883:
20:
1218:
229:
631:
842:. The figure is one of two explicitly anthropomorphic figures in the corpus, the remainder being more stylized. It is 0.47 m tall and consists of a heart-shaped face, a square torso without arms, and two simple legs ending in feet. A slight bump in the pubic area is interpreted as indicating male genitals. The Lagore figure is the earliest to have been found in Ireland and dates to 2135–1944 cal. BC.
1215:
779:, Switzerland. It is 1.25 metres (4 ft 1 in) tall and clothed in a tunic. It was dated by means of three Celtic silver coins of the 2nd century BCE which were in a fissure in the statue, and is thought to depict a late 2nd to mid-1st century Celtic deity, apparently associated with the river or the lake. Finally, a wooden figure 58 centimetres (23 in) was found in
2056:
2053:
497:, he writes that as soon as they come into harbour, they leave their ships with food and alcoholic drink and offer them at a tall piece of wood with the face of a man carved in it, which is surrounded by smaller similar figures. Such an arrangement has been found at sites such as the Oberdorla sacrificial bog.
214:
Locations of anthropomorphic idols are spread across the entire northwestern to eastern
European region and represent a pan-European phenomenon across cultural boundaries. The documented sites shown on the map can be considered as a small subset of the true number of pole idols. It is plausible that
1275:
948:
near
Neubrandenburg one of the most significant Slavic idols. Dated to the 11th–12th century, it takes the form of a two-headed male bust mounted on a column of hewn oak, and is 178 centimetres (5 ft 10 in) high. The beard, eyes, and nose are emphasised. It is the only multi-headed
873:
in
Scotland. The genitalia are emphasised and pieces of quartz have been inserted as eyes. The figure had been deposited in a ritual context with other objects, within an enclosure marked off with woven branches, similar to cultic finds on the continent. It has been carbon-dated to between 700 and
650:
are likewise incomplete. They have been interpreted, in particular by Behm-Blancke, as the site of fertility sacrifices, based on the indications of male and female sexual characteristics and the frequent association with potsherds and the bones of animals and, at
Oberdorla, of humans. They may
941:, but their identification with specific deities can only be speculation. Also, as with Celtic and Germanic, Slavic paganism was not universally standardised but included decentralised, local cult centres and practices, of which the wooden images would have formed a part.
673:
has suggested that in the case of the male and female
Wittemoor figures, which stood on either side of a plank causeway through a marsh, there may have been a secular decorative motive in addition to the spiritual luck-bringing and warding (apotropaic) functions.
1272:
215:
numerous finds are still waiting in the soil of the extensive, former swamp landscapes of Europe (Baltic Sea neighbors, Germany, Netherlands, Russia, etc.), if they have not been destroyed during peat mining (see destruction of boardwalks in
Wittemoor) etc. .
2242:
796:
To date twenty three anthropomorphic figures are known from
Ireland, dating from the Early Bronze Age to the Late Iron Age. The figures come from eleven wetland sites across Ireland. They include two figures known only from paper records: one from the
275:
in Sweden, but the vast majority have been preserved in bogs or other moist environments, so it is impossible to know how widespread the practice actually was. One figure has been found on dry land, in a ditch complex on a hillside at
1004:
651:
originate in a phallus cult, although there are few indications of such a cult in
Germanic paganism. Alternatively, since the veneration of pillars extends beyond the Germanic cultural area, they may originate in the belief in the
1058:
787:
in central France. It is presumed to be male and the location of the find, in the well of a Roman temple, suggests it served a devotional purpose; the style of the figure resembles that of pre-Roman figures from North
Germany.
2452:
641:
It is impossible to determine the exact purpose of the figurines, or their relationship to the named
Germanic gods and goddesses, with whose worship they overlap; examples are found dating to as late as the
271:, have been dated to the 2nd to 3rd centuries BCE but also as early as the 4th century. In areas with Germanic-speakers, figures have been found in an area extending from Schleswig-Holstein in Germany to
316:. With a side length of 56 centimetres (22 in) and a depth of approximately 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in), it indicates a pillar of considerable size, presumably a cult pillar of some sort.
930:
as containing a great four-headed idol, far taller than a man. However, Slavic anthropomorphic figures do not occur until the 10th century, presumably under the influence of neighbouring cultures.
353:
proposed that as the origin of the "god word" and the etymology was accepted by some scholars; it would suggest that the word is derived from god-images in pole form, but relating it to the Indian
2101:
Torsten Capelle, "Anthropomorphe Holzidole in Mittel- und Nordeuropa". In: Scripta minora. Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskapssamfundet i Lund, 1 (1995–96), Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell, 1995,
1001:
3806:
2476:
2387:
1078:
1055:
518:, and of other idols, may be related but have been influenced by Christian concepts since the sagas were written down in the 12th to 14th centuries, centuries after the heathen period.
130:
figure from Wales, was imported) and as far east as Gorbunovo Moor in Russia. By far the majority were preserved in wetlands of some sort; however, only one figure—from the late
1473:- "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance."
2449:
1481:- "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake." Trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb,
384:. Later Germanic peoples do not seem to have had this aversion, such as the more complex figures made of carved forked sticks that recall the "wooden people" or "tree-men" of the
701:
in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It originally depicted a person, apparently seated, between two rams, with hands around their rumps; only the hands survive from the human figure.
380:
that while the Germanic peoples had idols, they did not consider it fitting to anthropomorphize them. One example he describes is the annual parading of an image of the goddess
3796:
2013:
284:. The great majority of the figurines are markedly more abstract than other artistic artefacts of their time. The 5th-6th century seated figure from the Rude-Eskilstrup bog in
2430:
576:. Carved from a broad plank cut in silhouette with blank faces, males with rectangular bodies, females with breasts or shoulders indicated by a slanted cut, broad hips and
160:
Locations of anthropomorphic pole gods/ancestral sculptures made of wood (discovered in modern times or location described by credible sources (see Cape Arkona Temple))
4791:
3801:
2822:
2512:
664:
2319:
312:. Furthermore, post holes have been identified such as that which forms the focal point of the "grandstand" at the 6th to 7th-century Anglo-Saxon royal hall site of
1339:
1614:
646:. We cannot determine how typical those which have happened to survive and be found, or their locations, are; and our surviving written sources of information on
526:
1307:
1584:
3, 2000: "This piece of wood has a face like the face of a man and is surrounded by small figurines behind which are long pieces of wood set up in the ground."
