United States invasion of Grenada

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Kenneth J. Butcher, Quartermaster 1st Class Kevin E. Lundberg, Hull Technician 1st Class Stephen L. Morris, and Senior Chief Engineman Robert R. Schamberger. In an interview conducted by Bill Salisbury and published on 4 October 1990, Kenneth Butcher's widow claimed that she had gone to Grenada hoping that her husband had survived. She said, "There was this fisherman who said he saw four guys in wetsuits come out of the water, and then two days later he saw four bodies being thrown into the water. So we would like to think they made it, 'cause there was a boat smashed up on the beach. We would like to think the four of them got in that boat, made it to shore, got someplace, and were captured. And they're, you know, gonna come back." The SEAL and Air Force survivors continued their mission, but their boats flooded while evading a patrol boat, causing the mission to be aborted. Another SEAL mission on 24 October was also unsuccessful, due to harsh weather, resulting in little intelligence being gathered in advance of the impending intervention.

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large crowd of supporters, estimated between 15,000 and 30,000. He led the crowd to a relatively unguarded Fort Rupert which they soon occupied. At nearby Fort Frederick, Coard had gathered nine Central Committee members and sizable factions of the military. As one journalist writes, "What happened next, and on whose orders, is still a controversy." But a mass of troops in armored personnel carriers, under the supervision of Lt. Colonel Ewart Layne, departed Fort Frederick for Fort Rupert to, as Layne described it, "recapture the fort and restore order." After surrendering to the superior force, Bishop and seven leaders loyal to him were lined up against a wall in Fort Rupert's courtyard and faced a firing squad.

586: 573: 2595: 268: 2322: 561: 549: 1166: 255: 1930: 513: 501: 394: 382: 370: 358: 332: 1834: 229: 2140:. The Soviet Union said that Grenada had been the object of United States threats, that the invasion violated international law, and that no small nation would find itself safe if the aggression were not rebuffed. The governments of some countries stated that the United States intervention was a return to the era of barbarism. The governments of other countries said the United States had violated several treaties and conventions to which it was a party. A similar resolution was discussed in the United Nations Security Council but it was ultimately vetoed by the United States. 1976:

overwhelmed the defenders. Nearly 8,000 Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, and Marines had participated in Operation Urgent Fury, along with 353 Caribbean allies from the Caribbean Peace Forces. American forces sustained 19 killed and 116 wounded; Cuban forces sustained 25 killed, 59 wounded, and 638 combatants captured. Grenadian forces suffered 45 killed and 358 wounded; at least 24 civilians were also killed, 18 of whom died in the accidental bombing of a Grenadian mental hospital. The U.S. troops also destroyed a significant amount of Grenada's military hardware, including six

1899: 2378:. Commanding Officer USS Guam (Task Force 124) was assigned the mission of seizing Pearls Airport and the port of Grenville, and of neutralizing any opposing forces in the area. Simultaneously, Army Rangers in Task Force 123 would secure points at the southern end of the island, including the airfield under construction near Point Salines. The 82d Airborne Division (Task Force 121) were designated to follow and assume the security at Point Salines once it was seized by Task Force 123. Task Group 20.5, a carrier battle group built around USS 537: 525: 1748: 489: 477: 1294: 242: 57: 1162:. Such a facility, according to the U.S., would enhance the Soviet and Cuban transportation of weapons to Central American insurgents and expand Soviet regional influence. Bishop's government claimed that the airport was built to handle commercial aircraft carrying tourists, pointing out that such jets could not land at Pearls Airport with its 5,200-foot (1,600 m) runway on the island's north end, and that Pearls could not be expanded because its runway abutted a mountain on one side and the ocean on the other. 2080: 216: 857: 774: 662: 346: 1817: 309: 1862: 2353: 151: 1490:

civilians and combatants. They were also expressly forbidden to surrender to U.S. military forces if approached. The regular Cuban military personnel on the island were serving as advisers to the PRA at the time. Cuban advisers and instructors deployed with overseas military missions were not confined to non-combat and technical support roles; if the units to which they were attached participated in an engagement, they were expected to fight alongside their foreign counterparts.

2033: 3191: 443: 431: 643: 616: 803: 727: 604: 465: 453: 419: 406: 185: 1290:, later admitted that the prime motivation for the intervention was to "get rid" of the coup leader Hudson Austin, and that the students were a pretext. Although the invasion occurred after the execution of Prime Minister Bishop, the remaining Grenadian ruling party members were still committed to Bishop's Marxist ideology. Reagan said he viewed these factors, alongside the party's growing connection to Fidel Castro, as a threat to democracy. 286: 198: 163: 2024:. The UN Security Council had not authorized this invasion. Similarly, the United Nations General Assembly adopted General Assembly Resolution 38/7 by a vote of 108 to 9 with 27 abstentions, which "deeply deplores the armed intervention in Grenada, which constitutes a flagrant violation of international law". A similar resolution in the United Nations Security Council received widespread support but was vetoed by the United States. 1518: 2300: 830: 753: 636: 624: 297: 1428:. In addition, a number of special operations missions were undertaken by Army Delta Force operatives and Navy SEALs to obtain intelligence and secure key individuals and equipment. Many of these missions were plagued by inadequate intelligence and planning; the American troops used tourist maps with military grids superimposed on them. 2661:. This group was later reassigned as 21st Tactical Air Wing, and officially then recognized support from the Pararescue personnel in their ranks, present also; but not officially recognized in their contributions in this theatre. They too, were subsequently redesignated as “Para-Jumpers” or PJs in later years and remain so to this day. 1731:, where political prisoners were being held. The raid on Richmond Hill Prison lacked vital intelligence, leaving the attackers unaware of the presence of several anti-aircraft guns and steep hilly terrain that left no room for helicopter landings. Anti-aircraft fire wounded passengers and crew and forced one UH-60 helicopter to 1397:, Commander of the Second Fleet, was the overall commander of American forces, designated Joint Task Force 120, which included elements of each military service and multiple special operations units. Fighting continued for several days and the total number of American troops reached some 7,000 along with 300 troops from the 1684:. They captured the station unopposed and destroyed the radio transmitter. However, they were attacked by Grenadian forces in cars and an armored personnel carrier (APC), which forced the lightly-armed SEALs to cut open a fence and retreat into the ocean while receiving fire from the APC. The SEALs then reportedly swam to 2164:

in this country. I must ask you to think most carefully about these points. I cannot conceal that I am deeply disturbed by your latest communication. You asked for my advice. I have set it out and hope that even at this late stage you will take it into account before events are irrevocable. (the full

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Based on my personal observations, discussion, and analysis of the new international airport under construction in Grenada, it is my conclusion that this project is specifically now and has always been for the purpose of economic development and is not for military use.... It is my thought that it is

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adopted General Assembly Resolution 38/7 on 2 November 1983 by a vote of 108 to 9 which "deeply deplores the armed intervention in Grenada, which constitutes a flagrant violation of international law and of the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of that State". It went on to deplore

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and was ambushed, with four killed. The Rangers eventually secured True Blue campus and its students, where they found only 140 students and were told that more were at another campus in Grand Anse, northeast of True Blue. In all, the Rangers lost five men on the first day, but succeeded in securing

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that captured "military advisors" from socialist countries, including Cuba, were actually accredited diplomats and their dependents. He claimed that none of them took any actual part in the fighting. The U.S. government asserted that most of the supposed Cuban civilian technicians on Grenada were in

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Colonel Pedro Tortoló Comas was the highest-ranking Cuban military officer in Grenada in 1983, and he later stated that he issued small arms and ammunition to the construction workers for the purpose of self-defense during the invasion, which may have further blurred the line between their status as

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tanks; they relieved the Navy SEALs the following morning, allowing Governor Scoon, his wife, and nine aides to be safely evacuated at 10:00 that day. The Marine tank crews continued advancing in the face of sporadic resistance, knocking out a BRDM-2 armored car. G Company subsequently defeated and

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at midnight on 24 October to perform an air assault landing on Point Salines Airport, intending to land at the airport and then disembark. The Rangers had to switch abruptly to a parachute landing when they learned mid-flight that the runway was obstructed. The air drop began at 05:30 on 25 October

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described the Cuban construction crews in Grenada as "workers and soldiers at the same time", claiming the dual nature of their role was consistent with Cuba's "citizen soldier" tradition. At the time of the invasion, there were an estimated 784 Cuban nationals on the island. About 630 of the Cuban

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This action will be seen as intervention by a Western country in the internal affairs of a small independent nation, however unattractive its regime. I ask you to consider this in the context of our wider East/West relations and of the fact that we will be having in the next few days to present to

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In the following days, resistance ended entirely and the Army and Marines spread across the island, arresting PRA officials, seizing caches of weapons, and seeing to the repatriation of Cuban engineers. On 1 November, two companies from the 2/8 Marines made a combined sea and helicopter landing on

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targeting the main Cuban encampment eventually led to their surrender at 08:30. American forces pushed on to the village of Frequente, where they discovered a Cuban weapons cache reportedly sufficient to equip six battalions. Cuban forces ambushed a reconnaissance platoon mounted on gun-jeeps, but

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attack helicopters made airstrikes against Fort Rupert and Fort Frederick. An A-7 raid on Fort Frederick targeting anti-aircraft guns hit a nearby mental hospital, killing 18 civilians. Two Marine AH-1T Cobras and a UH-60 Blackhawk were shot down in a raid against Fort Frederick, resulting in five

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and Air Force combat controllers were air-dropped at sea to perform a reconnaissance mission on Point Salines. The helicopter drop went wrong; four SEALs were lost at sea and their bodies never recovered, causing most people to suspect they had drowned. The four SEALs were Machinist Mate 1st Class

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and the intervention was opposed by several Commonwealth members including the United Kingdom, Trinidad and Tobago, and Canada. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, a close ally of Reagan on other matters, personally opposed it. Reagan had forewarned her it might happen; she did not know for

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magazine described the invasion as having "broad popular support". A congressional study group concluded that the invasion had been justified, as most members felt that American students at the university near a contested runway could have been taken hostage as American diplomats in Iran had been

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General Trobaugh of the 82nd Airborne Division had two goals on the second day: securing the perimeter around Point Salines Airport, and rescuing American students held in Grand Anse. The Army lacked undamaged helicopters after the losses on the first day and consequently had to delay the student

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ahead of the invasion; however, the Queen's office denied knowledge of any request for military action and the Queen was "extremely upset" by the invasion of one of her realms. The only document signed by the Governor-General and asking for military assistance was dated after the invasion, which

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On the evening of 13 October 1983, the Coard faction of the Central Committee, in conjunction with the People’s Revolutionary Army, placed Prime Minister Bishop and several of his supporters under house arrest. On 19 October, after Bishop's secret detention became widely known, he was freed by a

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Also of concern were the problems that the invasion exposed in military planning and operations. There was a lack of intelligence about Grenada which exacerbated the difficulties faced by the quickly assembled invasion force. For example, they did not know that the students were actually at two

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The United States invasion of Grenada has been dubbed the most significant Cold War military intervention since Vietnam. Some Grenadians still experience strong and unresolved emotions about the invasion and occupation. The island's people cannot agree on whether the U.S. saved the country from

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American forces remained in Grenada after combat operations finished in December as part of Operation Island Breeze. The remaining forces performed security missions and assisted members of the Caribbean Peacekeeping Force and the Royal Grenadian Police Force, including military police, special

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The Army had reports that PRA forces were amassing at the Calivigny Barracks, only five kilometers from the Point Salines airfield. They organized an air assault by the 2nd Battalion of the 75th Ranger Regiment preceded by a preparatory bombardment by field howitzers (which mostly missed, their

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In March 1983, President Reagan began issuing warnings about the danger to the United States and Caribbean nations if the Soviet-Cuban militarization of that region was allowed to proceed. He pointed to the excessively long airport runway being built, and referenced intelligence reports showing

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Official U.S. sources state that some of the opponents were well-prepared and well-positioned and put up stubborn resistance, to the extent that the Americans called in two battalions of reinforcements on the evening of 26 October. The total naval and air superiority of the American forces had

1072:, the opposition did not accept the result as legitimate. During his tenure, many Grenadians believed Gairy was personally responsible for the economic decline of the island and accused him of corruption. The civil unrest took the form of street violence between Gairy's private militia, the 2253:

were drawn by hand. These maps did not show topography and were not marked with crucial positions. Communications between services were not compatible and hindered the coordination of operations. Maps given to some members of the invasion force had their landing strips drawn by hand.

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submachine guns. They had few heavy weapons and no modern air defense systems. The PRA was not regarded as a serious military threat by the U.S., which was more concerned by the possibility that Cuba would send a large expeditionary force to intervene on behalf of its erstwhile ally.

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Reagan, who blamed Congress for the outcome in Vietnam and in 1978 called the conflict 'a long, bloody war which our government refused to win,' contends his arms buildup, invasion of Grenada, and dispatch of U.S. forces to world trouble spots signaled the end of 'the Vietnam

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helicopters to launch an air assault on the Grand Anse campus. The campus police offered light resistance before fleeing, wounding one Ranger, and one of the helicopters crashed on approach after its blade hit a palm tree. The Rangers evacuated the 233 American students by

1268:. Regarding the speed with which the invasion commenced, it was said the U.S. had been conducting mock invasions of Grenada since 1981: "These exercises, part of Ocean Venture '81 and known as Operation Amber and the Amberdines, involved air and amphibious assaults on the 1022:

was launched in 2000 to re-examine some of the controversies of that tumultuous period in the 1980s; in particular, the commission made an unsuccessful attempt to locate the remains of Maurice Bishop's body, which had been disposed of at Austin's order and never found.

