:10.1177/002221949202500406
2944:10.1037/0096-1523.15.3.419
2741:Surprenant AM (May 2001).
2730:10.1016/j.tins.2019.04.004
2487:10.1038/s42003-021-02319-3
2438:10.1038/s42003-023-05197-z
2272:Val Danilov, Igor (2023).
2091:Val Danilov, Igor (2022).
2050:Val Danilov, Igor (2023).
1666:10.1037/0003-066X.47.2.170
1584:10.1002/0471264385.wei0101
1387:What is cognitive science?
1109:
1041:
732:Concrete operational stage
635:have conducted studies on
620:
506:, and such is the same in
487:
305:
50:Cognitive (disambiguation)
47:
41:
31:
4485:
4422:
4381:
4272:
4221:
4107:
4074:
3982:
3880:
3755:Stanovich, Keith (2009).
3392:10.1007/s00394-018-1843-6
3201:of the Greek philosopher
3094:Borkowski, J. G. (1992).
2979:10.1017/S0140525X00081061
1545:10.1017/S0007087417000863
1526:Eddy MD (December 2017).
910:BrownâPeterson cohomology
840:. Evidence derived using
366:University College London
274:
264:
250:
240:
29:Act or process of knowing
3725:Sensation and Perception
2722:Trends in neurosciences,
2195:Harvard University Press
2024:(7th ed.). Boston:
1970:10.1017/cbo9780511816789
1884:Sensation and Perception
1023:latent semantic analysis
983:knowledge representation
973:Knowledge representation
755:Formal operational stage
647:developmental psychology
490:Cognitivism (psychology)
456:Principles of Psychology
78:or process of acquiring
4150:Relational frame theory
4125:Higher nervous activity
3810:University of Amsterdam
3057:10.1023/A:1003044231033
2137:Journal of Intelligence
1995:"Jean Piaget Biography"
1819:Lakoff, George (2012).
1447:A Greek-English Lexicon
1355:Oxford University Press
1220:Cognitive holding power
987:leveling and sharpening
894:word superiority effect
788:psychological construct
298:
4120:Experiential avoidance
3742:Lycan WG, ed. (1999).
3486:(10 Pt 2): 2445â2453.
2885:Memory & Cognition
2788:Memory & Cognition
2673:10.1098/rstb.2013.0288
2475:Communications Biology
2426:Communications Biology
1572:Handbook of Psychology
1384:Von Eckardt B (1996).
1328:
1055:
951:In one version of the
872:Serial-position effect
773:Beginning of cognition
500:information processing
485:
283:
273:
263:
249:
239:
68:
4323:Intelligence quotient
4135:Ironic process theory
3900:Cognitive flexibility
3045:Instructional Science
3018:American Psychologist
2520:Biological Psychology
2097:Intelligent Computing
1654:American Psychologist
1440:, McKenzie R (eds.).
1293:Shared intentionality
1250:Comparative cognition
1053:
995:semantic differential
830:Shared intentionality
804:Shared intentionality
800:Shared intentionality
798:processes underlying
792:Shared intentionality
784:Shared intentionality
735:Elementary and Early
637:cognitive development
508:cognitive engineering
475:
391:, scientists such as
58:
4525:Cognitive psychology
4409:Three-stratum theory
3748:Blackwell Publishing
1913:Cognitive Psychology
1727:Cognitive Psychology
1622:Zangwill OL (2004).
1607:Zangwill OL (2004).
1235:Cognitive psychology
1230:Cognitive musicology
821:embodied information
748:conservation of mass
706:Preoperational stage
603:cognitive psychology
333:by thinkers such as
63:, as illustrated by
4382:Models and theories
4165:Thought suppression
3841:, 14 June 14, 2011.
3838:Scientific American
3441:2017NYASA1403..150T
3331:Brain and Cognition
3235:2019PLoSO..1410036S
2579:10.1093/scan/nsy060
2402:2012, 30: 159â161.
1215:Cognitive computing
1134:Studies evaluating
1130:Dietary supplements
1106:Improving cognition
802:. According to the
701:, time, and space.
