Electricity policy of Ontario

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Board of Canada (AECB) (now Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission), and was acknowledged by Ontario Hydro. In 1996, the AECB judged the situation at Pickering A to be particularly critical and issued the plant a six-month operating license. The following year a review board of industry experts concluded that the operations of Ontario's nuclear plants were "below standard" and "minimally acceptable". The Ontario government responded by approving a Nuclear Asset Optimization Plan proposed by Ontario Hydro. The plan had three major objectives: 1) the closure of the seven oldest of the utility's 19 operational nuclear reactors for rehabilitation; 2) the redeployment of staff; and 3) the spending of between $ 5 and $ 8 billion to implement the plan. In order to replace the lost capacity by the reactor closures, Ontario Hydro relied on its five coal-fired generation facilities. The result was a doubling of greenhouse gas emissions, smog, and acid rain precursors from these facilities between 1997 and 2001. This development occurred at a time when poor air quality was already a growing public health concern in southern Ontario. In response to the concerns of the public health impacts of increased coal-fired generation, all three major provincial political parties included a coal-phase out plan in their 2003 election platforms. The winner of the election, the Ontario Liberal Party, led by Dalton McGuinty, had committed to a phase-out by 2007.

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required to ensure reliability in both the supply and delivery and the generation and infrastructure aspects. Whereas planning under a market regime is profit-driven, central planning can ensure that Ontario's best interests are being attended to and not just the interests of private investors. Stephan Schott, for example, has stated that, at least theoretically, state ownership of the electricity sector could satisfy all of the criteria for socially efficient and environmentally sustainable electricity production. This includes fully internalizing external social costs of electricity production and pricing electricity according to demand fluctuations, even while maintaining stable supply.

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building several additional nuclear and coal-fired generation plants. In 1992, Ontario Hydro issued a revised Supply/Demand Plan Report. As a public body, all Ontario Hydro projects, including the DSP, were subject to the province's Environmental Assessment Act. By 1993, however, faced with increasing criticism from the province's independent, quasi-judicial Environmental Assessment Board, a recession and economic restructuring that dramatically reduced industrial electricity demand, and an oversupply of electricity as the Darlington nuclear power plant came into service, the DSP was withdrawn by Ontario Hydro and no additional generating facilities were built.

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power, which entails important health and environmental benefits. Moreover, the implementation of aggressive C&DM mechanisms would lower consumers' bills while increasing the province's energy productivity. Ontario's economy currently reflects relatively low electricity productivity levels, measured as GDP per electricity use. The state of New York has an electricity productivity rate that is 2.3 times higher than that of Ontario. C&DM programs are also advantageous in that they can be implemented within limited time horizons and budgets relative to the huge lead times and financial risks involved in the installation of new generation plants.

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opted out of the contract option, electricity rates passed through a smoothed spot market price. When the market opened in May, wholesale prices averaged 3.01 cents per kWh. For a number of reasons, however, including an especially hot summer, a reduction in domestic generating capacity, and an increasing reliance on a limited import capacity, prices began to rise sharply. In July, average wholesale price was 6.2 cents per kWh. Under surmounting pressure from consumers, the government adopted the Electricity Pricing, Conservation and Supply (EPCS) Act in December 2002. The legislation capped retail prices at 4.3 cents per kWh and

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consumption habits. Furthermore, central planning, which seeks to improve economies of scale, has historically "led to a nearly universal strategy of rapid capacity expansion and promotion of demand growth, with little consideration of the necessity or efficiency of energy use". This is true of Ontario Hydro, which, faced with the threat of cheap natural gas in the late 1950s, made the ill-fated decision to protect its market share by encouraging consumers to use more electricity. Ontario Hydro was forced to build new, more expensive generating plants and transmission and distribution infrastructure to keep up with demand.

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market for products which can be stored, whose purchase can be deferred, or which are not essential. Naing Win Oo and V. Miranda used intelligent agent simulation to show that in moving from a vertically integrated to a competitive electricity market, retail consumers were heavily disadvantaged and suppliers used this to steadily increase both prices and profits. This occurred even with a large number of suppliers, and in the absence of any active collusion between them. However, in practice collusion and exploitative behavior by suppliers have been found in real markets when they have been deregulated.

731:, the OPA estimated that electricity demand will grow at a rate of 0.9% annually between 2006 and 2025, rising to approximately 170 TWh per year by 2025. This OPA estimate is nearly double the actual rate of electricity demand growth between 1990 and 2003 of 0.5% per year. In fact, the rate of growth in electricity demand in Ontario has been in decline since 1950. This was a result of the structural changes in the Ontario economy over this period, particularly the decline of heavy manufacturing and increased growth in the service and knowledge sectors. 757:(DSM) consists of the implementation of different policies and measures that serve to influence the demand for a product. When talking about electricity, it is often referred to as Conservation and Demand Management (C&DM or CDM), as it aims to reduce electricity demand, either by using more efficient technologies or by changing wasteful habits. C&DM also addresses reductions in peak demand via Demand Response (DR) programs. Demand Response does not lower total electricity demand; rather, it shifts demand out of the peak times. 1408: 192:(the successor of Ontario Hydro's electricity generation division) was to provide customers with a rebate for 100% of all electricity charges above that mark, retroactive to the market opening and continuing until 1 May 2006. Transmission and distribution rates were also frozen at their existing levels and would remain unchanged until 1 May 2006. The net result was a complete cessation of new investment in generation capacity and a significant cutback in new investment in transmission and distribution. 120:, Queenston-Chippawa (now Beck 1). From this early beginning until the postwar economic boom of the 1950s, Ontario Hydro was able to meet growing demand for electricity by expanding its network of hydraulic generating facilities. Planning for Ontario's electricity system was relatively simple for two reasons: 1) electricity was coming almost entirely from hydroelectric power; and 2) the electricity system consisted of several smaller systems, making management considerably easier. 882:(OEB) put into place two mechanisms to create incentives for local distribution companies (LDCs) to promote C&DM program: a Lost Revenue Adjustment Mechanism (LRAM), by which utilities recover all of the revenues that they would have collected had they not promoted sales reductions through conservation and energy efficiency; and a Shared Savings Mechanism (SSM), by which consumers and utilities share the benefits associated with the implementation of C&DM program. 898: 453: 1463:(IGCC) and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) with carbon capture storage (CCS) may be promising technologies for reducing GHG emissions from electricity generating plants, these technologies are small-scale and not well developed in Ontario. The movement in favour of generating bioenergy from municipal waste appears to be a strategy to mitigate trash management; many municipal landfills are approaching capacity. There is a potential to generate income from 236: 38: 769:

conservation by 2025 (1,350 MW by 2007, an extra 1,350 MW by 2010, and an additional 3,600 MW by 2025). This target was set by Ministry of Energy's supply mix directive, which provides direction for preparation of Integrated Power System Plan (IPSP) for Ontario Power Authority. This target was based on "economically prudent" and "cost effective" conservation and renewables, and by setting a lower priority for both options in comparison to nuclear.

1615: 445:(OEB), a regulatory body who will review and then either accept or reject the plan based on whether or not it complies with the Minister's directives and the IPSP regulations, and whether or not it is prudent and cost effective. If the OEB does not approve the IPSP based on these evaluation criteria, then the IPSP is sent back to the OPA for revision. If the OEB approves the plan, then the OPA will put the IPSP into effect. 889:(ECO) has had the statutory responsibility to report on "the progress of activities in Ontario to reduce the use or make more efficient use of electricity, natural gas, propane, oil and transportation fuels." The ECO produces two-part annual reports on energy conservation, the first part on the broader policy framework affecting energy conservation in Ontario, and the second part on the results of initiatives underway. 564:

incrementalism and decentralization in terms of decision-making, rather than planning for "some once-and-for-all, system-wide set of collective decisions as to the future of the industry". Moreover, they argue that competitive markets have the added advantage of being able to rely on the knowledge and expertise possessed by investors to generate a more rational assessment of the alleged merits of a given project.

539:, argues that this averaging out of the cost of power ensures supply meets demand in a cost-effective manner. For example, to ensure overall system reliability, a considerable portion of generation capacity from peaking plants must remain idle most of the time. Operating costs for peaking plants, however, are usually expensive because they inefficiently convert costly fossil fuels to electricity. 1420:

area approximates the size of Germany, which is the leading country for producing electricity from wind energy. If Ontario could intensively use wind energy like Germany, wind-based electricity would contribute up to 13% of the province's demand. Generating electricity from wind energy is considered cost-effective in southern Ontario because of closeness to transmission lines and load centres.

942:, geothermal installations, and biomass-fuelled power facilities are typically sufficiently limited in their generation capacity that they qualify as distributed energy sources. Conversely, large hydropower plants and offshore wind parks, with substantial production capacities of 50–100 MW or more which feed into high-voltage transmission grids, cannot be considered distributed generation. 871:(OEE) was established in April 1998 as part of Natural Resources Canada and is the primary federal office for energy efficiency. OEE responsibilities include: the promotion of energy efficiency in major energy sectors (industrial, residential, commercial, and building); the provision of energy efficiency information to the public; the collection of data and publication of energy 76:, Canada, to address issues of electricity production, distribution, and consumption. Policymaking in the electricity sector involves economic, social, and environmental considerations. Ontario's electricity supply outlook is projected to deteriorate in the near future due to increasing demand, aging electricity supply infrastructure, and political commitments, particularly the 633:

unattractive environment for private investors, in turn, threatens overall supply in a competitive market regime, as planning for and building new generating capacity becomes an increasing risk. This is why some supporters of restructuring, like Dewees, admit "he greatest risk to competitive markets may not be power shortages or heat waves but government intervention ..."

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energy sources (principally wind) and gas-fired generation. The proposal's failure to incorporate significant improvements in the province's overall energy efficiency and continued heavy reliance nuclear power was the subject of widespread criticism from the province's environmental movement, and members of the public who participated in consultations on the OPA's report.

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protected from private abuse. If Murphy's Law were written for a market approach to electricity, then the law would state 'any system that can be gamed, will be gamed, and at the worst possible time.' And a market approach for electricity is inherently gameable. Never again can we allow private interests to create artificial or even real shortages and to be in control.

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related to intensive harvesting of biomass for energy production. That said, research that has been carried out to address some of these concerns suggests that the adoption of sustainable management practices that aim at maintaining ecological functions of forest and agro-ecosystems may sustain biomass production without adverse impacts to the environment.

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load—or in technical speak, on the customer side of the meter—although not necessarily restricted to local uses. In this scheme, distributed energy sources are more numerous and sufficiently smaller than central generating plants so as to allow interconnection at nearly any point in the electricity system.

