Feed-in tariff - Knowledge

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2013 the following tariffs per kWh were applied: biomass – UAH 1.3446 (EUR 0.13), wind – UAH 1.2277 (EUR 0.12), small hydro – UAH 0.8418 (EUR 0.08), solar – UAH 5.0509 (EUR 0.48). In case of significant fluctuations of the national currency against Euro the feed-in tariff adjusts. As of 2018 solar €0.18-¢/kWh. In 2020, the Ukrainian government, making an U-turn, stated that under the current circumstances the green tariff had become financially challenging to maintain and commenced negotiations with renewable energy producers on possible decreases of the green tariff. Upon the announcement of the Ukrainian government, several foreign investors threatened that they would initiate investment treaty claims under the Energy Charter Treaty leading to mediation proceedings and the signing of 10 June 2020 Memorandum of Understanding. Nevertheless, on 21 July 2020, the Parliament of Ukraine passed the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine on Improving the Conditions for Supporting the Production of Electricity from Alternative Energy Sources" which might have a negative impact on investors in the renewables energy sector and increases the chances of claims under the Energy Charter Treaty against the State.

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institutions using less than 200 KW at a rate of 4% and 8% for 200–500KW. The government is preparing a law that would allow for state-owned lands to be made available for new energy production projects under a usufruct system in exchange for 2% of the energy produced. The electricity companies would be obligated to purchase and transport the energy. The new tariff system also included a reduction in customs on new and renewable energy production supplies by 2% while the proportion of bank financing has been set at 40–60%. The government hoped for new and renewable energy to account for 20% Egypt's total energy mix by 2020.

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incentive each year. The aggregate cap was divided, based on 2008 retail sales revenue. PGE had a cap of 14.9 MW, Pacific Power 9.8 MW, and Idaho Power 0.4 MW. Idaho Power's program was limited to residential installations. Rates differed by system size and geographic zone. Small- and medium-scale systems participated in a program modeled after net metering. Larger-scale systems were competitively bid. Participating PV systems must be grid-connected, metered and meet all applicable codes and regulations. Systems must be "permanently installed".

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USD-denominated feed-in-tariffs for renewable energy. Thus, as in some other countries, the wholesale price of renewable electricity is much less volatile in local currency than the price of fossil fuelled electricity. Another notable aspect of the Turkish renewable energy subsidization program is the strong emphasis on local content, as was the case with additional YEKDEM payments to investments with a degree of locally-manufactured equipment utilization. This local content bonus is awarded for 5 years.

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install the system to receive the higher rate. Ontario's FiT program includes a tariff schedule for larger projects up to and including 10 MW solar farms at a reduced rate. As of April 2010, several hundred projects have been approved, including 184 large scale projects, worth $ 8 billion. By April 2012, 12,000 systems had been installed and the rate decreased to 54.9¢/kWh, for applications received after 1 September 2011. The price schedule as 2013 revised solar prices down to 28–38¢/kWh.

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about 1 US cent per kWh). Additional per-kWh subsidies were provided for projects that offset diesel use in remote areas. As of 2010 March 1364 MW of private sector renewable energy was online with an additional 4104 MW in the pipeline with signed PPAs. Biomass made up the bulk of this capacity: 1292 MW (online) and 2119 MW (PPA only). Solar electricity was second but growing more rapidly, with 78 MW online and signed PPAs for an additional 1759 MW.

1165:" (StrEG), or "Law on Feeding Electricity into the Grid". The StrEG required utilities to purchase electricity generated from renewable energy suppliers at a percentage of the prevailing retail price of electricity. The percentage offered for solar and wind power was set at 90% of the residential electricity price, while other technologies such as hydro power and biomass sources were offered at percentages ranging from 65% to 80%. A project cap of 5 MW was included. 7281: 3250:

commercial systems were paid for the amount of electricity generated, up to the amount of electricity consumed. In essence, customers were paid for the amount of utility electric load consumption that is offset by onsite generation. Unlike typical feed-in tariffs, customers can consume the electricity generated on-site and receive a production incentive – or a volumetric incentive payment – for the amount of electricity generated and consumed. To remove a

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diverse types of energy, at several tens of millions euros. The wind budget for wind was hardly used, because the tariffs are too low. The 2009 budget for Wind on Land was 900 MW (including unused 400 MW from 2008); only 2.5 MW was used. Dutch utilities have no obligation to buy energy from windparks. The tariffs change annually. This created uncertain investment conditions. The subsidy system was introduced in 2008. The previous 2003 subsidy scheme

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original Feed-in tariff with a less generous transitional Feed-in tariff of 25 cents per kilowatt-hour for any power generated excess to the generator's usage, pending the outcome of an inquiry by the Victorian Competition and Efficiency Commission. This does not meet the normal definition and has been referred to as a "fake feed-in tariff". It is net metering with a payment for any kilowatt credit instead of the normal rollover.

2918: 36: 201: 1322:, and biomass generation are lower cost than grid electricity. Parity has been achieved in areas that use feed-in tariffs. For example, generation cost from landfill gas systems in Germany are currently lower than the average electricity spot market price. In remote areas, electricity from solar photovoltaics can be cheaper than building new distribution lines to connect to the transmission grid. 1657:

increases to 0.973 EGP/KWh. Larger non-residential installations, ranging from 500 kilowatts to 20 megawatts, are paid in USD at a rate of US$ 0.136/KWh (with 15% of the tariff linked to an exchange rate of 7.15 EGP per USD). The highest category, spanning 20 to 50 MW, pays US$ 0.1434/KWh. Wind power tariffs vary based on operating hours, ranging from US$ 0.1148/KWh to US$ 0.046/KWh.

1122:. Different interpretations of PURPA prevailed in the 1980s: some utilities and state utility commissions interpreted avoided costs narrowly to mean avoided fuel costs, while others chose to define "avoided costs" as the "avoided long-run marginal cost" of generation. The long-run costs referred to the anticipated cost of electricity in the years ahead. This last approach was adopted by 1232:"The compensation rates ... have been determined by means of scientific studies, subject to the proviso that the rates identified should make it possible for an installation – when managed efficiently – to be operated cost-effectively, based on the use of state-of-the-art technology and depending on the renewable energy sources naturally available in a given geographical environment." 3268:

were 24¢/kWh for solar, which was increased to 27.1¢/kWh in March 2012, and 11.8¢/kWh for wind over 100 kW and 25.3¢/kWh for wind turbines up to 100 kW. Other qualifying technologies included methane, hydro and biomass. Vermont's SPEED program called for 20% renewable energy by 2017 and 75% by 2032. The program was fully subscribed in 2012. Payments are for 25 years.

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investment will enable South Africa to overcome its current energy crisis. It will also help many South African communities to invest in wind farms and generate electricity, new jobs and new income. We are especially pleased as this decision comes shortly after the first North American feed-in law has been proposed by the Government of the Canadian Province of Ontario".

113: 3043:, Florida, approved the nation's first solar feed-in tariff. The program was capped at 4 MW per year. As of 2011, Gainesville had increased solar-generated electricity from 328 kW to 7,391 kW, approximately 1.2% of peak load energy (610 MW). The program was suspended in 2014 after more than 18 MW of capacity had been installed. 2162:(Ministerial regulation for environmental electricity production) which was funded by charging 100 euro per household annually on top of energy taxes stopped in 2006 because it was seen as too expensive. In 2009, Dutch wind parks were still being built with grants from the old scheme. The old and new subsidy scheme was funded from the general budget. 1379:

per kWh of electricity produced by the market operator defined by Law 02-01 of 22 Dhu El Kaada 1422 corresponding to 5 February 2002 until the minimum contribution of solar energy represents 25% of all primary energy. For electricity generated from facilities using solar thermal systems solar-gas hybrid, the bonus is 200% of the price per kWh.

