170:
scattered on the ground; carefully cleaned, entire bones either piled or buried at the lakeside, with the skull on top or placed on a pole; leg-bones placed together beside a knocked-down offering pole, or tied together, with no skull present; leg-bones and skull deposited together in the lake, presumed to have been originally the animal's hide with legs and head intact, placed on a pole; skull alone, either placed on a pole or deposited on the ground or in the lake), and distinguished bog, lake, lakeside and spring sacrifices. The cultic nature of the depositions is clear, although opinions have varied as to whether the isolated bones, particularly skulls, represent simple offerings or the remains of sacramental feasts, which given the absence of some parts of the skeleton would have taken place elsewhere.
413:
321:
204:
141:: in one case in particular, the head and extremities had been hacked off and sunk in the bog, weighted down with branches, and the tools used had also been broken and sunk. The finds at this site are the best known archaeological evidence of Germanic human sacrifice. In addition there were a cultic boat, weapons which had presumably been used to make the sacrifice, harvest offerings such as bundles of flax, a variety of everyday objects and tools, and pieces of wood with worked ends that were probably used for
17:
262:
was a large rectangular wooden altar with corner posts; numerous bones from sacrificed animals were found near it. Skull fragments from human sacrifices were found on the western edge of the cultic area. On its northern side were two unusual sacrificial sites with a sword set upright in the ground and a human skull.
215:, a small lake developed at the site, and over centuries became the focus of sacrifice there: numerous wooden idols of varying form were set up at the edge of the water until the Migration Period. Cultic observances continued in the late Migration Age after the lake shrank as a result of sedimentation.
391:
The extensive preserved material at the site also provide valuable information about diet, animal husbandry, and material culture. In particular, the large numbers of well-preserved animal remains are an important source of information on the nature and size of domesticated animals during the periods
328:
In the 5th century, two ship shrines were created at the site. The larger was formed of branches with a hole indicating the steering oar and was associated with a male divinity, who was represented by a tall post idol surmounted by a horse's head. The smaller ship shrine had a sacrifice of cattle and
261:
The
Hermunduri appeared in northern Thuringia at the end of the 1st century BCE. They created a large circular cultic area at the site, with small enclosures, which also contained cultic posts and an image made from a forked stick. The cultic area underwent two periods of construction. At its centre
190:
Beside the altar was a circular shrine surrounded by a wall, in the centre of which was an image in the form of a stele; goats and other animals had been sacrificed there. There are also small oval sacrificial sites marked off by rocks or branches, dating to the late
Hallstatt Period. Some of these
182:
limestone surrounded by a semicircular wall made of rocks and earth. Vessels containing food offerings were placed on the altar and a fire was lit. Buds on the charcoal remnants of the wood indicate a springtime ritual, likely in honour of a vegetation deity. The altar is comparable to contemporary
169:
Dating of the finds showed the site to have been used for cultic purposes from the
Hallstatt Period (6th century BCE) to long after the arrival of Christianity, with isolated depositions in the 11th and 12th centuries CE. Behm-Blancke identified five different modes of sacrifice (pulverised bones
145:
in association with the sacrifices. In all at least 86 distinct cultic locations have been identified on-site. The finds originate from various parts of Roman
Germania, and are not associated with any one Germanic tribe, suggesting a cult-place serving more than the immediate region. The circular
282:
During the mid-Roman Period, use of the site focused on the veneration of various deities distinguished by their idols and attributes, which took place in shared circular shrines. In the 3rd century CE, this format was superseded by a single shrine, in which a wooden cult image of a goddess was
239:
has pointed out that fragmentary figurines from this site are in some cases interpreted as female on the basis of long hair and/or clothing, which may not have been so intended. These represent cult places of