623:, who was appointed Chair of the California Power Authority in the midst of the power crisis in that state, testified on Enron's role in creating the crisis to the Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs, Foreign Commerce and Tourism of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation on 15 May 2002: 1598:

facility is to have a planned capacity of 824 MW, while the Gull Island project is expected to generate 2,000 MW. Any interconnection to Ontario, however, would need the support of both the Quebec Government and the federal government, as the transmission of electricity generated in Labrador must run

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The development of a bioenergy industry in Ontario faces many challenges including, but not limited to, high costs owing to the small-scale nature of technologies used to convert biomass to energy and environmental issues (e.g., declining soil productivity and increased fertilizer and pesticides use)

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The OPA has been directed by the government to use nuclear energy to meet the base load of energy demand in Ontario, but that nuclear generation capacity should not exceed 14,000 MW. The result is that nuclear is projected to make up approximately 37% of generation capacity in Ontario and produce 50%

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accounts for almost half of Ontario's power generation. The government plans to maintain nuclear power's role in energy generation through to 2025. Ontario currently has 18 nuclear units in operation. These reactors amount to 11,400 MW of generation capacity and are located at three sites: Pickering,

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Cogeneration can dramatically increase the efficiency of fuel use, as 48–64% of the energy from conventional combustion can be recovered as heat, while only 25–37% is converted into power. The combined efficiency of heat and power use can be up to 91%. High efficiencies translate into much lower fuel

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Cogeneration can be applied to any fuel which is combusted for energy. Fossil fuels, biomass and biogas can all be used in CHP plants. Transporting heat over long distances is impractical, so cogeneration plants are usually small and located close to the energy load. Hence, cogeneration is inherently

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Based on their estimates of future demand, the OPA has recommended 1,820 MW as a target for peak demand reduction to be achieved by 2025. After consultation with stakeholder groups who deemed this target too low, Ontario's C&DM goals were eventually adjusted to reflect a new target of 6,300 MW of

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Peak demand also varies by the time of day. The daily peak period refers to the time of the day when demand is at its high. In winter, there are generally two peaking periods: around 10:30 a.m. and around 6 p.m.. In summer months, demand peaks in the late afternoon, when temperatures are at

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Electricity demand is greatly affected by seasonal variations. A recent trend has developed whereby summer peak demand has grown to outpace winter peak loads. This is primarily the result of increasingly warm summer conditions. The highest load recorded in Ontario occurred on 1 August 2006, when peak

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However, competitive markets are not without limitations. Basic economic theory dictates that for competition to exist, a large number of market participants are required. Experience with deregulation in the United States and the United Kingdom, however, has shown that competitive markets can lead to

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In Ontario's public monopoly system, costs were averaged out between base load and peaking stations. In other words, the insurance cost of reliability is spread out and shared equitably by all customers. Under a deregulated system, in which each generating station "must stand on its own two financial

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On the same day (13 June 2006) that the Ministry of Energy issued its directive, the Government of Ontario passed a regulation exempting the IPSP from being subject to an environmental assessment (EA) under the Ontario Environmental Assessment Act. This has been met with opposition from environmental

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that guarantees specific rates for energy generated from renewable sources, establishing the right to connect to the electricity grid for renewable energy projects that meet technical, economic and other regulatory requirements, establishing a one stop streamlined approvals process, providing service

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It was not until 1989, however, that Ontario Hydro published its first Demand/Supply Plan (DSP) Report, "Providing the Balance of Power". The plan projected a supply/demand gap would open up in the mid-1990s, reaching 9,700 MW by 2005 and 21,300 MW by 2014. To address this gap, Ontario Hydro proposed

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Ontario, especially the southern part, has abundant wind potential that can be harnessed to generate renewable electricity. It is estimated that Ontario has an area of about 300,000 km within the reach of the transmission system that can be used for generating electricity from wind energy. This

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By 2025, installed natural gas and cogeneration capacity is targeted to increase from the current 4,976 MW to 11,000 MW—roughly 27% of system generation capacity. That said, due to its predominant use only in high-value energy applications, natural gas is only expected to account for 6% of Ontario's

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In 2006, the Ontario government directed the OPA to use natural gas to meet peak time energy demand. The OPA was also instructed to develop high efficiency and value use options for natural gas. The OPA has therefore decided to use natural gas for two applications: (1) local area reliability and (2)

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Economically rational and technically feasible conservation is considered by some to be the cheapest, cleanest way to bridge the gap between supply and demand. For example, load reductions are vital in achieving the goal of shutting down Ontario's coal plants and in avoiding imports of US coal-fired

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There is one fundamental lesson we must learn from this experience: electricity is really different from everything else. It cannot be stored, it cannot be seen, and we cannot do without it, which makes opportunities to take advantage of a deregulated market endless. It is a public good that must be

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As demand is communicated to a power system dispatcher, this least-cost operating principle requires the dispatcher to first employ plants with the lowest marginal costs. In other words, rates in a deregulated system are "determined by hungry competitors contending for the last megawatt of demand in

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Ontario's Green Energy Act (GEA), and related amendments to other legislation, received Royal Assent on 14 May 2009. Regulations and other tools needed to fully implement the legislation were introduced through the month of September 2009, as part of a ten step plan to bring the GEA to life. The GEA

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became a major political issue. Ontario Hydro was becoming financially and operationally dysfunctional. The situation forced Ontario Hydro to dramatically reduce staff and transmission investments. Ontario Hydro also published a document called Hydro 21. This report suggested that electricity system

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To achieve this mix, more nuclear units will need to either be built or refurbished, as most of the reactors currently in service will exceed their useful lifetime before 2020. In response, the OPA has entered into an agreement with Bruce Power to refurbish two units at Bruce, which are anticipated

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The Ontario Power Authority anticipates that the contribution of cogeneration to electricity conservation will be between 47 and 265 MW depending upon how aggressively it is pursued in Ontario. However, these projections are controversial, as there is still much debate about the real-life potential

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Natural gas is most commonly used for heating applications in homes and businesses but natural gas-fired power generation is also a significant component of the power supply mix, accounting for 8% of Ontario's power generation capacity, with 102 natural gas generating stations. This capacity is set

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Coal-fired electricity generation is currently inexpensive relative to other energy sources. In 2005, the average price of coal power in Ontario was C$ 46/MWh, compared to $ 89/MWh and $ 107/MWh for hydropower and oil/natural gas generation, respectively. However, coal is believed to cost 3 billion

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It is also important to adapt and use the successful C&DM policies of other jurisdictions. Moreover, it is vital to develop and use energy efficiency models to accurately estimate energy efficiency potential, to determine the most effective conservation policies, and to set the maximum priority

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Electricity demand can also be separated as base load and peak demand. Base load refers to constant, or unvarying, demand for electricity. In Ontario, base load amounts to approximately 13,000 MW and is met by nuclear and hydroelectric power. These supply options generally have low operating costs.

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Market manipulation for private profit thus creates government intervention into the marketplace. This intervention, although certainly supported by electricity consumers, creates doubt in the minds of potential investors, who then begin to question the government's commitment to restructuring. An

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Although signs were present by the early 1970s indicating that consumer demand growth was falling, Wayne Skene argues that "Ontario Hydro's board and management had remained locked in megaproject mode, persisting in the belief that demand would continue to double every decade". Therefore, simply in

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Those who defend the combination of traditional regulation and central planning for the electricity sector, like Hampton, often base their arguments on the basic premise that electricity is an essential good required for consumer well-being. According to Hampton, central planning and regulation are

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The August 2003 blackout in eastern North America reinforced concerns over the future of electricity supply in Ontario. In response an Electricity Conservation and Supply Task Force (ECSTF) was formed, submitting its recommendation in January 2004. The task force concluded that "the market approach

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The competitive market did not actually open until May 2002. Participation in the retail market was voluntary, with customers having the option of entering into contracts or rates being set in the five-minute spot market. Retail consumers were also free to enter fixed-rate contracts. For those that

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Amid growing concern over the cost of nuclear power, coupled with inflation and recessions that reduced the demand for electricity, the Porter Commission (1975–1979) performed a detailed review on the problem of electricity supply. The Porter Commission's conclusions were simple: demand management,

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Peak demand refers to fluctuating, or varying, needs for electricity above and beyond base load levels. Added to this base load, the peak load raises Ontario's maximum electricity demand to 27,000 MW. This peak is typically met by oil/natural gas-fired, coal and select hydro-electric power plants.

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This is because electricity is different from all other products in that it must be produced and distributed at the exact moment that it is consumed, and in that it is essential for the functioning of a modern, industrial nation. Thus a market in electricity does not respond in the same way as the

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Central planning, however, is not without limitations. Central planning has the disadvantage of the risk of political interference. The tendency for governments has been to avoid creating policies that could make electricity consumption more expensive or that would require citizen to adjust their

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On 13 June 2006 Dwight Duncan, Ontario's Minister of Energy, issued a directive for the preparation of a 20-year integrated power system plan for the province. The Minister's directive included minimum goals for conservation (increased substantially from the Supply Mix Advice report) and renewable

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The OPA estimates that these technologies will contribute about 1,000 MW to Ontario electricity capacity by 2025. Although this estimate was used for planning purposes, it is possible that the capacity will increase in future as respective technologies develop. Some studies suggest that installed

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Economic growth: Ontario's GDP growth has varied between 2% and 3% in recent years, and is expected to average 3.0% over the next few years. Although electricity per unit of GDP has been falling in the past few years, the total rate of economic growth will result in increased overall demand. This

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Current annual electricity demand in Ontario is 151 TWh. In other words, on average, Ontarians consume 12,750 kWh per person per year. Based on 2003 information, this figure is approximately 25% lower than the Canadian average, roughly equal to U.S. rates, and about twice as high as European

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The IPSP regulation mandates that the OPA consider environmental sustainability in the IPSP. The OEB, the body responsible for evaluating the IPSP, defines "consider" as meaning "weighed and evaluated". Thus, the OPA is only liable for evaluating the sustainability of the IPSP rather than for the

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In 1996, major questions arose regarding the status of Ontario's nuclear plants. The oldest of these plants built in the 1970s were aging and in the early 1990s reliability began to decline significantly. The situation drew the attention of the federal nuclear regulator, the Atomic Energy Control

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As a strategy to cut down greenhouse gas emissions, the Ontario government is planning to phase out coal-fired electricity generating plants and increase the proportion of electricity generated from renewable sources as well as promoting strategies to reduce electricity demand through CDM. It is

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The Ontario Liberals came to power in 2003 promising to phase-out and replace all of the province's coal stations by 2007. In 2005, the Government pushed back the target date to 2009, citing reliability concerns. It has since revised this plan once more, maintaining its political commitment, but

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A cost-benefit analysis released by the provincial government in April 2005, found that emissions from all Ontario coal-fired stations are responsible for up to 668 premature deaths, 928 hospital admissions, 1,100 emergency room visits, and 333,600 minor illness (headaches, coughing, respiratory

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Electricity supplies can be classified as either distributed or centralized in nature. Whereas conventional, centralized generation involves few generation facilities connected via high-voltage transmission lines spanning long distances, distributed generation facilities are located close to the

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The term restructuring generally refers to the creation of these markets and the disintegration of vertically integrated utilities. The theoretical gains from restructuring are numerous. Competition, coupled with freeing electricity generators from cost of service rates, ought to give generators