1993:. Indonesia has made a range of different FIT Regulations for different forms of renewable electricity generation, for example, geothermal energy and solar photovoltaic electricity generation. These regulations mandate the price that should be paid by PLN to the IPP in various different circumstances, provided that preconditions are met. 2196:

The highest feed-in tariff is for photovoltaics, starting at over €500 /MWh in 2003, and later decreasing to €300 /MWh; most of the other tariffs have steadily increased and stabilized at between 80 and €120 /MWh. The Portuguese policy was found to have positive impacts over the period 2000–2010, with a reduction in emissions of 7.2 MtCO

3242:(PUC) established rates and rules in May 2010. This program was offered by the three investor-owned utilities in Oregon and administered by the utilities. The PUC planned to periodically re-evaluate rates. Program costs were recoverable in utility rates and utility-owned systems were not eligible for the incentive. 1861:) was created with a lower tariff. The façade premium was abolished. In July 2010, the Renewable Energy Sources Act was again amended to reduce the tariffs by a further 16% in addition to the normal annual depreciation, as the prices for PV panels had dropped sharply in 2009. The contract duration is 20 years. 1033:, FITs pose challenges from a trade perspective, as their implementation in one country can impact the industries and policies of others. Ideally, these policy instruments would fall under a globally-coordinated body overseeing their implementation and regulation, which could be facilitated through the 3228:

and LIPA retains the SRECs. The 2012 NY legislature failed to pass legislation that would have opened a New York market for SRECs starting in 2013. Payment is 22.5¢/kWh, less than what LIPA paid for peak generation at various times. At an estimated avoided cost of $ 0.075/kWh, the program added about

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As of April 2012, 263,274 systems, totaling 1,152.835 MW, were receiving FiT payments. Of these, 260,041 were solar photovoltaic, totaling 1,057.344 MW. Payments are for 25 years. A typical photovoltaic system costing £7,500 pays for itself in 7 years 8 months, and generates £23,610 over 25

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In October 2011 DECC announced dramatic cuts of around 55% to tariff rates, with additional reductions for community or group schemes. The cuts were to be effective from 12 December 2011, with a consultation exercise to end on 23 December 2011. This was successfully challenged in the high court by an

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In 2006, the Thai government enacted a tariff paid on top of utility avoided costs, differentiated by technology type and generator size and guaranteed for 7–10 years. Solar received the highest amount, 8 baht/kWh (about US cents 27/kWh). Large biomass projects received the lowest at 0.3 baht/kWh (at

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deficit. FiT payments did not contribute significantly to that deficit. In 2008 the FiT was expected to result in 400 MW of solar being installed. However, it was so high that over 2600 MW was installed. Utilities in Spain reported that they had no way to pass on cost increases to consumers

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Under the Renewable Energy Act of 2008, the Philippine Energy Regulatory Commission can "(guarantee) fixed rate per kilowatt-hour – the FIT rates – for power producers harnessing renewable energy under the FIT system." In February 2015, the ERC agreed to give a FIT rate of P8.69 per kilowatt hour for

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Since it was very successful, the German policy (amended in 2004, 2009, and 2012) was often used as the benchmark against which other feed-in tariff policies were considered. Other countries followed the German approach as well. Long-term contracts are typically offered in a non-discriminatory manner

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The territory operated a net metering program that paid the energy fed back to the grid at the retail rate. The rate varied monthly around 23 cents per kilowatt. The program credited the provider's account each month rather than making actual payments. At the end of the fiscal year (June) any excess

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to increase electricity consumption to receive a greater payment, the system had to be appropriately sized to meet average electricity consumption. Rates were determined by the PUC based on annual system cost and annual energy output, differentiated by geographic zones. The cost estimates were based

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On 9 June 2011, DECC confirmed tariff cuts for solar PV systems above 50 KW after 1 August 2011. Many were disappointed with DECC's decision. It was believed that the total subsidies for solar PV industry were unchanged, but that tariffs for large systems would be cut to benefit smaller systems. The

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To cover the additional costs of producing electricity from renewables and for the costs of diversification, producers of electricity from renewables receive a bonus for each kWh produced, marketed or consumed. For electricity generated from solar or radiant heat only, the bonus is 300% of the price

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Increases in electricity rates occurred when the funding for the feed-in tariff scheme is provided by ratepayers via a surcharge in their electricity bills. In Germany, this approach to funding the feed-in tariff added 6.88 cEUR per kWh to the electricity rate for residential consumers in 2017.

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On 1 August 2014, a revised Renewable Energy Sources Act entered into force. Specific deployment corridors now stipulate the extent to which renewable energy is to be expanded in the future and the funding rates (feed-in tariffs) for new capacity will gradually no longer be set by the government but

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This notwithstanding, PURPA retains negative connotations in the U.S. electricity industry. When oil and gas prices plummeted in the late 1980s, the Standard Offer Contracts that were signed to encourage new renewable energy development seemed high by comparison. As a result, PURPA contracts came to

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In 2009 a "Feed-In" Tariff bill failed to pass. In June 2009 a pilot program was initiated, however, and was available for projects up to 10 MW in size. On 24 April 2013, the Maine Utility and Energy Committee was to consider a new bill: LD1085 "An Act to Establish the Renewable Energy Feed-in

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In 2010, Marin Energy Authority launched the first Community Choice Aggregate Feed-in Tariff program. The program was updated in November 2012, and now offers 20-year fixed-price contracts, with prices varying by energy source (peak, base-load, intermittent) and progress towards the current program

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Ukraine introduced the law 'On feed-in tariff' on 25 September 2008. The law guaranteed grid access for renewable energy producers (small hydro up to 10 MW, wind, biomass, photovoltaic, and geothermal). The tariffs for renewable power producers are set by the national regulator. As of February

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However, the tariff was abandoned before it began in favor of a competitive bidding process launched on 3 August 2011. Under this bidding process, the South African government planned to procure 3,750 MW of renewable energy: 1,850 MW of onshore wind, 1,450 MW of solar PV, 200 MW

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and to this day Portugal does not have any feed-in-tariffs, nor do they have these planned. As taxes are paid on top off each real-time kWh off electricity consumed (making +/-€0,24), but only the raw electricity price is paid upon feeding back (+/-€0,04), netting out kWh totals at years end is not

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Under the Portuguese energy policy, feed-in tariffs are offered to renewable sources (except large hydro) as well as micro distributed generation (e.g. solar PV, wind), waste and co-generation, and CHP generation from renewable and non-renewable sources, with the oldest tariffs dating back to 1998.