Germanic migrants, whose pottery indicates that they came from the area of the rivers
95:
and has yielded important information about pre-Germanic and
Germanic religious practices. Excavations took place there between 1957 and 1964, and recovered artifacts and reconstructions of shrines are presented in an open-air museum on the site, which includes a reconstructed village, and an
420:
Some of the discoveries from the excavation are on display at the
Opfermoor Museum on the northern edge of Oberdorla, including the skeletal remains of a woman with her skull on a stake, reproducing the way she was found. In the open-air museum itself, which opened in July 1992, are ten
361:
With the assistance of comparative research and of evidence from older discoveries relating to religious practices in Europe, the finds at the site have contributed to new understanding of cult practices in the region in the
Hallstatt, La Tène, Roman and Migration Ages, including:
392:
when they were sacrificed, including the spread of house cats from areas of Roman settlement into non-Roman
Germanic areas. In part because of excavation problems, it is also one of the few inland Central European sites where remains of fish have been recovered: pike and some
396:. In addition there are fragments of a fish trap and of hand nets and well-preserved harpoons and fish hooks consisting of a sharpened stick which was turned with a tug on the line after being swallowed in the bait. The site also yielded one of the earliest known Germanic
104:
The site is a natural depression in which groundwater collected, forming a marsh and an area of open water roughly 700 by 200 metres (2,300 ft × 660 ft) in extent; beginning around 100 BCE as established by studies of the sediment layers and
230:
or soil supported by wickerwork, with a tall post or a simple stick-figure cult image on the top. Cultic staffs used by the priests were associated with the altars. After a short time this Celtic-influenced arrangement was superseded by a "sacred place" with a
437:. The museum offers periodic presentations and classes in ancient Germanic clothing, weaponry, cookery and baking, spinning and weaving, and games. A Germanic festival and a Roman market take place on-site in alternating years, with costumed
1218:
133:. Numerous bones of domesticated animals were found, above all of cattle but also including horses, sheep, goats, pigs, and a domestic cat; some wild animals: deer, bison, wolves, wild boar, otters, at least 27
1030:
Manfred
Teichert, "Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung im 1. und 2. Jahrhundert: Die Nahrungsmittelproduktion: Viehwirtschaft (Umfang und Bedeutung der Haustierhaltung; Größe und Phänotyp)", in Bruno Krüger,
1101:
375:
Animal sacrifice to male and female divinities (including specific issues such as the incidence of horse sacrifice and comparison of the animals sacrificed with those consumed in the adjacent settlement)
452:, the Museum am Lindenbühl, has an exhibit about the site, and Günter Behm-Blanke's papers and some of the discoveries from the site are in the Museum für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Thüringens in Weimar.
1357:
130:
21:
109:, sedimentation reduced the extent of open water. Peat cutting began in 1947 and has again increased the size of the lake; the prehistoric discoveries were made during peat harvesting.
868:
H. A. Groenendijk, "Dorfwurt Ulrum (De Marne, Prov. Groningen), eine Fundbergung im Jahre 1995 als Anregung zur Benutzung hydrologischer Messdaten bei der Erhaltung von Großwurten",
137:, a fox, and a turtle; and 35 species of domesticated and wild birds. There were also human bones (from at least 40 different individuals), with the damage to the latter indicating
117:
Peat cutting began at the site in 1947, leading to the discovery of archaeological deposits the following year. From 1957 until 1964, the site was excavated under the leadership of
897:
930:, ed. Helmut Castritius, Dieter Geuenich and Matthias Werner with Thorsten Fischer, Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 63, Berlin: de Gruyter, 2009,
308:. The shrine contained a coffin with a female skeleton inside; the grave was destroyed in the 4th century, possibly during the disturbances associated with the formation of the
388:
It is also possible to compare the elements of proto-Germanic and Germanic cult practice at Oberdorla with local customs which may be in part survivals of heathen traditions.