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magazine described as still being in "some disarray" three weeks after the invasion. For example, the State Department falsely claimed that a mass grave had been discovered which held 100 bodies of islanders who had been killed by communist forces. Major General

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The invasion exposed communication and coordination problems between the different branches of the U.S. military when operating together as a joint force. This triggered post-action investigations resulting in sweeping operational changes in the form of the

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increased Soviet interest in the island. He said the runway, along with the airport's numerous fuel storage tanks, were unnecessary for commercial flights and that the evidence suggested the airport would become a Cuban-Soviet forward military airbase.

2009:(O.A.S.) refers to as "a situation that might endanger the peace". He added that the OAS charter and the UN charter both "recognize the competence of regional security bodies in ensuring regional peace and stability", referring to the decision by the 1695:, a highly unlikely event, they destroyed the station and fought their way to the water, where they hid from patrolling enemy forces. They swam toward the open sea, and were picked up several hours later after being spotted by a reconnaissance plane. 2000:

The U.S. government defended its invasion of Grenada as an action to protect American citizens living on the island, including medical students, and asserted it had been carried out at the request of the Governor-General. Deputy Secretary of State

2188:'s sole legitimate representative in Grenada, and hence the only lawful authority on the island. In accordance with Commonwealth constitutional practice, Scoon assumed power as interim head of government and formed an advisory council which named 2421:, plus supporting units), A Company, 2nd Battalion 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82nd MP General Support Platoon HHC, 313th MI BN (CEWI). Fort Bragg, NC, 1st Battalion of the 319th Field Artillery. 1st Battalion of the 320th Field Artillery. 2249:

different campuses, and there was a 30-hour delay in reaching students at the second campus. Maps provided to soldiers on the ground (to report locations of units and request artillery and aircraft fire support) were tourist maps on which

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Her complaints were not heeded, and the invasion continued as planned. While the fighting was still going on, Reagan phoned Thatcher to apologize for any miscommunication between them, and their long-term friendly relationship endured.

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gunships provided support for the landing. Cuban construction vehicles were commandeered to help clear the airfield, and one even used to provide mobile cover for the Rangers as they moved to seize the heights surrounding the airfield.

3356: 1759:. The mission departed late at 05:30 on 25 October from Barbados, resulting in the Grenadian forces being already aware of the invasion and they guarded Scoon closely. The SEAL team entered the mansion without opposition, but 2133:"the death of innocent civilians" and the "killing of the Prime Minister and other prominent Grenadians", and it called for an "immediate cessation of the armed intervention" and demanded, "that free elections be organized". 2241:, deputy commander of the invasion force, said that 160 Grenadian soldiers and 71 Cubans had been killed during the invasion; the Pentagon had given a count of 59 Cuban and Grenadian deaths. Ronald H. Cole's report for the 1098:, suspended the constitution, and detained several political prisoners. Bishop was a forceful speaker who introduced Marxist ideology to Grenadians while also appealing to Black Americans during the 1970s heyday of the 4287: 2211:

In 1986, seventeen political, military and civilian figures were convicted of crimes associated with the 19 October 1983 executions of Prime Minister Bishop and his supporters. The convicted group became known as the

9016: 2097:, stated that they were safe and did not feel their lives were in peril. The next evening, medical students told Koppel how grateful they were for the Army Rangers and the invasion which probably saved their lives. 1950:

helicopters began dropping off troops near the barracks but they approached too fast. One of them crash landed and the two behind it collided with it, killing three and wounding four. The barracks were deserted.

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helicopters, but the students informed them that there was a third campus with Americans at Prickly Bay. A squad of 11 Rangers was accidentally left behind; they departed on a rubber raft which was picked up by

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on Barbados before daybreak. Nearly simultaneously, American paratroopers arrived directly by transport aircraft from bases in the eastern United States, and U.S. Marines were airlifted to the island from

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gave the keynote speech and referred to the airport renaming as an act of the Grenadian people coming home to themselves. He also hoped it would bring closure to a chapter of denial in Grenada's history.

5801: 1918:. The 325th Infantry Regiment advanced toward the capital of Saint George, capturing Grand Anse and discovering 200 American students whom they had missed the first day. They continued to the town of 1848:. The American patrol suffered six wounded and two killed, including the commander of Company B, CPT Michael F. Ritz and squad leader SSG Gary L. Epps. Navy airstrikes and an artillery bombardment by 4135:

On 20 October, the administration's Crisis Preplanning Group met and discussed a rescue plan for the students, but also the possibility of overthrowing the hostile Grenadian regime. According to

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where Cuba had supplied primary school teachers to help the country establish rural schools. As a consequence of the invasion, Cuba removed its female primary school teachers from Nicaragua.

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The Rangers fanned out and secured the surrounding area, negotiating the surrender of over 100 Cubans in an aviation hangar. However, a Jeep-mounted Ranger patrol became lost searching for

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of 1986 (Pub. L.99–433). This act reworked the command structure of the military, making the most sweeping changes to the Department of Defense since the department was established in the

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the jeeps returned fire, and a nearby infantry unit added mortar fire; the Cubans suffered four casualties with no American losses. Cuban resistance largely ended after these engagements.

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privately disapproved of the mission, in part because she was not consulted in advance and was given very short notice of the military operation, but she supported it in public. The

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around midnight on 24 October after evading patrol boats and overcoming stormy weather. They found that the beach was lightly defended but unsuitable for an amphibious landing. The

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65th MP Company (Airborne), 118th MP Company (Airborne), and HHD, 503rd MP Battalion (Airborne) of the 16th Military Police Brigade (Airborne), XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg, NC

1272:. According to the plans for these maneuvers, 'Amber' was considered a hypothetical island in the Eastern Caribbean which had engaged in anti-democratic revolutionary activities." 1260:, which had received a covert request for help from Paul Scoon (though he put off signing the official letter of invitation until 26 October). Among the key invasion planners were 1321:, Barbados, visited Grenada and reported that Scoon was well and "did not request military intervention, either directly or indirectly". However, on the day after the invasion, 2155:

sure that it was coming until three hours before. Although she publicly supported the action, she sent the following message to Reagan at 12:30 on the morning of the invasion:

10143: 2774:'s 60th Security Police Squadron (Travis AFB, CA) – provided airfield security in Grenada as well as Barbados. 602nd OMS provided aircraft recovery teams for cargo operations. 9913: 4279: 8864: 2364:, COMSECONDFLT, became Commander of Joint Task Force 120 (CJTF 120) and commanded units from the Air Force, Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard from the MARG flagship 3910: 10760: 10376: 5576: 1959:

17 miles (27 km) northeast of Grenada. The 19 Grenadian soldiers defending the island surrendered without a fight. This was the last military action of the campaign.

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absurd, patronizing, and totally unwarranted for the United States government to charge that this airport poses a military threat to the United States' national security.

1309:, and Jamaica all appealed to the United States for assistance. For safety reasons, Paul Scoon had requested the invasion through secret diplomatic channels, using the 9458: 1354:, and the United Kingdom. By a vote of 108 to 9, with 27 abstentions, the United Nations General Assembly condemned it as "a flagrant violation of international law." 2224:

further political unrest, or destroyed the possibility of a socialist nation of people wanting to 'slave for themselves' after centuries of slavery and exploitation.

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recognized a need for improved communications and coordination among the branches of the U.S. military. Congress investigated many of the problems and passed the

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nationals listed their occupations as construction workers, another 64 as military personnel, and 18 as dependents. The remainder were medical staff or teachers.

10912: 3382: 2064:) stated: "Not a single American child nor single American national was in any way placed in danger or placed in a hostage situation prior to the invasion". The 5793: 5659: 5054: 2311:(SGU) built a monument on its True Blue campus to honor the American servicemen killed during the invasion, and marks the day with an annual memorial ceremony. 10593: 1481:

The Cuban military presence in Grenada was more complex than initially thought. Most of the Cuban civilian expatriates present were also military reservists.

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Abdelfatah; Rund; Arablouei, Ramtin; Caine, Julie; Kaplan-Levenson, Laine; Wu, Lawrence; Yvellez, Victor; Charney, Tamar; Powers, Martine (29 July 2021).

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62nd Security Police Group (Provisional) Multi Squadron Law Enforcement & Security Forces – prisoner detaining and transport attached to 82nd Airborne

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507th Tactical Air Control Wing (elements of the 21st TASS at Shaw AFB, SC and Detachment 1, Fort Bragg, NC) – provided Tactical Air Control Parties (

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5th Weather Squadron, 5th Weather Wing (MAC) Fort Bragg, NC. Jump qualified combat weathermen who are attached and deployed with the 82nd, now in

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The Rangers cleared the airstrip of obstructions by 10:00, and transport planes were able to land and unload additional reinforcements, including

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Early on the morning of 26 October, Cuban forces ambushed a patrol from the 2nd Battalion of the 325th Infantry Regiment near the village of

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nation in the British Commonwealth. To lend itself an appearance of constitutional legitimacy, the new administration continued to recognize

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Reagan stated that he felt compelled to act due to "concerns over the 600 U.S. medical students on the island" and fears of a repeat of the

10902: 9878: 9871: 9310: 8925: 6116: 4854: 4770: 4340: 2522: 2515:(Airborne) – provided tactical loudspeaker support, radio station broadcasts, and dissemination of informational pamphlets. Fort Bragg, NC. 2469: 6112: 1910:

continued advancing along the coast and capturing additional towns, meeting little resistance, although one patrol did encounter a single

10922: 10515: 8899: 7786: 1509:, noted that "resistance from these well-armed military and paramilitary forces belied claims that they were simply construction crews." 10450: 10194: 9899: 9473: 9463: 8889: 5994: 3252: 3166: 3161: 1720: 6121: 5342: 5223: 10962: 10857: 10746: 10681: 10665: 10577: 9775: 9541: 9210: 9184: 8978: 2147:

was asked if he was concerned by the lopsided 108–9 vote in the UN General Assembly. He said, "it didn't upset my breakfast at all".

1185:) traveled to Grenada on a fact-finding mission, having been invited by Prime Minister Bishop. Dellums described his findings before 5510: 4067: 1739:

helicopter. The raid on Fort Rupert, however, was successful in capturing several leaders of the People's Revolutionary Government.

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denounced the invasion, and seven Democratic congressmen introduced an unsuccessful resolution to impeach President Reagan, led by

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aircraft in the air landing of Airborne troops, 63rd Security Police Squadron provided airfield security support – (Norton AFB CA)

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U.S. Special Operations Forces were deployed to Grenada beginning on 23 October, before the 25 October invasion. Navy SEALs from

5566: 2371:. Rear Admiral Richard C. Berry (COMCRUDESGRU Eight) (Commander Task Group 20) supported the task force on the aircraft carrier 10311: 10302: 9855: 9443: 9189: 8859: 7131: 5682: 3531: 2456: 2406: 937: 167: 3739: 10753: 10492: 10429: 10369: 10254: 9926: 9488: 9468: 9084: 8854: 6789: 6476: 6454: 6096: 6076: 6047: 6028: 5952: 5933: 5871: 5737: 5074: 4968: 4635: 4509: 4263: 4112: 3987: 3749: 3566: 2488: 2449: 2434: 2288: 1225:. Bishop initially agreed to the joint leadership proposal, but later balked at the idea, which brought matters to a crisis. 17: 7877: 3993: 10897: 10614: 10325: 9827: 9768: 9750: 7696: 7621: 7281: 6881: 2569: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2330: 1378: 1123: 1095: 1019: 996: 995:(RSS). The invaders quickly defeated Grenadian resistance after a low-altitude assault by the Rangers and 82nd Airborne at 899: 5646:

The Reagan Administration sought to shake off the Vietnam syndrome as it invaded Grenada in 1983 and bombed Libya in 1986.

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who were attached to and deployed with Detachment 1, 507th Tactical Air Control Wing and the 82d Airborne, Fort Bragg, NC.

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Meanwhile, an internal power struggle was brewing in Grenada over Bishop's leadership performance. In September 1983 at a

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Williams, Gary (1 January 2001). "'A Matter of Regret': Britain, the 1983 Grenada Crisis, and the Special Relationship".

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Operation Urgent Fury: The Planning and Execution of Joint Operations in Grenada, 12 October – 2 November 1983

987:, and a small group Air Force TACPs from the 21st TASS Shaw AFB ancillary forces, totaling 7,600 troops, together with 10827: 9415: 9380: 9300: 8983: 8336: 7431: 6409: 6294: 6248: 6243: 6189: 5729: 5031: 4998: 4627: 4576: 3675: 3378: 3330: 2762: 2558: 2512: 2101:

officials had assured the students they would be able to complete their medical school education in the United States.

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conducted a low-level parachute assault to secure Point Salines Airport. Hunter Army Airfield, GA and Ft. Lewis, WA.

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prohibits the use of force by member states except in cases of self-defense or when specifically authorized by the

1906:

By 27 October, organized resistance was rapidly diminishing, but the American forces did not yet realize this. The

1680:

operators in the early morning of 25 October to Radio Free Grenada with the purpose of using the radio station for

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then stepped in and formed a military council to rule the country, and placed Sir Paul Scoon under house arrest in

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attack helicopters were called in to support the besieged SEALs, but they remained trapped for the next 24 hours.