285:
1751:
3776:
2078:
3771:
2948:
1098:
135:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3766:
3761:
3756:
292:, Denmark, is unusually detailed: it has a triple neck-ring or collar, a kirtle and a pronounced chin or beard, and resembles a bronze figure found at
2384:
1593:
The Possendorf figure was about 90 centimetres (35 in) tall and probably from the 2nd century BCE. Wijnand van der Sanden, tr. Susan J. Mellor,
68:. The majority are more or less crudely worked poles or forked sticks; some take the form of carved planks. They have been dated to periods from the
2587:
1252:
2473:
2926:
1629:, Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR 4, Berlin: Akademie, 1976,
1762:
1075:
2351:
1556:
850:
806:
1144:
5019:
1978:
1837:
831:. It has a genital opening containing a piece of white quartz, which may represent a vulva or may have been an attachment point for a penis.
2276:
550:. Formed from a forked stick, with a head carved out at the top. Those found at Oberdorla are all female; in North Germany and Scandinavia,
3751:
2113:
1871:
1799:
1780:
293:
2626:
1681:
363:
origins is equally plausible. Some of the wooden figures take the form of a simple pole or post, sometimes set up in a heap of stones.
3746:
693:
A fragment of an anthropomorphic figurine made of oak dating to the 2nd century BCE was found in a possibly sacrificial shaft inside a
2010:
239:
The earliest evidence of anthropomorphic wooden cult figures in areas that would later have Germanic-speaking inhabitants is from the
4811:
305:
3240:
3170:
1896:
Book III "Massilia", ll. 458–61, 468–71, trans. Edward Ridley, 1896, at Medieval and Classical Literature Library,
2888:
1524:
2468:
Leszek Słupecki, "The temple in Rhetra-Riedegost: West Slavic pagan ritual as described at the beginning of eleventh century", in
2427:
1573:
5014:
4209:
3646:
1718:
1518:
2509:
2369:
Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa
2206:
3330:
4083:
2919:
1336:
2316:
2157:
1900:
1471:
Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrantur
1240:, ed. Anders Andrén, Kristina Jennbert and Catharina Raudvere, Vägar till Midgård 8, Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2006,
4983:
4723:
4605:
2893:
1859:, Cingula 12, Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, Albert Egges van Giffen Instituut voor Prae- en Protohistorie, 1990,
1540:
1304:
3904:
3899:
3628:
2571:
2537:
2505:
2423:
2380:
2344:
2312:
2189:
2143:
2106:
2006:
1864:
1830:
1792:
1744:
1690:
1602:
1430:
1332:
1300:
1245:
1171:
1137:
1051:
997:
903:
2179:
949:
sculpture extant from a Slavic region, but the location of the find does not indicate any sort of temple or shrine.
732:, France, the sculptor has reproduced the knot-holes as eye-like openings on the sides. Two maple-wood columns with
5024:
1236:
Charlotte Fabech, "Centrality in Old Norse mental landscapes: A dialogue between arranged and natural places?", in
1748:
1617:, "Materielle und geistige Kultur. Stammesgebiete im 1. und 2. Jahrhundert: Kult und Ideologie", in Bruno Krüger,
1023:
5039:
2619:
2552:
Hajo Hayen: "Hölzerne Kultfiguren am Bohlenweg XLII (IP) im Wittenmoor (Gemeinde Berne, Landkreis Wesermarsch)".
309:
5009:
2912:
2075:
4153:
1095:
2858:
481:
in the form of a 40 feet wooden pole shaped to look like a man that tells that it was set up by the sons of
360:
834:
In 1934, the first archaeologically excavated figure was identified during excavations at Lagore crannog,
4766:
1825:, Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 80, Stuttgart: Theiss, 1999,
933:
Sebastian Brather distinguishes between idols in plank and pole form. He regards the former as primarily
469:
3230:
2498:
Tools, Weapons and Ornaments: Germanic Material Culture in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400–750
1623:
Die Germanen: Geschichte und Kultur der germanischen Stämme in Mitteleuropa. Ein Handbuch in zwei Bänden
1249:
622:, which was probably preferred for its endurance in the mostly wet locations where they were deposited.
4933:
4923:
3320:
2612:
2604:
945:
4031:
3438:
1396:, Grundriß der germanischen Philologie 12.2, 2nd ed. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1957, repr. as 3rd ed. 1970,
882:
817:
published the discovery of a prehistoric anthropomorphic figure found during turf cutting in a bog at
5029:
4088:
3931:
3200:
1823:
Die keltischen Viereckschanzen von Fellbach-Schmiden (Rems-Murr-Kreis) und Ehningen (Kreis Böblingen)
1759:
635:
581:
463:. Christian missionary writings refer disparagingly to wooden "idols", such as the figure of the god
268:
4163:
2348:
686:-speaking settlement, and because of overlap with Germanic-speaking settlement, particularly in the
3956:
2957:
2723:
1141:
4041:
1975:
1834:
748:, date to the Roman period. A 3-metre (9.8 ft) oak sculpture of a "guardian deity" wearing a
5044:
5034:
4868:
4486:
4068:
4036:
3976:
3951:
3150:
2754:
2264:
1385:
839:
745:
2110:
1868:
1796:
1368:, tr. James Steven Stallybrass, 4 vols., Volume 3, London: Bell, 1882, repr. New York: Dover, ,
3738:
474:
281:
3656:
4718:
4691:
4623:
1709:, ed. Wolf-Rüdiger Teegen, Rosemarie Müller, Rosemarie Cordie, Olaf Dörrer and Heiko Steuer,
938:
717:) which was a location of human sacrifice and had stone altars and rough-hewn wooden idols.
570:. Sizes range from approximately 1 to 3 metres (3 ft 3 in to 9 ft 10 in).
235:(Type 2) found in Northern Germany and dated to approximately 2nd to early 4th centuries BCE.
19:
4613:
4180:
3971:
1166:, Ten thousand years of folk art in the North; Nordic iron age art 1, Cologne: König, 2006,
4928:
2759:
1183:
798:
529:
classified the anthropomorphic figurines into four groups based on the finds at Oberdorla:
2044:, Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Stadt Pforzheim 3, Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1995,
690:
region, it is sometimes difficult to assign a figure to one or the other group of people.