1016:
1086:
Die Fauna des germanischen Dorfes Feddersen Wierde: die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung der vorgeschichtlichen Wurt Feddersen Wierde bei Bremerhaven in den Jahren 1955–1963
926:
Jan Bemmann, "Mitteldeutschland im 5. und 6. Jahrhundert. Was ist und ab wann gibt es archäologisch betrachtet typisch Thüringisches? Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme", in
537:
1339:
Heinz Grünert, "Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung im 1. und 2. Jahrhundert: Die Gebrauchsgüterproduktion: Produktion und Verarbeitung von Textilien", in Bruno Krüger,
1249:
1322:
Manfred Teichert and Heinz Grünert, "Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung im 1. und 2. Jahrhundert: Die Nahrungsmittelproduktion: Jagd und Fischfang", in Bruno Krüger,
1286:
Manfred Teichert and Hanns-Hermann Müller, "Grundlagen der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung: Die landwirtschaftliche Produktion: Jagd und Fischfang", in Bruno Krüger,
1431:
118:
1138:
Manfred Teichert and Hanns-Hermann Müller, "Grundlagen der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung: Die landwirtschaftliche Produktion: Haustierhaltung", in Bruno Krüger,
466:
In 2012, to mark the 20th anniversary of the museum's opening and in Behm-Blancke's centenary year, a memorial stone to him was erected at the museum village.
939:
852:
856:
837:
1471:
1435:
333:, the site was a major sacrificial location. Several offerings were found within, but no idols. At some point, the enclosure was destroyed by fire.
792:, Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR 4.2, Berlin: Akademie, 1983,
719:, Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR 4, Berlin: Akademie, 1976,
669:
1577:
1389:
1310:
561:
Manfred Teichert and Roland Müller, "Die Haustierknochen aus einer ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Siedlung bei Niederdorla, Kr. Mühlhausen",
1476:
1409:
995:
158:
509:, Detlev Ellmers and Kurt Schier, Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 5, Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 1992,
768:
707:
Günter Behm-Blancke, "Materielle und geistige Kultur. Stammesgebiete im 1. und 2. Jahrhundert: Kult und Ideologie", in Bruno Krüger,
641:
1589:
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as having taken place at about this time. After the battle, which was won by the Hermunduri, sacrifices continued at the lake site.
518:
345:, but 10th- and 11th-century pottery and dog bones indicate sacrifices at the site even after the introduction of Christianity.
121:, the director of the Museum für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Thüringens (Museum of the Prehistory and Protohistory of Thuringia) in
1633:
790:
Die Stämme und Stammesverbände in der Zeit vom 3. Jahrhundert bis zur Herausbildung der politischen Vorherrschaft der Franken
748:
421:
reconstructions of shrines from various periods and also a reconstruction of a 3rd-century Germanic village, consisting of a
1124:
1628:
1268:
501:
Jan Bemmann and Güde Hahne, "Ältereisenzeitliche Heiligtümer im nördlichen Europa nach den archäologischen Quellen", in
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935:
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514:
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Construction and form of shrines, including enclosures and evidence of huts which may have sheltered the cult images
1510:. Ed. Hardy Eidam and Heide Böhm. Exhibition catalogue. Erfurt: Haus zum Stockfisch, Stadtmuseum Erfurt, 2004.
873:
1648:
592:
954:
1377:
1199:
1105:
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690:
486:
80:
801:
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Die Germanen: Geschichte und Kultur der germanischen Stämme in Mitteleuropa. Ein Handbuch in zwei Bänden
713:
Die Germanen: Geschichte und Kultur der germanischen Stämme in Mitteleuropa. Ein Handbuch in zwei Bänden
290:
found on a vessel may indicate her name. The figure shows Gallo-Roman influence and may be compared to
1485:
506:
412:
1506:
Christoph G. Schmidt. "Mythen, Holz und Menschenopfer. Spuren heidnischen Kultes in Thüringen". In:
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of Oberdorla, which was probably a response to the presence of the widely important heathen site.
1188:
Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Haustiere: internationales Symposion in Budapest, 1971
1174:
1147:
566:
581:
Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Haustiere: Internationales Symposium in Budapest 1971
542:
459:
region based primarily on discoveries at the site is planned for the Hainich National Park near
218:
During the La Tène Period, the descendants of the Hallstatt Period inhabitants were affected by
195:
indicated a female divinity. Painted pottery shows typological kinship with Rhineland examples.