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Residential and Micro scale Solar, Wind, Hydro, and CHP receive no grant aid, no subsidy, and no tax deductions are available. No Feed-In tariffs are available for these customers and net-metering is similarly unavailable. Co-operative and privately shared electricity between separate properties is

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but was not enacted. By mid-2011, Feed-in tariff in NSW and ACT had been closed to new generators as the installed capacity cap had been reached. In NSW, both the Feed-in tariff and the cap were cut due to the overly generous original settings. The new conservative Victorian government replaced the

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on the expected long-run cost of generation. The long-run estimates of electricity costs were based on the belief (widely held at the time) that oil and gas prices would continue to increase. This led to an escalating schedule of fixed purchase prices, designed to reflect the long-run avoided costs

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technologies by offering long-term contracts to renewable energy producers. This means promising renewable energy producers an above-market price and providing price certainty and long-term contracts that help finance renewable energy investments. Typically, FITs award different prices to different

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Vermont adopted feed-in tariffs on 27 May 2009 as part of the Vermont Energy Act of 2009. Generators must possess a capacity of no more than 2.2 MW, and participation is limited to 50 MW in 2012, a limit that increased by 5 to 10 MW/year to a total of 127.5 MW in 2022. Payments

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The pilot program installation cap was limited to an aggregate cap of 25 megawatts (MW) of solar photovoltaics (PV), with a maximum system size cap of 500 kilowatts (kW). The aggregate program cap was to be spread equally over four years, with 6.25 MW of capacity being eligible to receive the

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island. The commission's decision capped the total amount of feed-in tariff projects brought onto the electricity grid at 5% of the system peak on Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii Island for the first two years. Tier 3 was still pending a Decision and Order based on the findings of the Reliability Standards

3059:(HECO & MECO & HELCO) to pay above-market prices for renewable energy fed into the electric grid. The policy offers projects a set price and standard 20-year contract. The PUC planned to review the initial feed-in tariff two years after the program started and every three years thereafter. 3019:

Municipal utility companies enacted feed in tariff pilot programs in Palo Alto and Los Angeles: Palo Alto CLEAN (Clean Local Energy Accessible Now) is a program to purchase up to 4MW of electricity generated by solar electric systems located in CPAU's service territory. In 2012 the minimum project

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and HomeSun. The judgment, made by Mr Justice Mitting after a two-day court hearing, was hailed as a major victory by green campaigners and the solar industry. Lawyers for the Department of Energy and Climate Change immediately moved to appeal the ruling. The appeal was unanimously rejected by the

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Stefan Gsänger, Secretary General of the World Wind Energy Association said, "South Africa is the first African country to introduce a feed-in tariff for wind energy. Many small and big investors will now be able to contribute to the take-off of the wind industry in the country. Such decentralised

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Statutory provisions of a Member State which, first, require private electricity supply undertakings to purchase electricity produced in their area of supply from renewable energy sources at minimum prices higher than the real economic value of that type of electricity, and, second, distribute the

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On 20 September 2014, the Ministry of Electricity announced the new feed-in tariff (FIT) pricing for electricity generated from new and renewable energy sources for households and private sector companies. The FIT would be applied in two phases, the official date for applying the first phase as 27

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The feed-in tariff provides bonuses for electricity generated by cogeneration of 160%, taking into account thermal energy use of 20% of all primary energy used. The bonuses for solar-generated electricity and cogeneration are cumulative. Remuneration of the generated electricity is guaranteed over

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to the price required to reach the government's optimal production level. Firms with lower marginal costs are offered lower prices, while those with higher marginal costs are subjected to higher tariff prices. This policy aims to decrease the profitability of certain production sites and promote a

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7.50 (US$ 0.125)/kWh and is mostly applicable at the utility level. The feed-in tariff for rooftop PV plants is still not applicable. Many electricity retailers (but not all) have introduced a feed-in tariff. A feed-in tariff pays the solar PV system owner for excess electricity generated and not

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In the subsequent phase, the solar generation categories were reduced to four. The residential tariff increased to 1.0288 EGP/KWh. Non-residential installations under 500 KW pay 1.0858 EGP/KWh. For installations between 500 KW and 20 MW, the rate is US$ 0.0788/KWh, and for those between

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occurs when the cost of an alternative technology for electricity production matches the existing average for the area. Parity can vary both in time (i.e., during the course of the day and over the course of years) and in space (i.e., geographically). The price of electricity from the grid varies

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Systems sized 100 kW or less could participate based on net metering. Generating capacity of 20 MW of the aggregate cap was reserved for the net metering portion, with 12 MW available for residential and 8 MW available for small commercial systems. These residential and small

3031:(CSI) rebate the customer was not allowed to install a system that deliberately over-produces thereby, encouraging efficiency measures to be installed after solar installation. This overproduction credit was not available to certain municipal utility customers namely Los Angeles Water and Power. 2155:

The Dutch Cabinet agreed on 27 March 2009 to implement some parts of a feed-in tariff in response to the global financial crisis. The proposed regulation may adjust the quota incentive system. As of the summer of 2009, The Netherlands operated a subsidy system. The subsidy budget has a quota for

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introduced a feed-in tariff in 2006, revised in 2009 and 2010, increasing from 42¢/kWh to 80.2¢/kWh for micro-scale (≤10 kW) grid-tied photovoltaic projects, and decreasing to 64.2¢/kWh for applications received after 2 July 2010. Applications received prior to then had until 31 May 2011 to

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Feed-in tariff policies typically target a 5–10% return. The success of photovoltaics in Germany resulted in a drop in electricity prices of up to 40% during peak output times, with savings between €520 million and €840 million for consumers. Savings for consumers have meant conversely

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Tier 2 and 3 project size caps varied by island and by technology. Tier 2 includes larger systems that are less than or equal to: 100 kW-AC for on-shore wind and in-line hydropower on all islands; 100 kW-AC for PV and CSP on Lanai and Molokai; 250 kW-AC for PV on Maui and Hawaii;

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While high by appearance, CRF has had little effect, as the total amount of "extra" cost to the system was capped. Since about 2009, no more projects could be financed. About 15'000 projects awaited allocation of monies. If all those projects were implemented, Switzerland could mothball all its

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per MWh are: wind and solar 320, hydro 400, geothermal 540, and various rates for different types of biomass: for all these there is also a bonus of 80 per MWh if local components are used. Tariffs apply for 10 years. Rates are determined by the presidency, and the scheme replaced the previous

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The government would purchase the electricity generated by investors, taking inflation into account, while consumption is to be paid in local currency and depreciation rates reviewed after two years. The Ministry of Finance will provide concessional subsidized bank financing for households and

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In the initial phase, the energy tariff is structured across five categories. Residential solar generation is priced at EGP 0.848 per kilowatt-hour (KWh), while non-residential installations of less than 200 kilowatts pay EGP 0.901/KWh. For installations between 200 and 500 kilowatts, the rate

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China has implemented a tariff system for new onshore wind power plants aimed at supporting struggling project operators and ensuring profitability. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the country's economic planning agency, introduced four tariff categories for onshore wind

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Tariff rates for PV electricity vary depending on system size and location. In 2009, tariffs were raised for electricity immediately consumed rather than supplied to the grid with increasing returns if more than 30% of overall production is consumed on-site. This is to incentivize demand-side

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Certificate prices fluctuate based on overall energy demand and competition among renewable producers. If the amount of renewable energy produced exceeds the required amount, certificate prices may crash, like with carbon trading in Europe. This can damage the economic viability of renewable

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de Jager, D., Rathmann, M. (2008). Policy Instrument Design to Reduce Financing Costs in Renewable Energy Technology Projects. Work performed by ECOFYS, Ultrecht, The Netherlands. Paris, France: International Energy Agency – Renewable Energy Technology Deployment. Retrieved 9 March 2009 at:

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now threatens to overturn feed-in tariff schemes throughout the European Union. The draft energy chapter of the TTIP, leaked to The Guardian in July 2016, mandates that operators of energy networks grant access to gas and electricity "on commercial terms that are reasonable, transparent and

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of new electrical generation. By 1992, private power producers had installed approximately 1,700 MW of wind capacity in California, some of which is still in service today. The adoption of PURPA also led to significant renewable energy generation in other states such as Florida and Maine.