571:pattern recognition
442:Mary Whiton Calkins
401:Mary Whiton Calkins
323:cognitive processes
215:academic discipline
106:, the formation of
4435:Heritability of IQ
4212:Human intelligence
3804:2011-10-19 at the
3449:10.1111/nyas.13459
2898:10.3758/BF03198529
2801:10.3758/BF03202718
2760:10.3758/BF03194434
2387:10.1111/cdep.12104
1287:Outline of thought
1270:Mental chronometry
1255:Embodied cognition
1123:anaerobic exercise
1056:
796:neurophysiological
683:Sensorimotor stage
532:embodied cognition
510:. In the study of
486:
428:Hermann Ebbinghaus
350:philosophy of mind
207:embodied cognition
146:and production of
69:
4530:Cognitive science
4507:
4506:
4423:Areas of research
4373:Visual processing
4290:Cognitive liberty
4178:
4177:
3937:Critical thinking
3905:Cognitive liberty
3770:978-0-300-12385-2
3734:978-0-470-00226-1
2844:10.1080/713755806
2316:5(10), p .e13199.
2223:2023; 7(1): 156;
2114:978-3-031-10466-4
1946:978-0-470-56111-9
1899:978-0-470-00226-1
1797:978-0-08-091487-9
1731:Wadsworth Cengage
1682:Matlin M (2009).
1492:Matlin M (2009).
1260:Cognitive shuffle
1240:Cognitive science
1225:Cognitive liberty
1210:Cognitive biology
1197:Psychology portal
1183:Philosophy portal
1117:Physical exercise
1031:cognitive science
1027:Bayesian analysis
921:short-term memory
846:molecular-genetic
770:
769:
762:(12 years and on)
695:object permanence
597:. Traditionally,
567:concept formation
516:social psychology
397:Herman Ebbinghaus
374:33 & 34 Vict.
317:Despite the word
211:cognitive science
16:(Redirected from
4547:
4535:Mental processes
4493:
4492:
4414:Triarchic theory
4205:
4198:
4191:
4182:
4181:
3875:Mental processes
3869:
3862:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3774:
3762:
3751:
3738:
3719:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3386:(7): 2911â2920.
3371:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3246:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3188:
3186:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3091:
3085:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3013:
3007:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2937:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2854:. Archived from
2829:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2738:
2732:
2724:42(7), 485â499.
2718:
2712:
2698:
2692:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2636:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2417:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2278:OBM Neurobiology
2269:
2252:
2241:OBM Neurobiology
2237:
2231:
2221:OBM Neurobiology
2217:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2152:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2056:OBM Neurobiology
2047:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2001:on 19 April 2016
1990:
1984:
1983:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1911:Best JB (1999).
1908:
1902:
1880:Lawrence M. Ward
1873:
1867:
1866:
1840:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1783:
1772:
1771:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1698:"René Descartes"
1694:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1365:on July 15, 2020
1361:. Archived from
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1178:
979:semantic network
887:Word superiority
758:Adolescence and
744:concrete objects
669:
668:
512:social cognition
436:forgetting curve
308:
307:
301:
286:
280:
278:
270:
268:
256:
254:
246:
244:
203:computer science
44:Animal cognition
21:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4481:
4418:
4377:
4343:Problem solving
4277:
4268:
4217:
4209:
4179:
4174:
4103:
4070:
3978:
3957:Problem solving
3942:Decision-making
3876:
3873:
3806:Wayback Machine
3782:
3777:
3771:
3735:
3716:
3696:
3694:Further reading
3691:
3690:
3659:(2): CD012277.
3645:
3641:
3598:
3594:
3565:(2): CD005562.
3558:
3554:
3519:
3515:
3476:
3472:
3421:
3417:
3372:
3368:
3323:
3319:
3288:(4): CD005381.
3274:
3270:
3229:(1): e0210036.
3215:
3211:
3198:Parva Naturalia
3184:
3182:
3180:
3166:"metacognition"
3162:
3158:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3092:
3088:
3079:
3072:
3041:
3037:
3024:(10): 906â911.
3014:
3010:
3001:
2994:
2963:
2959:
2935:10.1.1.551.1667
2918:
2914:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2780:
2776:
2739:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2704:6(10), 105001.
2699:
2695:
2662:
2658:
2608:
2604:
2559:
2555:
2516:
2512:
2467:
2463:
2418:
2414:
2397:
2393:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2307:
2270:
2255:
2238:
2234:
2218:
2201:
2188:
2184:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2089:
2085:
2048:
2033:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1924:
1920:
1909:
1905:
1874:
1870:
1817:
1813:
1798:
1784:
1775:
1742:
1738:
1723:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1680:
1673:
1650:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1620:
1616:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1568:
1561:
1524:
1520:
1505:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1467:
1463:
1456:Perseus Project
1452:Clarendon Press
1427:
1423:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1332:, vol. II. p.