350:
329:
was dedicated to a goddess. Ship shrines are also attested from earlier periods. In the late
320:
8:
294:, to whom deer and swine were also sacrificed. A craftsmen's settlement at Haarhausen (
192:
212:
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Heiligtümer der Germanen und ihrer Vorgänger in Thüringen: die Kultstätte Oberdorla
758:: "Bei den Germanen ist vor allem der Opfersee von Oberdorla in Thüringen bekannt."
304:
64:
1358:"Skelett einer jungen Frau kehrte aus Weimar in die Ausstellung Opfermoor zurück"
984:
Behm-Blancke, "Kult und Ideologie", p. 371; Plate 55 (between pages 400 and 401).
826:
Kultstätten und Opferplätze in Deutschland: Von der Steinzeit bis zum Mittelalter
442:
295:
291:
138:
84:
63:
The site, which includes a shallow lake, was a supra-regional cult site from the
41:
33:
438:
401:
191:
contained simple wooden idols, one of which had a decorated neck-ring. A large
178:
The religious centre of the site in the early period is a rectangular altar of
161:. The reconstructed buildings at the museum are based on examples found there.
92:
302:
indicate influence on the Hermunduri via workers from the region of the Roman
1622:
1604:
1591:
780:
Rosemarie Seyer, "Kunst und Ideologie: Kult und Ideologie", in Bruno Krüger,
397:
330:
151:
72:
449:
341:
The archaeological evidence does not support continuous use after the early
157:
The largest prehistoric settlement in Thuringia was excavated nearby at the
1489:
1240:, ed. Heinrich Beck and Herbert Jankuhn, 2nd ed. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995,
1165:, trans. Lili Halápy, rev. Ruth Tringham, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1974,
1004:
653:
236:
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in the 1st century BCE and became an important religious centre during the
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1536:
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reenactors seeking to recreate everyday life in one or the other context.
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cultural influences. Apsoidal enclosures, as are found for example in the
460:
179:
134:
57:
1067:
Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift: Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
299:
147:
142:
76:
1528:. 2 vols. Weimar: Museum für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Thüringens, 1974.
16:
430:
422:
309:
53:
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temple area, became common. These enclosed altars made of blocks of
88:
1213:
Manfred Teichert, "Fundnachweis von Wild- und Hauskatzenknochen",
487:
Freilichtausstellung "Opfermoor Vogtei" in Niederdorla / Thüringen
456:
263:
232:
1442:. Weimarer Monographien zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte 38. Volume 1
267:
122:
36:
at the location of a prehistoric and protohistoric sacrificial
621:
Through Nature to Eternity: The Bog Bodies of Northwest Europe
393:
287:
271:
245:
223:
219:
207:
Reconstruction of a sod altar with bovine skull and pole idol
126:
928:
Die Frühzeit der Thüringer: Archäologie, Sprache, Geschichte
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Odin und die Menschenopfer in Sagas, Berichten und der Bibel
717:
Von den Anfängen bis zum 2. Jahrhundert unserer Zeitrechnung
503:
Germanische Religionsgeschichte: Quellen und Quellenprobleme
1566:
434:
241:
184:
106:
298:) and sacrifices of oxen and offerings at the cemetery in
1163:
History of Domestic Mammals in Central and Eastern Europe
227:
68:
37:
52:, in Germany. It lies within the former municipality of
583:, ed. János Matolosi, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1973,
235:
and a female forked-stick cult figurine—although
1526:
Tierreste aus dem germanischen Opfermoor bei Oberdorla
975:
Behm-Blancke, "Kult und Ideologie", pp. 369–71.
815:
Behm-Blancke, "Kult und Ideologie", note 123, p. 373.
