185:
52:
45:
278:
247:"If he releases Mankisum, Upi, Shahadunu, and the banks of the Tigris River three double-miles south of Upi â which is the border my grandfather Apil-Sin fixed - then, I will make peace with him. Otherwise, if I am to release Mankisum, he should repay me (for) my efforts that I expended against the Sukkal of Elam for Mankisum. (Only) then may he take Mankisum and I (will take) Upi, Shahadunu and three double-miles south of Upi (along) the banks of the Tigris River."
273:"⊠I gave orders to sailors of the cities of Tyre (and) Sidon, (and) the land Ionia, whom I had captured. They (my troops) let (the sailors) sail down the Tigris river with them, downstream to the city of Opis. Then from the city of Opis, they lifted them (the boats) up onto dry land and dragged them on rollers to Sippar? and guided them into the Arahtu canal âŠ"
376:(now Beas) River to return from the long campaign in India, and his European troops revolted again at Opis (autumn 324 BC). In an attempt to craft a lasting harmony between his Macedonian and Persian subjects, he took an oath of unity before 9,000 Persian and Greek troops at Opis. In a similar vein, he had married
581:
Astour, Michael C., "A Reconstruction of the
History of Ebla (Part 2)", Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4, edited by Cyrus H. Gordon and Gary A. Rendsburg, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 57-196,
216:(c. 1095â1078 BC) was found at TulĆ«l al-Mujaili`. It was recorded at "the city Opis". The land in question was part of the city of Dur-Sharrkin "Fortress of Sargon" (location unknown). Not to be confused with the much later Neo-Assyrian fortress.
591:
Charpin, D, "Histoire politique du Proche-Orient amorrite (2002-1595)", in: P. Attinger, W. Sallaberger and M. WÀfler (eds.), Mesopotamien: Die altbabylonische Zeit (AnnÀherungen 4 = OBO 160/4, Fribourg & Göttingen), pp. 25-480,
559:
629:
CorĂČ, Paola, "Greek as
Travellers in Near Eastern Sources", Literary Change in Mesopotamia and Beyond and Routes and Travellers between East and West. Proceedings of the 2nd and 3rd Melammu Workshops, Zaphon, pp. 113-133,
309:
and continued eastward beyond the Tigris and ended near Opis. In
Nebuchadnezzar II year 40, 565 BC, a cuneiform document was written in Opis by a Judean trader, the first attestation of a Judean trader in Babylonia.
192:
Recent geographical surveys of ancient
Mesopotamia tentatively identify Opis with the mound called Tall al-MujailÄt (also TulĆ«l al-Mujaili` or TulĆ«l Mujaili` or el-Mjel'aat), 20 miles southeast of the modern city of
675:
Roisman, Joseph, "Alexander and
Discontent: The King and His Army in India and Opis, Mesopotamia", Alexanderâs Veterans and the Early Wars of the Successors, New York, USA: University of Texas Press, pp. 31-60,
601:
Miglio, Adam E., "The
Beginning Of The End: Zimrilimsâs War With Elam", Tribe and State: The Dynamics of International Politics and the Reign of Zimri-Lim, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, pp. 187-234,
238:
Early in the reign of Old
Babylon Empire ruler Hamurabi, grandson of Apil-Sin, after a conflict between Babylon, Mari, Eshnunna, and Elam resulted in Hamurabi being in control of the Upi area. A text from
205:. The site has an extent of 500 meters by 200 meters with a maximum height of 6.5 meters above the plain. Surface material showed occupation from the Early Dynastic through the Neo-Babylonian periods.
417:
conquered the eastern provinces of the
Seleucid Empire, including Seleukeia and Opis. Both cities were, in their turn, largely eclipsed by the emergence of the new Parthian (and subsequently
325:(559â530 BC). The Babylonians were defeated and the native population revolted against its government. Without further fighting, Cyrus captured Babylon. Opis was located near the Persian
534:
P. Högelmann and K. Buschmann, "Ăstlicher
Mittelmeerraum. Das achĂ€menidische Westreich von Kyros bis Xerxes (547â479/8 v. Chr.)", in TĂŒbinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, B IV 23, 1986
720:
Zaia, Shana, "Everything Must Go: Consequences of State
Projects and Controlling the Levant for the Eanna Temple (591â590 BCE)", Altorientalische Forschungen 48.1, pp. 159-188, 2021
139:. Its location is not yet known with certainty though Tall al-MujailÄt has been proposed. That site has also been suggested as the location of the ancient city of
685:
Nagle, D. Brendan, "The Cultural Context of Alexander's Speech at Opis", Transactions of the American Philological Association, vol. 126, pp. 151-172, 1996
698:
Lendle, Otto, "Xenophon In Babylonien: Die MĂ€rsche Der Kyreer von Pylai Bis Opis", Rheinisches Museum FĂŒr Philologie, vol. 129, no. 3/4, pp. 193â222, 1986
611:
Radau, Hugo, "RESULTS", Letters to Cassite Kings from the Temple Archives of Nippur, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1908, pp. 59-93, 1908
228:(c. 2037â2028 BC) details a journey of 22 women from Eshnunna to Nippur and back via Upi with the Upi/Nippur leg in both directions being fully on water.