1657:

helicopters at 05:30 on 25 October; they captured Pearls Airport, encountering only light resistance, including a

1138:, and other nations. The British government proposed the airport in 1954 when Grenada was still a British colony. 932:

by the U.S. military, it resulted in military occupation within a few days. It was triggered by strife within the

10947: 10942: 10799: 10563: 10001: 9994: 9987: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9710: 9059: 8491: 7872: 7801: 7701: 7579: 7351: 7341: 6928: 6315: 2914: 2197: 2129: 2006: 1398: 1350:

and Dominica's Prime Minister Eugenia Charles. The invasion was sharply criticized by the governments in Canada,

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Brands, H. W. Jr. (1987). "Decisions on American Armed Intervention: Lebanon, Dominican Republic, and Grenada".

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assigned to guard the perimeter and detainees. Starting at 14:00, units began landing at Point Salines from the

10635: 9345: 7922: 7691: 7271: 7173: 6906: 6350: 6345: 2965: 2943: 2424: 2250: 1650: 1245:. The army instituted a strict four-day curfew during which anyone seen on the streets would be shot on sight. 7591: 7321: 6832: 6604: 3217: 2594: 10882: 10842: 10730: 10716: 10600: 10570: 10422: 10332: 9705: 9534: 9493: 9400: 8869: 7884: 7837: 7601: 7524: 7256: 2575: 2284: 2017: 1445:(PRA) manning defensive positions. The PRA troops were for the most part equipped with light weapons, mostly 7316: 7025: 6948: 6619: 3419: 10932: 10832: 10774: 10628: 10231: 10136: 9662: 9637: 9169: 7902: 7862: 7832: 7781: 7641: 7559: 7555: 7426: 7356: 7121: 6938: 6704: 6599: 6531: 5610:

His biographer Lou Cannon calls him 'shameless' in using Grenada to revive America's Vietnam-wounded pride.

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fact military personnel, including special forces and combat engineers. A summary of the Cuban presence in

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for the invasion was set for 05:00 on 25 October 1983. U.S. troops deployed for Grenada by helicopter from

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2nd & 3rd Battalions plus supporting units) and 3rd Brigade Task Force (1st and 2nd Battalions of the

1926:

airstrike and accidentally hit the command post of the 2nd Brigade, wounding 17 troops, one of whom died.

10872: 10852: 10837: 10443: 10295: 10288: 9791: 9285: 8874: 8346: 8341: 8058: 7736: 7464: 7209: 7168: 7112: 7015: 6896: 6854: 6759: 6284: 6238: 5964: 3143: 2688: 1065: 1008: 62: 5623: 4894: 4156:"Revisiting the Grenada Invasion: The Oecs' Role, and Its Impact on Regional and International Politics" 2551:

who were attached to and deployed with the 82d Airborne, Fort Bragg, NC (now the 14th ASOS, part of the

2321: 1873:

On the afternoon of 26 October, Rangers of the 2nd Battalion of the 75th Ranger Regiment mounted Marine

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Urgent Fury: The Battle for Grenada: The Truth Behind the Largest U.S. Military Operation Since Vietnam

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condemned it as "a flagrant violation of international law" on 2 November 1983, by a vote of 108 to 9.

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America's Splendid Little Wars: A Short History of U.S. Engagements from the Fall of Saigon to Baghdad

1972:

fueled speculation that the United States had used Scoon as an excuse for its incursion into Grenada.

1018:, commemorating the freeing of several political prisoners who were subsequently elected to office. A 10621: 10346: 10261: 10173: 9632: 9572: 9235: 8940: 8816: 8761: 8581: 7569: 7276: 6837: 6449: 6366: 5186: 3628: 3079: 2719: 2270: 875: 31: 5255: 2329:

On 29 May 2009, the Grenadian government changed the name of Point Salines International Airport to

2314:

After the Grenada invasion, Cuba became increasingly concerned the U.S. might also invade socialist

1922:

and Saint George, meeting only scattered resistance. An air-naval gunfire liaison team called in an

1755:

The last major special operation was a mission to rescue Governor-General Scoon from his mansion in

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Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976 - 1991

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25 October is a national holiday in Grenada, called Thanksgiving Day, to commemorate the invasion.

2184:

The American and Caribbean governments quickly reaffirmed Governor-General Sir Paul Scoon as Queen

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helicopter sits on the beach after being disabled during the Grand Anse rescue on 26 October 1983.

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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

1929: 10723: 10281: 10122: 9265: 9245: 9179: 9139: 8586: 8090: 7484: 7158: 6634: 6394: 6389: 6182: 6061: 5066: 4711: 3811: 3779: 3773: 3107: 3030: 2771: 2755: 2750: 2645: 1736: 1606: 1413: 1347: 1186: 1165: 968: 553: 435: 374: 8796: 4394: 2333:. Hundreds of Grenadians turned out for the occasion to honor Bishop's memory. Prime Minister 1833: 10658: 10353: 10187: 9674: 9483: 9255: 9099: 8821: 8105: 8100: 7867: 7756: 7711: 7671: 7606: 7550: 7469: 7251: 7065: 6943: 6861: 6769: 6734: 6644: 6589: 6486: 6327: 5775: 3944: 3840: 3824: 2798: 2347: 2280: 2242: 2217: 1756: 1602: 1473:

armored cars delivered as military aid from the Soviet Union in February 1981, but no tanks.

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on the north end. Austin's military government was deposed. An advisory council designated

964: 9760: 4436:"How the invasion of Grenada was planned with a tourist map and a copy of 'The Economist'" 2547:

Air Force Detachment 1, 507th Tactical Air Control Wing (Fort Bragg, NC) – jump qualified

1328:

stated the request had come from Scoon, through the OECS, and, in his 2003 autobiography,

8: 10972: 9820: 9732: 9684: 9652: 9602: 9335: 9154: 9044: 8806: 8721: 8716: 8616: 8479: 8276: 8160: 8075: 7963: 7816: 7811: 7791: 7776: 7686: 7681: 7586: 7519: 7509: 7421: 7416: 7406: 7306: 7246: 7219: 7045: 7030: 7000: 6978: 6764: 6754: 6481: 6404: 6374: 6358: 6149: 5102:

Waters, Maurice (1986). "The Invasion of Grenada, 1983 and the Collapse of Legal Norms".

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as chairman. Following the invasion there was an interim government appointed, and then

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This was the first overthrow of a Communist government by armed means since the end of

1923: 1879: 1763:

armored personnel carriers counter-attacked and trapped the SEALs and governor inside.

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firm built it. The U.S. government accused Grenada of constructing facilities to aid a

1080: 685: 457: 362: 8656: 8485: 3911:"The US invaded the island of Grenada 40 years ago. The legacy of revolution lives on" 2922: 10180: 9657: 9567: 9220: 9049: 8973: 8826: 8771: 8746: 8701: 8631: 8606: 8571: 8561: 8530: 8417: 8301: 8271: 8008: 7998: 7912: 7806: 7651: 7366: 7163: 7020: 6973: 6871: 6822: 6796: 6774: 6614: 6594: 6538: 6526: 6340: 6175: 6136: 6092: 6072: 6043: 6024: 5948: 5929: 5867: 5826: 5733: 5628: 5157: 5131: 5070: 5005: 4689: 4660: 4631: 4605: 4572: 4533: 4505: 4472: 4259: 4247: 4167: 4118: 4108: 4082: 4045: 4035: 3983: 3884: 3874: 3793: 3783: 3745: 3609: 3599: 3572: 3562: 3326: 3135: 2729: 2670: 2649: 1732: 1551: 1261: 1218: 1027: 1026:

At the time, the invasion drew criticism from many countries. British Prime Minister

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However, some members of the study group dissented from its findings. Congressman

2005:

said that action was necessary to "resolve" what Article 28 of the charter of the

1293: 642: 615: 56: 10695: 10522: 10025: 9519: 9290: 9074: 9064: 8955: 8811: 8801: 8786: 8766: 8751: 8726: 8671: 8436: 8404: 8296: 8256: 8018: 8013: 7953: 7894: 7626: 7504: 7331: 7296: 7204: 7199: 6923: 6817: 6491: 6424: 6414: 6379: 6335: 6322: 6274: 5925: 5721: 4126: 4070:. The Benjamin L. Hooks Institute for Social Change at the University of Memphis. 3977: 2906: 2696: 2692: 2041: 2032: 1947: 1673: 1610: 1325: 1206: 517: 386: 6918: 4731: 3958: 2079: 936:, which led to the house arrest and execution of the previous leader and second 9647: 9134: 9124: 9069: 8781: 8706: 8696: 8691: 8551: 8291: 8080: 8003: 7731: 7636: 7386: 7326: 6958: 6876: 6779: 6739: 6709: 6609: 6564: 5600: 5346: 5337: 5115: 3815: 2705: 2642: 2631: 2334: 2201: 2161: 2109: 2050: 2002: 1638: 1421: 1202: 1087: 1061: 1000: 945: 505: 481: 398: 4735: 4195: 3576: 2664:

26th Air Defense Squadron NORAD – provided air support for allied forces with

2291:

and advanced the concept of unified joint forces organized under one command.

2232:

The invasion showed problems with the American "information apparatus", which

1816: 1424:; and other forces to rescue the American students at the True Blue Campus of 1221:

party meeting, he was pressured into sharing power with Deputy Prime Minister

10816: 9745: 9503: 8945: 8791: 8686: 8651: 8636: 8596: 8138: 7968: 7706: 7616: 7479: 7459: 7346: 7107: 7085: 7050: 6629: 6624: 6579: 6501: 6461: 6210: 5362:, Volume 37, 1983, Department of Public Information, United Nations, New York 5161: 5009: 4732:"A Close Look At History's Great Military Blunders | Politics By Other Means" 4255: 4171: 4122: 4104: 4101:

Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, Volume Two: Everything She Wants

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The invasion date of 25 October is now a national holiday in Grenada, called

999:

on the island's south end, and a Marine helicopter and amphibious landing at

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Revolution and Rescue in Grenada: An Account of the U.S.-Caribbean Invasion

3594:

Revolution and rescue in Grenada: an account of the U.S.–Caribbean invasion

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A U.S. Army AH-1S Cobra attack helicopter opens fire on an enemy position.

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Relentless Strike, the Secret History of Joint Special Operations Command

5511:"An Unrealized Political Possibility: Remembering the Grenada Revolution" 4017:""Forward ever, backward never": the tragedy of the Grenadian Revolution" 2583: 1919: 1800: 1768: 1704: 1634: 1390: 1366:

President Reagan meeting with Congress on the invasion of Grenada in the

1174: 980: 590: 560: 548: 260: 4179: 4155: 3561:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 213–214. 30:"Invasion of Grenada" redirects here. For the 1779 French invasion, see 9320: 9159: 9144: 8535: 8246: 8216: 8170: 8085: 8053: 8045: 7988: 7676: 7391: 7080: 6968: 6574: 5985: 2881: 2759: 2713: 2674: 2665: 2213: 2088: 1866: 1804: 1787: 1772: 1662: 1318: 1182: 1102:

movement. After seizing power, Bishop attempted to implement the first

1057: 1004: 948:, and to the establishment of the Revolutionary Military Council, with 411: 7189: 5123: 4729: 3649:"How the Invasion of Grenada Exposed the Brutality of the US Military" 3492:

Powers, Martine; Muldoon, Ted; Svirnovskiy, Rennie (8 December 2023).

2790:

carrier battle group; and Marine Amphibious Readiness Group, flagship

2736:, OK) – provided a 44-man Airbase Ground Defense flight (Oct–Nov 1983) 1441:

The invading forces encountered about 1,500 Grenadian soldiers of the

10478: 10215: 10208: 9215: 9104: 8831: 8676: 8525: 8498: 8311: 8266: 8175: 8143: 8123: 8115: 7444: 7234: 5061:. Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International. 4532:

by Lee E. Russell and M. Albert Mendez, 1985 Osprey Publishing Ltd.,

3120: 2935: 2733: 2654: 2315: 2093: 2069: 1956: 1884: 1685: 1314: 1077: 984: 925: 917: 493: 10409:

Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988

5977: 3190: 1727:), where they believed the Revolutionary Council leaders lived, and 10201: 10032: 9727: 9617: 9498: 9385: 9355: 9079: 8410: 8251: 8148: 8023: 7842: 7746: 6886: 6744: 6198: 4032:

Survival for Service: My Experiences as Governor General of Grenada

2709: 2611: 1845: 1517: 1343:. The United States insisted this was being done at the request of 1306: 512: 500: 442: 430: 234: 190: 69:

anti-aircraft weapon during the American invasion of Grenada, 1983.

48: 7530:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

3494:"U.S. may hold key to finding remains of Grenada's prime minister" 2299: 1339:(RSS) based in Barbados invaded Grenada in an operation codenamed 1086:

On 13 March 1979, while Gairy was temporarily out of the country,

1064:, but his term in office was marred by civil unrest. Although his 959:

The invading force consisted of the 1st and 2nd battalions of the

8356: 8241: 8231: 8180: 7721: 6466: 6089:

US–Grenada Relations: Revolution and Intervention in the Backyard

6040:

Margaret Thatcher: At Her Zenith in London, Washington and Moscow

5032:"The United States Action in Grenada: An Exercise in Realpolitik" 4341:"Assembly calls for cessation of 'armed intervention' in Grenada" 2895: 2870: 2829:

was allocated the designation Task Group 20.5 for the operation.

2615: 1915: 1458: 1135: 988: 960: 941: 921: 802: 726: 603: 464: 452: 418: 405: 203: 90: 66: 6127:"Grenada, Operation Urgent Fury (23 October – 21 November 1983)" 5444:"Reagan apologised to angry Thatcher over Grenada, tapes reveal" 2053:

to change his position on the issue from opposition to support.