1578:"Thüringer Zeitreisen: Das Opfermoor in Niederdorla"
372:
Ritual tools, particularly hammers or axes and clubs
266:mentions a conflict between the Hermunduri and the
79:) developed by people whose descendants became, in
1508:Bonifatius: Heidenopfer, Christuskreuz, Eichenkult
1092:, Feddersen Wierde 4.1, Stuttgart: Steiner, 1991,
489:, Urlaubsland Thüringen, retrieved 17 August 2013
129:branches, in the centre of which were altars with
349:observances died out after the foundation of the
1620:
909:Photograph of the idol Plate 40a, Bruno Krüger,
682:
680:
425:(housing for humans and their livestock), three
381:Attributes of deities (such as types of hammer)
112:
538:"Opfermoor Vogtei feiert 20-jähriges Jubiläum"
56:, approximately 200 metres (220 yd) from
677:
660:, Beck'sche Reihe 23345, Munich: Beck, 2004,
619:Wijnand van der Sanden, tr. Susan J. Mellor,
533:
531:
529:
60:, and the site is also known by those names.
1232:D. Heinrich, "Fische", pp. 128–30, in
1477:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
1309:Teichert and Müller, "Jagd und Fischfang",
1265:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde
1234:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde
1121:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde
996:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde
966:Behm-Blancke, "Kult und Ideologie", p. 369.
887:Behm-Blancke, "Kult und Ideologie", p. 367.
557:
555:
526:
416:Reconstructed 3rd-century Germanic village
83:'s nomenclature, the Rhine-Weser Group of
1039:, Volume 1, pp. 436–, pp. 439, 441.
1003:, ed. Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich and
482:
480:
478:
703:
701:
411:
356:
319:
202:
15:
552:
369:Types of offering poles and cult images
1621:
1492:. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 2002.
1263:"Fischfang und Fischereimethoden", in
475:
455:A display on the early history of the
1347:, Volume 1, pp. 478–82, p. 480.
1330:, Volume 1, pp. 450–52, p. 451.
698:
324:Recreation of 5th-century ship shrine
1390:"Sommersonnenwendfeier am Opfermoor"
1007:, 2nd ed. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2003,
448:In addition, the district museum in
445:have also held rituals at the site.
183:and older finds in the northwestern
1190:, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1973,
173:
125:, revealing circular enclosures of
13:
1425:
993:Heinrich Beck, "Pferdegräber", in
623:, Amsterdam: Batavian Lion, 1996,
378:Human sacrifice with dismemberment
336:
256:
251:
96:associated museum in Niederdorla.
14:
1660:
1558:
1456:Katalog der Heiligtümer und Funde
1123:, Volume 23, pp. 24(?)–35,
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1267:, Volume 9, pp. 130–46,
1146:, Volume 2, pp. 107–19,
872:47/48 (2005/06) 529–51,
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1:
1119:Hans Reichstein, "Pferd", in
658:Götter und Kulte der Germanen
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1634:Prehistoric sites in Germany
1410:"Erforscher des Opfermoores"
1238:Fidel – Friedlosigkeit
384:Turf altars and altar tables
146:cult-place was built by the
113:Archaeological investigation
7:
1629:Open-air museums in Germany
1458:. Stuttgart: Theiss, 2002.
1446:. Stuttgart: Theiss, 2003.
828:, Stuttgart: Theiss, 2007,
743:, Norderstedt: GRIN, 2012,
727:, pp. 351–71, p. 364
687:Zeitschrift für Archäologie
563:Zeitschrift für Archäologie
211:During the middle and late
187:and to early Greek altars.
24:on the lakeshore promontory
20:Opfermoor Vogtei: stylised
10:
1665:
917:, Volume 2, facing p. 257.
87:. It is the largest known
1639:Germanic animal sacrifice
407:
283:placed near the altar. A
48:) in the municipality of
1500:. pp. 466–76
565:27 (1993) 207–23,
1580:, TLZ.de, 23 July 2011
1482:Naualia – Østfold
851:Bemmann and Hahne, pp.
99:
1488:, Dieter Geuenich and
1438:and Barbara Lettmann.