1850:. As of May 2008, the cost of the program added about €1.01 (US$ 1.69) to each monthly residential electric bill. In 2012 the costs rose to €0.03592/kWh. Nonetheless, for the first time in more than ten years, electricity prices for household customers fell at the beginning of 2015. 2200:

eq, an increase in GDP of €1.557 billion, and a creation of 160 thousand job-years. Long-term impacts are yet to be evaluated as tariffs have not yet expired for the earliest installations. In 2012 the government stopped all feed-in-tariffs for new installations by passing law

3259:. The actual rates paid to the customer-generator were the volumetric incentive rate minus the retail rate. The volumetric incentive rates were to be re-evaluated every six months. The rates for the performance-based incentive program ranged from $ 0.25/kWh to $ 0.411/kWh. 1746:

The administrative procedure for ground-mounted PV systems was significantly modified in late 2009. The distinction between segments was essentially based on capacity, which determines the complexity of the administrative process. A call for tenders for PV projects above

2251:) announced 31 March 2009 a system of feed-in tariffs designed to produce 10 TWh of electricity per year by 2013. The tariffs were substantially higher than those in NERSA's original proposal. The tariffs, differentiated by technology, were to be paid for 20 years. 3277:

was paid at a fixed 10 cents per KW of which 25% was retained for public schools. To participate in the program insurance and means for disconnecting the system accessible outside of the building and specific brands of equipment dictated by the government were required.

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In June 2009, Oregon established a pilot solar volumetric incentive rate and payment program. Under this incentive program, systems are paid for the kilowatt-hours (kWh) generated over a 15-year period, at a rate set at the time a system is enrolled in the program. The

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CRF applies to hydropower (up to 10 megawatts), photovoltaics, wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass and waste material from biomass and will be applicable for 20 and 25 years, depending on the technology. The implementation is done through the national grid operator

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Within PURPA was a provision that required utilities to purchase electricity generated from qualifying independent power producers at rates not to exceed their avoided cost. Avoided costs were designed to reflect the cost that a utility would incur to provide that same

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The second objective of the differentiated tariff policy is to decrease the overall cost of the program. Under a uniform tariff system, all producers receive the same price, which can exceed the price necessary to incentivize production, resulting in surplus

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The tariffs are set at 0.51 yuan (US$ 0.075, GBP 0.05), 0.54 yuan, 0.58 yuan, and 0.61 yuan per kilowatt-hour. These rates represent a significant premium compared to the average rate of 0.34 yuan per kilowatt-hour paid to coal-fired electricity generators.

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introduced a tariff with law no. 180/2005 in 2005. The tariff is guaranteed for 15–30 years (depending on source). Supported sources are small hydropower (up to 10 MW), biomass, biogas, wind, and photovoltaics. As of 2010, the highest tariff was 12.25

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The compensation rates have been determined by means of scientific studies, subject to the provision that the rates identified should make it possible for an installation – when managed efficiently – to be operated cost-effectively, based on the use of

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REFIT III supports the medium and large-scale production of Electricity from bioenergy sources such as Biomass, Biomass CHP, and Anaerobic Digestion CHP. The REFIT scheme is administered by the Department of Communications Energy and Natural Resources

1172:, it proved relatively effective at encouraging lower-cost technologies like wind, leading to the deployment of 4,400 MW of new wind capacity between 1991 and 1999, which represented approximately one-third of total global wind capacity by 1999. 2293:), for photovoltaic installations, and Royal decree 661/2007 for other renewable technologies injecting electricity to the public grid. Originally under the 661/2007, photovoltaic tariffs were developed under a separate law due to its rapid growth. 1266:

with a utility, but the feed-in tariff is state-administered, so the term "feed-in tariff" (German "Einspeisetarif") is usually used. Since around 2012, other types of contracts became more usual, because PPAs were supported and for small-scale

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submit an application for consultation and grid connection to the electricity utility that will purchase power from the relevant renewable energy project (i.e. the utility that operates in the geographical area in which the project is based);

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On 27 January 2012 the Spanish government temporarily stopped accepting applications for projects beginning operation after January 2013. Construction and operation of existing projects was not affected. The country's electrical system had a

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Quota systems favor large, vertically integrated generators and multinational electric utilities because certificates are generally denominated in units of one megawatt-hour. They are also more difficult to design and implement than an FIT.

1345:(AUS) to meet this requirement. These certificates are issued to renewable energy producers based on the amount of energy they feed into the grid. Selling the certificates is another way for renewable producers to supplement their revenues. 5922: 1977:), encouraged independent power producers (IPPs) to invest in the electric power sector. Numerous IPPs are investing in large plants (over 500 MW) and many smaller plants (such as 200 MW and smaller). To support this investment, 1854:

management and help develop solutions to the intermittency of solar power. Tariff duration is usually 20 calendar years plus the year of installation. Systems receive the tariff in effect at the time of installation for the entire period.

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An FiT of ¥42 (US$ 0.525) per kWh for 10 years for systems less than 10 kW, and ¥40 (US$ 0.50) for larger systems, but for 20 years, began on 1 July 2012. The rate was to be reviewed annually, for subsequently connected systems.

2013:/kWh (US$ 0.15). The government-set conditions are getting better and there are high feed-in tariffs . FiTs were recently raised and are now set at a reasonable US$ 0.18 per kWh for wind. The FiTs for solar panels (below 10 MW 1701:

financial burden resulting from that obligation between those electricity supply undertakings and upstream private electricity network operators do not constitute State aid within the meaning of Article 92(1) of the EC Treaty.

1934:(JNNSM) was officially announced by Prime Minister of India on 12 January. This program aimed to install 20 GW of solar power by 2022. The first phase of this program targeted 1,000 MW, by paying a tariff fixed by the 2779:

installations (greater than 50 kW) would be cut. This was in response to European speculators lining up to establish huge solar farms in the West Country that would have absorbed disproportionate amounts of the fund.

1213:). The title is an act on granting priority to renewable energy sources. In its new form, the act proved to be a highly effective policy framework for accelerating the deployment of renewables. Important changes included: 3224:(LIPA) adopted a feed-in tariff on 16 July 2012, for systems from 50 kW (AC) to 20 MW (AC), and was limited to 50 MW (AC). As customers cannot use their own electricity, it is actually a 20-year fixed rate 989:

concluded that "well-adapted feed-in tariff regimes are generally the most efficient and effective support schemes for promoting renewable electricity." This conclusion was supported by other analyses, including by the

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Evaluation phase. Compliant bids are then evaluated based on: (1) price relative to a ceiling provided in bid documentation, accounting for 70% of the decision, and (2) economic development, accounting for 30% of the

6756: 1076:(PPA) – pays for the generation of electricity and is normally below the retail rate. Although, in the case of solar, it can be higher in some countries because solar would be generated in times of peak demand. 3888:

European Renewable Energy Federation (EREF 2007). Prices for Renewable Energies in Europe for 2006⁄2007: Feed-in tariffs versus Quota Systems – a comparison. Doerte Fouquet, editor, Brussels, Belgium, available at

1315:. In areas with time-of-day pricing, rates vary over the course of the day, rising during high-demand hours (e.g., 11 AM – 8 PM) and declining during low-demand hours (e.g., 8 PM – 11 AM). 1958:. Application to the electricity retailer and agreement about payment for each kWh exported - must be made. Electricity retailers may change tariffs and there are advantages/disadvantages for different retailers. 1640:/kWh for small photovoltaic. In 2010, over 1200 MW of photovoltaics were installed, but at the end of the year, the FiT was eliminated for larger systems and reduced by 50% for smaller systems. In 2011, no 3941: 4129:

Germany, Stromeinspeisungsgesetz (StrEG) (1990). Germany's Act on Feeding Renewable Energies into the Grid of 7 December 1990," Federal Law Gazette I p.2663, unofficial translation. Retrieved 9 July 2009 at:

2041:

Homeowners with grid-connected micro-generation systems are charged a €9.45 per billing cycle "low-usage surcharge" for importing less than 2kWh per day or being a net exporter of energy in a billing period.