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The OPA's approach has been criticized for a number of reasons. The OPA's discussion paper on sustainability was published both after the supply mix advice was given to the Ontario Government and after the supply mix directives were given to the OPA by Ontario's Minister of Energy. Also, several

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in response to the Minister's request. The report's principal recommendation was the retention of a major role for nuclear power in Ontario, with the implication of the refurbishment of existing facilities and even new build plants, while coal generating capacity would be replaced with renewable

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and delays in new build and refurbished plants. Nuclear has high capital costs and lead times, but low operational costs, making it suitable only for base load applications. In comparison, natural gas plants have short lead times but high operational and fuel costs. However, recently a range of

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Based on models and estimation by several Ontario's energy consultant companies and independent agencies, Ontario has a saving potential of almost twice the Ontario's target for energy efficiency. The gap between the Ontario's potential savings and its current target could be the result of: a)

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Industrial activity: Heavy industry (mining, pulp and paper, auto manufacturing, etc.) consumes more energy than service- and knowledge-related economic sectors. However, structural changes are occurring in the province's economy, particularly the decline of heavy manufacturing and increase in

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includes harvest residues (slash), residuals from silviculture operations, wood mill residues, peat, and short-rotation woody plantations such as willow plantations. A large part of this can be found in northern Ontario, where remote communities may benefit from relying on energy sources less

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have fairly stable residential prices since restructuring, most other states have witnessed price increases after the year 2000. While this may be good news in terms of conservation and demand-side management (C&DM) objectives, it has made competitive markets unpopular among consumers and

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be opened up to competition. In response to the Macdonald Committee's recommendations, the Ontario government released "Direction for Change: Charting a Course for Competitive Electricity and Jobs in Ontario" in 1997, detailing the government's plans to open the market for electricity supply.

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Manitoba is planning two new hydropower projects, known as Conawapa Generating Station and Keyask (Gull) Generating Station, in northern Manitoba. Conawapa, located on the Lower Nelson River, is planned to have a projected capacity of 1,380 MW when it comes online in 2017. Keeyask, initially

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Hydropower currently accounts for approximately 21% of the current electricity supply in Ontario. This capacity is estimated to rise to 30% by 2025 as new sites are added to the current installed capacity and the existing ones are refurbished. Particular emphasis will be placed on developing

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Competition would require generating facilities to assume a much tougher stance in negotiating contracts for fuel sources, labour, and maintenance. It would also require utilities to focus on innovation to increase technological efficiency in order to remain competitive. In addition, Timothy

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As Don Dewees explains, investors in a competitive market will build new capacity when they expect to recover "all capital and operating costs from the expected markets price. If market prices will not cover the cost of the investment, that investment is socially excessive". In theory, this

974:) (17,629,437 tonnes) and fifth largest emitter of air pollutants (107,689,470 kg) in Canada. Nevertheless, thanks in part to acid rain controls implemented in the 1980s and 1990s, coal emissions have been dropping. In total, Ontario's coal plants emitted 14% (37,000 tonnes) of all NO 563:

Proponents of deregulation and restructuring of the electricity sector used these limitations to strengthen their case, arguing that such flaws are typical of regulated/centrally planned systems. Ronald Daniels and Michael Trebilcock, for example, argue that a premium should be placed on

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Wind may be considered an unreliable source of electricity due to its intermittent nature. However, integrating wind energy with hydroelectric systems or biomass ensures stable renewable electricity supply. Integrations of wind and hydro have been successfully practiced in the state of

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projected to be in service in 2011/2012, is expected to generate 600 MW. New long-distance high-voltage transmission lines will have to be built to the support the projects, as the existing interconnection line between Manitoba and Ontario is too small to allow for adequate upgrades.

912:—sometimes known as 'dispersed' or 'embedded' generation when referring to small-scale wind generation—generally describes only renewable electricity sources with capacities less than 10 MW. Technologies often associated with distributed generation include cogeneration—also known as 413:

Ontario faced three major electricity challenges: 1) the phasing-out of coal as a generation capacity source by 2007; 2) the impending end-of-life shutdown of nuclear generation capacity from 2009 to 2025; and 3) the steady increase of summer peak-demand in normal weather patterns.

777:. The largest potential for energy savings in Ontario has been identified in lighting, space heating, air conditioning, manufacturing machinery, and commercial equipment. According to an assessment commissioned by the OPA, this potential applies to all three electricity sectors: 1245:) prepared a report for the Canadian Nuclear Association in 2004 comparing environmental impacts of nuclear generation to other base load generation technologies in Ontario. They found nuclear power to be almost cost-comparable with coal generation. However, groups such as the 1206:

linked to distributed generation. The urban location of CHP plants makes them very compatible with clean-burning fuels such as natural gas. The health concerns associated with other fossil fuels (see coal above) make them less suitable for areas with high population densities.

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is a governmental organization established by the Ontario government as a division of OPA in 2005. Its mandate is to promote C&DM programs that defer the need to invest in new generation and transmission infrastructure. Programs managed by the Conservation Bureau include:

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Borsboom, N.W.J., Hetor, B., McCallum, B. and Remedio, E. 2000. Social implications of forest energy production: In Richardson, J., Bjöheden, R., Hakkila, P., Lowe, A.T., and Smith, C.T. (Eds). Bioenergy from Sustainable Forestry: Guiding Principles and Practices. pp 266 –

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In 2015 Canada's installed wind capacity was 11,205 MW, with Ontario leading the country in installed capacity at 4,361 MW. OPA estimates this capacity will increase to 5,000 MW by 2025, but other studies estimate the capacity to reach 7,000 MW by 2020 and 8000 MW by 20XX.

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The Power Corporation Act required Ontario Hydro, (formerly HEPCO, renamed in 1974) to provide "power at cost". This philosophy became part of the culture and lore of electricity supply in Ontario. The utility did not pay taxes, nor was it intended to generate profits.

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overall increase, however, is significantly smaller than the rate of economic or population growth, showing that electricity demand is decoupled from these two growth rates, a pattern that is recently being replicated in other areas of Canada and other G7 countries.

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guarantees for renewable energy projects that meet regulatory requirements, and hopefully implementing a 21st-century "smart" power grid to support the development of new renewable energy projects, which may prepare Ontario for new technologies like electric cars.

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inadequate coordination between the Ontario government and OPA; b) lack of public information regarding incentives and energy efficient measures; c) insufficient long-term energy efficiency planning and funding; and e) lack of good institutional, delivery and

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adopted in the late 1990s needs substantial enhancement if it is to deliver the new generation and conservation Ontario needs, within the timeframes we need them". The task force also suggested that a long-term plan for generation and conservation was needed.

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A request for proposals was sent out by the OPA in 2005 for up to 1,000 MW of new cogeneration. As a result, seven new CHP generating stations are currently being developed in Ontario under contracts executed in 2006 with a combined total capacity of 414 MW.

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Residential sector: this includes residential space and water heating and cooling, lighting, household appliances, etc. Electricity use in this sector accounts for about one third of total consumption in Ontario. Residential demand is projected to decline

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As of 2007, two of the four smokestacks at Lambton and two of eight stacks at the Nanticoke station are currently equipped with scrubbers. The OPA is expected to recommend whether or not to install scrubbers at remaining coal facilities in Spring 2007.

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The OPA has subsequently published preliminary plans for a complete coal phase-out by 2014, to begin in 2011. Coal generators are expected to be replaced by new renewable energy and natural gas generation facilities, as well as conservation measures.

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The dual role of biomass as a substitute for fossil fuels and as a sink for atmospheric carbon is the main advantage for its use in energy generation. Bioenergy production from sustainable biomass sources is considered to be carbon neutral because

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Challenges to the system began to emerge in the 1950s: the accessible waterpower sites were exploited; and the province's electricity distribution system was limited in capacity. To address these problems, the HEC began constructing new coal-fired

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Population growth: According to 2006 census data, Ontario's population has increased 6.6% in the past 5 years. This considerable growth offsets the effects of reduced per capita consumption in Ontario, and results in overall increased electricity

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Conservation and Demand Management (C&DM) practices: C&DM initiatives can significantly reduce electricity demand. Conservation can result in improved productivity, lower energy bills and price fluctuations, as well reduced environmental

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in electricity generation. Economies of scale exist for a vertically integrated electric utility because a larger generating system can provide power to many users, and additional users can be accommodated with small increases in power costs.

1527:(GHP) produce heat energy that is mainly used for space and hot water heating. GHPs operate like refrigerators to transfer absorbed heat energy from below the frost line (about 1.2m soil depth for Southern Ontario) to connected buildings. 1723:

Ontario (Porter Commission). The Report of the Royal Commission on Electric Power Planning: Volume 1, Concepts, Conclusions and Recommendations, p.27; See also: Ontario Power Authority, Supply Mix Advice Report, Background Report, Volume

1502:

such as switchgrass and reed canary grass. Ontario has about 630,000ha of less productive agricultural land than could be dedicated to energy crop farming with a production capacity of 5.58 million tonnes of biomass (103PJ of energy) per

555:

terms of scale of operations, it can be argued that central planning in Ontario, by overestimating future demand and building unnecessary capacity, has been economically inefficient and has imposed unwarranted costs upon the environment.

1213:

There are 110 CHP generating plants currently in operation in Ontario, with a total capacity of approximately 2,300 MW. Of these, 82 burn natural gas and the rest use biomass. Only 50 of these facilities are connected to the grid. (See:

469:, the OPA was instructed to "nsure that safety, environmental protection and environmental sustainability are considered" in the development of the Integrated Power System Plan (IPSP). The OPA's approach to sustainability is outlined in 1369:

estimated that 30% of Ontario electricity demand will be produced from these sources by 2025. Compared to fossil fuel sources, generating electricity from renewable sources such as water, wind, and biomass has the following advantages:

653:

Industrial sector: this includes manufacturing activities, mining activities, forestry and construction. Industrial consumers account for approximately 28% of electricity consumed in Ontario. This consumption is projected to remain

1602:

Most imports from the United States are based on nuclear, natural gas, or coal-fired generation facilities. As such, the Government of Ontario has expressed little interest in increasing electricity imports from the United States.

1490:

dependent on a connection to the larger provincial grid. A feasibility study for generating electricity from forest biomass, peat or municipal waste at the Atikokan generating station in northwestern Ontario is currently under way.

705:

Climate variability: Given that a large part of electricity consumption is related to space and water heating and cooling, the increasing variability of temperatures in Ontario will likely result in greater electricity demand over

98:

As of December 2021 the capacity of 18,958 MW is divided up as 30.5% Nuclear, 39.5% Hydro-electric, 1% Biomass, 0.25% Solar, 25.5% Gas.(remainder unspecified). Coal use was phased out in 2014 (1st jurisdiction in North America).

507:

Although the provincial government officially describes the system it has established as a 'hybrid' of planning and market models, debates on the merits of a centrally planned system versus a competitive market approach persist.