1015:, pp. 50(?)–98,
1001:Pfalzel – Quaden
417:
325:
208:
45:
25:
1605:51.16528°N 10.44528°E
1186:János Matolosi, ed.,
415:
357:Significance of finds
323:
206:
131:wooden cult figurines
19:
1649:Museums in Thuringia
1414:Thüringer Allgemeine
1362:Thüringer Allgemeine
800:, pp. 248–69,
543:Thüringer Allgemeine
1601: /
1474:. "Oberdorla". In:
1444:Text und Fototafeln
1432:Günter Behm-Blancke
938:, pp. 63–81,
824:Martin Kuckenburg,
767:Bemmann and Hahne,
640:Bemmann and Hahne,
606:Bemmann and Hahne,
517:, pp. 29–69,
119:Günter Behm-Blancke
1610:51.16528; 10.44528
1554:, English summary.
1524:Manfred Teichert.
418:
326:
209:
26:
1518:. pp. 9–37
1394:Deutschland Today
1084:Hans Reichstein,
749:978-3-656-36943-1
343:Holy Roman Empire
50:Vogtei, Thuringia
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174:Hallstatt Period
81:Friedrich Maurer
65:Hallstatt Period
30:Opfermoor Vogtei
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1416:, 9 March 2012
1407:
1403:
1397:
1396:, 14 June 2011
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1185:
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1083:
1079:
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983:
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904:
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876:
867:
863:
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823:
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775:
769:pp. 45–46
766:
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546:, 23 June 2012
536:
527:
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485:
476:
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410:
359:
339:
337:Medieval Period
318:
296:Amt Wachsenburg
280:
259:
257:1st century BCE
254:
252:Germanic Period
201:
176:
167:
139:human sacrifice
115:
102:
85:Germanic people
34:open-air museum
12:
11:
5:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1646:
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1636:
1631:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1560:
1559:External links
1557:
1556:
1555:
1522:
1504:
1469:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1408:Frank Börner,
1401:
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1023:
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940:note 50, p. 71
919:
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870:Palaeohistoria
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165:Interpretation
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1495:
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1486:Heinrich Beck
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1464:9783806218121
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936:9783110214543
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515:9783110128727
512:
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507:Heinrich Beck
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363:
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351:Archdiaconate
348:
344:
334:
332:
331:Migration Age
322:
316:Migration Age
313:
311:
307:
306:
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293:
289:
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273:
270:on the River
269:
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152:Migration Age
149:
144:
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132:
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124:
120:
110:
108:
97:
94:
91:cult site in
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:(5th century
74:
73:Migration Age
70:
67:(6th century
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
22:cult figurine
18:
1586:
1540:
1529:
1525:
1507:
1490:Heiko Steuer
1481:
1480:, Volume 21
1475:
1472:Sigrid Dušek