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offshore. It was the largest American military action since the

1335:

On 25 October, the combined forces of the United States and the

9025:

Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States

8424: 8226: 8165: 7100: 3691: 3689: 3676:"Remembering the Rise and Fall of Grenada's New Jewel Movement" 3148: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1939: 1911: 1764: 1760: 1681: 1590: 1470: 1466: 1374: 1159: 1143: 1139: 4624:

Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 1959–1976

10737: 8909: 8865:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

8371: 8154: 6233: 5311:"Nightline #656937 - ABC Special for Wednesday, Oct 26, 1983" 2999:

In addition, the following ships supported naval operations:

2899: 2889: 2865: 2861: 1712: 1578: 1569: 1155: 1151: 10761:

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act

10377:

Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program

6159: 5699: 4823:

Operation Urgent Fury: The Invasion of Grenada, October 1983

4543: 3708: 3686: 3626: 2104:

An anti-war march attended by over 50,000 people, including

760:: 784 (including 636 construction workers according to Cuba) 65:

helicopter hovers above the ground near an abandoned Soviet

9790: 9551: 8449: 8331: 6223: 6167: 5270:"Nightline #656934 - ABC Special for Tuesday, Oct 25, 1983" 5187:"The U.S. Invasion of Grenada: A Twenty Year Retrospective" 4893:. Marine Corps Association & Foundation. Archived from 4796:"SEAL History: Navy SEALs in Grenada Operation Urgent Fury" 2918: 2874: 2783:

Two formations of U.S. warships took part in the invasion.

2061: 1742: 1658: 1598: 1127: 829: 752: 635: 623: 302: 6164:— a 1984 comic book about the invasion written by the CIA. 6056:

Payne, Anthony. "The Grenada crisis in British politics."

4926: 4602:

To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy

4569:

To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy

2742:– provided aerial refueling support for all other aircraft 2382:, and Air Force elements would support the ground forces. 2220:

referred to them as "the last of the Cold War prisoners".

1778:

At 19:00 on 25 October, 250 marines from G Company of the

1040:

Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act

8904: 8884: 8879: 5660:"30 years on: The legacy of Reagan's invasion of Grenada" 3633: 2511:

1st Psychological Operations Battalion (Airborne) of the

1691:. More credible reports say that rather than swimming to 1454: 1446: 1142:

designed it, the British government underwrote it, and a

10509:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

6002:. Washington, D.C.: Joint History Office. Archived from 4750: 4730:

Timeline – World History Documentaries (22 April 2017).

3559:

The U.S. Invasion of Grenada: Legacy of a Flawed Victory

3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3491: 3347:"Study Faults U.S. Military Tactics in Grenada Invasion" 2673:– provided air superiority cover for allied forces with 5546: 5423: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 2257:

Reagan attempted to use the invasion of Grenada to end

2116:

The march received support from presidential candidate

2036:

Leaflet distributed during the invasion by 9th PSYOP Bn

1791:

overwhelmed the Grenadian defenders at Fort Frederick.

1554:

and other weapons seized during Operation Urgent Fury,

1248:

Within only a few days of these events in Grenada, the

10594:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

5772:"Bishop's Honour: Grenada airport renamed after ex-PM" 4604:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 4571:. Center for International Affairs. pp. 154–253. 4311:"Paul Scoon, Who Invited Grenada Invaders, Dies at 78" 4218:"Paul Scoon, Who Invited Grenada Invaders, Dies at 78" 2083:

American students waiting to be evacuated from Grenada

1893: 1637:

under Lieutenant Mike Walsh approached the beach near

1564:

Alpha and Bravo companies of the 1st Battalion of the

1317:. On 22 October 1983, the Deputy High Commissioner in 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 3873:. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies. 3517: 3179: 2871:

Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 122 (VAW-122)

10479:

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

6019:

The Grenada Intervention: Analysis and Documentation

5794:"Prime Minister Speech at Airport Renaming Ceremony" 5786: 3921: 2840: 2657:– provided close air support for allied forces with 1840:

of 1st Bn 320th FA, 82D Abn Div firing during battle

1512: 1401:, commanded by Brigadier Rudyard Lewis of Barbados. 1279:, which ended less than three years earlier. Future 1114:

and Sir Paul Scoon as her viceregal representative.

10502:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

6113:

Invasion of Grenada and Its Political Repercussions

4790: 4788: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3443: 3441: 2208:forces, and a specialized intelligence detachment. 1825:rescue until they made contact with Marine forces. 1542:

Rangers conducting the air assault on Point Salines

10673:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers 10386:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 9743: 9549: 6016: 5917: 5683:"Military of U.S. 'Standing Tall,' Reagan Asserts" 4969:"Soviet Vehicle in Collection Thanks to 2d AAV Bn" 4840: 4681: 4652: 4493: 4333: 4034:. Oxford: Macmillan Caribbean. pp. 136, 145. 3866: 3865:Seabury, Paul; McDougall, Walter A., eds. (1984). 3839:Gailey, Phil; Weaver Jr., Warren (26 March 1983). 3591: 1404:The main objectives on the first day were for the 6117:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 5345:from the original on 7 December 2020 – via 4280:"Paul Scoon; had key role in invasion of Grenada" 3938:"The Grenada 17: Last of the cold war prisoners?" 3534:. United Nations. 2 November 1983. Archived from 3532:"United Nations General Assembly resolution 38/7" 2325:Derelict Cuban airliner at Pearls Airport in 2007 2046:four years previously. The group's report caused 10814: 10710:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 10652:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 8850:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 5728:. The New Cold War History series. Chapel Hill: 5419:. Margaret Thatcher Foundation. 25 October 1983. 4785: 3895: 3864: 3838: 3744:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 169. 3475:"Caribbean Islands – A Regional Security System" 3438: 2927:Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron (15 HS-15): 6 2641:tactical fighter wings and squadrons – provided 2027: 1967:It was confirmed Scoon had been in contact with 1933:Calivigny barracks before and after being bombed 10958:Wars involving Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10768:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 10486:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 7287:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 6694:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 5764: 5746: 4061: 4059: 3810: 2584:1st Special Forces Operational Detachment–Delta 2450:18th Aviation Company, 269th Aviation Battalion 2091:on the 25 October 1983 edition of his newscast 1533: 1090:and his NJM seized power in a nearly bloodless 10913:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century 5891:Grenada Documents, an Overview & Selection 4679: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4395:"Barbados Prime Minister Dies Of Heart Attack" 4068:"'Duty Before Race': The Life of Colin Powell" 3771: 2200:and formed a government led by Prime Minister 1988:armored car was impounded and shipped back to 1436: 1297:Members of the Eastern Caribbean Defense Force 1288:Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs 10160:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 9776: 9535: 9010: 6183: 5942: 5893:, DOD & State Dept, Sept 1984, 813 pages. 5059:Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law 5036:University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 4999:"U.S. Defending Grenada Action Before O.A.S." 4966: 4650: 4191: 4189: 4099:(2015). "Chapter 5: Reagan plays her false". 3709:"The Grenada Revolution Documentary - Part 1" 3673: 3403: 1811: 1699:Raids on Fort Rupert and Richmond Hill Prison 1668: 1122:The Bishop government began constructing the 920:countries invaded the small island nation of 27:1983 invasion of Grenada by the United States 10893:Operations involving American special forces 10645:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 8926:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 6477:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 6066: 5469:Margaret Thatcher, Volume Two: The Iron Lady 5091:– via Oxford Public International Law. 5029: 4938: 4083:"Grenada Invasion: History and Significance" 4056: 3969: 3820:"Another 'Low Dishonest Decade' on the Left" 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3285:"Medals Outnumber G.I.'s in Grenada Assault" 2462:1 SQN 17 Air Cavalry Airborne, Fort Bragg NC 1628: 1357: 1256:following a formal appeal for help from the 7787:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 5821: 5819: 5622:Chen, Edwin; Richter, Paul (2 March 1991). 5621: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5030:Karas, John M.; Goodman, Jerald M. (1984). 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4585: 4491: 2847:(CVW-6) squadrons embarked aboard flagship 2634:combat airlift support, cargo, and supplies 1995: 107:Grenadian People's Revolutionary Government 10993:United States involvement in regime change 10472:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 10451:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act 10195:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 9783: 9769: 9542: 9528: 9474:History of the Central Intelligence Agency 9459:Length of U.S. participation in major wars 9017: 9003: 8890:United States involvement in regime change 6445:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 6190: 6176: 5214: 5212: 4655:Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987 4525: 4523: 4521: 4211: 4209: 4186: 3804: 3320: 3167:Foreign interventions by the United States 3162:United States involvement in regime change 2216:. In light of their lengthy imprisonment, 1649:then landed south of Pearls Airport using 1476: 1416:to land reinforcements on the island; the 680:1 LPH USS Guam LPH-9 Flagship ComPhibron 10888:Military expeditions of the United States 10747:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act 10682:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 10666:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 10578:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 10246:Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement 10239:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement 6156:, Grenada's former ambassador to the U.S. 5720: 5705: 5567:"Reagan's view of Vietnam War unwavering" 5552: 5365: 5052: 4946:"Turning the Tide: Operation Urgent Fury" 4932: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4768: 4756: 4621: 4615: 4566: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4549: 4065: 3722: 3695: 3556: 3447: 3420:"Soldiers During the Invasion of Grenada" 3307: 2123: 2087:Medical students in Grenada, speaking to 10863:Grenada–United States military relations 10689:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 10458:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 9754:) is being considered for deletion. See 6086: 5816: 5481: 5466: 5429: 5245: 5230: 5220:"United Nations Security Council vetoes" 5180: 5178: 4888: 4873: 4702: 4246: 4066:Donaldson, Le’Trice (15 November 2021). 3975: 3589: 3408:. London: Osprey Publishing. p. 45. 3325:(4th ed.). McFarland. p. 645. 3176:, a 1986 film which depicts the invasion 2896:Electronic Attack Squadron 131 (VAQ-131) 2843: 2593: 2351: 2320: 2298: 2264: 2192:as chairman, pending new elections. The 2160:our Parliament and people the siting of 2078: 2031: 2011:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 1928: 1914:during the night, dispatching it with a 1897: 1860: 1832: 1815: 1746: 1743:Mission to rescue Governor-General Scoon 1625:Point Salines and the surrounding area. 1577:in the face of moderate resistance from 1545: 1537: 1516: 1453:origin, and smaller numbers of obsolete 1361: 1303:Organization of Eastern Caribbean States 1292: 1258:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 1197: 1164: 928:, at dawn on 25 October 1983. Codenamed 209:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 10587:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 10537:Water Resources Development Act of 1988 10530:Water Resources Development Act of 1986 10340:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 9925: 7016:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 6014: 5825: 5681:Clines, Francis X. (13 December 1983). 5593: 5564: 5529:"Operation Urgent Fury and Its Critics" 5508: 5375:. Spartacus Educational. Archived from 5209: 4836:from the original on 24 September 2015. 4518: 4466: 4206: 4197:Sir Paul Scoon, G-G of Grenada, at 2:36 4080: 3908: 3828:. Vol. 83, no. 1. p. 17. 3674:Fletcher, Jr., Bill (4 December 2023). 2173: 1856: 954:general elections held in December 1984 898:24 civilians killed (18 of them when a 14: 10868:History of the Commonwealth of Nations 10815: 10312:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act 10303:Office of National Drug Control Policy 8860:Russian espionage in the United States 7132:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5961: 5861: 5680: 5657: 5456:from the original on 12 November 2020. 5392:"It Was a Rescue Mission, Reagan Says" 5390:Clines, Francis X. (4 November 1983). 5389: 5144: 5101: 4978:. Vol. 15, no. 4. p. 21 4819: 4806: 4771:"A Grenada SEAL widow tells her story" 4555: 4485: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4434:Lacey, Sharon Tosi (25 October 2018). 4392: 4364:"Ex-airport boss recalls Cubana crash" 4361: 4308: 4290:from the original on 27 September 2017 4215: 4014: 3775:Grenada : revolution and invasion 3737: 3450:"How Grenada reshaped the US military" 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 1938:shells falling into the ocean), A-7s, 1782:landed at Grand Mal Bay equipped with 1581:anti-aircraft guns and several BTR-60 1262:Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger 10988:December 1983 events in North America 10983:November 1983 events in North America 10754:Surface Transportation Assistance Act 10493:The Emergency Food Assistance Program 10370:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 10255:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 9764: 9523: 8998: 8855:Soviet espionage in the United States 7011:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 6790:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 6455:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 6171: 6037: 5915: 5903:Joint Overview, Operation Urgent Fury 5804:from the original on 21 November 2016 5716: 5714: 5290: 5184: 5175: 4996: 4433: 4362:Carter, Gercine (26 September 2010). 4153: 4149: 4147: 4095: 4029: 3404:Russell, Lee; Mendez, Albert (2012). 3295:from the original on 13 February 2017 2758:– providing air control support with 2502:519th Military Intelligence Battalion 2498:319th Military Intelligence Battalion 2489:203rd Military Intelligence Battalion 2440:548th Engineer Battalion Ft Bragg, NC 2289:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1723:to capture Fort Rupert (now known as 1126:with the help of the United Kingdom, 1060:led Grenada to independence from the 900:mental hospital was mistakenly bombed 81:25 October – 2 November 1983 (8 days) 10978:October 1983 events in North America 10615:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 10326:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 9454:Timeline of U.S. military operations 8931:Soviet Union–United States relations 7282:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 6131:Naval History & Heritage Command 5992: 5624:"U.S. Shakes Off Torment of Vietnam" 5608:from the original on 30 March 2020. 5579:from the original on 2 August 2020. 5441: 5313:. Vanderbilt Television News Archive 5272:. Vanderbilt Television News Archive 5067:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e1292 4960: 4309:Martin, Douglas (8 September 2013). 4216:Martin, Douglas (9 September 2013). 3996:from the original on 19 October 2021 3909:Sunkara, Bhaskar (25 October 2023). 3448:Kukielski, Phil (8 September 2013). 3426:from the original on 8 December 2015 3250: 3215: 2949:Sea Control Squadron 28 (VS-28): 10 2331:Maurice Bishop International Airport 1379:Grantley Adams International Airport 10903:Reagan administration controversies 10361:United States Sentencing Commission 8895:Soviet involvement in regime change 5778:(CANA). 30 May 2009. Archived from 5695:from the original on 29 March 2020. 5658:Kinzer, Stephen (25 October 2013). 5293:"TV: Reports and Debates on Crises" 5222:. United Nations. 28 October 1983. 4997:Smith, Hedrick (15 November 1983). 4567:Dominguez, Jorge (1 January 1989). 4453: 4081:Longley, Robert (3 December 2018). 3481:from the original on 26 April 2017. 3227: 2506:525th Military Intelligence Brigade 1894:Third day of the invasion and after 1828: 1469:armored personnel carriers and two 1431: 1410:Point Salines International Airport 1286:, who was then serving as Reagan's 1169:Point Salines International Airport 1124:Point Salines International Airport 1020:truth and reconciliation commission 924:, 100 miles (160 km) north of 24: 10923:Wars involving Antigua and Barbuda 8936:Soviet Union–United States summits 6410:1947 Polish parliamentary election 6295:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 5909: 5884: 5730:University of North Carolina Press 5711: 5636:from the original on 1 August 2020 5565:Sandler, Norman D. (28 May 1984). 5509:Edmonds, Kevin (20 October 2021). 5226:from the original on 28 June 2017. 4956:from the original on 7 April 2016. 4798:. Navy SEAL Museum. Archived from 4769:Salisbury, Bill (4 October 1990). 4628:University of North Carolina Press 4144: 3959:"Ewart Layne - Caribbean Glossary" 3385:from the original on 20 March 2017 2732:, 443rd Security Police Squadron ( 2559:21st Tactical Air Support Squadron 2513:4th Psychological Operations Group 2341: 1780:2nd Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment 1585:(APCs), which were knocked out by 1418:2nd Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment 1264:and his senior military assistant 25: 11004: 10918:United States–Caribbean relations 10703:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 9758:to help reach a consensus. › 9211:American–Algerian War (1785–1795) 7697:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 7632:United States invasion of Grenada 6902:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 6843:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 6106: 5754:"Grenada's airport to be renamed" 5484:Twentieth Century British History 5246:Magnuson, Ed (21 November 1983). 5197:from the original on 13 July 2008 4891:"Operation Urgent Fury – Grenada" 4321:from the original on 2 April 2019 4228:from the original on 2 April 2019 2553:18th Air Support Operations Group 2419:508th Parachute Infantry Regiment 2415:505th Parachute Infantry Regiment 1513:Navy SEAL reconnaissance missions 1505:, the official periodical of the 1096:People's Revolutionary Government 1076:, and a militia organized by the 934:People's Revolutionary Government 42:United States invasion of Grenada 10963:Wars involving the United States 10608:Expedited Funds Availability Act 10557:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 10402:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 10167:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 10152:We begin bombing in five minutes 7772:United States invasion of Panama 7622:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 7262:1971 Turkish military memorandum 7225:Communist insurgency in Thailand 7195:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 7127:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 6954:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 6882:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 6400:Restatement of Policy on Germany 5855: 5843:from the original on 4 July 2013 5341:. 14 November 1983. p. 20. 5333:"Vermonters at Washington March" 3512:Margaret Thatcher: At Her Zenith 3359:from the original on 2 July 2019 3189: 2722:– provided airlift support with 2704:– provided airlift support with 2682:– provided airlift support with 2519:1st Corps Support Command COSCOM 2417:, 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 2411:325th Airborne Infantry Regiment 2385: 2287:. It increased the power of the 2227: 889:5.6 million rounds of ammunition 855: 828: 801: 772: 751: 725: 660: 641: 634: 622: 614: 602: 584: 571: 559: 547: 535: 523: 511: 499: 487: 475: 463: 451: 441: 429: 417: 404: 392: 380: 368: 356: 344: 330: 307: 295: 284: 274:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 266: 253: 240: 227: 214: 196: 183: 161: 149: 55: 10564:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 8492:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7873:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7802:Fall of the inner German border 7702:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 7352:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 7342:Spanish transition to democracy 7302:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 6929:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 6435:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 6316:Occupation of the Baltic states 6122:Operation: Urgent Fury, Grenada 5674: 5651: 5615: 5587: 5558: 5521: 5502: 5475: 5460: 5442:Tran, Mark (10 November 2014). 5435: 5409: 5383: 5353: 5325: 5303: 5291:Corry, John (27 October 1983). 5284: 5262: 5185:Zunes, Stephen (October 2003). 5150:"Grenada Was Illegally Invaded" 5138: 5095: 5046: 5023: 4990: 4967:Wayne Tommell, Anthony (1986). 4901: 4889:Kreisher, Otto (October 2003). 4762: 4723: 4673: 4644: 4427: 4409: 4386: 4355: 4302: 4272: 4240: 4089: 4074: 4023: 4008: 3982:. Greenwood Press. p. 63. 3951: 3858: 3832: 3765: 3701: 3667: 3641: 3620: 3583: 3550: 3504: 3485: 3467: 3218:"OPERATION URGENT FURY Grenada" 2561:(Shaw AFB, SC). Jump qualified 2130:United Nations General Assembly 2007:Organization of American States 1399:Organization of American States 1228: 1032:United Nations General Assembly 10878:Invasions by the United States 10636:Dairy Export Incentive Program 9489:List of anti-war organizations 7272:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 6907:Mozambican War of Independence 6346:Indonesian National Revolution 5943:Badri-Maharaj, Sanjay (2022). 