410:, asked the OPA to provide recommendations on what would be the appropriate mix of electricity supply sources to satisfy the expected demand in 2025, taking into account conservation targets and new sources of renewable energy. 3070: 781:

The residential sector accounted for one-third of energy use in Ontario. The OPA assessment suggests that there is a potential electricity savings of 31% in Ontario's residential sector by 2015 via lighting and space heating

721:

All of the above variables affect the forecasting of future electricity demand. The uncertainty embedded in these factors accumulates and makes it difficult to determine how much electricity will be consumed in the future.

571:. A plant's marginal cost varies considerably based on age, technology, fuel conversion efficiency, and so on. Both regulated and deregulated systems operate to minimize the avoidable costs of meeting instantaneous demand. 649:

Commercial sector: this includes mainly space heating, and cooling, as well as commercial and office lighting. This sector accounts for about 39% of Ontario's total electricity consumption and is projected to grow the

524:

Centrally planned systems are usually accompanied by a regulatory framework intended to restrict or replace competition with administrative restraints on profits. In Ontario, electricity rates were typically set by

1509:

sources include solid waste and municipal wastewater. Decomposition of biomass produces gas that is 50% methane and 50% carbon dioxide. Thus, conversion of landfill gases to energy can reduce overall environmental

579:

powerful incentives to cut costs, which will lower consumer prices in the long-term. In other words, deregulation is said to subject the electricity sector to the "innovative and productive forces of competition".

659:

Nuclear stations are limited in their capability to rapidly change their output. Hydroelectric stations can rapidly change their output and are typically used to adjust grid supply to match instantaneous demand.

687:). In order to supply such demand, Ontario counts on 31,000 MW of installed power capacity, broken down as follows: 37% nuclear, 26% renewable (including hydro-electric power), 16% natural gas and 21% coal. 1474:

but only 856 MW has been considered in plans thus far. Other reports suggest that biomass has the potential to produce about 14.7TWh (2,450 MW) of electricity and 47.0 TWh of heat in 10 – 20 years time.

1579:

There is also potential for new interconnections to Manitoba and/or Labrador. But due to cost and siting challenges, these plans remain tentative and are considered long-term possibilities (2015–2025).

785:

The commercial sector accounts for 39% of Ontario's total electricity consumption. The OPA assessment reports a potential savings of 33% in this sector mainly in interior lighting and cooling retrofits.

218:

Following the recommendations of the ECSTF, the new provincial government, elected in October 2003, enacted the Ontario Electricity Restructuring Act. The legislation provided for the creation of the

1733:

Dewess, Don. 2005. "Electricity Restructuring and Regulation in the Provinces: Ontario and Beyond", Presented to the Energy, Sustainability and Integration, The CCGES Transatlantic Energy Conference.

3325: 831:(MOE) is responsible for ensuring that Ontario's electricity system functions at the highest level of reliability and productivity. This includes establishing energy efficiency standards, including 1179:) per megawatt-hour of energy generated. Compared with coal, natural gas generates about half as much carbon dioxide, one-third of the nitrogen oxides, and one one-hundredth of the sulfur oxides. 529:

as an approximation to its long-run average cost of service, plus a mark up to recover capital investment costs, although rates were never subject to formal approval by the Ontario Energy Board.

1835: 406:

Over the next 20 years, it is expected that approximately 80% of the province of Ontario's existing electricity generation capacity will need to be replaced. In May 2005 the Minister of Energy,

1031:

made up about 21% of Ontario's existing energy supply (6,434 MW) and 19% of total Ontario electricity production (30.9 TWh). at the time, Ontario had four coal-fired power plants in operation:

80:. Policymakers are presented with a range of policy choices in addressing the situation, both in terms of overall system design and structure, and specific electricity generating technologies. 3607: 3411: 3147: 179:

government. In that year, Mike Harris commissioned the Macdonald Committee. The committee recommended the elimination of Ontario Hydro's monopoly on managing generation capacity and that the

746:

claim that the OPA Supply Mix is fundamentally supply oriented and overestimates future electricity demand. They base their claims on several reports that estimate lower demand projections.

1155:, which can be burned to release heat that is then used to produce electricity. It contains very little sulphur, no ash and almost no metals; therefore, unlike with coal, heavy metal and SO 1202:, or combined heat and power (CHP), refers to the concurrent generation of power and heat from the same energy source. The heat is then used in local applications such as heating homes. 863:

building standards beginning in 2007 (the official Government of Canada mark associated with the labelling and rating of the energy consumption or energy efficiency of specific products)

3284: 2995:"Environmental Commissioner of Ontario - Our Environment ... Your Rights / Commissaire à l'environnement de l'Ontario: Notre environnement ... Vos droits - Energy Conservation Reports" 1276:

are quick to point out that fluctuations in uranium prices have made operational costs associated with nuclear generation rise higher than those of natural gas plants and renewables.

3080: 2919: 602:

Furthermore, the promise of competitive markets to lower consumer prices, for the most part, has yet to materialize. Data from the United States, for example, indicates that while

1127:

refusing to set a specific deadline for a complete phase-out. Instead, it instructed the OPA to: "Plan for coal-fired generation in Ontario be replaced by cleaner sources in the

543:

feet", the cost of ensuring such reliability would be considerably higher, as peaking plants would charge as much as the market will bear, as they are rationally expected to do.

128:

plants near major sources of electricity demand and launched plans to build nuclear power plants across the province of Ontario. Between the early 1970s and early 1990s twenty

95:

and low impact renewables. As such, how Ontario electricity policy evolves in the near future will be of relevance to other jurisdictions facing similar options or challenges.

2792: 3803:

Scott, D.A. and Dean, T.J. 2006. Energy trade-offs between intensive biomass utilization, site productivity loss and amelioration treatments in loblolly pine plantations.

516:

Central or traditional electricity planning is designed to expand supply resources to meet demand growth and to minimize the economic costs of this expansion by improving

1139:, the last coal-fired electricity plant in Ontario was shut down in April 2014, completing the phase-out. The plant has since been restored to service fueled by biomass. 690:

Total electricity demand has been increasing in Ontario over the last decades. In particular, during the period 1993–2004, it increased at a rate of approximately 0.5%.

3255: 2219: 1576:, each province's electricity delivery company, signed a C$ 800 million agreement in November 2006 to construct a new 1,250 MW Quebec-Ontario interconnection by 2010. 1264:

As of December 2004 there were more than 1,700,000 used fuel bundles stored on-site at both operational and decommissioned nuclear generating stations around Ontario.

567:

Deregulation would ensure that rates would no longer be based on long-term average costs, as determined by a central regulating entity, to pricing based on short-term

2875: 2621: 2579: 1267:

Nuclear facilities have long lead times for both environmental and other approvals, as well as actual construction. Ontario's nuclear history is also chequered with

1009: 595:. In these jurisdictions, the market has been threatened by the strategic behaviour of incumbents and new entrants that have too large a market share. The case of 3909:

Ontario Ministry of Energy. 2006. Quebec and Ontario Sign an Historic Agreement for Construction of a New Transmission Interconnection. News Release, 14 November.

3170: 2264: 2259:

Report of the board on the review of, and filing guidelines applicable to, the Ontario Power Authority's Integrated Power System Plan and procurement processes.

792:. Based on the OPA assessment, a 36% energy savings is possible in this sector based on investments in new heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment. 480:: "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." 1215: 487:. Six context-specific criteria were identified by the OPA: feasibility, reliability, cost, flexibility, environmental performance, and societal acceptance. 83:

Ontario finds itself faced with choices that define energy policy debates throughout the western world: the role of markets vs. centralized planning and what

835:

standards for appliances and windows. The Ministry has recently begun a program to remove T12 (tubular 1.5 inch fluorescent) commercial lamps by 2011.

788:

The industrial sector, which includes all manufacturing activities, mining, forestry and construction, accounts for approximately 28% of electricity use in

433:

energy, and a maximum limit for nuclear power production at approximately the capacity of the existing 20 reactors. Since then, the OPA has published eight

3510: 3333: 3844: 2077: 1815: 3303: 3205: 2747: 599:

is a prime example. For a competitive market to function, firms cannot significantly influence prices by adjusting or shutting down supply individually.

3756: 2135:

Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2006. Regulation 276/06: Environmental Assessment Act – Designation and Examption of the Integrated Power System Plan.

1831: 1284:

to add 1,540 MW of generating capacity by 2009. Bruce Power also plans to refurbish a third unit in future. The Auditor General of Ontario released a

476:

The OPA defines sustainable development according to the definition agreed upon by the World Commission on Environment and Development's 1983 report,

132:

power reactors were brought into service at the Pickering (8 reactors), Bruce (8 reactors) and Darlington (4 reactors) nuclear generating facilities.

3603: 3415: 3032:

Pepermans, Guido, Johan Driesen, Dries Haeseldonckx, R. Belmansc, and W. D'haeseleer. 2005. Distributed Generation: Definition, Benefits and Issues.

1993: 1936: 3626: 3485: 3143: 3053: 2938: 2560: 2196: 3385: 2994: 91:; i.e. continued reliance on large, centralized generation, particularly nuclear and coal, or moving towards decentralized technologies, including 2920:

http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/opareport/Part%204%20-%20Consulting%20Reports/Part%204.2%20ICF%20Report%20on%20CDM%20Potential%20with%20appendices.pdf

2899: 575:

a market that clears every five minutes". Eliminating average cost of service rates creates the need for a market to determine electricity rates.

470: 449:

groups, who argue that an EA of the IPSP is the "best way for Ontarians to understand the risks and costs of the government's electricity plan".

2617:

CFI Consulting Company. 2005. Electricity Demand in Ontario – A Retrospective Analysis. Prepared for Chief Conservation Officer, OPA. November.

2575:

CFI Consulting Company. 2005. Electricity Demand in Ontario – A Retrospective Analysis. Prepared for Chief Conservation Officer, OPA. November.

2669: 2594:

CFI Consulting Company. 2005. Electricity Demand in Ontario – A Retrospective Analysis. Prepared for Chief Conservation Officer, OPA. November.

1291:

Ontario Power Generation (OPG) is currently conducting an environmental assessment for refurbishment of four operational units at Pickering B.

813:

Savings rebates which encourage Ontario residents to reduce their electricity use by installing energy efficient cooling and heating equipment.

3723: 1399:, which are equally capable of meeting peak electricity demand or offsetting the intermittent nature of other renewable sources such as wind. 3288: 2519: 872: 1523:, Florida, indicating that Ontario has sufficient solar energy that can be harnessed to generate electricity or heat. Unlike solar energy, 684: 3550: 2120: 849:

has begun encouraging private sector housing developers to increase the energy efficiency standards of new homes. Other programs include:

271:, with the ambition to make Ontario become North America's leader in renewable energy. Specifically this would be attempted by creating a 3845:"An Assessment of the Viability of Exploiting Bio-Energy Resources Accessible to the Atikokan Generating Station in Northwestern Ontario" 2439:

Considine, Timothy J., and Andrew N. Kleit. 2007. "Can Electricity Restructuring Survive? Lessons from California and Pennsylvania." In

3271: 1385:

The distributed nature of renewables allows reduction of costs and losses of transmission and distribution of centrally generated power.