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will be determined by auction; starting with ground-mounted solar plant. This represented a major change in policy and will be further extended as of 2017 with tender processes for onshore and offshore wind.

2254:

NERSA said in its release that the tariffs were based on the cost of generation plus a reasonable profit. The tariffs for wind energy and concentrating solar power were among the most attractive worldwide.

1070: – allows producers to consume electricity from the grid, e.g., when the wind stops. Credits typically roll over to future periods. Payments (to the utility or the consumer) depend on net consumption. 3026:

As of 1 January 2010 state laws allowed homeowners to sell excess power to the utility. Previously the homeowner would get no credit for over-production over the course of the year. In order to get the

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Feed-in tariff laws were in place in 46 jurisdictions globally by 2007. Information about solar tariffs may be found in a consolidated form, however not all of the countries are listed in this source.

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As of March 2012, the KEV-FIT for Solar PV had been lowered several times to CHF 0.30–0.40/kWh (US$ 0.33–0.44/kWh) depending on size, but was higher than in Germany and most of the rest of the world.

1333:(RPS) and subsidies create protected markets for renewable energy. RPS requires utilities to obtain a minimum percentage of their energy from renewable sources. In some states, utilities can purchase 1291:, the practice of using higher-cost fossil fuel facilities only when demand exceeds the capacity of lower-cost facilities. This has led to electricity price reductions in Spain, Denmark, and Germany. 5583: 5454: 5914: 2273:

Qualification phase. Projects are assessed based on structure of the project, legal, land acquisition and use, financial, environmental consent, technical, economic development and bid guarantee.

6303:

EPPO (2010). "สถานภาพการรับซื้อไฟฟ้าจาก VSPP จำแนกตามประเภทเชื้อเพลิง (ณ วันที่24 มีนาคม 2553) (Electricity purchased from VSPP by fuel type as of 24 March 2010)." Retrieved 30 May 2010, from

1145:

Another source of opposition to PURPA stemmed from the fact that it was designed to encourage non-utility generation. This was interpreted as a threat by many large utilities, particularly by

4899: 2009:/kWh (900 Rial/kWh for 4 night-time hours) was set for electricity from all types of renewable resources. In 2013 the Ministry of Energy introduced new feed-in tariffs, which was set at 4442 4843: 1356:

Mandating dynamic tariffs for customer-initiated meter upgrades (including for distributed energy uptake) may be a more cost-effective way to accelerate the development of renewable energy.

2281:

The first round of bids was due on 4 November 2011. PPAs were expected to be in place by June 2012. Projects should be commissioned by June 2014, except CSP projects expected by June 2015.

1026:. A differentiated tariff seeks to provide each producer with the necessary incentives to maintain production, aiming to achieve the optimal market quantity of renewable energy production. 2038:

until December 2014, when it was withdrawn without replacement. Income from this feed-in tariff was subject to income tax at up to 58%. No other Micro-scale Feed-In tariffs are available.

1961:

There is also a solar supporting group called Solar Citizens which lobby for a fair feed-in tariff deal. LG solar installers may be aware of the most solar-friendly electricity retailers.

1857:

The feed-in tariff, in force since 1 August 2004, was modified in 2008. In view of the unexpectedly high growth rates, the depreciation was accelerated and a new category (>1000 kW

2269:

of CSP, 75 MW of small hydro, 25 MW of landfill gas, 12.5 MW of biogas, 12.5 MW of biomass and 100 MW of small projects. The bidding process comprised two steps:

1445:

The price of electricity is fixed by the CREG (Gas and Electricity Regulatory Commission). According to the last decision that was made, the consumer pays for their electricity as below:

2300:

Building Integrated installations; with 34c€/kWh in systems up to 20 kW of nominal power, and for systems above 20 kW with a limit of nominal power of 2MW tariff of 31c€/kWh.

5630: 4459:

Sensfuss, F., Ragwitz, M., Genoese, M. (2008). "The merit-order effect: A detailed analysis of the price effect of renewable electricity generation on spot market prices in Germany".

4269: 2017:) has been decreased by 27% from 4/2016. It is now 4900 Rls/kWh= $ 0.14/kWh. In 2016, Governments modified the tariff and differentiate tariff for each type of renewable technology. 1228:

to all renewable energy producers. Because purchase prices are based on costs, efficiently operated projects yield a reasonable rate of return. This principle was stated in the act:

1126:

in its Standard Offer Contract No. 4. Another provision included in the PURPA law was that utilities were prevented from owning more than 50% of projects, to encourage new entrants.

2030:). The scheme was put in place following extensive lobbying by industrial representative bodies such as the Irish BioEnergy Association and the Micro Energy Generation Association. 4758: 2147:

Projects that complete the above steps by 31 March 2014 will be eligible to enter into a 20-year PPA with the relevant electricity utility at a price of 37.8 yen/kWh for 20 years.

1954:

Under a gross feed-in tariff (now not offered for new connections) every unit of electricity generated is exported to the grid (power lines) with reimbursement to the owner of the

4518:

de Miera, G. S.; González P. del Río, Vizcaíno, I. (2008). "Analysing the impact of renewable electricity support schemes on power prices: The case of wind electricity in Spain".

2407:

In 2011, after Fukushima, some local power companies, mostly owned by villages and cantons/provinces, selectively started offering their own tariff, thereby creating a mini-boom.

978:

may differ by technology, location, size, and region and is typically designed to decline over time to track and encourage technological change. FITs typically offer a guaranteed

4022:

Farah, Paolo Davide; Cima, Elena (2015). "World Trade Organization, Renewable Energy Subsidies and the Case of Feed-In Tariffs: Time for Reform Toward Sustainable Development?".

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acquire firm rights to a project site (by either purchasing land, entering into a lease or obtaining a firm written commitment from a landowner to make a project site available);

1014:

more widespread distribution of generators. However, it may result in less cost-effective production of renewable electricity as the most efficient sites might be underutilized.

3020:

size was 100 kW. Rates of purchase are between 12.360 ¢/kWh to 14.003 ¢/kWh depending on the length of the contract. The city began accepting applications on 2 April 2012.

2800:

The 30.7 p/kWh rate was available for solar systems up to 5 MW, and consequently no larger systems were built. Feed-In-Tariff Payments are Tax-Free in the United Kingdom.

5158: 6763: 6941: 1620:

projects, categorized by region. Areas with more favorable wind resources will have lower tariffs, while regions with lower output will benefit from more generous tariffs.

4372: 3696: 2237: 5836: 5124: 3424: 6781: 1938:(CERC) of India. While in spirit this is a feed-in tariff, several conditions affect project size and commissioning date. The tariff for solar PV projects is fixed at 7015: 6809: 5823: 5781: 4231:

Jacobsson, Staffan; Lauber, Volkmar (2006). "The politics and policy of energy system transformation—explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology".