5831:"U.S. Marines in Grenada 1983" 5594:Beinart, Peter (7 June 2010). 4393:Cozier, Tony (12 March 1985). 4015:Boulby, Luke (30 March 2020). 3741:Monarchy and the End of Empire 3412: 3397: 3371: 3339: 3277: 3209: 3129: 2457:82nd Combat Aviation Battalion 2198:the elections in December 1984 1902:Bombardment of Point Calivigny 1613:, including battalions of the 1270:Puerto Rican island of Vieques 1052:Grenada–Soviet Union relations 13: 1: 10731:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit 10717:Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver 10659:Internal Revenue Code of 1986 10601:Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 10571:Agriculture Mediation Program 10423:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 10333:Coastal Barrier Resources Act 9401:War against the Islamic State 8870:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 7885:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 7838:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 7560:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 7525:Seven Days to the River Rhine 7257:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 6544:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 6472:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 5897:Grenada, A Preliminary Report 4500:. New York: Penguin. p. 4103:. Great Britain: Allen Lane, 3976:Burrowes, Reynold A. (1988). 3598:. New York: Greenwood Press. 3590:Burrowes, Reynold A. (1988). 3422:. CardCow Vintage Postcards. 2285:National Security Act of 1947 2251:military grid reference lines 2028:Reaction in the United States 1794: 1633:A platoon of Navy SEALs from 1555: 1045: 971:, and elements of the former 850:2 transport aircraft captured 10858:Cuba–United States relations 10775:Video Privacy Protection Act 10629:Conservation Reserve Program 10232:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 10137:Strategic Defense Initiative 9638:Eritrean War of Independence 7863:Fall of communism in Albania 7833:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 7782:Polish Round Table Agreement 7122:1968 Polish political crisis 6939:Eritrean War of Independence 6705:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 6600:East German uprising of 1953 6532:Chinese Communist Revolution 6197: 6137:Grenadian Revolution Archive 6015:Gilmore, William C. (1984). 5596:"Think Again: Ronald Reagan" 4857:. SgtMacsBar. Archived from 4600:Domínguez, Jorge I. (1989). 3629:"Grenada: Nobody's Backyard" 3321:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 2915:Attack Squadron 176 (VA-176) 2831: 2606:, piloting a U.S. Air Force 2589: 2472:, III Corps, Ft. Hood, Texas 2470:89th Military Police Brigade 2245:showed an even lower count. 1534:Air assault on Point Salines 7: 10898:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 10444:Minerals Management Service 10296:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 10289:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 9792:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 9751:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 7737:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 7465:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 7210:Corrective Movement (Syria) 7174:New People's Army rebellion 7169:Sino-Soviet border conflict 6897:Angolan War of Independence 6760:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 6640:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 6285:Jamaican political conflict 6146:The dream of a Black utopia 6023:. New York: Facts on File. 5965:Political Science Quarterly 5193:. Foreign Policy in Focus. 4820:Stuart, Richard W. (2008). 4492:Huchthausen, Peter (2004). 4160:Social and Economic Studies 3155: 3144:Law Enforcement Detachments 2890:Fighter Squadron 32 (VF-32) 2862:Fighter Squadron 14 (VF-14) 2730:443rd Military Airlift Wing 2702:317th Military Airlift Wing 2689:1st Special Operations Wing 2680:437th Military Airlift Wing 2624:136th Tactical Airlift Wing 2493:Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 2425:22nd Marine Amphibious Unit 1784:amphibious assault vehicles 1661:machine gun which a Marine 1449:automatic rifles of Soviet 1443:People's Revolutionary Army 1437:People's Revolutionary Army 1066:Grenada United Labour Party 1009:Governor-General of Grenada 63:Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion 10: 11009: 10953:Wars involving Saint Lucia 10908:United States Army Rangers 10437:Medical Waste Tracking Act 10430:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 9914:Presidential proclamations 9550:Armed conflicts involving 9391:War in North-West Pakistan 9241:Second Sumatran expedition 9206:American Revolutionary War 7933:Sino-Indian border dispute 7762:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 7692:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 7450:1976 Argentine coup d'état 7362:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 7312:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 6996:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 6964:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 6653:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 6420:Asian Relations Conference 6152:. Includes interview with 5572:United Press International 5116:10.1177/002234338602300303 4709:"A Caribbean Arms Cache". 4417:"U.S. invasion of Grenada" 3557:Kukielski, Philip (2019). 2966:Attack Squadron 15 (VA-15) 2944:Attack Squadron 87 (VA-87) 2772:60th Military Airlift Wing 2671:33rd Tactical Fighter Wing 2655:23rd Tactical Fighter Wing 2598:Commander-in-Chief of The 2525:, 546th LMT Fort Bragg, NC 2437:(Airborne), Fort Bragg, NC 2409:– 2nd Brigade Task Force ( 2345: 2268: 2177: 2066:Congressional Black Caucus 1990:Marine Corps Base Quantico 1962: 1908:2nd Battalion, 8th Marines 1812:Second day of the invasion 1669:Raid on Radio Free Grenada 1583:armored personnel carriers 1465:The PRA did possess eight 1323:Prime Minister of Dominica 1117: 1049: 1011:until the 1984 elections. 29: 10828:1983 in the United States 10784: 10622:Food Security Act of 1985 10546: 10523:Water Quality Act of 1987 10347:Armed Career Criminal Act 10271: 10015: 9952:Joint session of Congress 9799: 9711:Military internationalism 9693: 9573:Cuban War of Independence 9558: 9436: 9236:First Sumatran expedition 9198: 9037: 9030: 8969: 8918: 8840: 8817:William Appleman Williams 8762:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 8544: 8516: 8465: 8397: 8390: 8324: 8189: 8114: 8044: 8037: 7946: 7893: 7825: 7538: 7277:Bangladesh Liberation War 7267:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 7182: 7154:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 7142:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 6805: 6580:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 6557: 6267: 6205: 5945:Urgent Fury: Grenada 1983 5104:Journal of Peace Research 4622:Gleijeses, Piero (2002). 3379:"The Invasion of Grenada" 2720:63d Military Airlift Wing 2165:text remains classified). 2013:to approve the invasion. 1629:Capture of Pearls Airport 1601:Jeeps and members of the 1550:A Soviet-made 7.62mm PKM 1507:U.S. Army Engineer School 1358:First day of the invasion 991:forces and troops of the 897: 764: 652: 320: 141: 73: 54: 46: 41: 32:Capture of Grenada (1779) 10465:Nuclear Waste Policy Act 10393:Toxics Release Inventory 9756:templates for discussion 9643:South African Border War 9190:2021 U.S. Capitol attack 9150:Battle of Blair Mountain 7592:1980 Turkish coup d'état 7427:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 7397:1978 Somali coup attempt 7357:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 7322:1973 Chilean coup d'état 7147:Revolutionary Government 7041:South African Border War 6833:1960 Turkish coup d'état 6750:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 6605:1953 Iranian coup d'état 6585:1952 Egyptian revolution 6060:73.292 (1984): 403–410. 6011:Official Pentagon study. 5993:Cole, Ronald H. (1997). 5947:. Helion & Company. 5248:"Getting Back to Normal" 5053:Robert J., Beck (2008). 4855:"Operation: Urgent Fury" 4659:. Simon & Schuster. 4626:. Chapel Hill, NC: 4252:The Downing Street Years 4030:Scoon, Sir Paul (2003). 4019:. In Defence of Marxism. 3216:Cole, Ronald H. (1997). 3202: 2628:Texas Air National Guard 2600:Military Airlift Command 2534:82nd Finance Company MPT 2468:411th MP Company of the 2444:160th Aviation Battalion 2294: 1996:Legality of the invasion 1682:psychological operations 1345:Barbados' Prime Minister 1337:Regional Security System 1173:In 1983, Representative 1070:general election of 1976 993:Regional Security System 10938:Wars involving Dominica 10928:Wars involving Barbados 10791:← Carter administration 10225:American Homecoming Act 10109:Constructive engagement 9872:Administration scandals 9449:Wars involving the U.S. 9286:Philippine–American War 9170:1960s ghetto rebellions 7797:Fall of the Berlin Wall 7742:People Power Revolution 7727:Central American crisis 7667:1986 Black Sea incident 7317:1973 Afghan coup d'état 7215:Western Sahara conflict 7026:1966 Syrian coup d'état 6949:1963 Syrian coup d'état 6892:Portuguese Colonial War 6855:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 6620:1954 Syrian coup d'état 6497:Annexation of Hyderabad 6440:1947–1949 Palestine war 6087:Williams, Gary (2007). 6038:Moore, Charles (2016). 5533:www.armyupress.army.mil 5467:Campbell, John (2003). 5360:United Nations Yearbook 4680:Leckie, Robert (1998). 4467:Harding, Steve (1984). 3772:Payne, Anthony (1984). 3738:Murphy, Philip (2013). 3510:Moore, Charles (2016). 2778: 2740:19th Air Refueling Wing 2716:, NC complex to Grenada 2610:aircraft en route from 2608:Lockheed C-130 Hercules 2481:50th Signal Battalion, 2431:27th Engineer Battalion 2309:St. George's University 2152:Commonwealth of Nations 2150:Grenada is part of the 1615:325th Infantry Regiment 1477:Cuban forces in Grenada 1426:St. George's University 1281:U.S. Secretary of State 1068:claimed victory in the 823:1 armored car destroyed 794:9 helicopters destroyed 10948:Wars involving Jamaica 10943:Wars involving Grenada 10724:Tax Reform Act of 1986 9944:"Tear down this wall!" 9593:1952 Cuban coup d'état 9494:Conscientious objector 9396:First Libyan Civil War 9266:Second Fiji expedition 9246:Ivory Coast expedition 9180:1992 Los Angeles riots 9140:Colorado Coalfield War 9032:Listed chronologically 8091:Neoclassical economics 7602:Gulf of Sidra incident 7159:1969 Libyan revolution 6850:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 6635:1954 Geneva Conference 6395:Turkish straits crisis 6390:Corfu Channel incident 5905:, 1 May 1985, 87 pages 5866:. St. Martin's Press. 4651:Woodward, Bob (1987). 4347:. 1984. Archived from 2756:552nd Air Control Wing 2751:82nd Airborne Division 2646:ground-attack aircraft 2619: 2407:82nd Airborne Division 2357: 2326: 2304: 2167: 2124:International reaction 2084: 2037: 1984:armored car. A second 1934: 1903: 1870: 1841: 1821: 1752: 1676:helicopters delivered 1607:82nd Airborne Division 1561: 1559: 25 October 1983 1543: 1522: 1414:82nd Airborne Division 1371: 1298: 1210: 1196: 1170: 973:Rapid Deployment Force 969:82nd Airborne Division 871:Weapons cache seized: 554:Allen Montgomery Lewis 321:Commanders and leaders 10800:Bush administration → 10354:Sentencing Reform Act 10262:Exon–Florio Amendment 10188:Executive Order 12333 10174:Goldwater–Nichols Act 9849:Judicial appointments 9835:Assassination attempt 9706:Foreign interventions 9675:Nicaraguan Revolution 9464:Territorial evolution 9444:Conflicts in the U.S. 9366:Intervention in Haiti 9256:First Fiji expedition 8941:Russia–NATO relations 8822:Jonathan Reed Winkler 8106:Democratic capitalism 8101:Supply-side economics 8069:American conservatism 7868:Breakup of Yugoslavia 7757:Bougainville conflict 7672:South Yemen civil war 7607:Martial law in Poland 7470:Nicaraguan Revolution 7445:Dirty War (Argentina) 7252:1971 JVP insurrection 7066:Years of Lead (Italy) 6944:North Yemen civil war 6862:Berlin Crisis of 1961 6838:Albanian–Soviet split 6770:1959 Tibetan uprising 6735:Syrian Crisis of 1957 6590:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 6450:1948 Arab–Israeli War 6067:Russell, Lee (1985). 5862:Naylor, Sean (2015). 5776:Caribbean News Agency 5496:10.1093/tcbh/12.2.208 4154:Lewis, Patsy (1999). 3945:Amnesty International 3680:The Real News Network 3251:Cole, Ronald (1997). 2836:carrier battle group 2697:MC-130E Combat Talons 2597: 2540:Little Creek, VA and 2435:20th Engineer Brigade 2396:2nd Ranger Battalions 2356:Operation Urgent Fury 2355: 2348:Caribbean Peace Force 2324: 2302: 2281:Goldwater-Nichols Act 2277:Department of Defense 2271:Goldwater–Nichols Act 2265:Goldwater–Nichols Act 2243:Joint Chiefs of Staff 2218:Amnesty International 2157: 2082: 2035: 1932: 1901: 1864: 1836: 1819: 1757:Saint George, Grenada 1750: 1707:and C Company of the 1603:Caribbean Peace Force 1549: 1541: 1520: 1365: 1341:Operation Urgent Fury 1296: 1254:military intervention 1250:Reagan administration 1209:in East Germany, 1982 1205:and Foreign Minister 1201: 1191: 1168: 1094:. He established the 997:Point Salines Airport 981:U.S. Army Delta Force 930:Operation Urgent Fury 880:12 anti-aircraft guns 765:Casualties and losses 248:Saint Kitts and Nevis 175:Caribbean Peace Force 102:American–CPF victory 18:Operation Urgent Fury 10883:Invasions of Grenada 10843:Communism in Grenada 10282:AIDS crisis response 10056:Soviet Union summits 9680:Salvadoran Civil War 9633:Ñancahuazú Guerrilla 9623:Cuban Missile Crisis 9613:Bay of Pigs Invasion 9578:Spanish–American War 9326:Bay of Pigs Invasion 9281:Spanish–American War 9251:Mexican–American War 9175:Kent State shootings 9165:Puerto Rican revolts 9095:American Indian Wars 8362:Non-Aligned Movement 7984:Peaceful coexistence 7938:North Borneo dispute 7853:German reunification 7848:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 7546:Salvadoran Civil War 7495:Grand Mosque seizure 7490:Yemenite War of 1979 7382:Mozambican Civil War 7337:Carnation Revolution 7292:Yemenite War of 1972 7230:1970 Polish protests 7061:1967 Hong Kong riots 7036:Argentine Revolution 6986:Guatemalan Civil War 6914:Cuban Missile Crisis 6828:Bay of Pigs Invasion 6700:1956 Poznań protests 6678:Geneva Summit (1955) 6280:Hukbalahap Rebellion 6259:Non-Aligned Movement 6042:. pp. 117–135. 6009:on 16 November 2011. 5916:Adkin, Mark (1989). 5798:Grenadian Connection 5258:on 14 February 2008. 5148:(15 November 1983). 4746:– via YouTube. 4137:Lawrence Eagleburger 4133:. pp. 118–119: 3477:. country-data.com. 3068:Samuel Eliot Morison 2845:Carrier Air Wing Six 2749:) in support of the 2529:44th Medical Brigade 2399:75th Ranger Regiment 2174:Aftermath and legacy 1857:Rescue at Grand Anse 1820:Troop invasion areas 1729:Richmond Hill Prison 1709:75th Ranger Regiment 1587:M67 recoilless rifle 1574:Hunter Army Airfield 1566:75th Ranger Regiment 1521:Map of invasion plan 1406:75th Ranger Regiment 1330:Survival for Service 1284:Lawrence Eagleburger 965:75th Ranger Regiment 168:Grenadian Opposition 10933:Wars involving Cuba 10833:Airborne operations 10516:1982 VRA Amendments 10144:International trips 10116:Invasion of Grenada 9886:Impeachment efforts 9828:Second inauguration 9821:Release of hostages 9733:Sphere of influence 9685:Invasion of Grenada 9653:Ethiopian Civil War 9603:Escambray rebellion 9341:Invasion of Grenada 9336:Dominican Civil War 8807:Alex von Tunzelmann 8797:Vladimir Tismăneanu 8722:Thomas J. McCormick 8717:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 8617:Robert Hugh Ferrell 8480:Crusade for Freedom 8277:Illiberal democracy 8161:Ho Chi Minh Thought 7964:Eisenhower Doctrine 7817:Peaceful Revolution 7812:Romanian Revolution 7792:Revolutions of 1989 7777:1988 Polish strikes 7687:Operation INFEKTION 7682:1987 Lieyu massacre 7587:Eritrean Civil Wars 7570:Peruvian Revolution 7520:1979 Herat uprising 7510:Sino-Vietnamese War 7475:Uganda–Tanzania War 7455:Egyptian–Libyan War 7422:Third Indochina War 7417:Sino-Albanian split 7407:Ethiopian Civil War 7307:Eritrean Civil Wars 7247:Ping-pong diplomacy 7220:Cambodian Civil War 7046:Korean DMZ Conflict 7031:Cultural Revolution 7001:Dominican Civil War 6979:Tlatelolco massacre 6765:1959 Mosul uprising 6755:1958 Lebanon crisis 6482:Al-Wathbah uprising 6405:First Indochina War 6375:Iran crisis of 1946 6150:The Washington Post 6083:A military history. 5708:, pp. 213–214. 5670:on 30 October 2013. 5515:Black Agenda Report 5471:. pp. 273–279. 5191:Global Policy Forum 4738:on 28 November 2021 4684:The Wars of America 4552:, pp. 147–148. 3698:, pp. 160–162. 3538:on 19 December 2000 3498:The Washington Post 3352:The Washington Post 3265:on 16 November 2011 2837: 2542:US Navy SEAL Team 6 2538:US Navy SEAL Team 4 2523:7th Trans Battalion 2483:35th Signal Brigade 2476:35th Signal Brigade 2362:Joseph Metcalf, III 2303:SGU Campus Memorial 2190:Nicholas Brathwaite 2106:Burlington, Vermont 2022:UN Security Council 1771:strike planes, and 1647:8th Marine Regiment 1447:Kalashnikov-pattern 1352:Trinidad and Tobago 1277:Iran hostage crisis 1252:mounted a U.S.-led 883:291 submachine guns 640:Pedro Tortoló 424:Nicholas Brathwaite 222:Antigua and Barbuda 119:Nicholas Brathwaite 10873:History of Grenada 10853:Counter-revolution 10838:Cold War conflicts 10123:Iran–Contra affair 9817:First inauguration 9381:War in Afghanistan 9351:Invasion of Panama 9346:Lebanese Civil War 9271:Formosa Expedition 9231:Second Barbary War 9185:2020 racial unrest 9120:Johnson County War 9115:Lincoln County War 9090:American Civil War 9085:Harpers Ferry raid 9060:Turner's Rebellion 8961:Russian Revolution 8757:Mary Elise Sarotte 8742:William B. Pickett 8667:Patrick J. Hearden 8647:Gabriel Gorodetsky 8642:Timothy Garton Ash 8627:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 8222:Ethnic nationalism 7974:Hallstein Doctrine 7858:Yemeni unification 7647:1985 Geneva Summit 7612:Casamance conflict 7515:New Jewel Movement 7500:Iranian Revolution 7485:Chadian–Libyan War 7432:Cambodian conflict 7412:Lebanese Civil War 7402:Western Sahara War 7377:June 1976 protests 7372:Cambodian genocide 7137:17 July Revolution 7091:Nigerian Civil War 7006:Rhodesian Bush War 6991:Colombian conflict 6934:Ramadan Revolution 6673:Bandung Conference 6549:Operation Valuable 6430:Partition of India 6071:. London: Osprey. 