143:
8:
4285:
4093:
3686:
3180:
3062:
1364:
895:
866:
760:
have been found at sites of worship of goddesses of water-sources, such as the so-called
3827:
5049:
4781:
4501:
3523:
2935:
2883:
2774:
2697:
2265:"Idols, ards, and severed heads: Three thousand years of deposition in a Roscommon fen"
2234:
2042:
Portus—Pforzheim: Untersuchungen zur Archäologie und Geschichte in römischer Zeit
1570:
1550:
810:
606:. Carved from a squared piece of timber with an inclined head and a base, similar to a
567:
506:
3981:
3598:
3583:
3423:
967:, use of sinkholes in the Yucatán for religious offerings which include wooden figures
611:
26:, a figure made from a forked stick (Type 2) and dated to approximately 535–520
4988:
4978:
4837:
4801:
4628:
4190:
3593:
2987:
2827:
2764:
2636:
2567:
2533:
2501:
2419:
2376:
2340:
2308:
2238:
2226:
2185:
2149:
2139:
2102:
2045:
2002:
1967:
1860:
1826:
1788:
1740:
1714:
1686:
1630:
1598:
1536:
1514:
1486:
1426:
1397:
1394:
Die Götter – Vorstellungen über den Kosmos – Der Untergang des Heidentums
1369:
1328:
1296:
1241:
1210:
Johannes Maringer, "Das Wasser in Kult und Glauben der vorgeschichtlichen Menschen",
1191:
1167:
1133:
1047:
993:
767:. An oak statue belonging to the La Tène culture was found at the mouth of the River
647:
563:
555:
264:
244:
232:
126:. They are found as far west as Ireland (although at least one found in Britain, the
118:
in the Netherlands and the latest is 13th-century, but most date from between c. 500
73:
23:
4551:
4516:
4511:
4451:
3032:
2837:
2532:, Warsaw: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1994,
4421:
3921:
3681:
3538:
3473:
2962:
2904:
2687:
2405:
2218:
927:
923:
854:
802:
776:
764:
105:
4708:
4229:
4098:
3966:
3363:
3120:
4918:
4126:
3874:
2939:
2769:
2516:
2480:
2456:
2434:
2391:
2355:
2323:
2117:
2082:
2060:
2017:
1982:
1904:
1875:
1841:
1803:
1766:
1755:
1577:
1465:
1343:
1311:
1279:
1256:
1222:
1148:
1102:
1082:
1062:
1027:
1008:
934:
559:
501:
482:
376:
338:
334:
252:
108:
85:
57:
49:
4556:
4406:
4078:
1238:
Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions
4842:
4696:
4471:
4249:
4224:
4133:
3716:
3603:
3553:
3543:
3468:
2692:
2493:
2296:
1732:
1479:
mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur
911:
694:
589:
460:
127:
45:
4579:
4574:
4063:
3102:
2842:
2222:
2181:
An Archaeology of Images: Iconology and cosmology in Iron Age and Roman Europe
1044:
An Archaeology of Images: Iconology and Cosmology in Iron Age and Roman Europe
459:
Other more or less contemporary texts also attest to wooden cult figurines in
5003:
4832:
4827:
4776:
4761:
4703:
4651:
4531:
4526:
4461:
4456:
4376:
4366:
4265:
4239:
4148:
3822:
3578:
3413:
3283:
3235:
2863:
2665:
2660:
2410:
2230:
1897:
1502:
1085:, : Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Eurasien-Abteilung, 2010, p. 34 (pdf)
970:
585:
494:
256:
96:
settlement. A typology has been developed based on the large number found at
81:
4796:
4536:
4496:
4466:
4431:
4401:
4234:
4173:
4073:
4051:
3961:
3909:
3443:
3245:
2153:
1107:
964:
4618:
3946:
3433:
3378:
3017:
2802:
1702:
1418:
1076:"Archaeological Finds from Germany: Booklet to the Photographic Exhibition"
870:
869:, an almost lifesize female figure carved out of an oak log was found near
849:
dating to cal. AD 252–413 (1715±28 BP; UBA-43937), from a fen flanking the
835:
827:
822:
670:
652:
593:
389:
301:
4521:
4481:
4361:
4346:
3986:
3867:
3701:
3691:
3463:
2733:
1634:
1490:
1401:
1195:
4786:
4756:
4666:
4506:
4436:
4416:
4396:
4371:
4300:
4290:
3388:
3315:
3097:
3037:
2807:
2300:
2133:
2049:
1971:
1359:
919:
772:
729:
551:
350:
277:
248:
147:
41:
4847:
4633:
4476:
3832:
3518:
3393:
3383:
3348:
2634:
4953:
4673:
4569:
4441:
4386:
4341:
4321:
4195:
3837:
3428:
2832:
1373:
1020:
915:
887:
814:
725:
660:
643:
597:
490:
385:
240:
139:
131:
123:
115:
69:
61:
53:
4561:
4336:
4138:
3478:
3403:
3398:
3353:
1966:, Exhibition catalogue, Swiss National Museum, Zurich: Eidolon, 1991,
1707:
Studien zur Lebenswelt der Eisenzeit: Festschrift für Rosemarie Müller
784:
56:, in some cases presumably depicting deities, sometimes with either a
4908:
4713:
4681:
4591:
4546:
4446:
4295:
4280:
4058:
4021:
3884:
3573:
3503:
3453:
3448:
3368:
3022:
1889:
761:
714:
709:
687:
320:
313:
101:
97:
77:
4747:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
4586:
4275:
4168:
3676:
3666:
3636:
3613:
3185:
2966:
2798:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
2738:
228:
4913:
4893:
4541:
4356:
4185:
4046:
4016:
3916:
3651:
3563:
3488:
3418:
3300:
3072:
3012:
3002:
2817:
2650:
2418:, Slavistische Studienbücher NF 21, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009,
907:
818:
780:
737:
698:
656:
630:
346:
272:
65:
4958:
4943:
4878:
4771:
4426:
4391:
4270:
4143:
3996:
3588:
3568:
3483:
3220:
3215:
3160:
3145:
3057:
3027:
2812:
2702:
1705:, "Über anthropomorphe Moorpfähle der vorrömischen Eisenzeit", in
1325:
The King in the North: The Life and Times of Oswald of Northumbria
1190:, Ancient Peoples and Places 58, London: Thames and Hudson, 1967,
741:
486:
478:
4903:
4491:
4411:
4381:
4326:
4244:
3857:
3671:
3641:
3343:
3295:
3007:
1857:
Tribal Societies in Northern Gaul: An Anthropological Perspective
1460:
937:
in purpose, like those described by Saxo and by others including
537:
381:
371:
289:
4751:
4121:
4001:
3991:
3852:
3338:
3155:
3112:
3092:
3047:
2979:
2655:
1533:
The Saga of the Volsungs : with the Saga of Ragnar Lothbrok
325:
4351:
4316:
4026:
3936:
3926:
3879:
3721:
3661:
3373:
3310:
3273:
3225:
3140:
2707:
2682:
958:
805:, found in the late-late eighteenth century, and a second from
753:
721:
634:
Female (left) and male (right) plank figures (Type 3) from the
541:
355:
3862:
3706:
3508:
3255:
3250:
3190:
3082:
2728:
1595:
Through Nature to Eternity: The Bog Bodies of Northwest Europe
914:, all in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Altfriesack (now part of
4948:
4938:
4898:
4888:
4883:
4331:
4158:
4103:
4011:
4006:
3941:
3889:
3842:
3726:
3711:
3608:
3558:
3548:
3528:
3498:
3493:
3458:
3408:
3358:
3305:
3288:
3278:
3265:
3210:
3195:
3135:
3130:
3052:
2997:
2992:
2677:
2672:
1958:
Andres Furger and Felix Müller, with Maria Angelica Borrello
886:
Slavic figure of a god, c. 5th century CE, from Altfriesack,
768:
757:
704:
683:
607:
577:
515:
464:
300:. It has been suggested that this figure may have stood in a
297:
267:, a male and female forked-stick pair found in a peat bog at
93:
89:
4806:
3513:
1627:
Von den Anfängen bis zum 2. Jahrhundert unserer Zeitrechnung
902:, for example the temple finds from Groß Raden (now part of
4873:
4852:
4686:
4659:
4116:
4111:
3847:
3696:
3618:
3533:
3175:
3165:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3042:
2595:
2001:, 2nd ed., Volume 16, Berlin / New York: de Gruyter, 2000,
1685:, 2nd ed., Volume 15, Berlin / New York: de Gruyter, 2000,
1679:
Torsten Capelle and Bernhard Maier, "Idole, Idolatrie", in
899:
749:
733:
511:
2375:, Ergänzungsband 61, Berlin / New York: de Gruyter, 2008,
1713:, Ergänzungsband 53, Berlin / New York: de Gruyter, 2006,
3894:
3205:
3125:
2207:"Anthropomorphic Wooden Figures from Britain and Ireland"
619:
260:
119:
27:
894:
The several wooden anthropomorphic figures found in the
544:, (now lost) has a carved head and attached raised arms.