1285: 3102: 2701: 2025: 17: 2827: 2733: 2410:

Daniels, Ronald J., and Michael J. Trebilcock. 1996. "The Future of Ontario Hydro: A Review of Structural and Regulatory Options". In

3453: 1658: 2852: 2789: 2140: 1563: 726: 670:

demand for electricity reached 27,005 MW. The highest winter peak demand occurred 13 February 2007, when peak demand was 25,868 MW.

438: 434: 423: 2778: 1892: 3355: 1648: 1568:

recommends 1,250 MW of imports for Ontario. This figure is derived mainly from short-term hydropower projects planned in Quebec.

1478:

At present, forest biomass is the main source of biomass used for energy production, followed by agriculture biomass as well as

1005:—can be used to reduce toxic releases, but have no effect on carbon emissions and are expensive to install. Testifying before a 816:

Demand response programs that offer consumers compensation for curtailing their electricity demand during specific times of day.

3123: 2367:

Schott, Stephan. 2005. "Sustainable and Socially Efficient Electricity Production: How Will Ontario Satisfy the Criteria?". In

2161: 1673: 1460: 3643:

See: Etcheverry, J., Gipe, P, Kemp, W., Samson, R., Vis, M., Eggertson, B., McMonagle, R., Marchildon, S., Marshall, D. 2004.

2640: 2296: 3251: 886: 168: 72:

refers to plans, legislation, incentives, guidelines, and policy processes put in place by the Government of the Province of

2223: 1590:

is planning to build two major generating stations, capable of generating roughly 2,800 MW on the Lower Churchill River in

1556: 959: 3250:

Ontario Ministry of Energy. 2005. McGuinty Government Unveils Bold Plan to Clean Up Ontario's Air. News Release, 15 June.

2872: 2618: 2576: 1006: 810:

Low income and social housing initiatives designed to reduce electricity consumption by a total of 100 MW in 33,000 homes.

3947: 3700:

Etcheverry, J., Gipe, P, Kemp, W., Samson, R., Vis, M., Eggertson, B., McMonagle, R., Marchildon, S., Marshall, D. 2004.

587:

particular aspect of deregulation should correct the systemic over-expansionary tendencies of centrally planned regimes.

3872: 3663: 2496:. Discussion Paper RF DP 05-07. Washington, D.C.: RFF. www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-05-07.pdf . Retrieved 16 March 2007. 1379:

Low security and safety risks relative to conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels-fired or nuclear generations.

963: 3167: 2261: 1816:

http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/bills/bills_detail.do?locale=en&BillID=1079&isCurrent=false&ParlSessionID=37%3A3

112:

In 1925, Ontario's public electricity utility, established in 1906, the Ontario Hydro Electric Commission (HEC) (later

958:

is perhaps the loudest critic of coal-fired generation in this regard. The latest figures, from 2005, reported in the

1020:, estimated the cost of installing new scrubbers on Ontario's coal plants between C$ 500 million and C$ 1.5 billion. 611:

politically troublesome. For example, as consumer prices rose during Ontario's experiment with deregulation, Premier

2980: 1832:

http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/index.cfm?fuseaction=archives.news1&back=yes&news_id=188&backgrounder_id=214

1238:

Bruce and Darlington. Approximately one half of Ontario's power was generated from nuclear energy sources in 2005.

3604:

http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/index.cfm?fuseaction=english.news&back=yes&news_id=134&backgrounder_id=102

1167:) pollution is not a major concern. In the United States the average natural gas-fired plant emits 516 kg of 802: 3144:

http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/index.cfm?fuseaction=english.news&back=yes&news_id=100&backgrounder_id=75

1459:

emitted during combustion or natural degradation processes is captured by growing plants. Although biomass-based

853:

A three-year review of Ontario's building code to upgrade the energy efficiency performance of Ontario buildings.

3517: 2824:

Meeting Ontario's Electricity Needs: A Critical Review of the Ontario Power Authority's Supply Mix Advice Report

1871: 267:

will attempt to expedite the growth of clean, renewable sources of energy, like wind, solar, hydro, biomass and

3855: 3436:

Havelsky, V. 1999. Energetic efficiency of cogeneration systems for combined heat, cold and power production.

2808:

Lovins, Amory. 1989. The Megawatt Revolution: Solving the CO2 Problem. CCNR Green Energy Conference, Montreal.

2084: 1963: 1136: 1035: 615:, under surmounting political pressure, intervened into the market by freezing retail prices in November 2002. 465:

Instead of an environmental assessment of the plan, as had been the case 1989 DSP, a regulation made under the

3311: 3213: 3931:

Ontario Power Authority. 2005. Supply Mix Advice Report. December. 28 September 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2007.

3787: 2656: 2461:

Considine, and Kleit. 2007. "Can Electricity Restructuring Survive? Lessons from California and Pennsylvania.

1663: 998: 713:

Electricity prices: As of Sept 10, 2016, Electricity rates in Ontario are among the highest in North America.

596: 2040:

Chief Energy Conservation Officer, Annual Report 2006, Ontario – A new Era in electricity Conservation, 2006

1096: 967: 954:

Ontario's coal plants emit large quantities of greenhouse gases and smog-causing pollutants each year. The

536: 2000: 1932: 955: 824: 743: 583:

Considine and Andrew Kleit argue that competition would improve the efficiency of allocating electricity.

3727: 3630: 3551:"Levelised unit electricity cost comparison of alternate technologies for baseload generation in Ontario" 3493: 3050: 2935: 2557: 2193: 1053: 951:

in additional health costs to Ontario every year, accounting for this, it is twice as expensive as wind.

3822:

of Bioenergy to Canada.pdf http://www.canbio.ca/pdf/FactSheetBenefits%20of%20Bioenergy%20to%20Canada.pdf

3389: 3238: 2998: 2290:

Tools and Methods for Integrated Resource Planning: Improving Efficiency and Protecting the Environment.

1539:

Ontario has an interconnection capacity totalling 4,000 MW. Connecting jurisdictions include: New York,

3757:"Renewable Energy from Willow Biomass Crops: Life Cycle Energy, Environmental and Economic Performance" 2895: 1078: 842: 483:

The OPA states that it has based its consideration of sustainability in the IPSP on Robert B. Gibson's

934:

can also be considered distributed technologies, depending on their application. Typically, community

3272:

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/liberals-will-delay-closing-two-coal-plants-past-2009-1.611071

2397:

kene, W. 1997. Delusions of Power: Vanity, Folly, and the Uncertain Future of Canada's Hydro Giants.

1587: 1288:

on 5 April 2007, criticizing the high costs associated with the Bruce Power refurbishment agreement.

1103: 868: 2676: 3019:

Ackermann, Thomas, Goran Andersson, and Lennart Soder. 2001. Distributed Generation: A Definition.

2667:

Energy Information Administration. 2004. World Energy Use and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1980–2001.

1638: 754: 189: 3918:

Brautigam, Tara. Support for Lower Churchill from Feds, Quebec, Poses Complex Challenge: Ontario.

1852:

Countdown Coal: How Ontarian can improve air quality by phasing out coal-fired electric generation

710:

service and knowledge sectors, which will result in reduced industrial electricity demand overall.

2790:

http://www.sierraclub.ca/national/programs/atmosphere-energy/nuclear-free/phasing-out-nuclear.pdf

1668: 1643: 1552: 1396: 1028: 913: 219: 1519:

Southern Ontario, in particular Toronto, receives as much summer solar radiation as the city of

856:

Financial incentives (in the form of rebates) for energy efficiency in affordable housing units.

3952: 3557: 3142:

Ontario Ministry of Energy. 2007. Backgrounder: McGuinty Government Coal Replacement Strategy.

2276: 2136: 2116: 909: 466: 125: 860: 491:

elements of Gibson's sustainability assessment framework were not implemented or discussed in

2294:

www.uneprisoe.org/IRPManual/IRPmanual.pdf UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment

1479: 774: 222:(OPA). One of the four mandates of the OPA was to address the power system planning issues. 3771: 2822: 1653: 1524: 442: 92: 3586: 3460: 3252:

http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/index.cfm?fuseaction=english.news&body=yes&news_id=100

2916:

Electricity Demand in Ontario – Assessing the Conservation and Demand Management Potential

1272:

economic factors have had a major impact on the cost of nuclear power. Groups such as the

8: 2848: 1757:

Providing the Balance of Power: Ontario Hydro's Plan to Serve Customers Electricity Needs

1412: 1107: 592: 502: 3775: 2775: 2523: 2494:

The environmental impacts of electricity restructuring: looking back and looking forward

1569: 1531:

capacity of solar photovoltaic systems alone may be as much as 5,000 – 6,200MW by 2015.

1131:

that ensures adequate generating capacity and electric system reliability in Ontario."

663:

These plants can respond to changes in demand rapidly, but have higher operating costs.

249:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

51:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3285:"Ontario's Integrated Power System Plan: The Road Map for Ontario's Electricity Future" 3075: 2873:

http://www.conservationbureau.on.ca/Storage/14/1959_OPA_Report_FactorAnalysis_Final.pdf

2619:

http://www.conservationbureau.on.ca/Storage/14/1959_OPA_Report_FactorAnalysis_Final.pdf

2577:

http://www.conservationbureau.on.ca/Storage/14/1959_OPA_Report_FactorAnalysis_Final.pdf

1698: 939: 517: 180: 3363: 3096: 2695: 2603:

Ontario Power Authority. 2005. Supply Mix Advice Report. Part 1-1: Supply Mix Summary

2399:

Delusions of Power: Vanity, Folly, and the Uncertain Future of Canada's Hydro Giants

2395:

Delusions of Power: Vanity, Folly, and the Uncertain Future of Canada's Hydro Giants

2019: 1464: 1258: 1246: 3168:

http://www.mei.gov.on.ca/en/pdf/electricity/coal_cost_benefit_analysis_april2005.pdf

2262:

http://www.oeb.gov.on.ca/documents/cases/EB-2006-0207/IPSP_report_final_20061227.pdf

2157: 3779: 3741: 2637: 2293: 1373:

Low environmental and health impacts due to reduced emissions of green house gases.

1164: 1119:

In April 2005, the government of Ontario closed the Lakeview Generating Station in

1085: 931: 796: 620: 117: 88: 3200: 3198: 3196: 2556:

Natural Resources Canada. 2006. Canada's Energy Outlook: The Reference Case 2006.

2483:

Schott, Stephan. 2005. "Sustainable and Socially Efficient Electricity Production"

2156:

Greenpeace Canada. 2006. Ontario's energy plan needs an environmental assessment.

1797:

Trebilcock, Michael .J. and Roy Hrab. 2005. Electricity restructuring in Ontario.