1310:
1306:
1301:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1160:
1148:
1132:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1098:Parva Naturalia
1073:problem-solving
1047:
1039:
1019:neural networks
999:factor analysis
975:
949:
929:
905:
889:
867:
865:Serial position
862:
842:optical imaging
817:dynamic systems
780:binding problem
775:
721:problem solving
714:Early Childhood
625:
619:
591:problem solving
492:
470:
413:
411:Early theorists
315:
223:
140:decision-making
136:problem-solving
74:is the "mental
61:cognitive model
53:
46:
40:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4553:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4278:and constructs
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4145:Mental fatigue
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3796:
3791:
3781:
3780:External links
3778:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3752:
3739:
3733:
3720:
3715:978-9811068867
3714:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3639:
3592:
3552:
3533:(3): 256â263.
3513:
3470:
3435:(1): 150â163.
3415:
3366:
3317:
3268:
3209:
3205:(384-322 BC) .
3178:
3156:
3143:
3133:
3086:
3070:
3035:
3008:
2992:
2973:(4): 707â727.
2957:
2928:(3): 419â433.
2912:
2891:(5): 759â767.
2871:
2815:
2794:(6): 685â694.
2774:
2753:(4): 737â745.
2733:
2713:
2693:
2656:
2602:
2573:(8): 841â849.
2553:
2510:
2461:
2412:
2391:
2370:
2368:2(4): 217â228.
2357:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2305:
2253:
2243:2021;5(4):26;
2232:
2199:
2189:Tomasello, M.
2182:
2120:
2113:
2083:
2031:
2012:
1985:
1978:
1952:
1945:
1918:
1903:
1891:Harcourt Brace
1876:Coren, Stanley
1868:
1831:(4): 773â785.
1811:
1796:
1773:
1736:
1714:
1689:
1671:
1660:(2): 170â174.
1644:
1641:. p. 126.
1629:
1614:
1599:
1592:
1559:
1538:(4): 677â699.
1518:
1499:
1484:
1481:. p. XIV.
1461:
1421:
1403:
1396:
1376:
1359:Dictionary.com
1338:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1186:
1170:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1131:
1128:
1118:
1115:
1110:Main article:
1107:
1104:
1089:(384â322 BC):
1048:
1040:
1038:
1035:
974:
971:
948:
945:
928:
925:
904:
903:BrownâPeterson
901:
888:
885:
881:recency effect
877:primacy effect
866:
863:
861:
858:
774:
771:
768:
767:
763:
756:
752:
751:
740:
733:
729:
728:
717:
707:
703:
702:
690:
684:
680:
679:
676:
673:
621:Main article:
618:
615:
595:mental imagery
528:group dynamics
514:, a branch of
469:
466:
462:René Descartes
446:recency effect
432:learning curve
412:
409:
339:Dugald Stewart
314:
311:
287:, itself is a
222:
219:
116:working memory
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4552:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4500:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:Psychometrics
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:Understanding
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:Communication
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:Consolidation
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Consciousness
3930:
3928:
3927:Comprehension
3925:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3858:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3840:
3839:
3835:Douglas Fox,
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3772:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3181:
3179:9780199657681
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2861:on 2022-07-30
2857:
2853:
2849:
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2640:
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2614:
2606:
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2594:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2549:
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2541:
2537:
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2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2506:
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2497:
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2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2381:9(1): 38â43.
2380:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2301:
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2279:
2275:
2268:
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2260:
2258:
2250:
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2236:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1979:9780511816789
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:(1): 85â104.
1753:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1667:
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1659:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1477:. Amsterdam:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1397:9780262720236
1393:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1313:
1312:Fludd, Robert
1308:
1304:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
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1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1187:
1184:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1158:Other methods
1155:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:phytoestrogen
1127:
1124:
1113:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1063:understanding
1060:
1059:Metacognition
1052:
1045:
1044:Metacognition
1037:Metacognition
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:George Miller
1008:
1004:
1003:ethical value
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
970:
967:
966:
961:
957:
955:
954:visual search
947:Visual search
944:
941:
937:
935:
924:
922:
917:
913:
911:
900:
897:
895:
884:
882:
878:
874:
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857:
854:
851:
847:
843:
839:
833:
831:
826:
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793:
789:
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781:
764:
761:
757:
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749:
745:
741:
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734:
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730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
708:
705:
704:
700:
696:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
677:
675:Age or Period
674:
671:
670:
667:
665:
660:
656:
655:Sigmund Freud
652:
648:
644:
640:
638:
634:
633:psychologists
630:
624:
614:
610:
608:
607:metacognition
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:, as well as
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
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517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
491:
483:
479:
474:
465:
463:
459:
457:
453:
452:William James
449:
447:
443:
439:
437:
433:
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