5688:The New York Times 5664:Al Jazeera America 5396:The New York Times 5297:The New York Times 5154:The New York Times 5002:The New York Times 4397:. Associated Press 4374:on 24 January 2012 4315:The New York Times 4248:Thatcher, Margaret 4222:The New York Times 3869:The Grenada Papers 3845:The New York Times 3818:(1 January 1987). 3289:The New York Times 3110:Richmond K. Turner 2832: 2827:Carrier Group Four 2639:Air National Guard 2620: 2604:Thomas M. Ryan Jr. 2579:Combat Controllers 2544:Virginia Beach, VA 2358: 2327: 2305: 2239:Norman Schwarzkopf 2194:New National Party 2180:Grenada since 1983 2085: 2038: 1935: 1904: 1880:CH-53 Sea Stallion 1871: 1842: 1822: 1753: 1655:CH-53 Sea Stallion 1562: 1544: 1523: 1395:Joseph Metcalf III 1372: 1299: 1211: 1171: 1108:Queen Elizabeth II 1081:New Jewel Movement 902:by U.S. Navy A-7s) 695:1 aircraft carrier 458:Florizel Glasspole 375:Norman Schwarzkopf 363:Joseph Metcalf III 10848:Conflicts in 1983 10810: 10809: 10181:Montreal Protocol 10011: 10010: 10002:1988 SOTU Address 9995:1987 SOTU Address 9988:1986 SOTU Address 9981:1985 SOTU Address 9974:1984 SOTU Address 9967:1983 SOTU Address 9960:1982 SOTU Address 9900:Executive actions 9741: 9740: 9658:Angolan Civil War 9517: 9516: 9479:Casualties of war 9311:Russian Civil War 9276:Korean Expedition 9221:First Barbary War 9100:Brooks–Baxter War 9055:Fries's Rebellion 9050:Whiskey Rebellion 8992: 8991: 8979:List of conflicts 8827:Rudolph Winnacker 8772:Giles Scott-Smith 8747:Ronald E. Powaski 8702:Melvyn P. Leffler 8632:John Lewis Gaddis 8607:Robert D. English 8572:Warren H. Carroll 8562:Michael Beschloss 8531:Nuclear arms race 8512: 8511: 8418:Neues Deutschland 8320: 8319: 8302:White nationalism 8272:Liberal democracy 8009:Ulbricht Doctrine 7999:Brezhnev Doctrine 7807:Velvet Revolution 7551:Soviet–Afghan War 7367:Angolan Civil War 7164:Goulash Communism 7021:ASEAN Declaration 6974:Mexican Dirty War 6872:Annexation of Goa 6823:1960 U-2 incident 6797:Sino-Soviet split 6775:Laotian Civil War 6615:Bricker Amendment 6595:Mau Mau rebellion 6539:Malayan Emergency 6527:Chinese Civil War 6487:Tito–Stalin split 6341:Division of Korea 6098:978-1-40397-390-0 6078:978-0-85045-583-0 6049:978-0-30795-896-9 6030:978-0-87196-920-0 5954:978-1-915-07073-9 5935:978-0-669-20717-0 5899:, DOD & State 5873:978-1-250-01454-2 5739:978-1-46962-832-5 5629:Los Angeles Times 5083:on 2 October 2018 5076:978-0-199-23169-0 4935:, pp. 66–68. 4897:on 19 April 2016. 4802:on 16 March 2017. 4637:978-0-807-82647-8 4511:978-0-142-00465-4 4265:978-0-06017-056-1 4114:978-0-713-99288-5 3989:978-0-313-26066-7 3965:. 8 October 2021. 3751:978-0-199-21423-5 3568:978-1-47667-879-5 3291:. 30 March 1984. 2997: 2996: 2841:Surface warships 2801:Barnstable County 2684:C-141 Starlifters 2650:close air support 1552:light machine gun 1412:in order for the 1370:, 25 October 1983 1219:Central Committee 1028:Margaret Thatcher 906: 905: 704:1 ammunition ship 530:Clement Arrindell 351:Caspar Weinberger 137: 136: 121:sworn into office 16:(Redirected from 11000: 10803: 10794: 10777: 10770: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10740: 10733: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10705: 10698: 10691: 10684: 10675: 10668: 10661: 10654: 10647: 10638: 10631: 10624: 10617: 10610: 10603: 10596: 10589: 10580: 10573: 10566: 10559: 10539: 10532: 10525: 10518: 10511: 10504: 10495: 10488: 10481: 10474: 10467: 10460: 10453: 10446: 10439: 10432: 10425: 10418: 10416:Grace Commission 10411: 10404: 10395: 10388: 10379: 10372: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10342: 10335: 10328: 10321: 10314: 10305: 10298: 10291: 10284: 10264: 10257: 10248: 10241: 10234: 10227: 10218: 10211: 10204: 10197: 10190: 10183: 10176: 10169: 10162: 10155: 10146: 10139: 10132: 10125: 10118: 10111: 10102: 10100:Governors Island 10095: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10028: 10004: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9955: 9947: 9939: 9923: 9922: 9916: 9909: 9907:Executive orders 9902: 9895: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9865: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9812: 9785: 9778: 9771: 9762: 9761: 9701:Military history 9694:Related articles 9598:Cuban Revolution 9544: 9537: 9530: 9521: 9520: 9469:Military history 9428:Yemeni civil war 9361:Somali Civil War 9261:Second Opium War 9130:Homestead strike 9045:Shays' Rebellion 9019: 9012: 9005: 8996: 8995: 8737:David S. Painter 8662:John Earl Haynes 8592:Nicholas J. Cull 8577:Adrian Cioroianu 8557:Thomas A. Bailey 8504:Voice of America 8395: 8394: 8307:White separatism 8287:Social democracy 8282:Guided democracy 8262:Authoritarianism 8212:Ultranationalism 8202:Anti-imperialism 8129:Marxism–Leninism 8042: 8041: 8029:Kinmen Agreement 7994:Johnson Doctrine 7979:Kennedy Doctrine 7895:Frozen conflicts 7878:1991 August Coup 7767:Afghan Civil War 7662:Reykjavík Summit 7657:Somali Rebellion 7597:Ugandan Bush War 7575:Gdańsk Agreement 7096:Protests of 1968 7076:War of Attrition 6785:Cuban Revolution 6721:We will bury you 6688:Cyprus Emergency 6668:Kashmir Princess 6658:Jebel Akhdar War 6507:Western betrayal 6192: 6185: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6154:Dessima Williams 6102: 6082: 6053: 6034: 6022: 6010: 6008: 6001: 5989: 5958: 5939: 5923: 5878: 5877: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5842: 5835: 5823: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5782:on 12 June 2009. 5768: 5762: 5761: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5722:Gleijeses, Piero 5718: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5666:. Archived from 5655: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5641: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5379:on 29 June 2008. 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5254:. Archived from 5243: 5228: 5227: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5182: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5079:. Archived from 5050: 5044: 5043: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4973: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4909:"Caron (DD-970)" 4905: 4899: 4898: 4886: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4851: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4828: 4817: 4804: 4803: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4777:. Archived from 4775:San Diego Reader 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4734:. Archived from 4727: 4721: 4720: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4688:. Castle Books. 4687: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4658: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4619: 4613: 4598: 4583: 4582: 4564: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4527: 4516: 4515: 4499: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4464: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4370:. Archived from 4368:Nation Newspaper 4359: 4353: 4352: 4351:on 27 June 2007. 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4213: 4204: 4198: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3942: 3934: 3919: 3918: 3906: 3893: 3892: 3872: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3735: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3597: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3528: 3515: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3454:The Boston Globe 3445: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3318: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3264: 3258:. Archived from 3257: 3248: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3213: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3173:Heartbreak Ridge 2838: 2724:C-141 Starlifter 2508:, Fort Bragg, NC 2427:Camp Lejeune, NC 2259:Vietnam Syndrome 2114:Washington, D.C. 2099:State Department 1992:for inspection. 1875:CH-46 Sea Knight 1829:Morning ambushes 1717:MH-6 Little Bird 1651:CH-46 Sea Knight 1622:True Blue Campus 1560: 1557: 1432:Defending forces 1243:Government House 1112:Queen of Grenada 1104:Marxist-Leninist 1016:Thanksgiving Day 860: 859: 833: 832: 820:6 APCs destroyed 806: 805: 777: 776: 756: 755: 730: 729: 718:353 peacekeepers 707:27 F-14A Tomcats 665: 664: 645: 639: 638: 627: 626: 618: 607: 606: 589: 588: 579:Sydney Gun-Munro 576: 575: 564: 563: 552: 551: 542:Kennedy Simmonds 540: 539: 528: 527: 516: 515: 504: 503: 492: 491: 480: 479: 468: 467: 456: 455: 446: 445: 434: 433: 422: 421: 409: 408: 397: 396: 385: 384: 373: 372: 361: 360: 349: 348: 335: 334: 313: 311: 310: 301: 299: 298: 289: 288: 287: 272: 270: 269: 259: 257: 256: 246: 244: 243: 233: 231: 230: 220: 218: 217: 202: 200: 199: 189: 187: 186: 166: 165: 164: 155: 153: 152: 75: 74: 59: 39: 38: 21: 11008: 11007: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10823:1983 in Grenada 10813: 10812: 10811: 10806: 10797: 10788: 10780: 10773: 10766: 10759: 10752: 10745: 10736: 10729: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10696:Reagan tax cuts 10694: 10687: 10680: 10671: 10664: 10657: 10650: 10643: 10634: 10627: 10620: 10613: 10606: 10599: 10592: 10585: 10576: 10569: 10562: 10555: 10548:Economic policy 10542: 10535: 10528: 10521: 10514: 10507: 10500: 10491: 10484: 10477: 10470: 10463: 10456: 10449: 10442: 10435: 10428: 10421: 10414: 10407: 10400: 10391: 10384: 10375: 10368: 10359: 10352: 10345: 10338: 10331: 10324: 10319:Cannabis policy 10317: 10310: 10301: 10294: 10287: 10280: 10273:Domestic policy 10267: 10260: 10253: 10244: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10214: 10207: 10200: 10193: 10186: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10158: 10149: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10098: 10091: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10054: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10026:Reagan Doctrine 10024: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9958: 9950: 9942: 9934: 9921: 9912: 9905: 9898: 9893:Opinion polling 9891: 9884: 9879:Bush transition 9877: 9870: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9815: 9808: 9795: 9789: 9759: 9742: 9737: 9689: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9518: 9513: 9432: 9291:Boxer Rebellion 9194: 9075:Bleeding Kansas 9033: 9026: 9023: 8993: 8988: 8965: 8956:Second Cold War 8914: 8842: 8836: 8812:Odd Arne Westad 8802:Patrick Vaughan 8787:Athan Theoharis 8767:Ellen Schrecker 8752:Yakov M. Rabkin 8727:Timothy Naftali 8672:Tvrtko Jakovina 8657:Jussi Hanhimäki 8540: 8518: 8508: 8486:Paix et Liberté 8461: 8405:Active measures 8386: 8316: 8297:White supremacy 8257:Totalitarianism 8185: 8110: 8033: 8019:Reagan Doctrine 8014:Carter Doctrine 7954:Truman Doctrine 7942: 7889: 7821: 7716:Soviet reaction 7627:Ndogboyosoi War 7534: 7505:Saur Revolution 7332:1973 oil crisis 7297:Munich massacre 7205:Alcora Exercise 7200:Black September 7178: 6924:Sino-Indian War 6818:Simba rebellion 6801: 6645:Capture of the 6553: 6492:Berlin Blockade 6425:May 1947 crises 6415:Truman Doctrine 6380:Greek Civil War 6369:Blacklist Forty 6336:Gouzenko Affair 6323:Cursed soldiers 6275:Morgenthau Plan 6263: 6201: 6196: 6148:, podcast from 6109: 6099: 6079: 6058:The Round Table 6050: 6031: 6006: 5999: 5978:10.2307/2151304 5955: 5936: 5926:Lexington Books 5912: 5910:Further reading 5887: 5885:Primary sources 5882: 5881: 5874: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5827:Spector, Ronald 5824: 5817: 5807: 5805: 5800:. 30 May 2009. 5792: 5791: 5787: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5679: 5675: 5656: 5652: 5639: 5637: 5620: 5616: 5592: 5588: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5507: 5503: 5480: 5476: 5465: 5461: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5388: 5384: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5244: 5231: 5218: 5217: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5183: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5143: 5139: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5077: 5051: 5047: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4887: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4853: 4852: 4841: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4807: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4781:on 9 July 2020. 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4728: 4724: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4630:. p. 256. 4620: 4616: 4599: 4586: 4579: 4565: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4528: 4519: 4512: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4469:Air War Grenada 4465: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4432: 4428: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4360: 4356: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4284:BostonGlobe.com 4278: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4258:. p. 841. 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4214: 4207: 4196: 4194: 4187: 4152: 4145: 4115: 4107:. p. 119. 4094: 4090: 4079: 4075: 4064: 4057: 4042: 4028: 4024: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3990: 3974: 3970: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3947:. October 2003. 3940: 3936: 3935: 3922: 3907: 3896: 3881: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3837: 3833: 3816:Horowitz, David 3809: 3805: 3790: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3736: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3687: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3625: 3621: 3606: 3588: 3584: 3569: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3518: 3509: 3505: 3490: 3486: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3446: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3319: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3228: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3188: 3180: 3158: 3132: 2960:Clifton Sprague 2781: 2693:AC-130H Spectre 2643:A-7D Corsair II 2618:, November 1983 2592: 2485:, Ft. Bragg, NC 2478:, Ft. Bragg, NC 2459:, Fort Bragg NC 2446:Ft Campbell, KY 2388: 2350: 2344: 2342:Order of battle 2297: 2273: 2267: 2230: 2182: 2176: 2162:Cruise missiles 2126: 2030: 1998: 1965: 1946:. However, the 1896: 1865:A Marine Corps 1859: 1850:105mm howitzers 1838:105mm howitzers 1831: 1814: 1797: 1745: 1719:helicopters of 1703:On 25 October, 1701: 1674:UH-60 Blackhawk 1671: 1631: 1611:Edward Trobaugh 1558: 1536: 1515: 1479: 1439: 1434: 1393:. Vice Admiral 1360: 1326:Eugenia Charles 1237:The army under 1231: 1207:Unison Whiteman 1120: 1054: 1048: 854: 827: 800: 771: 750: 724: 659: 648: 633: 621: 601: 595: 583: 570: 558: 546: 534: 522: 518:Eugenia Charles 510: 498: 486: 474: 462: 450: 440: 428: 416: 403: 391: 387:Edward Trobaugh 379: 367: 355: 343: 329: 308: 306: 305: 296: 294: 293: 285: 283: 280: 267: 265: 254: 252: 241: 239: 228: 226: 215: 213: 197: 195: 184: 182: 179: 178: 162: 160: 159: 150: 148: 93: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11006: 10996: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10804: 10795: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10734: 10727: 10720: 10713: 10706: 10692: 10685: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10662: 10655: 10648: 10641: 10640: 10639: 10632: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10574: 10560: 10552: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10540: 10533: 10526: 10519: 10512: 10505: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10482: 10475: 10468: 10461: 10454: 10447: 10440: 10433: 10426: 10419: 10412: 10405: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10357: 10350: 10336: 10329: 10322: 10315: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10292: 10285: 10277: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10258: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10242: 10228: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10191: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10163: 10156: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10096: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10073: 10066: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10043: 10029: 10021: 10019: 10017:Foreign policy 10013: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10005: 9998: 9991: 9984: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9956: 9948: 9940: 9931: 9929: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9917: 9910: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9859: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9813: 9805: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9788: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9765: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9697: 9695: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9655: 9650: 9648:Yom Kippur War 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9568:Ten Years' War 9564: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9547: 9546: 9539: 9532: 9524: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9484:Peace movement 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9440: 9438: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9135:Pullman Strike 9132: 9127: 9125:Coal Creek War 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9070:Dorr