3611: 3259: 3174: 3151: 3127: 3057: 2942: 2903: 2879: 2856: 2831: 2796: 2782: 2644: 2625: 2583: 2564: 2300: 2268: 2200: 2165: 2124: 1940: 1903: 1875: 1839: 1443:

refers to organic matter from plants or animals that can be converted to energy.

1300:

OPA projections for installed renewable electricity capacity in Ontario by 2025.

1172: 1160: 1013: 846: 828: 749: 3724:"Ontario's Integrated Power System Plan: Discussion Paper #4 - Supply Resources" 3120: 1470:

According to the IPSP, a total of 1,250 MW may be generated from biomass by 2027

1407: 693:

Several factors affect how much energy is consumed by Ontarians. These include:

175:

The political impetus for restructuring increased with the 1995 election of the

3270:

CBC News. 2006. Liberals Will Delay Closing Two Coal Plants Past 2009. 9 June.

3193: 2288:

Swisher, Joel N., Gilberto de Martino Jannuzzi, and Robert Y. Redlinger. 1997.

1447:, in turn, is any form of energy (heat or electricity) generated from biomass. 1395:

hydroelectric plants with large storage capacities that can be used to provide

1254: 1168: 532: 272: 77: 3783: 3164:

Cost Benefit Analysis: Replacing Ontario's Coal-Fired Electricity Generation.

2655:

Ontario Ministry of Finance. 2006. Ontario Economic Outlook and Fiscal Review

3941: 3821: 3667: 2748:"Electricity Conservation and Demand Management (CDM) | Ontario Energy Board" 2144: 1678: 1633: 1620: 1595: 1234: 982:, and 20% (495 kg) of all Hg (mercury) emissions in 2003, respectively. 925: 568: 526: 407: 162: 113: 3664:"Power for the future: Towards a sustainable electricity system for Ontario" 3583:

Nuclear power in Canada: An examination of risks, impacts and sustainability

2785:. Retrieved 5 April 2007; See also Torrie, Ralph and Richard Parfett. 2003. 1929:

Tough Choices: Addressing Ontario's Power Need, Final Report to the Minister

2773:

Power for the Future: Towards a Sustainable Electricity System for Ontario.

1893:"Power for the Future: Towards a Sustainable Electricity System in Ontario" 1268: 1199: 603: 84: 3880: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 2657:

http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/english/budget/fallstatement/2006/06fs-papera.pdf

2271:. Retrieved 5 April 2007; See also: Ontario Legislative Assembly. 2004. 1951: 897: 452: 2771:

Winfield, Mark, Matt Horne, Theresa McClenaghan, and Roger Peters. 2004.

2414:, ed. Ronald J. Daniels, 1–52. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 1499: 1148: 1120: 1064: 1042: 993:' technologies—such as Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) "scrubbers" for SO 917: 832: 607: 176: 3119:. Environmental Defence and the Canadian Environmental Law Association. 2787:

Phasing Out Nuclear Power in Canada: Towards Sustainable Energy Futures.

150:

not supply planning, must be the focus of Ontario electricity planning.

3535: 1933:

http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/english/pdf/electricity/TaskForceReport.pdf

990: 935: 612: 172:

in Ontario should be restructured in a more market oriented direction.

3051:

http://www.ieso.ca/imoweb/pubs/marketReports/MarketYearReview_2005.pdf

2956:"Industrial Systems Drive Control: The Heartbeat of Modern Automation" 2936:

http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/com/resoress/publications/peo/peo-eng.php

2558:

http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/com/resoress/publications/peo/peo-eng.php

503:

Central planning and traditional regulation versus competitive markets

3627:"Discussion Paper #7 - Integrating the Elements - A Preliminary Plan" 3600:

Backgrounder: Refurbishing and replacing Ontario's nuclear facilities

3239:

http://www.cbc.ca/ontariovotes2003/features/platform_environment.html

3234:

Moore, Paddy. 2003. Ontario Votes 2003—Party Platforms: Environment.

1868: 1628: 1548: 1444: 1280:

of the power in 2025, similar to its role in the current supply mix.

921: 167:

In the 1990s, Ontario Hydro's enormous debt from the building of the

3680:

Toronto Star: Science and Environment – Ideas, ID 7 February 9, 2008

2896:

http://www.pembina.org/pdf/publications/quickstart_Final_Apr0606.pdf

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2312:

Cicchetti, Charles J., and Jeffrey A. Dubin, Colin M. Long. 2004.

1989:

An Assessment of the Reliability of the Ontario Electricity System

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includes biogas from manure, crop and animal residues, as well as

1382:

Reduced dependency on imported fuels which create energy security.

1261:

and the potential terrorism and disaster risks of nuclear energy.

2809: 1614: 1440: 1376:

Low operating costs leading to low heating and electricity costs.

1152: 789: 735: 677: 204: 73: 2955: 2715: 2470:

Dewees, Don N. 2005. "Electricity restructuring in Canada." In

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Government actors involved in conservation and demand management

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Electricity restructuring act, 2004: Ontario regulation 424/04

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Conservation and demand-side management initiatives in Ontario

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Ayres, Matt; MacRae, Morgan; Stogran, Melanie (August 2004).

2507:

Multi-energy Retail Market Simulation with Intelligent Agents

2435: 2433: 2412:

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and may be used to provide reliable electricity in Canada.

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Bill 210, Electricity Pricing, Conservation and Supply Act

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Canadian Government's National Pollutant Release Inventory

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The OPA projections are controversial. Organizations like

441:. It is expected that the OPA will submit the IPSP to the 417: 279:

On 1 January 2019, Ontario repealed the Green Energy Act.

195: 163:

Ontario's short experiment with competitive retail markets

135: 3892: 3890: 3702:

Smart generation: Powering Ontario with renewable energy.

3500: 3454:"Discussion paper #3: Conservation and demand management" 2869:

Electricity Demand in Ontario – A Retrospective Analysis.

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Air Pollution Burden of Illness in Toronto:Summary Report

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Prepared for Chief Conservation Officer, OPA. November.

2606: 2324: 2322: 1927:

Electricity Conservation & Supply Task Force. 2004.

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Electricity use can be divided into three main sectors:

460: 3742:"Installed Capacity – Canadian Wind Energy Association" 3587:

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636: 3556:. Canadian Energy Research Institute. Archived from 3332:. Environment Canada. 9 August 2006 . Archived from 2547:

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2205: 1610: 1171:, 0.05 kg of sulfur dioxide and 0.8 kg of 1016:

in February 2007, Jim Hankinson, chief executive of

901:

Schematics of Centralized versus Distributed Systems

3683: 2892:

A quick start energy efficincy strategy for Ontario

2107: 2105: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 3548: 2382:Tools and Methods for Integrated Resource Planning 1210:costs as well as much lower and other emissions. 666:Average demand in Ontario is currently 17,500 MW. 153: 3854:. Forest BioProducts Incorporated. Archived from 2933:Canada's Energy Outlook: The Reference Case 2006. 2246:Sustainability Assessment: Criteria and Processes 2158:http://takeaction.greenpeace.ca/nuke_ea/index.php 1253:criticize nuclear power because of the impact of 840:Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing 485:Sustainability Assessment: Criteria and Processes 103:History of electricity demand planning in Ontario 3939: 3657: 3655: 3653: 2638:http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census/index.cfm 2102: 2058: 2053:ntario Power Authority, Supply Mix Advice Report 116:) constructed what was then the world's largest 3755:Keoleian, Gregory A.; Volk, Timothy A. (2005). 3629:. Ontario Power Authority. 2006. Archived from 3304:"Ontario's Electricity Is Officially Coal Free" 1886: 1884: 1183:to increase from 5,103 MW to 9,300 MW by 2010. 1099:(no longer producing coal since December 2013) 499:incorporation of sustainability into the IPSP. 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3138: 3136: 2512: 2452:Grant. 2002. Ontario's new electricity market. 1902:. Pembina Institute. p. 2. Archived from 678:Current and expected future electricity demand 205:Electricity Conservation and Supply Task Force 3650: 3356:"Clean Energy - Electricity from Natural Gas" 3121:http://cela.ca/newsevents/detail.shtml?x=2991 288:2006 Existing Installed Generation Capacity. 3900:. 28 September 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 3754: 3414:. Ontario Ministry of Energy. Archived from 3388:. Ontario Ministry of Energy. Archived from 2083:. Ontario Ministry of Energy. Archived from 1881: 1038:(no longer producing coal since April 2014) 928:used for on-site or emergency backup power. 3707: 3412:"Backgrounder: Ontario's Energy Supply Mix" 3133: 1783:Supply Mix Advice Report, Background Report 1081:(no longer producing coal since late 2013) 1056:(no longer producing coal since late 2012) 512:Central planning and traditional regulation 2890:Peter, R., S. Hall and M. Winfield. 2006. 1551:. The provincial grid is connected to the 964:Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting Program 437:, as well as a preliminary version of the 3726:. Ontario Power Authority. Archived from 2492:Palmer, Karen and Dallas Burtraw. 2005. 2222:. Ontario Power Authority. Archived from 2189:Ontario Power Authority. 2006, November. 1659:Association of Power Producers of Ontario 3581:The Pembina Institute. 2006, December. 2380:Swisher, Jannuzzi, and Redlinger. 1997. 1891:Winfield, Mark; et al. (May 2004). 1890: 1406: 1241:The Canadian Energy Research Institute ( 896: 765:for energy efficiency and conservation. 471:IPSP Discussion Paper #6: Sustainability 451: 3511:"Discussion paper #4: Supply resources" 3438:International Journal of Refrigeration 3206:"Discussion Paper #4: Supply Resources" 1829:Ontario Track Record on Nuclear Energy. 1810:Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2002. 1770:Providing Balance of Power: Update 1992 1649:Independent Electricity System Operator 1514: 418:IPSP evaluation and development process 196:Concerns regarding aging nuclear plants 136:Electricity demand planning 1970s–1990s 14: 3940: 3816:Canadian Bioenergy Association. 2007. 3101:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2700:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2636:Statistics Canada. 2007. 2006 Census. 2401:Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd. 2316:. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2075: 2024:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1854:. Toronto: Ontario Clean Air Alliance. 1674:Ontario Sustainable Energy Association 1461:Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 3301: 2111:Ontario Legislative Assembly. 2004. 1257:operations, the long-term effects of 1222:of widespread cogeneration projects. 887:Environmental Commissioner of Ontario 461:Existing environmental policy process 422:In December 2005, the OPA issued the 169:Darlington nuclear generating station 3360:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2191:Discussion paper #6: Sustainability. 1952:Ministry of Energy: Green Energy Act 1557:Northeast Power Coordinating Council 1216:Simon Fraser's Cogeneration Database 559:Deregulation and competitive markets 229: 144: 31: 3666:. Pembina Institute. Archived from 2180:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1389: 493:Discussion Paper #6: Sustainability 283:Integrated Power System Plan (IPSP) 225: 214:Creation of Ontario Power Authority 24: 3764:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 2328:Cicchetti, Dubin, and Long. 2004. 2078:"Re: Integrated Power System Plan" 1869:http://www.toronto.ca/health/hphe/ 1746:. Toronto: Insomniac Press, p.130. 685:electricity consumption by country 637:Conservation and demand management 78:phase-out of coal-fired generation 25: 3964: 2734:"AM900 CHML | Hamilton News" 2330:The California Electricity Crisis 1113:Total Capacity: 8 units, 3,938 MW 1091:Total Capacity: 4 units, 1,975 MW 892: 89:"hard" versus "soft energy paths" 3925: 3912: 3903: 3865: 3837: 3827: 3810: 3797: 3748: 3734: 3021:Electric Power Systems Research 2931:Natural Resources Canada. 2006. 1613: 1411:Ganaraska Wind Farm, located in 1191:overall electricity production. 978:, 28% (154,000 tonnes) of all SO 234: 107: 36: 3896:Ontario Power Authority. 2005. 3818:Benefits of Bioenergy to Canada 3674: 3637: 3592: 3575: 3486:"Combined Heat and Power (CHP)" 3478: 3446: 3430: 3404: 3378: 3348: 3318: 3295: 3277: 3264: 3244: 3228: 3180: 3156: 3109: 3063: 3047:IESO Market Year in Review-2005 3039: 3026: 3013: 2987: 2973: 2948: 2925: 2908: 2884: 2861: 2843:Ontario Power Authority. 2005. 2837: 2815: 2802: 2765: 2740: 2726: 2708: 2661: 2649: 2630: 2597: 2588: 2569: 2550: 2541: 2520:"Testimony of S. David Freeman" 2499: 2486: 2477: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2417: 2404: 2387: 2374: 2361: 2348: 2335: 2306: 2282: 2251: 2238: 2183: 2170: 2150: 2129: 2076:Duncan, Dwight (13 June 2006). 2045: 2033: 1981: 1956: 1945: 1921: 1857: 1844: 1821: 1781:Ontario Power Authority. 2006. 1699:"Generating Power With Purpose" 1194: 1048:Total Capacity: 2 units, 310 MW 591:market power concentration and 154:Demand/Supply Plan (DSP) Report 3302:Leahy, Derek (19 April 2014). 2918:. Prepared for OPA. November. 2914:CFI Consulting Company. 2005. 2894:. Toronto: Pembina Institute. 2867:CFI Consulting Company. 2005. 2810:http://www.ccnr.org/amory.html 2257:Ontario Energy Board. 2006. 1804: 1775: 1762: 1749: 1736: 1727: 1717: 1691: 1142: 1137:Thunder Bay Generating Station 1073:Total Capacity: 1 unit, 215 MW 1036:Thunder Bay Generating Station 13: 1: 2522:. 15 May 2002. Archived from 1863:Toronto Public Health. 2000. 1684: 1664:Electricity policy of Alberta 1294: 1129:earliest practical time frame 999:Selective Catalytic Reduction 70:electricity policy of Ontario 3177:. Retrieved 11 October 2011. 2505:Naing Win Oo and V. Miranda 2345:. Toronto: Insomniac Press. 2303:. . Retrieved 19 March 2007. 2160:. Retrieved 12 April 2007. 2139:. Retrieved 12 April 2007. 1867:. Toronto: City of Toronto. 1834:. Retrieved 10 April 2007. 1309:2005 Installed capacity (MW) 1097:Nanticoke Generating Station 968:Nanticoke Generating Station 916:(CHP) generation—as well as 537:Ontario New Democratic Party 7: 3606:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 3598:Ministry of Energy. 2007. 3589:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 3254:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 3146:. Retrieved 3 April 2007. 2981:"Law Document English View" 2922:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 2851:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 2195:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 2119:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 1935:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 1606: 1054:Atikokan Generating Station 869:Office of Energy Efficiency 803:Ontario Conservation Bureau 10: 3969: 3948:Ontario electricity policy 3852:Ontario Ministry of Energy 2248:. London: Earthscan, 2005 2055:, 9 December 2005, page 1. 1827:Ministry of Energy. 2007. 1534: 1435: 1274:Ontario Clean Air Alliance 1251:Ontario Clean Air Alliance 1229: 1079:Lambton Generating Station 956:Ontario Clean Air Alliance 822:Ontario Ministry of Energy 744:Ontario Clean Air Alliance 18:Ontario electricity policy 3784:10.1080/07352680500316334 3647:. David Suzuki Foundation 3326:"Natural gas fired power" 3274:. Retrieved 3 April 2007. 3241:. Retrieved 3 April 2007. 3130:. Retrieved 3 April 2007. 3060:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 2945:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 2878:29 September 2007 at the 2812:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 2799:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 2582:29 September 2007 at the 2279:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 2199:28 September 2007 at the 2030:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 1878:. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 1874:30 September 2007 at the 1772:. Toronto: Ontario Hydro. 1759:. Toronto: Ontario Hydro. 1588:Newfoundland and Labrador 1570:Hydro-Québec TransEnergie 1319:2025 Projected Total (MW) 1012:30 September 2007 at the 940:solar photovoltaic arrays 683:consumption levels (see: 243:This section needs to be 45:This article needs to be 3898:Supply Mix Advice Report 3704:David Suzuki Foundation. 3173:16 December 2011 at the 3150:13 February 2006 at the 2941:14 November 2007 at the 2902:13 December 2006 at the 2624:7 September 2006 at the 2563:14 November 2007 at the 2341:Hampton, Howard. 2003. 2123:20 February 2006 at the 1703:Ontario Power Generation 1639:Ontario Power Generation 1565:Supply Mix Advice Report 1018:Ontario Power Generation 728:Supply Mix Advice Report 456:Existing Policy Process. 425:Supply Mix Advice Report 190:Ontario Power Generation 3920:Canadian Press Newswire 3490:Ontario Power Authority 3210:Ontario Power Authority 3115:Pollution Watch. 2007. 3056:25 January 2007 at the 2643:10 October 2008 at the 1939:26 January 2007 at the 1669:Energy policy of Canada 1644:Ontario Power Authority 1553:Eastern Interconnection 1402: 1029:coal-fired power plants 945: 914:combined heat and power 535:, former leader of the 220:Ontario Power Authority 3610:3 October 2006 at the 3258:4 January 2007 at the 3212:. 2006. Archived from 2795:1 January 2007 at the 2781:20 August 2007 at the 1742:Howard Hampton. 2003. 1467:from municipal waste. 1416: 910:Distributed generation 902: 845:19 August 2010 at the 755:Demand-Side Management 630: 457: 126:electricity generation 3805:Biomass and Bioenergy 3291:on 28 September 2007. 3126:23 March 2007 at the 2855:29 March 2007 at the 2821:Gibbons, Jack. 2006. 1838:28 March 2007 at the 1768:Ontario Hydro. 1992. 1755:Ontario Hydro. 1989. 1525:geothermal heat pumps 1480:municipal solid waste 1410: 1007:legislative committee 900: 827:18 April 2007 at the 775:market transformation 625: 467:Electricity Act, 1998 455: 377:Biomass/Landfill Gas 3883:on 22 February 2020. 3793:on 27 February 2012. 3744:. 17 September 2020. 3523:on 28 September 2007 3496:on 28 November 2010. 3336:on 23 September 2006 2830:27 July 2014 at the 2299:28 July 2011 at the 2220:"Supply mix summary" 2006:on 27 September 2007 1654:Ontario Energy Board 1515:Solar and geothermal 1494:Agricultural biomass 986:symptoms) per year. 880:Ontario Energy Board 443:Ontario Energy Board 302:% of Total Capacity 3861:on 28 January 2007. 3776:2005CRvPS..24..385K 3466:on 17 November 2006 3392:on 20 February 2007 3314:on 27 January 2018. 2529:on 13 December 2002 2267:6 July 2011 at the 2164:2 June 2007 at the 2090:on 19 December 2006 1574:Ontario's Hydro One 1397:dispatchable energy 1301: 1151:composed mainly of 1063:, Ontario, between 597:Enron in California 593:market manipulation 289: 118:hydroelectric plant 3670:on 2 October 2006. 3633:on 4 January 2007. 3563:on 3 February 2007 3190:. 27 February, C1. 3076:The Globe and Mail 2682:on 5 February 2007 2244:Robert B. Gibson, 1964:"Ontario Newsroom" 1850:Gibbons, J. 2003. 1801:, 26 (1), 123–146. 1799:The Energy Journal 1705:. 31 December 2021 1417: 1299: 903: 859:Implementation of 518:economies of scale 478:Our Common Future 458: 287: 181:electricity market 3730:on 6 August 2007. 3418:on 3 October 2006 3366:on 9 October 2006 3216:on 4 January 2007 2720:ontario-hydro.com 2226:on 4 January 2007 2178:Our common future 2143:2 August 2007 at 1507:Municipal biomass 1482:and waste water. 