3797:
people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend
1739:, 2nd ed. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1997,
1425:, tr. Angela Hall, Woodbridge, Suffolk: Brewer, 1993,
114:
The oldest of the figures is the Mesolithic find from
92:
settlement and from the later part of the date range,
2307:, 1951, repr. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2010,
2138:. Galway: Galway University Press. pp. 360–361.
682:
Relatively few figurines have been found in areas of
618:
Most of the figures which have been preserved are of
610:. One of this type was found at Oberdorla, in a late
2934:
1737:
Kelten. Versuch einer Gesamtdarstellung ihrer Kultur
1198:, Plate 31, p. 78 (described on p. 197 as Plate 32).
562:
and the more artistically developed male and female
2263:Campbell, Eve; Ó Maoldúin, Ros (Spring 2022).
990:
Wetland Archaeology and Beyond: Theory and Practice
540:, as at Oberdorla; a variant form from Possendorf,
64:(protective) function. Many have been preserved in
2500:, Northern World 1, Leiden / Boston: Brill, 2001,
2416:Das Glaubensgut der Slawen im europäischen Verbund
2262:
1096:"Några träidoler från förhistorisk och senare tid"
1964:Helvetian Gold: Celtic Treasures from Switzerland
1785:Die Religion der Kelten: Götter, Mythen, Weltbild
1657:
1655:
1408:has a bibliography of that and rival etymologies.
5001:
2085:; see R. Wyss, "La statue celte de Villeneuve",
1164:Men, Gods and Masks—in Nordic Iron Age Art
961:, ancient Greek wooden statues depicting deities
1932:Rude, scarcely fashioned from some fallen trunk
2528:Leszek Paweł Słupecki, tr. Izabela Szymańska,
2177:
1652:
510:carved with the images of gods, in particular
2920:
2620:
2339:, Historic Scotland, London: Batsford, 1997,
1923:On massive stones upreared; sacred with blood
1293:Settlements in Scotland 1000 BC–AD 1000
756:, Switzerland. And primitively carved wooden
251:forked-stick figure found in a peat bog near
223:
2556:NF 22 (1971), ISSN 0342-0736, 88–123.
2470:Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives
1917:Here found a home, nor Pan, but savage rites
536:. Poles or posts, sometimes equipped with a
153:
4649:
2949:Mythological Norse people, items and places
2373:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
1999:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
1935:Held the mid space: and, pallid with decay,
1711:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
1682:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
84:. The majority have been found in areas of
2927:
2913:
2627:
2613:
1555:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1206:
1204:
944:Leszek Słupecki considers the figure from
349:) has a homonym meaning "pole" or "beam".
218:
3747:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
2178:Aldhouse Green, Miranda (30 April 2004).
1295:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University, 1980,
554:male figures are also found, such as the
2889:Christianisation of the Germanic peoples
1997:O.-H. Frey, "Keltische Großplastik", in
1993:
1991:
1530:
1443:
1441:
1439:
881:
877:
713:refers to a sacred grove near Massilia (
677:
629:
366:
337:root *ans, *ansuz and also recorded for
227:
104:, at a sacrificial bog which is now the
18:
2131:
1954:
1952:
1201:
1132:, Sonderheft, Stuttgart: Theiss, 1999,
88:settlement, but some are from areas of
5002:
2211:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
2135:The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland
1920:And barbarous worship, altars horrible
752:was found in the old harbour basin of
146:, Germany—has been found in the
16:Overview of anthropomorphic stake gods
2908:
2608:
2305:A Picture Book of Ancient British Art
1988:
1582:Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies
1436:
697:enclosure in the Schmiden section of
521:
493:'s early 10th-century account of the
443:Great fellows they thought themselves
34:Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines
5020:Germanic anthropomorphic cult images
2564:Religion und Mythologie der Germanen
2184:. Taylor & Francis. p. 78.
1949:
52:. They are generally interpreted as
3807:named weapons, armour and treasures
2635:Religious practices and worship in
1938:Their rotting shapes struck terror.
1513:, Oxford: Oxford University, 2011,
1483:The Agricola and Germany of Tacitus
992:, Oxford: Oxford University, 2012,
596:, these are thought to have had an
13:
4984:Heathenry (new religious movement)
2894:Heathenry (new religious movement)
2546:
1597:, Amsterdam: Batavian Lion, 1996,
1535:. Indianapolis. pp. 132–133.
1390:Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte
1126:Opferkulte der Germanen und Slawen
625:
14:
5061:
2581:
736:found in the cultic enclosure of
3647:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
2598:, 19 July 2007. Images 4 and 5.
1449:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
1423:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
1327:, New York: Head of Zeus, 2013,
1214:68.5/6, 1973, pp. 705–76,
580:. Found at Oberdorla and at the
2522:
2486:
2462:
2442:
2399:
2361:
2329:
2290:
2279:from the original on 2022-07-07
2256:
2245:from the original on 2024-06-01
2204:
2198:
2171:
2160:from the original on 2024-06-01
2125:
2095:
2068:
2034:
2025:
1926:Of men was every tree. ...
1881:
1849:
1811:
1774:
1726:
1696:
1673:
1664:
1649:Behm-Blancke, pp. 369–71.