Rebellion 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9021: 9014: 9007: 8999: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8922: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8846: 8844: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8782:Timothy Snyder 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8712:Vojtech Mastny 8709: 8707:Geir Lundestad 8704: 8699: 8697:Walter Laqueur 8694: 8692:Walter LaFeber 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8622:André Fontaine 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8552:Gar Alperovitz 8548: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8522: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8489: 8482: 8477: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8452: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8428: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8401: 8399: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8292:Third-Worldism 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8081:Libertarianism 8078: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8061: 8059:Chicago school 8056: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8004:Nixon Doctrine 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7947:Foreign policy 7944: 7943: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7899: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7732:Operation RYAN 7729: 7724: 7719: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7637:Able Archer 83 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7553: 7548: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7387:Oromo conflict 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7327:Yom Kippur War 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7110: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6959:Aden Emergency 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6877:Papua conflict 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6780:Kitchen Debate 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6740:Sputnik crisis 6737: 6732: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6710:Polish October 6707: 6702: 6697: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6610:Pact of Madrid 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6565:Bamboo Curtain 6561: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6364: 6356: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6325: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6305: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6214: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6195: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6157: 6143: 6134: 6124: 6119: 6108: 6107:External links 6105: 6104: 6103: 6097: 6084: 6077: 6064: 6054: 6048: 6035: 6029: 6012: 5990: 5972:(4): 607–624. 5959: 5953: 5940: 5934: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5854: 5815: 5785: 5763: 5760:. 26 May 2009. 5745: 5738: 5710: 5706:Kukielski 2019 5698: 5673: 5650: 5614: 5601:Foreign Policy 5586: 5557: 5553:Kukielski 2019 5545: 5520: 5501: 5490:(2): 208–230. 5474: 5459: 5434: 5432:, p. 331. 5422: 5408: 5382: 5364: 5352: 5347:Newspapers.com 5338:Rutland Herald 5324: 5302: 5283: 5261: 5229: 5208: 5174: 5137: 5110:(3): 229–246. 5094: 5075: 5045: 5022: 4989: 4959: 4937: 4933:Kukielski 2019 4925: 4900: 4872: 4861:on 5 June 2023 4839: 4805: 4784: 4761: 4759:, p. 146. 4757:Kukielski 2019 4749: 4722: 4701: 4694: 4672: 4665: 4643: 4636: 4614: 4584: 4578:978-0674893252 4577: 4554: 4550:Kukielski 2019 4542: 4517: 4510: 4484: 4477: 4452: 4440:Military Times 4426: 4408: 4385: 4354: 4332: 4301: 4271: 4264: 4239: 4205: 4185: 4143: 4113: 4097:Moore, Charles 4088: 4073: 4055: 4040: 4022: 4007: 3988: 3968: 3950: 3920: 3894: 3879: 3857: 3831: 3812:Collier, Peter 3803: 3788: 3764: 3750: 3721: 3700: 3696:Kukielski 2019 3685: 3666: 3655:. 19 July 2023 3640: 3619: 3604: 3582: 3567: 3549: 3516: 3503: 3484: 3466: 3437: 3411: 3396: 3370: 3338: 3332:978-0786474707 3331: 3306: 3276: 3226: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3178: 3177: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3146: 3141: 3131: 3128: 3103:Caloosahatchee 2995: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2969: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2925: 2912: 2903: 2902: 2893: 2887: 2878: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2852: 2851: 2842: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2753: 2743: 2737: 2727: 2717: 2706:C-130 Hercules 2699: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2662: 2652: 2635: 2632:C-130 Hercules 2591: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2573: 2566: 2556: 2545: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2516: 2509: 2495: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2428: 2422: 2403: 2402: 2387: 2384: 2343: 2340: 2335:Tillman Thomas 2296: 2293: 2269:Main article: 2266: 2263: 2229: 2226: 2202:Herbert Blaize 2175: 2172: 2125: 2122: 2112:, was held in 2110:Bernie Sanders 2029: 2026: 2003:Kenneth W. Dam 1997: 1994: 1964: 1961: 1955:the island of 1895: 1892: 1858: 1855: 1830: 1827: 1813: 1810: 1796: 1793: 1744: 1741: 1721:Task Force 160 1700: 1697: 1670: 1667: 1639:Pearls Airport 1630: 1627: 1535: 1532: 1514: 1511: 1478: 1475: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1422:Pearls Airport 1359: 1356: 1313:vested in the 1311:reserve powers 1230: 1227: 1203:Maurice Bishop 1119: 1116: 1088:Maurice Bishop 1062:United Kingdom 1058:Sir Eric Gairy 1047: 1044: 1005:Sir Paul Scoon 1001:Pearls Airport 946:Maurice Bishop 938:Prime Minister 904: 903: 895: 894: 893: 892: 891: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 869: 852: 851: 848: 845: 842: 825: 824: 821: 818: 815: 797: 796: 795: 792: 789: 786: 767: 766: 762: 761: 749: 748: 745: 744:2 armored cars 742: 739: 721: 720: 719: 709: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 678: 677: 674: 655: 654: 650: 649: 647: 646: 631: 619: 598: 596: 594: 593: 581: 568: 556: 544: 532: 520: 508: 506:Aurelius Marie 496: 484: 482:Wilfred Jacobs 472: 460: 448: 438: 426: 414: 401: 399:Jack B. Farris 389: 377: 365: 353: 341: 326: 323: 322: 318: 317: 281: 279: 278: 277: 276: 263: 250: 237: 224: 206: 193: 173: 172: 171: 144: 143: 139: 138: 135: 134: 133: 132: 122: 116: 110: 99: 95: 94: 89: 87: 83: 82: 79: 71: 70: 52: 51: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11005: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10802: 10801: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10787: 10786: 10783: 10776: 10772: 10769: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10739: 10735: 10732: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10679: 10674: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10663: 10660: 10656: 10653: 10649: 10646: 10642: 10637: 10633: 10630: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10591: 10588: 10584: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10561: 10558: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10545: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10513: 10510: 10506: 10503: 10499: 10494: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10483: 10480: 10476: 10473: 10469: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10455: 10452: 10448: 10445: 10441: 10438: 10434: 10431: 10427: 10424: 10420: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10406: 10403: 10399: 10394: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10383: 10378: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10362: 10358: 10355: 10351: 10348: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10330: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10309: 10304: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10270: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10252: 10247: 10243: 10240: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10229: 10226: 10222: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10189: 10185: 10182: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10168: 10164: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10148: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10130:Libya bombing 10127: 10124: 10120: 10117: 10113: 10110: 10106: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10090: 10085: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10053: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10003: 9999: 9996: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9964: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9936:"Evil empire" 9933: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9924: 9915: 9911: 9908: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9897: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9863:controversies 9860: 9857: 9856:Supreme Court 9853: 9852: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9811: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9798: 9793: 9786: 9781: 9779: 9774: 9772: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9757: 9753: 9752: 9747: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9692: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9561:international 9557: 9553: 9545: 9540: 9538: 9533: 9531: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9504:War on terror 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9435: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9197: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9029: 9020: 9015: 9013: 9008: 9006: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8946:War on terror 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8917: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8841:Espionage and 8839: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8792:Andrew Thorpe 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8687:Gabriel Kolko 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8652:Fred Halliday 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8637:Lloyd Gardner 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8597:Norman Davies 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8582:John Costello 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8517:Technological 8515: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398:Pro-communist 8396: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325:Organizations 8323: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8139:Eurocommunism 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7969:Domino theory 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7923:South Ossetia 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707:8888 Uprising 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7652:Iran–Iraq War 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7617:Falklands War 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7480:NDF Rebellion 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7460:German Autumn 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7347:Metapolitefsi 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7111: 7109: 7108:Prague Spring 7106: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7086:Al-Wadiah War 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7051:12-3 incident 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6630:Domino theory 6628: 6626: 6625:Petrov Affair 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6502:Madiun Affair 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6462:Marshall Plan 6460: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6211:United States 6208: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6188: 6186: 6181: 6179: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6100: 6094: 6091:. Macmillan. 6090: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6021: 6020: 6013: 6005: 5998: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5914: 5913: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5839: 5836:. p. 6. 5832: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5759: 5758:Travel Weekly 5755: 5749: 5741: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5707: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5555:, p. 46. 5554: 5549: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5470: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5430:Thatcher 1993 5426: 5418: 5412: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5312: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5271: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5179: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5146:Chayes, Abram 5141: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5011: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4993: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4950:Combat Reform 4947: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4832: 4829:. U.S. Army. 4825: 4824: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4753: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4705: 4697: 4695:9780785809142 4691: 4686: 4685: 4676: 4668: 4666:9780671601171 4662: 4657: 4656: 4647: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4612:. pp. 168–169 4611: 4610:0-674-89325-5 4607: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4538:0-85045-583-9 4535: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4497: 4488: 4480: 4478:9780933126527 4474: 4470: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4396: 4389: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4256:HarperCollins 4253: 4249: 4243: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4210: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4190: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4166:(3): 85–120. 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4148: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4105:Penguin Books 4102: 4098: 4092: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4062: 4060: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4041:0-333-97064-0 4037: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4011: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3880:0-917616-68-5 3876: 3871: 3870: 3861: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3789:0-312-35042-2 3785: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3768: 3753: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3710: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3605:0-313-26066-4 3601: 3596: 3595: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3513: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3442: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3407: 3400: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3342: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3261: 3254: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3219: 3212: 3208: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2815:Fort Snelling 2810: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695:gunships and 2694: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2659:A-10 Warthogs 2656: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2452:Ft. 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Retrieved 3288: 3279: 3267:. Retrieved 3260:the original 3211: 3171: 3137: 3122: 3115: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3075:John L. 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Opinion. 4976:Fortitudine 4918:26 December 3381:. PBS.org. 3136:USCGC 3130:Coast Guard 3082:Silversides 2909:Moosbrugger 2892:: 14 F-14A 2675:F-15 Eagles 2666:F-15 Eagles 2630:– provided 2576:Det 1 MACOS 2051:Tip O'Neill 1980:APCs and a 1920:Ruth Howard 1803:and Marine 1769:A-7 Corsair 1725:Fort George 1705:Delta Force 1678:SEAL Team 6 1665:destroyed. 1635:SEAL Team 4 1527:SEAL Team 6 1420:to capture 1408:to capture 1391:Vietnam War 1175:Ron Dellums 817:358 wounded 791:36 injured: 788:116 wounded 591:Milton Cato 261:Saint Lucia 10973:Proxy wars 10817:Categories 10084:INF Treaty 10077:Washington 9810:Transition 9670:Ogaden War 9509:War crimes 9376:Kosovo War 9321:Korean War 9301:Border War 9160:Bonus Army 9155:Tulsa riot 9145:Red Summer 9065:Mormon War 8545:Historians 8536:Space Race 8437:Rudé právo 8391:Propaganda 8247:Neo-Nazism 8217:Chauvinism 8171:Trotskyism 8086:Monetarism 8054:Liberalism 8046:Capitalism 8038:Ideologies 7989:Ostpolitik 7712:Solidarity 7677:Toyota War 7580:Solidarity 7437:Operation 7392:Ogaden War 7081:Dhofar War 6969:Shifta War 6727:Operation 6575:Korean War 6367:Operation 6359:Operation 6351:Operation 6328:Operation 6308:Operation 6300:Operation 5640:22 January 5582:Syndrome.' 5538:9 December 5317:19 October 5276:19 October 5167:7 February 5087:7 February 5015:7 February 4742:7 February 4540:pp. 28–48. 4421:Britannica 4401:7 February 4378:16 October 4325:9 February 4254:. London: 4232:9 February 3841:"Briefing" 3825:Commentary 3714:9 December 3659:9 December 3577:1123182247 3299:9 February 3269:9 November 3094:USNS 3040:Portsmouth 2968:: 12 A-7E 2946:: 12 A-7E 2760:E-3 Sentry 2714:Fort Bragg 2346:See also: 2214:Grenada 17 2178:See also: 2143:President 2089:Ted Koppel 2018:UN Charter 1942:, and USS 1890:at 23:00. 1867:Sea Knight 1805:AH-1 Cobra 1795:Airstrikes 1788:M60 Patton 1773:AH-1 Cobra 1767:gunships, 1733:crash land 1663:AH-1 Cobra 1319:Bridgetown 1050:See also: 1046:Background 985:Navy SEALs 844:59 wounded 747:12 AA guns 701:2 frigates 412:Paul Scoon 10968:Invasions 10216:H-2B visa 10209:H-2A visa 10070:Reykjavík 9216:Quasi-War 9105:Range War 8832:Ken Young 8677:Tony Judt 8526:Arms race 8499:Red Scare 8367:NN States 8312:Apartheid 8267:Autocracy 8176:Stalinism 8144:Guevarism 8134:Castroism 8124:Communism 8116:Socialism 7642:Star Wars 7235:Koza riot 6361:Beleaguer 6353:Masterdom 6115:from the 5373:"Grenada" 5162:0362-4331 5132:143082909 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