3938: 2027: 4826: 6160: 2928: 7065: 6875: 6017:

Amorim, F.; Vasconcelos, J.; Abreu, I. C.; Silva, P. P.; Martins, V. (2013-02-01). "How much room for a competitive electricity generation market in Portugal?".

5893: 5763: 5008: 6213: 6527: 6344: 6140: 3489: 3780: 3759: 6408: 5587: 1149:

suppliers. As a result of its encouragement of non-utility generation, PURPA has also been interpreted as an important step toward increasing competition.

5915:"Amendments In The Law On Utilization Of Renewable Energy Sources For The Purpose Of Generating Electrical Energy - Energy and Natural Resources - Turkey" 3023:

On 17 April 2012, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power's Board of Water and Power Commissioners approved a 10 MW FiT Demonstration Program.

6959: 5663: 4187:

Munksgaard, J. and Morthorst, P. E. (2008). "Wind power in the Danish liberalized power market – Policy measures, price impact and investor incentives".

3384: 6431: 4969: 2760:

In October 2008 the United Kingdom announced that Britain would implement a scheme by 2010, in addition to its current renewable energy quota scheme (

5392: 1985:

which began operations in late 2012 to higher prices for smaller geothermal plants producing more expensive power from distant locations such as the

844: 2143:

obtain approval for their generation facility from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry ("METI") under Article 6 of the Renewable Energy Law.

5326: 4850: 4717: 4545: 4504: 4214: 4008: 3565: 2116:

Italy introduced a feed-in tariff in February 2007. By 2011 Italy installed 7128 MW, behind only Germany (7500 MW), and reduced the FiT.

2002: 6191: 6128: 6294:

Amranand, P. (2008) Alternative energy, cogeneration and distributed generation: crucial strategy for sustainability of Thailand's energy sector.

2440: 6857: 6612: 5680: 5107: 1751:

was launched on 15 September 2011. The projects were to be analyzed on multiple criteria, including the tariff rate requested by the applicant.

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The tariff for concentrating solar, 2.10 ZAR/kWh, was less than that in Spain. NERSA's revised program followed extensive public consultation.

1712: 5746: 5137: 5716: 6262: 6104: 5637: 4278: 7805: 6237: 4602: 1506:

offers only local feed-in tariff schemes. A uniform federal scheme to supersede all State schemes was proposed by Tasmanian Greens Senator

1334: 6305: 5552: 2258:

The tariff for wind energy, 1.25 ZAR/kWh (€0.104/kWh) was greater than that offered in Germany and more than proposed in Ontario, Canada.

1217:

purchase prices were based on generation costs – this led to different prices for different technologies and for projects of varying sizes

6391:"Is the Tariff Greener on the Other Side? - An Analysis of the Ukrainian Green Tariff Changes and the Threat of Investment Treaty Claims" 5352: 4766: 3203:

500 kW-AC for CSP on Maui and Hawaii; and 500 kW-AC for PV and CSP on Oahu. Tier 3 covers systems larger than the Tier 2 caps.

2943: 6984: 4907: 4049: 6820: 6330: 5377: 5242: 5043: 4157:

del Río Gonzalez, P. (2008). "Ten Years of Renewable Electricity Policies in Spain: An Analysis of Successive Feed-in Tariff Reforms".

4083:

Hirsh, R. F. (1999). " PURPA: The Spur to Competition and Utility Restructuring," The Electricity Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 7, pp. 60–72.

3875: 3811: 3600: 4950: 5165: 5056: 4939: 4920: 2248: 2084:

offered 10-year loans for the installation of solar panels. The National Infrastructures Ministry announced that it would expand the

1935: 6900: 4443: 4132: 1720:

non-discriminatory, including as between types of energy". This would open feed-in tariff schemes to commercial challenge including

886:

sources of renewable energy in order to encourage the development of one technology over another. For example, technologies such as

3538:

Couture, T., Gagnon, Y. (2010). "An analysis of feed-in tariff remuneration models: Implications for renewable energy investment".

4271:

Evaluation of different feed-in tariff design options: best practice paper for the International Feed-in Cooperation – 3rd edition

3778:

European Commission (COM), 2008. Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 57, 23 January 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008 at:

3506: 1981:(PPA) arrangements are agreed with the PLN. Prices vary widely from relatively low prices for large coal-based plants such as the 6945: 6548: 5225: 4111: 3844: 3704:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU). March 2000. Archived from 1931: 3705: 2234: 1255:

in 2012. The increase in the solar energy share in Germany also had the effect of closing gas and coal-fired generation plants.

5843: 4109:

The Debate over Fixed Price Incentives for Renewable Electricity in Europe and the United States: Fallout and Future Directions

3009: 1734:

stated: "These proposals are completely unacceptable. They would sabotage EU legislators' ability to privilege renewables and

1342: 1130: 1099: 6735: 6678: 6466: 5799: 5608: 5209: 3891: 2203: 898:. FITs often include a "digression": a gradual decrease of the price or tariff in order to follow and encourage technological 5993: 3916: 3829: 2991: 2755: 1986: 837: 7090: 4985: 7863: 7280: 7019: 6806: 5785: 4268:

Klein, Arne; Merkel, Erik; Pfluger, Benjamin; Held, Anne; Ragwitz, Mario; Resch, Gustav; Busch, Sebastian (December 2010).

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Switzerland introduced the so-called "Cost-covering remuneration for feed-in to the electricity grid (CRF)" on 1 May 2008.

2175: 4787: 7894: 7702: 6591: 5697: 5478: 5273: 5073: 4820: 4560: 2797:

Supreme Court, allowing anyone who installed their systems before 3 March 2012 to receive the higher rate of 43.3 p/kWh.

2064:

is limited to a total installation of 50 MW during 7 years, whichever is reached first, with a maximum of 15 kW

1835: 1721: 1338: 1196: 1162: 1064: – compensation is above retail and, as the percentage of adopters increases, the FIT is reduced to the retail rate. 952: 6167: 4419: 3732:

Lipp, Judith (2007). "Lessons for effective renewable electricity policy from Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom".

3649: 1661:

20 MW and 50 MW, it is US$ 0.084/KWh (with 30% of the tariff linked to an exchange rate of 8.88 EGP per USD).

7810: 7125: 6487: 5309: 3419: 3052: 758: 416: 7069: 6879: 5885: 5538: 4399:"Frequently Asked Questions on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation" 2422:. It applies to most of the renewable energy sources, namely solar, wind, hydraulic, geothermal, biomass, waste, etc. 7430: 5767: 5303: 5005: 4646:

Kildegaard, A. (2008). "Green Certificate Markets, the Risk of Over-Investment, and the Role of Longterm Contracts".

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possible and would cost the Portuguese dearly. Battery installations therefore make sense for Portuguese households.

1728: 1653:

October 2014 and the second phase to be applied two years after the first phase (which launched on 28 October 2016).

167: 149: 63: 5416: 4050:"Policy Options for Promoting Wind Energy Development in California: A Report to the Governor and State Legislature" 3760:

Evaluation of Different Feed-in Tariff Design Options: Best Practice Paper for the International Feed-in Cooperation

7904: 3485: 3239: 2444: 1946:

15.40 (US$ 0.342/kWh). The tariff will be reviewed periodically by the CERC. In 2015, the feed-in tariff was about

830: 184: 6714: 3787: 7593: 7518: 7389: 6836: 5951: 5507: 4303: 3303: 2947: 1201:

Germany's feed-in law underwent a major restructuring in 2000 to become the Renewable Energy Sources Act (2000) (

964:

technology and depending on the renewable energy sources naturally available in a given geographical environment.