1643:
1608:
1587:
1563:
1495:
1454:
1411:
1379:
1353:
1317:
1285:
1262:
1230:
813:, found in the 1790s. In 1930,
259:to approximately 535–520
4084:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
1177:
1156:
1118:
1088:
1068:
1036:
1014:
982:
1:
1571:"Ibn Faḍlān and the Rūsiyyah"
976:
446:when they had garments—
5015:Medieval European sculptures
898:settlement areas around the
7:
4154:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
2566:. Stuttgart: Theiss, 2003,
1693:, pp. 325–30, p. 330.
1485:, London: Macmillan, 1868,
1046:, London: Routledge, 2004,
1042:Miranda J. Aldhouse Green,
952:
922:) possibly depict deities.
860:
10:
5066:
4821:Festivals and holy periods
2530:Slavonic Pagan Sanctuaries
1531:Crawford, Jackson (2017).
1130:Archäologie in Deutschland
965:Cenote § Anthropology
791:
224:Background and development
40:, have been found at many
4971:
4861:
4820:
4739:
4732:
4642:
4604:
4309:
4258:
4217:
4208:
4089:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
3815:
3802:named animals and plants
3737:
3627:
3329:
3264:
3111:
2978:
2955:
2946:
2876:
2851:
2790:
2783:
2747:
2716:
2643:
2223:10.1017/S0079497X0000517X
636:Wittemoor timber trackway
582:Wittemoor timber trackway
449:a man is mortified naked.
437:I gave in the countryside
269:Braak, Schleswig-Holstein
154:Geographical distribution
3910:Black elves (Svartálfar)
1291:Lisbeth Margaret Thoms,
1111:52 (1957) 247–58.
1021:"Guden fra Broddenbjerg"
720:In a stone replica of a
5025:Ancient Celtic religion
4792:Sacred trees and groves
4032:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
3905:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
2823:Sacred trees and groves
2592:Wer waren die Germanen?
2414:14.39: Norbert Reiter,
1962:., tr. Joseph Raftery,
663:) and thus derive from
475:Saga of Ragnar Lothbrok
426:neiss er nökkviðr halr.
219:Germanic-speaking areas
5040:Ancient Celtic culture
4650:
3900:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
3549:Narfi (father of Nott)
2205:Coles, Bryony (1990).
2132:Waddell, John (1998).
2089:10 (1979) 58–67
1787:, Munich: Beck, 2001,
1124:Michael Müller-Wille,
891:
890:, Brandenburg, Germany
655:(as seen in the Saxon
638:
470:Gunnars þáttr helmings
282:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
236:
30:
5010:Prehistoric sculpture
4042:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
3321:Sister-wife of Njörðr
2859:Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins
2087:Helvetia Archeologica
2009:, pp. 395–407,
1893:(aka "The Civil War")
1661:Behm-Blancke, p. 371.
1637:, pp. 351–71, p. 369
1569:James E. Montgomery,
1511:Mythological Poems II
939:Thietmar of Merseburg
885:
878:Slavic-speaking areas
847:Gortnacrannagh Figure
678:Celtic-speaking areas
633:
600:(protective) purpose.
461:Scandinavian paganism
367:Literary attestations
231:
150:culture of the Alps.
22:
4812:Wetlands and islands
3932:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
2472:, pp. 224–28,
2317:p. 7, Fig. 33, p. 36
1929:... effigies of gods
1914:... No sylvan nymphs
1501:"Hávamál" verse 49,
1447:"Pole gods", Simek,
1392:, 2 vols., Volume 2
1346:suggests a Frankish
1184:H. R. Ellis Davidson
840:Hugh O'Neill Hencken
799:Golden Bog of Cullen
665:an archaic tree cult
485:in order to perform
341:as the Latin plural
286:Munke Bjergby parish
4094:Narfi (son of Loki)
3241:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
2367:Sebastian Brather,
1615:Günter Behm-Blancke
1271:23–25 (1998)
1248:, pp. 26–32,
1030:, Nyt fra fortiden
988:Francesco Menotti,
867:Ballachulish figure
527:Günter Behm-Blancke
477:describes a god on
421:er þeir rift hǫfðo,
416:rekkar þat þóttusk,
333:; derived from the
36:, sometimes called
4740:Religious practice
4714:Old Norse language
4181:Váli (son of Loki)
4069:Líf and Lífthrasir
3977:Árvakr and Alsviðr
3972:Horses of the Æsir
3952:Hati Hróðvitnisson
3093:Váli (son of Odin)
2936:Old Norse religion
2884:Germanic mythology
2515:2023-09-14 at the
2479:2023-09-14 at the
2455:2023-09-14 at the
2433:2023-09-14 at the
2390:2023-09-14 at the
2354:2023-09-14 at the
2322:2023-09-14 at the
2116:2023-09-14 at the
2081:2023-09-14 at the
2059:2023-09-14 at the
2016:2023-09-14 at the
1981:2024-06-01 at the
1903:2018-05-04 at the
1874:2023-09-14 at the
1840:2023-09-14 at the
1802:2023-09-14 at the
1765:2023-09-14 at the
1754:2023-09-14 at the
1576:2013-10-01 at the
1433:, repr. 2000 p. 3.
1365:Teutonic Mythology
1342:2023-09-14 at the
1310:2024-06-01 at the
1278:2023-09-14 at the
1255:2023-09-14 at the
1221:2023-09-14 at the
1147:2023-09-14 at the
1101:2017-08-12 at the
1094:Andreas Oldeberg,
1081:2013-10-08 at the
1061:2023-09-14 at the
1026:2013-10-04 at the
1007:2023-07-09 at the
892:
845:The latest is the
825:, Ireland, called
811:County Londonderry
659:and the Old Norse
639:
568:Schleswig-Holstein
522:Forms and material
237:
31:
4997:
4996:
4989:Nordic Bronze Age
4979:Germanic paganism
4967:
4966:
4838:Germanic calendar
4802:Temple at Uppsala
4600:
4599:
4204:
4203:
4164:Þjálfi and Röskva
4108:Personifications
2971:and other figures
2902:
2901:
2872:
2871:
2828:Temple at Uppsala
2637:Germanic paganism
1946:
1945:
1719:978-3-11-019010-6
1519:978-0-19-811182-5
1188:Pagan Scandinavia
648:Germanic paganism
564:Braak Bog Figures
556:Broddenbjerg idol
457:
456:
329:(the singular of
306:placed in the bog
265:Braak Bog Figures
245:Broddenbjerg idol
233:Braak Bog Figures
144:Baden-Württemberg
136:Wasserburg Buchau
74:Early Middle Ages
24:Broddenbjerg idol
5057:
5030:Germanic culture
4737:
4736:
4655:
4422:Grove of fetters
4215:
4214:
3922:Fjalar (rooster)
3682:Fjalar and Galar
2976:
2975:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2788:
2787:
2688:Merseburg charms
2629:
2622:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2577:
2559:
2541:
2526:
2520:
2490:
2484:
2466:
2460:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2406:Saxo Grammaticus
2403:
2397:
2396:
2365:
2359:
2333:
2327:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2038:
2032:
2031:Birkhan, p. 937.