1465:methane emissions 1366: 1365: 1314:New capacity (MW) 1259:radioactive waste 1247:Pembina Institute 1187:system capacity. 1147:Natural gas is a 1088:(south of Sarnia) 873:efficiency trends 740:Pembina Institute 435:discussion papers 404: 403: 264: 263: 145:Porter Commission 93:energy efficiency 66: 65: 16:(Redirected from 3960: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3879:. Archived from 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3849: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3814: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3786:. Archived from 3770:(5–6): 385–406. 3761: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3720: 3705: 3698: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3659: 3648: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3623: 3614: 3596: 3590: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3546: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3492:. Archived from 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3450: 3444: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3362:. Archived from 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3330:Clean Air Online 3322: 3316: 3315: 3310:. Archived from 3299: 3293: 3292: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3248: 3242: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3202: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3160: 3154: 3140: 3131: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3100: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3079:. Archived from 3067: 3061: 3043: 3037: 3030: 3024: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2997:. 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Archived from 1998: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1960: 1954: 1949: 1943: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1908: 1897: 1888: 1879: 1861: 1855: 1848: 1842: 1825: 1819: 1808: 1802: 1795: 1786: 1779: 1773: 1766: 1760: 1753: 1747: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1695: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1599:through Quebec. 1473: 1390:Hydroelectricity 1302: 1298: 1165:sulphur trioxide 1104:Haldimand County 966:, show that the 885:Since 2009, the 878:Since 2005, the 621:S. David Freeman 299:No. of Stations 290: 286: 259: 256: 250: 238: 237: 230: 226:Green Energy Act 61: 58: 52: 40: 39: 32: 21: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3895: 3888: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3708: 3699: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3638: 3625: 3624: 3617: 3612:Wayback Machine 3597: 3593: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3547: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3300: 3296: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3260:Wayback Machine 3249: 3245: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3204: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3181: 3175:Wayback Machine 3161: 3157: 3152:Wayback Machine 3141: 3134: 3128:Wayback Machine 3114: 3110: 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977: 973: 948: 895: 847:Wayback Machine 829:Wayback Machine 799: 752: 736:Pollution Probe 680: 674:their hottest. 639: 561: 514: 505: 463: 420: 285: 260: 254: 251: 248: 239: 235: 228: 216: 207: 198: 165: 156: 147: 138: 110: 105: 62: 56: 53: 50: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3966: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3934: 3933: 3924: 3911: 3902: 3886: 3864: 3836: 3826: 3809: 3807:17: 1001–1010. 3796: 3747: 3733: 3706: 3682: 3673: 3649: 3636: 3615: 3591: 3574: 3534: 3499: 3477: 3445: 3429: 3403: 3377: 3347: 3317: 3294: 3276: 3263: 3243: 3227: 3192: 3179: 3155: 3132: 3108: 3083:on 18 May 2014 3062: 3038: 3025: 3012: 2986: 2972: 2947: 2924: 2907: 2883: 2860: 2836: 2814: 2801: 2764: 2739: 2725: 2707: 2660: 2648: 2629: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2568: 2549: 2540: 2511: 2498: 2485: 2476: 2463: 2454: 2445: 2429: 2425:Policy Options 2416: 2403: 2386: 2373: 2360: 2347: 2334: 2318: 2305: 2281: 2250: 2237: 2204: 2182: 2169: 2149: 2128: 2101: 2057: 2044: 2032: 1980: 1955: 1944: 1920: 1880: 1856: 1843: 1820: 1803: 1787: 1774: 1761: 1748: 1735: 1726: 1716: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1608: 1605: 1536: 1533: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1504: 1491: 1487:Forest biomass 1456: 1437: 1434: 1404: 1401: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1325:Hydroelectric 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1296: 1293: 1255:uranium mining 1231: 1228: 1196: 1193: 1176: 1169:carbon dioxide 1156: 1144: 1141: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1002: 994: 979: 975: 971: 947: 944: 926:gas generators 918:micro-turbines 894: 893:Supply options 891: 865: 864: 857: 854: 818: 817: 814: 811: 798: 795: 794: 793: 786: 783: 751: 748: 719: 718: 714: 711: 707: 703: 699: 679: 676: 656: 655: 651: 647: 638: 635: 569:marginal costs 560: 557: 533:Howard Hampton 513: 510: 504: 501: 462: 459: 419: 416: 402: 401: 398: 395: 392: 388: 387: 384: 381: 378: 374: 373: 370: 367: 364: 360: 359: 356: 353: 350: 346: 345: 342: 339: 336: 332: 331: 328: 325: 322: 321:Hydroelectric 318: 317: 314: 311: 308: 304: 303: 300: 297: 296:Capacity (MW) 294: 284: 281: 273:Feed-in Tariff 262: 261: 242: 240: 233: 227: 224: 215: 212: 206: 203: 197: 194: 164: 161: 155: 152: 146: 143: 137: 134: 109: 106: 104: 101: 64: 63: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3965: 3954: 3953:Ontario Hydro 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3840: 3830: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3806: 3800: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3519: 3512: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3391: 3387: 3386:"Natural gas" 3381: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3308:DeSmog Canada 3305: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3104: 3098: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3066: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3035: 3034:Energy Policy 3029: 3022: 3016: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2982: 2976: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2735: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2600: 2591: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2544: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2480: 2473: 2467: 2458: 2449: 2442: 2436: 2434: 2426: 2420: 2413: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2383: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2357: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2247: 2241: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2186: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2146: 2145:archive.today 2142: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2086: 2079: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2054: 2048: 2041: 2036: 2027: 2021: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1984: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1771: 1765: 1758: 1752: 1745: 1739: 1730: 1720: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1679:Stranded debt 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1634:Ontario Hydro 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1621:Energy portal 1616: 1611: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1596:Muskrat Falls 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1421: 1414: 1409: 1400: 1398: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1236: 1235:Nuclear power 1227: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1150: 1140: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1019: 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2021 246: 241: 232: 231: 223: 221: 211: 202: 193: 191: 185: 182: 178: 173: 170: 160: 151: 142: 133: 131: 127: 121: 119: 115: 114:Ontario Hydro 108:Early history 100: 96: 94: 90: 86: 81: 79: 75: 71: 60: 57:November 2021 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 3927: 3919: 3914: 3905: 3897: 3881:the original 3876: 3873:"Technology" 3867: 3856:the original 3851: 3839: 3829: 3817: 3812: 3804: 3799: 3788:the original 3767: 3763: 3750: 3736: 3728:the original 3701: 3676: 3668:the original 3644: 3639: 3631:the original 3599: 3594: 3582: 3577: 3565:. 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Retrieved 1702: 1693: 1601: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1564: 1561: 1538: 1529: 1518: 1506: 1500:energy crops 1495: 1493: 1486: 1477: 1469: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1393: 1367: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1266: 1263: 1240: 1233: 1224: 1220: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200:Cogeneration 1198: 1195:Cogeneration 1189: 1185: 1181: 1146: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1118: 1026: 1022: 1001:(SCR) for NO 997:removal and 988: 984: 953: 949: 930: 908: 904: 884: 877: 866: 837: 819: 800: 771: 767: 763: 759: 753: 733: 727: 725:In its 2005 724: 720: 698:consumption. 692: 689: 681: 672: 668: 665: 661: 657: 640: 631: 626: 617: 604:Pennsylvania 601: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 566: 562: 553: 549: 545: 541: 531: 523: 515: 506: 497: 492: 489: 484: 482: 477: 475: 464: 447: 431: 424: 421: 412: 405: 278: 265: 252: 244: 217: 208: 199: 186: 174: 166: 157: 148: 139: 122: 111: 97: 85:Amory Lovins 82: 69: 67: 54: 46: 29: 3440:22: 479–485 1987:IESO 2006. 1973:19 November 1149:fossil fuel 1143:Natural gas 1121:Mississauga 1065:Thunder Bay 1043:Thunder Bay 833:Energy Star 608:Connecticut 177:Mike Harris 87:has termed 3942:Categories 3922:. 2 April. 3877:About EESC 3236:CBC News. 2965:27 January 2757:27 January 2752:www.oeb.ca 1685:References 1543:, Quebec, 1415:, Ontario. 1413:Clarington 1295:Renewables 1108:Port Dover 1102:Location: 1084:Location: 1059:Location: 1041:Location: 991:clean coal 936:wind farms 932:Renewables 922:fuel cells 742:, and the 613:Ernie Eves 2533:17 August 1629:Hydro One 1549:Minnesota 1445:Bioenergy 1045:, Ontario 1027:In 2007, 861:ecoENERGY 782:upgrades. 646:slightly. 3608:Archived 3256:Archived 3171:Archived 3148:Archived 3124:Archived 3097:cite web 3054:Archived 2939:Archived 2900:Archived 2876:Archived 2853:Archived 2828:Archived 2793:Archived 2779:Archived 2696:cite web 2686:13 April 2641:Archived 2622:Archived 2580:Archived 2561:Archived 2297:Archived 2265:Archived 2197:Archived 2162:Archived 2141:Archived 2121:Archived 2042:, page 6 2020:cite web 2010:13 April 1937:Archived 1872:Archived 1836:Archived 1709:24 March 1607:See also 1592:Labrador 1562:The OPA 1545:Manitoba 1541:Michigan 1510:impacts. 1353:Biomass 1249:and the 1061:Atikokan 1010:Archived 962:and the 843:Archived 825:Archived 717:impacts. 349:Oil/Gas 307:Nuclear 3772:Bibcode 3567:5 April 3527:5 April 3470:5 April 3422:5 April 3396:5 April 3370:5 April 3340:5 April 3220:5 April 3005:6 March 2230:5 April 2094:5 April 1913:5 April 1535:Imports 1441:Biomass 1436:Biomass 1334:10,055 1305: 1230:Nuclear 1153:methane 1086:Corunna 790:Ontario 654:stable. 394:31,189 310:11,419 293: 245:updated 74:Ontario 47:updated 2716:"Home" 1785:, p.6. 1594:. The 1426:Oregon 1348:5,019 1345:4,719 1331:2,287 1328:7,768 1286:report 1106:(near 1069:Kenora 924:, and 738:, the 391:TOTAL 352:5,103 338:6,434 324:7,768 269:biogas 27:Policy 3859:(PDF) 3848:(PDF) 3791:(PDF) 3760:(PDF) 3561:(PDF) 3554:(PDF) 3521:(PDF) 3514:(PDF) 3464:(PDF) 3457:(PDF) 2680:(PDF) 2673:(PDF) 2527:(PDF) 2088:(PDF) 2081:(PDF) 2004:(PDF) 1997:(PDF) 1907:(PDF) 1896:(PDF) 1521:Miami 1503:year. 1339:Wind 989:New ' 706:time. 650:most. 363:Wind 358:16.4 344:20.6 335:Coal 330:24.9 316:36.6 130:CANDU 3834:297. 3569:2007 3529:2007 3472:2007 3424:2007 3398:2007 3372:2007 3342:2007 3222:2007 3103:link 3089:2011 3007:2013 2967:2024 2759:2024 2702:link 2688:2007 2535:2008 2232:2007 2096:2007 2026:link 2012:2007 1975:2021 1915:2007 1900:CELA 1711:2022 1572:and 1547:and 1403:Wind 1362:856 1359:786 1342:305 1243:CERI 1163:and 1067:and 946:Coal 867:The 838:The 820:The 801:The 606:and 439:IPSP 400:100 397:107 386:0.2 372:1.3 366:395 68:The 3824:. 3780:doi 3602:. 3585:. 2898:. 2275:. 1356:70 1218:). 1175:(NO 380:70 355:22 327:68 3944:: 3889:^ 3875:. 3850:. 3820:. 3778:. 3768:24 3766:. 3762:. 3709:^ 3685:^ 3652:^ 3618:^ 3537:^ 3502:^ 3488:. 3358:. 3328:. 3306:. 3208:. 3195:^ 3135:^ 3099:}} 3095:{{ 3073:. 3049:. 2958:. 2847:. 2750:. 2718:. 2698:}} 2694:{{ 2608:^ 2432:^ 2321:^ 2207:^ 2115:. 2104:^ 2060:^ 2022:}} 2018:{{ 1991:. 1966:. 1898:. 1883:^ 1814:. 1790:^ 1701:. 1559:. 1472:, 1455:CO 938:, 920:, 875:. 495:. 473:. 383:4 369:4 341:4 313:5 3782:: 3774:: 3571:. 3531:. 3474:. 3442:. 3426:. 3400:. 3374:. 3344:. 3224:. 3105:) 3091:. 3009:. 2969:. 2761:. 2736:. 2722:. 2704:) 2690:. 2537:. 2393:S 2384:. 2358:. 2332:. 2234:. 2098:. 2051:O 2028:) 2014:. 1977:. 1917:. 1818:. 1724:3 1713:. 1457:2 1177:x 1159:( 1157:x 1110:) 1003:X 995:2 980:2 976:x 972:2 257:) 253:( 247:. 59:) 55:( 49:. 20:)

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