131: 49: 5731: 4874: 1271:, direct use of power became more attractive when the feed-in tariff became lower than prices for power bought. 7884: 6351: 4398: 4327: 3307: 2222: 2100:

scheme caused solar company Sunday Solar Energy to announce that it would invest $ 133 million to install

587: 17: 6963: 5660: 5027: 7899: 7765: 7697: 7687: 7563: 7463: 7118: 6428: 4966: 3404: 612: 535: 311: 1613:

came into force in 2006 and brought about the first Feed-in tariff mechanism for renewable power in China.

7618: 7578: 7155: 7040: 4107:

Rickerson, W.; Grace, R.C. (March 2007). Washington, DC: Heinrich Boll Foundation. Retrieved 16 March 2009

1483: 1469: 1330: 786: 602: 5090: 1680:

However feed-in tariff schemes in Europe have been challenged under European law for constituting illegal

7845: 7840: 7558: 7533: 7523: 7499: 7494: 7200: 5453:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). November 2015. Archived from 4348: 3221: 3028: 2772: 1677:

does not operate or necessarily encourage feed-in tariff schemes as it is a matter for member countries.

991: 555: 540: 421: 123: 6920: 1175:

An additional challenge that StrEG addressed was the right to connect to the grid. The StrEG guaranteed

1090:

The first form of feed-in tariff (under another name) was implemented in the US in 1978 under President

7760: 7478: 7448: 7225: 5978:

Promotion of Green Electricity in Germany and Turkey: A Comparison with Reference to the WTO and EU Law

1823: 1223:

rates were designed to decline annually based on expected cost reductions, known as 'tariff digression'

525: 520: 505: 5713: 4672:

Hvelplund, F. (2005) "Renewable Energy: Political Prices or Political Quantities", in V. Lauber, ed.,

4374:

Making a success of the energy transition: on the road to a secure, clean and affordable energy supply

7815: 7304: 7265: 6861: 6616: 3056: 2101: 1982: 1970: 1693: 657: 550: 288: 6453: 6059:"Environmental, economic, and social impacts of feed-in tariffs: A Portuguese perspective 2000–2010" 5811: 4245: 2784:

fast-track review was based on the long-term plan to reach an annual installation of 1.9GW in 2020.

947:, etc.) to be developed and provides investors a reasonable return. This principle was explained in 7889: 7790: 7598: 7538: 7195: 5866: 5743: 3824:

International Energy Agency (IEA) (2008). Deploying Renewables: Principles for Effective Policies,

3414: 3225: 2129: 1978: 1263: 1259: 1073: 1050: 1034: 982:

for long periods (15–25 years) and give incentives to producers to maximize output and efficiency.

979: 728: 627: 560: 406: 396: 371: 326: 6506: 6266: 7729: 7719: 7709: 6991: 3374: 3366: 3296: 1725: 1696:(ECJ) ruled that the German arrangements did not constitute state aid. The court concluded that: 1365: 1002: 801: 652: 607: 592: 577: 572: 515: 438: 255: 225: 220: 192: 6241: 5973: 1382:

For contributions of solar energy below 25%, said bonus is paid under the following conditions:

7650: 7513: 7296: 7185: 6309: 5947: 5562: 4240: 3379: 3256: 2296:

The decree 1578/2008 categorized installations in two main groups with differentiated tariffs:

738: 642: 637: 632: 582: 443: 426: 5356: 4688:"Comparison of Feed-in Tariff, Quota and Auction Mechanisms to Support Wind Power Development" 4035: 2447:

to provide the following FiT for small-scale projects ranging from 0.5 MW to 20 MW.

7785: 7553: 7548: 7528: 4711: 4539: 4498: 4208: 4002: 3769:(Fraunhofer ISI) (October 2008). 2nd Edition. Berlin, Germany: BMU. Retrieved 1 November 2008 3559: 2051: 1951:

used personally. If all of the energy produced is used the electricity bill will be reduced.

1520: 1119: 928: 796: 743: 672: 411: 265: 6817: 5249: 7379: 7141: 6192:"Solar Power is Alive and Kicking in Spain, but Flawed Electric Power Act Needs Correcting" 4947: 3394: 3040: 2789: 1735: 1610: 1487: 791: 662: 401: 381: 366: 361: 6691: 4936: 4380:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). September 2015 3579: 8: 7750: 7583: 7483: 7458: 7411: 7220: 7210: 7175: 4900:"The Ontario Power Authority has merged with the Independent Electricity System Operator" 3439: 3000:

were considering adopting a FiT as a complement to their renewable electricity mandates.

1641: 1103: 1095: 986: 723: 667: 622: 391: 386: 55: 4092:

Guey Lee, L. (1999). Korean Energy Economics Institute (KEEI). Retrieved 19 August 2009

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To comply with PURPA, some states began offering Standard Offer Contracts to producers.

931:

generators are paid a cost-based price for the renewable electricity they supply to the

90:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7624: 7235: 6454:

New Feed-in Tariff levels for large-scale solar and anaerobic digestion announced today

4948:

Feed-in Tariffs in America: Driving the Economy with Renewable Energy Policy that Works

4731:

Lauber, Volkmar (2004). "REFIT and RPS: Options for a harmonised Community framework".

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over unsustainable fossil fuels. This is an attempt to undermine democracy in Europe."

1503: 1258:

Often all power produced is fed to the grid, which makes the system work rather like a

1023: 763: 748: 647: 617: 597: 6552: 4744: 4687: 4108: 4056: 3851: 7775: 7655: 7260: 6324: 5989: 5371: 5189: 4136: 4031: 3869: 3825: 3805: 3671: 3389: 2303:

Non integrated installations; 32c€/kWh for systems up to 10 MW of nominal power.

1499: 718: 707: 530: 458: 250: 245: 6281: 4490: 4093: 2165:

A feed-in tariff was briefly adopted in 2011, but ended a month later, in February.

7724: 7665: 7369: 7364: 7341: 7250: 7190: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6058: 6034: 6026: 5981: 5886:"New Turkish-Lira tariff scheme for renewable energy projects in Turkey | Lexology" 5616: 4740: 4699: 4655: 4628: 4527: 4476: 4468: 4250: 4196: 4166: 3974: 3895: 3741: 3698:

Act on Granting Priority to Renewable Energy Sources (Renewable Energy Sources Act)

3547: 3434: 2419: 2218: 2035: 1248: 1176: 1111: 1045: 961: 882: 712: 510: 448: 316: 283: 7094: 7041:"Vermont Implements Feed-in Tariff | Center for Climate and Energy Solutions" 5539:"Νέες τιμές για νεοεισερχόμενες Φωτοβολταϊκές εγκαταστάσεις, από 1ης Ιουνίου 2013" 4632: 4619:

Toke, David (2006). "Renewable financial support systems and cost-effectiveness".

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by increasing rates and instead accrued deficits, although this is under dispute.