2029:
2023:
2022:
1995:
1986:
1956:
1947:
1909:
1908:
1898:Pharsalia Book 3
1885:
1879:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1817:Günther Wieland
1815:
1809:
1808:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1700:
1694:
1677:
1671:
1670:Menotti, p. 193.
1668:
1662:
1659:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1612:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1528:
1522:
1499:
1493:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1434:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1383:
1377:
1357:
1351:
1321:
1315:
1289:
1283:
1266:
1260:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1208:
1199:
1181:
1175:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1122:
1116:
1115:(German summary)
1114:
1092:
1086:
1072:
1066:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1018:
1012:
1002:pp. 193–94
986:
928:Temple at Arkona
924:Saxo Grammaticus
855:County Roscommon
803:County Tipperary
777:Villeneuve, Vaud
500:The mentions in
489:for victory. In
440:to two twig-men.
411:tveim trémǫnnom;
395:
394:
106:Opfermoor Vogtei
76:, including the
5065:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4963:
4919:Norse cosmology
4857:
4816:
4728:
4724:Later influence
4638:
4596:
4310:Other locations
4305:
4254:
4200:
4127:Sumarr and Vetr
3811:
3733:
3623:
3424:Gjálp and Greip
3325:
3260:
3107:
2972:
2970:
2961:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2903:
2898:
2868:
2847:
2779:
2743:
2712:
2639:
2633:
2599:
2584:
2575:
2557:
2549:
2547:Further reading
2544:
2527:
2523:
2517:Wayback Machine
2510:Plate 50, p. 53
2491:
2487:
2481:Wayback Machine
2467:
2463:
2457:Wayback Machine
2447:
2443:
2437:
2435:Wayback Machine
2404:
2400:
2394:
2392:Wayback Machine
2366:
2362:
2356:Wayback Machine
2349:pp. 87–88
2337:Celtic Scotland
2334:
2330:
2324:Wayback Machine
2295:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2118:Wayback Machine
2100:
2096:
2090:
2083:Wayback Machine
2073:
2069:
2063:
2061:Wayback Machine
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2018:Wayback Machine
1996:
1989:
1983:Wayback Machine
1957:
1950:
1907:, 4 May 2018:
1905:Wayback Machine
1886:
1882:
1876:Wayback Machine
1854:
1850:
1844:
1842:Wayback Machine
1816:
1812:
1806:
1804:Wayback Machine
1779:
1775:
1769:
1767:Wayback Machine
1756:Wayback Machine
1731:
1727:
1721:
1701:
1697:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1613:
1609:
1592:
1588:
1578:Wayback Machine
1568:
1564:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1529:
1525:
1507:The Poetic Edda
1500:
1496:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1384:
1380:
1358:
1354:
1344:Wayback Machine
1322:
1318:
1312:Wayback Machine
1290:
1286:
1280:Wayback Machine
1267:
1263:
1257:Wayback Machine
1235:
1231:
1225:
1223:Wayback Machine
1209:
1202:
1182:
1178:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1149:Wayback Machine
1123:
1119:
1112:
1103:Wayback Machine
1093:
1089:
1083:Wayback Machine
1073:
1069:
1063:Wayback Machine
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:Wayback Machine
1019:
1015:
1009:Wayback Machine
987:
983:
979:
955:
910:and those from
880:
863:
794:
746:Central Bohemia
680:
628:
626:Interpretations
560:Viborg, Denmark
524:
502:Icelandic sagas
483:Ragnar Lothbrok
406:gaf ek velli at
369:
335:Common Germanic
323:term for a god
253:Viborg, Denmark
226:
221:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
163:
162:
161:
156:
109:open-air museum
50:Northern Europe
17:
12:
11:
5:
5063:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5045:Baltic culture
5042:
5037:
5035:Slavic culture
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4614:Æsir–Vanir War
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:Hoddmímis holt
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4286:Körmt and Örmt
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
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2877:Related topics
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2845:
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2582:External links
2580:
2579:
2578:
2562:Rudolf Simek.
2560:
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2543:
2542:
2521:
2494:Herbert Schutz
2485:
2461:
2441:
2398:
2360:
2328:
2301:Glyn E. Daniel
2297:Stuart Piggott
2289:
2255:
2197:
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2124:
2094:
2067:
2040:Klaus Kortüm,
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1781:Bernhard Maier
1773:
1733:Helmut Birkhan
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1074:Svend Hansen,
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926:describes the
912:Neubrandenburg
879:
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874:500 BCE.
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4709:Völsung Cycle
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4704:Tyrfing Cycle
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4652:Gesta Danorum
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1865:9789070319137
1862:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:9783806214819
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:9783406482342
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:9783700126096
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1691:3-11-016649-6
1688:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1646:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1603:9789067074186
1600:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:, Volume III
1508:
1504:
1503:Ursula Dronke
1498:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1431:9780859915137
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1404:p. 9, note 1
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:9781781854174
1330:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:9780852243633
1298:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:9789189116818
1243:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1172:9783883759852
1169:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:9783806214437
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1052:9780415252539
1049:
1045:
1039:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:9780199571017
995:
991:
985:
981:
972:
971:Dagenham idol
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
950:
947:
942:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
889:
884:
875:
872:
868:
865:In 1880, the
858:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
832:
830:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
675:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
645:
637:
632:
623:
621:
613:
609:
605:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:corduroy road
583:
579:
575:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
535:
532:
531:
530:
528:
519:
517:
513:
509:
508:
507:Öndvegissúlur
503:
498:
496:
495:Volga Vikings
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:
466:
462:
453:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
432:
431:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:
373:
364:
362:
361:Indo-European
359:as a term of
358:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
234:
230:
216:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:Migration Age
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
29:
25:
21:
4746:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4629:Hjaðningavíg
4407:Glæsisvellir
3947:Gullinbursti
3594:Útgarða-Loki
2988:Almáttki áss
2803:Externsteine
2797:
2591:
2563:
2553:
2529:
2524:
2497:
2492:Photograph,
2488:
2469:
2464:
2444:
2415:
2409:
2401:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2336:
2331:
2304:
2292:
2281:. Retrieved
2272:
2268:
2258:
2247:. Retrieved
2214:
2210:
2200:
2180:
2173:
2162:. Retrieved
2134:
2127:
2109:, pp. 1–68,
2097:
2086:
2070:
2041:
2036:
2027:
1998:
1963:
1959:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1856:
1851:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1784:
1776:
1736:
1728:
1710:
1706:
1703:Heiko Steuer
1698:
1680:
1675:
1666:
1645:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1565:
1532:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1422:
1419:Rudolf Simek
1413:
1393:
1389:
1386:Jan de Vries
1381:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1324:
1319:
1292:
1287:
1268:
1264:
1237:
1232:
1211:
1187:
1179:
1163:
1158:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1113:(in Swedish)
1106:
1090:
1070:
1043:
1038:
1016:
989:
984:
946:Fischerinsel
943:
932:
893:
871:Ballachulish
864:
851:Owenur River
846:
844:
836:County Meath
833:
828:Ralaghan Man
826:
823:County Cavan
807:Ballybritain
795:
719:
708:
703:
692:
681:
671:Heiko Steuer
669:
653:world pillar
640:
617:
603:
594:Lower Saxony
573:
547:
533:
525:
505:
499:
468:
458:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
375:
370:
354:
342:
330:
324:
318:
257:carbon-dated
238:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
148:lake village
113:
37:
33:
32:
4787:Reginnaglar
4719:Orthography
4692:Jómsvíkinga
4667:Poetic Edda
4580:Urðarbrunnr
4575:Mímisbrunnr
4507:Singasteinn
4437:Hindarfjall
4417:Gnipahellir
4397:Ginnungagap
4372:Fyrisvellir
4367:Fornsigtuna
4301:Vimur River
4291:Slidr River
4064:Jörmungandr
3474:Hrímgrímnir
3103:Vili and Vé
2760:Anglo-Saxon
2600:(in German)
2576:(in German)
2558:(in German)
2438:(in German)
2395:(in German)
2371:, 2nd ed.,
2335:Ian Armit,
2217:: 315–333.