717:
Fritz R. WĂŒst, "Die Rede Alexanders Des Grossen in Opis, Arrian VII 9-10", Historia: Zeitschrift FĂŒr Alte Geschichte, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 177â88, 1953
708:
Ross, J., "A Journey from Baghdad to the Ruins of Opis and the Median Wall", in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 11, pp. 121â136, 1841
131:. The equivalence of Opis and Upi are now usually assumed but not yet proven. Early on it was thought that the ideogram for Upi might refer to
561:
Adams, Robert M., "Land Behind Baghdad: A History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains", Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1965
648:
Alstola, Tero, "Judean merchants in Babylonia and their participation in long-distance trade", Die Welt des Orients 47.1, pp. 25-51, 2017
620:
Frame, Grant, "A Kudurru Fragment from the Reign of Adad-apla-iddina", Altorientalische Forschungen", vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 206-211, 1986
714:
Fritz WĂŒst, "Die Meuterei von Opis (Arrian VII, 8; 11, 1-7)", Historia: Zeitschrift FĂŒr Alte Geschichte, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 418â31, 1954
666:
Sandowicz, MaĆgorzata, "Companions of Nabonidus", Zeitschrift fĂŒr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische ArchĂ€ologie 110.2, pp. 161-175, 2022
751:
500:
Luckenbill, D. D., "The Site of Opis", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 148â51, 1924
453:
Ungnad, Arthur, "Zur Lage von UpĂź-Opis", Zeitschrift Der Deutschen MorgenlĂ€ndischen Gesellschaft, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 133â35, 1913
372:, and probably took possession of Opis about the same time as Babylon. A few years later, Alexander was forced by a mutiny at the
162:. The precise site of the city has been uncertain for a long time, though at one point thought to be near or under the city of
184:
746:
570:
509:
Wall-Romana, Christopher, "An Areal Location of Agade", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 205â45, 1990
701:
548:
523:
434:
480:
R. H., "Excavations in Iraq", The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 133-135, Jul 1930
471:
Clark Hopkins, "A Bird's-eye View of Opis and Seleucia", Antiquity, vol. 13, iss. 52, pp. 440-448, December 1939
518:
S. Parpola and M. Porter, "The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period", Helsinki, 2001
730:
235:(c. 1767 to 1749 BC) read "Year Apil-Sin built (the city wall of) Upi" (mu u2-pi2-e a-pil-en.zu ba-du3).
489:
44:
711:
Saporetti, Claudio, "Opis E Il Muro Della Media", Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. 27, pp. 95â102, 2004
384:
of his senior officers to Persian and other Eastern noblewomen at Susa just before coming to Opis.
399:
353:. It is known that at the time of Nabonidus the city had a Ć angĂ»-Upia (âHigh-Priest-of-Opisâ).
116:
20:
572:
K. al-Admi, "Kudurru of Maroduk-nadin-ahhe, IM 90585", Sumer 38, Sumer 38, pp. 121-133, 1982
365:
406:
city of Seleukeia rapidly eclipsed older Mesopotamian centers in the region like Babylon,
8:
369:
361:
105:
71:
462:
Gentili, Paolo, "Opis E Le Altre", Studi Classici e Orientali, vol. 51, pp. 25â53, 2005
403:
387:
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The Neo-Babylonians dug the NÄr-Ć arri (later NÄr-NabĂ»-kudurrÄ«-uáčŁur) canal between the
544:
519:
318:
294:
213:
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263:
252:
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Levy, Selim J., "Harmal Geographical List", Sumer, vol. 3, iss. 2, pp. 50-83, 1947
418:
414:
395:
322:
543:
R. J. Talbert, "Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World", Princeton 2000
290:
155:
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west of the river Tigris, some 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Opis. The
381:
706:
158:
texts indicate that it was located on the east side of the Tigris, near the
277:
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In one of annals of Neo-Assyrian ruler Sennacherib (705â681 BC) it states:
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166:. The site of Tel Abir was also proposed as the location of Opis.
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Several texts suggest that Upi is in the same area as the city of
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A. T. Olmstead, "History of the Persian Empire", Chicago, 1948
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R. D. Barnett, "Xenophon and the wall of Media", JHS 83, 1963
491:
William Horsburgh Lane, "Babylonian Problems", J. Murray, 1923
346:
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dated to the 13th year of Second Dynasty of Isin ruler
301:
between the two rivers to protect against a potential
313:
In October 539 BC, the troops of the Babylonian king
266:(c. 1064â1043) excavated at Assur is dated at Opis.
738:
251:From a text it is known that the Kassite ruler
243:showed diplomacy over that area's disposition:
289:and the Tigris, which ended near Opis. The
255:(c. 1359â1333 BC) held an audience in Upi.
380:(the daughter of Darius) and celebrated a
173:, also unlocated, and in the area between
553:
123:) was an ancient Near East city near the
276:
231:A year name of the Old Babylonian ruler
183:
731:Alexander the Great: the mutiny at Opis
425:nearby, in-between Seleukeia and Opis.
317:(556â539 BC) defended Opis against the
739:
305:invasion; the fortified line began at
188:A similar Kudurru of Marduk-nadin-akhe
201:, and 47 miles northeast of ancient
398:and built his Mesopotamian capital
224:A text from year 8 of Ur III ruler
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421:) capital
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95:Settlement
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400:Seleukeia
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335:Susa
299:wall
241:Mari
177:and
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133:Kesh
121:áœźÏÎčÏ
102:Opis
92:Type
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27:Opis
135:or
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109:UpĂź
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104:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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