1455:
1443:
1439:
1436:Sigrid Dušek
1413:
1404:
1393:
1385:
1376:Kuckenburg,
1372:
1361:
1352:
1345:Die Germanen
1344:
1340:
1335:
1328:Die Germanen
1327:
1323:
1318:
1305:
1292:Die Germanen
1291:
1287:
1282:
1264:
1259:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1214:
1209:
1187:
1182:
1162:
1157:
1144:Die Germanen
1143:
1139:
1134:
1120:
1115:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1066:
1062:
1048:
1044:
1037:Die Germanen
1036:
1032:
1026:
1005:Heiko Steuer
1000:
999:, Volume 23
994:
989:
980:
971:
962:
949:
927:
922:
915:Die Germanen
914:
910:
905:
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883:
869:
864:
847:
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820:
811:
789:
785:
781:
776:
763:
740:
735:
716:
712:
708:
691:317–18
686:
657:
654:Rudolf Simek
649:
636:
620:
615:
602:
580:
576:
562:
541:
502:
497:
465:
454:
447:
427:Grubenhäuser
426:
419:
390:
387:
360:
340:
327:
303:
284:
281:
278:Roman Period
260:
237:Rudolf Simek
217:
210:
189:
177:
168:
156:
116:
103:
62:
29:
27:
1608: /
1582:(in German)
1572:(in German)
1552:(in German)
1520:(in German)
1502:(in German)
1467:(in German)
1454:. Volume 2
1418:(in German)
1398:(in German)
1366:(in German)
1299:(in German)
1276:(in German)
1253:(in German)
1236:, Volume 9
1222:(in German)
1203:(in German)
1175:pp. 76, 132
1151:(in German)
1128:(in German)
1109:(in German)
1088:, Volume 1
1074:(in German)
1056:(in German)
1020:(in German)
943:(in German)
877:(in German)
841:(in German)
805:(in German)
788:, Volume 2
756:(in German)
729:(in German)
715:, Volume 1
694:(in German)
673:(in German)
596:(in German)
570:(in German)
548:(in German)
522:(in German)
491:(in German)
461:Kammerforst
193:loom weight
180:Muschelkalk
58:Niederdorla
1623:Categories
1596:10°26′43″E
1069:41 (1992)
1051:22 (1974)
470:References
450:Mühlhausen
443:Neo-Pagans
431:pit-houses
148:Hermunduri
143:divination
1593:51°9′55″N
1548:174911186
1541:Tafelteil
1537:633396216
1516:163172786
1196:808792560
798:256528659
725:256529450
689:9 (1975)
631:, p. 104.
589:808792560
423:longhouse
310:Thuringii
159:Mallinden
71:) to the
54:Oberdorla
46:Opfermoor
1530:Textteil
1343:., ed.,
1326:., ed.,
1290:., ed.,
1217:, 1977,
1215:Hercynia
1142:., ed.,
1035:., ed.,
913:., ed.,
784:., ed.,
711:., ed.,
433:) and a
300:Haßleben
89:Iron Age
1434:. Rev.
1269:pp. 135
953:Seyer,
896:Simek,
457:Hainich
347:Heathen
264:Tacitus
233:phallus
1546:
1535:
1514:
1496:
1484:. Ed.
1462:
1450:
1378:p. 149
1311:p. 122
1296:p. 123
1250:p. 129
1244:
1219:p. 214
1194:
1169:
1148:p. 109
1102:pp. 61
1096:
1071:80, 83
1011:
934:
874:p. 539
838:p. 102
832:
802:p. 254
796:
747:
723:
664:
627:
593:p. 272
587:
567:p. 219
513:
505:, ed.
408:Museum
285:sowilo
268:Chatti
220:Celtic
123:Weimar
42:German
32:is an
1341:et al
1324:et al
1288:et al
1140:et al
1125:p. 33
1033:et al
1017:p. 72
911:et al
898:p. 45
782:et al
709:et al
670:p. 23
642:p. 44
608:p. 46
519:p. 43
394:tench
305:Limes
292:Diana
272:Werra
246:Warta
224:Trier
127:hazel
1544:OCLC
1533:OCLC
1512:OCLC
1494:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1192:OCLC
1167:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1090:Text
1009:ISBN
932:ISBN
830:ISBN
794:OCLC
753:p. 4
745:ISBN
721:OCLC
662:ISBN
625:ISBN
585:OCLC
511:ISBN
435:barn
398:bows
288:rune
244:and
242:Oder
185:Alps
135:pike
107:peat
100:Site
28:The
1273:137
1053:339
228:sod
154:.
69:BCE
38:bog
1625::
1550:.
1539:.
1412:,
1392:,
1360:,
1271:,
1248:,
1198:,
1173:,
1106:89
1104:,
1100:,
857:47
855:,
853:44
836:,
751:,
700:^
679:^
668:,
656:,
591:,
554:^
540:,
528:^
477:^
463:.
404:.
312:.
248:.
77:CE
44::
1380:.
1313:.
1177:.
957:.
900:.
859:.
771:.
644:.
610:.
429:(
40:(
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