2121:(in German)
2091:(in French)
2064:(in German)
2021:(in German)
1845:(in German)
1807:(in German)
1770:(in German)
1722:(in German)
1639:(in German)
1625:, Volume 1
1406:(in German)
1360:Jacob Grimm
1323:Max Adams,
1226:(in German)
1174:, Plate 55.
1152:(in German)
1032:(in Danish)
920:Brandenburg
896:West Slavic
773:Lake Geneva
730:Haute-Marne
552:ithyphallic
401:Váðir mínar
351:Jacob Grimm
278:Bad Doberan
249:ithyphallic
54:cult images
5004:Categories
4954:Viking Age
4929:Philosophy
4797:Sonargöltr
4682:Runestones
4674:Prose Edda
4619:Fimbulvetr
4570:Hvergelmir
4537:Valaskjálf
4497:Sessrúmnir
4467:Jötunheimr
4442:Hlidskjalf
4432:Himinbjörg
4402:Glaðsheimr
4387:Gastropnir
4342:Bilskirnir
4322:Amsvartnir
4235:Gjallarbrú
4218:Underworld
4174:Landvættir
4074:Loddfáfnir
4052:Svaðilfari
4037:Hófvarpnir
3982:Blóðughófi
3962:Hildisvíni
3838:Aurvandill
3599:Vafþrúðnir
3584:Þrúðgelmir
3444:Harðgreipr
2833:Trollkyrka
2791:Historical
2748:Variations
2717:Veneration
2283:2024-06-01
2249:2024-06-01
2164:2024-06-01
2111:pp. 25, 27
1108:Fornvännen
977:References
916:Fehrbellin
888:Fehrbellin
815:Adolf Mahr
783:, west of
726:Euffigneix
661:Yggdrasill
644:Viking Age
598:apotropaic
558:from near
491:Ibn Fadlan
487:sacrifices
434:My clothes
386:Eddic poem
374:states in
310:conversion
294:Bregneburg
241:Bronze Age
140:Bad Buchau
132:Bronze Age
116:Willemstad
70:Mesolithic
62:apotropaic
5050:Figurines
4909:Mead hall
4843:Þorrablót
4697:Legendary
4592:Yggdrasil
4552:Víðbláinn
4547:Vanaheimr
4522:Þrymheimr
4517:Þrúðvangr
4512:Þrúðheimr
4482:Munarvágr
4472:Mímameiðr
4447:Hnitbjorg
4362:Fólkvangr
4347:Brávellir
4296:Vadgelmir
4281:Kerlaugar
4250:Niðafjöll
4210:Locations
4186:Valkyries
4134:Sæhrímnir
4022:Gulltoppr
3987:Falhófnir
3885:Einherjar
3868:Landdísir
3702:Mótsognir
3692:Hreiðmarr
3604:Víðblindi
3554:Sökkmímir
3544:Mögþrasir
3504:Hyrrokkin
3469:Hrímgerðr
3464:Hræsvelgr
3454:Helreginn
3449:Helblindi
3369:Bergelmir
3033:Ítreksjóð
2940:mythology
2784:Locations
2734:Landdísir
2693:Þorrablót
2644:Practices
2554:Die Kunde
2540:, p. 205.
2448:Brather,
2275:: 12–13.
2239:164050650
2231:0079-497X
1891:Pharsalia
1635:256529450
1605:, p. 104.
1551:cite book
1491:776555615
1451:, p. 258.
1402:769214225
1348:staffolus
1212:Anthropos
1196:247529956
904:Sternberg
762:Pforzheim
724:found at
715:Marseille
710:Pharsalia
688:North Sea
321:Old Norse
314:Yeavering
304:and been
102:Thuringia
98:Oberdorla
78:Roman Era
66:peat bogs
44:sites in
38:pole gods
4972:See also
4894:Hamingja
4848:Vetrnætr
4833:Dísablót
4828:Álfablót
4634:Ragnarök
4542:Valhalla
4532:Útgarðar
4477:Myrkviðr
4462:Járnviðr
4457:Iðavöllr
4377:Gálgviðr
4357:Fensalir
4266:Élivágar
4240:Náströnd
4230:Éljúðnir
4099:Níðhöggr
4047:Sleipnir
4017:Gullfaxi
3917:Fimafeng
3833:Auðumbla
3652:Billingr
3579:Þrívaldi
3564:Suttungr
3519:Járnsaxa
3489:Hrungnir
3419:Gillingr
3414:Geirröðr
3394:Fárbauti
3384:Býleistr
3349:Angrboða
3301:Gullveig
3013:Heimdall
3003:Dellingr
2818:Irminsul
2765:Frankish
2666:Dísablót
2661:Álfablót
2513:Archived
2477:Archived
2453:Archived
2431:Archived
2388:Archived
2352:Archived
2320:Archived
2277:Archived
2243:Archived
2158:Archived
2154:39155773
2114:Archived
2079:Archived
2057:Archived
2050:35252688
2014:Archived
1979:Archived
1972:26452989
1901:Archived
1872:Archived
1838:Archived
1800:Archived
1763:Archived
1752:Archived
1621:., ed.,
1574:Archived
1521:, p. 12.
1475:Germania
1466:Germania
1417:"Æsir",
1376:, p. 25.
1340:Archived
1308:Archived
1276:Archived
1253:Archived
1219:Archived
1145:Archived
1099:Archived
1079:Archived
1059:Archived
1024:Archived
1005:Archived
953:See also
908:Ralswiek
861:Scotland
819:Ralaghan
781:Montbouy
738:Libenice
699:Fellbach
657:Irminsul
614:context.
377:Germania
347:Jordanes
273:Norrland
122:and 500
86:Germanic
80:and the
4924:Numbers
4904:Kenning
4777:Worship
4733:Society
4643:Sources
4562:Vingólf
4557:Vígríðr
4527:Uppsala
4492:Okolnir
4412:Glitnir
4382:Gandvik
4337:Bifröst
4327:Andlang
4245:Niflhel
4191:Völundr
4139:Skírnir
4079:Móðguðr
3875:Dragons
3858:Byggvir
3687:Gandalf
3672:Dvalinn
3642:Andvari
3479:Hrímnir
3434:Gunnlöð
3404:Fornjót
3399:Fjölvar
3379:Bölþorn
3354:Aurboða
3344:Alvaldi
3296:Gersemi
3113:Ásynjur
3018:Hermóðr
3008:Forseti
2958:Deities
2864:Manheim
2724:Deities
2698:Seeress
2074:Maier,
1887:Lucan,
1749:pp. 682
1461:Tacitus
792:Ireland
785:Orléans
775:, near
612:La Tène
538:phallus
390:Hávamál
382:Nerthus
372:Tacitus
308:at the
290:Zealand
138:, near
72:to the
46:Central
4767:Horses
4606:Events
4587:Ýdalir
4566:Wells
4502:Sindri
4487:Nóatún
4352:Brimir
4317:Asgard
4276:Ífingr
4259:Rivers
4169:Vættir
4027:Gyllir
3937:Fylgja
3927:Fenrir
3880:Draugs
3816:Others
3739:Heroes
3722:Brokkr
3677:Fáfnir
3667:Dúrnir
3662:Durinn
3637:Alvíss
3629:Dwarfs
3614:Vörnir
3524:Laufey
3389:Eggþér
3374:Bestla
3331:Jötnar
3316:Njörðr
3311:Kvasir
3274:Freyja
3226:Snotra
3186:Njörun
3141:Gefjon
3098:Víðarr
3038:Lóðurr
2967:jötnar
2963:dwarfs
2852:Modern
2770:Gothic
2739:Vættir
2708:Symbel
2683:Hallow
2570:
2536:
2504:
2474:p. 224
2450:p. 320
2428:p. 100
2422:
2385:p. 325
2379:
2343:
2311:
2237:
2229:
2188:
2152:
2142:
2105:
2076:p. 151
2054:p. 202
2048:
2011:p. 404
2005:
1970:
1863:
1829:
1797:p. 151
1791:
1743:
1717:
1689:
1633:
1601:
1539:
1517:
1489:
1429:
1400:
1374:378881
1372:
1331:
1299:
1244:
1216:p. 745
1194:
1170:
1136:
1050:
996:
959:Xoanon
935:votive
906:) and
765:Sirona
758:stelae
754:Geneva
722:xoanon
684:Celtic
604:Type 4
574:Type 3
548:Type 2
542:Weimar
534:Type 1
473:. The
356:asuras
339:Gothic
263:. The
243:. The
94:Slavic
90:Celtic
60:or an
58:votive
4959:Völva
4949:Skald
4944:Seiðr
4939:Runes
4934:Rings
4899:Heiti
4884:Galdr
4879:Félag
4869:Death
4862:Other
4772:Hörgr
4687:Sagas
4427:Heiðr
4392:Gimlé
4332:Barri
4271:Gjöll
4196:Vörðr
4159:Troll
4144:Sköll
4104:Norns
4012:Grani
4007:Glenr
3997:Glaðr
3967:Hjúki
3942:Garmr
3895:Elves
3890:Eldir
3863:Dísir
3843:Beyla
3777:Hi–Hy
3727:Eitri
3712:Regin
3657:Dáinn
3609:Vosud
3589:Þrymr
3569:Þjazi
3559:Surtr
3529:Leikn
3499:Hymir
3494:Hrymr
3484:Hroðr
3459:Hljod
3439:Gymir
3429:Gríðr
3409:Gangr
3359:Baugi
3306:Hnoss
3289:Yngvi
3279:Freyr
3266:Vanir
3246:Þrúðr
3221:Skaði
3216:Sjöfn
3211:Sigyn
3196:Rindr
3181:Nanna
3161:Iðunn
3146:Gerðr
3136:Fulla
3131:Frigg
3058:Mímir
3053:Meili
3028:Hœnir
2998:Bragi
2993:Baldr
2813:Hörgr
2775:Norse
2755:Early
2729:Dísir
2703:Seiðr
2673:Galdr
2651:Bless
2235:S2CID
1976:p. 78
1960:et al
1869:p. 62
1835:p. 38
1819:et al
1619:et al
1469:9.6:
1305:p. 48
1269:RACAR
1250:p. 30
1142:p. 28
1056:p, 60
769:Rhone
744:, in
742:Kolín
740:near
734:torcs
705:Lucan
590:Berne
588:) in
578:vulva
566:from
516:Freyr
479:Samsø
465:Freyr
343:Anses
298:Funen
255:, is
247:, an
4889:Goði
4874:Ergi
4853:Yule
4752:Blót
4660:Edda
4122:Nótt
4117:Elli
4112:Dagr
4059:Jörð
4002:Glær
3992:Gísl
3853:Búri
3848:Borr
3828:Auðr
3772:H–He
3697:Litr
3619:Ymir
3574:Þökk
3539:Logi
3534:Litr
3364:Beli
3339:Ægir
3201:Sága
3176:Lofn
3171:Irpa
3166:Ilmr
3156:Hlín
3088:Ullr
3078:Thor
3068:Odin
3048:Máni
3043:Loki
3023:Höðr
2980:Æsir
2938:and
2678:Goði
2656:Blót
2596:Arte
2568:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2377:ISBN
2341:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2299:and
2269:PAST
2227:ISSN
2186:ISBN
2150:OCLC
2140:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2046:OCLC
2003:ISBN
1968:OCLC
1861:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1631:OCLC
1599:ISBN
1557:link
1537:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1487:OCLC
1477:40:
1427:ISBN
1398:OCLC
1370:OCLC
1337:n.p.
1329:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1192:OCLC
1168:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1048:ISBN
994:ISBN
900:Elbe
750:cowl
608:herm
514:and
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