1168:

While Germany's StrEG was insufficient to encourage costlier technologies such as

7755: 7714: 7692: 7573: 7543: 7508: 7468: 7270: 6824: 6813: 6786: 6435: 6148: 5750: 5720: 5667: 5031: 5012: 4973: 4954: 4943: 4830: 4703: 4115: 3945: 3766: 3493: 3399: 3195: 2764:). In July 2009 Britain's then-Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, 2241: 1839: 1716: 1685: 1616:

As of August 2011, a national solar tariff was issued at about US$ 0.15 per kWh.

1507: 1491: 1475: 1202: 679: 478: 433: 321: 5985: 5447:

The Energy of the Future: Fourth "Energy Transition" Monitoring Report – Summary

4659: 4531: 4472: 4254: 4200: 4170: 3984: 3745: 3551: 7770: 7568: 7180: 6057:

Behrens, Paul; Rodrigues, João F. D.; Brás, Tiago; Silva, Carlos (2016-07-01).

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The United Kingdom's Feed-in tariff ended to new applicants on 31 March 2019.

2788:

application for judicial review, jointly made by environmental pressure group

2132:

term, foreign investors must complete the following actions by 31 March 2014:

2089: 1930:

India inaugurated its latest solar power program to date in January 2010. The

7878: 7800: 7588: 7473: 7453: 7384: 7374: 7331: 7215: 7170: 6876:"Maine Community Based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)" 3960:"The Static and Dynamic Efficiency of Instruments of Promotion of Renewables" 3653: 3507:"Environmental and Energy Study Institute Renewable Energy Payments Briefing" 3352: 2380: 2081: 1731: 1244: 1179:

producers grid access. Similar percentage-based feed-in laws were adopted in

1169: 1030: 1006: 995: 498: 493: 483: 463: 376: 356: 336: 235: 215: 5248:. Arab Republic of Egypt, Ministry of Electricity and Energy. Archived from 4844:"Report to NSW Minister for Energy: NSW Solar Bonus Scheme Statutory Review" 7820: 7795: 7660: 7629: 7443: 7245: 6214:"Spain's Solar Market Crash Offers a Cautionary Tale About Feed-In Tariffs" 5331: 4581: 3979: 3409: 3118:

Feed-in tariffs - Photovoltaics (PV) & Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

3076:

Baseline FiT rate for any RPS-eligible technology under the max. size limit

3012:(CPUC) approved a feed-in tariff on 31 January 2008 effective immediately. 2793: 2776: 2418:

The feed-in tariff for renewable energy generation in Taiwan is set by the

2182: 2108:, which are social communities that divide revenues amongst their members. 2010: 2006: 1319: 1146: 1133:

established a number of Standard Offer Contracts, including Standard Offer

1091: 1067: 753: 468: 346: 260: 7645: 7613: 7406: 7394: 7314: 7240: 7230: 7160: 6637: 6504: 5424: 5091:"Supporting the construction of renewable generation in the EU and China" 3429: 2765: 2069: 1955: 1299: 1288: 1268: 1134: 940: 915: 895: 5108:"China Uses Feed-In Tariff to Build Domestic Solar Market (by Coco Liu)" 4759:"Smart Grid, Smart City: the future of Australia's electricity networks" 4125: 4123: 3957: 1009:. In this policy structure, the tariff price ranges from just above the 7608: 7603: 7416: 7399: 7255: 7110: 6467:"Disappointment-over-uk-feedin-tariff-review by Renewable Energy Focus" 6039: 4921:

Proposed Feed-In Tariff Prices for Renewable Energy Projects in Ontario

4481: 3310: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1479: 1262:

according to the disambiguation above, however, there is no need for a

1123: 936: 932: 887: 293: 240: 6409:"Gipe, P, Britain to Launch Innovative Feed-in Tariff Program in 2010" 6085: 5943: 5824:

Japanese Solar Projects – a new deadline to develop approved projects?

4458: 2005:) first introduced a feed-in tariff in 2008. A purchase price of 1300 7324: 7319: 7205: 7165: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5557: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4878: 4120: 2443:

held the transmission license in the country and was mandated by the

2397: 2105: 1990: 1681: 1524: 1252: 1107: 1010: 684: 473: 6390: 6238:"Swiss Federal Office of Energy SFOE – Feed-in remuneration at cost" 5046:. Fit.powerauthority.on.ca (16 December 2016). Retrieved 2019-08-16. 5034:. Fit.powerauthority.on.ca (16 December 2016). Retrieved 2019-08-16. 3504: 3360: 3285: 2768:, presented details of the scheme, which began in early April 2010. 2088:

scheme to include medium-sized solar-power stations ranging from 50

7438: 5867:

12-5-2005 Subsidie windmolenparken op zee aan eigen succes tenonder

5025:

Ontario Power Authority Feed-in Tariff program for renewable energy

5024: 4800: 4186: 3625: 2093: 2077: 1495: 1452:

4.17 DZD/kWh for a consumption which is higher than 41.6 kWh/month.

891: 331: 5872: 4925: 3186:

Project size was limited to five megawatts (MW) for the island of

1942:

17.90 (US$ 0.397)/kWh. Tariff for solar thermal projects is fixed

1449:

1.77 DZD/kWh for a consumption which is lower than 41.6 kWh/month.

1098:(NEA). This law included five separate acts, one of which was the 7359: 7349: 3346: 2233:

As of 2022 the Western Cape Province in South Africa is allowing

1529: 1308: 1184: 1158: 1102:(PURPA). The purpose of the National Energy Act was to encourage 1019: 948: 7044: 6528:"UK FiT Adjustments Back on Track After Supreme Court Rejection" 5327:"Leaked TTIP energy proposal could 'sabotage' EU climate policy" 4094:

Renewable electricity purchases: History and recent developments

3668:

Feed-in Tariffs: Accelerating the Deployment of Renewable Energy

2056:

On 2 June 2008, the Israeli Public Utility Authority approved a

1456:

Other consumers (industry, agriculture, etc.) pay 4.17 DZD/kWh.

1287:

However, renewable energy can reduce spot market prices via the

200: 7354: 2404:

nuclear power plants, which currently supply 40% of its power.

2289:

Spanish feed-in legislation was set by Royal decree 1578/2008 (

2128:

To secure the second round price of 37.8 yen/kWh for a 20-year

2097: 2061: 1846:) is reviewed on a regular basis. Its predecessor was the 1991 1829: 1304: 1251:, who reacted by lobbying the German government, which reduced 975: 944: 6658: 5243:"Egyptian Electricity Holding Company Annual Report 2011/2012" 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 1688:

brought a case concerning the German Electricity Feed-in Act (

5159:"Cenové rozhodnutí Energetického regulačního úřadu č. 5/2009" 4986:"Ontario Feed-In Tariff Program: $ 8 billion of Deals So Far" 4226: 4224: 2159:

Ministeriële regeling milieukwaliteit elektriciteitsproductie

1312: 1180: 881:) is a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in 6782:"As feed-in tariff takes a backseat, solar industry adjusts" 6549:"Historical tariff levels based on the date of installation" 5509:

EEG 2009: Wichtigste Änderungen und Fördersätze Photovoltaik

5226:

Egyptian Feed-In Tariff Programme Update on 6 September 2016

4582:"Electricity – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 3472:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy 1142:

be viewed as an expensive burden on electricity ratepayers.

7309: 6016: 5972:

Cagdas Artantas, Onur (2023), Cagdas Artantas, Onur (ed.),

5520:(in German). Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft (BSW). June 2008 4446:. Clean Energy Wire (12 August 2019). Retrieved 2019-08-16. 4066: 3425:

Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources

3191: 3187: 1283:

FiTs have both increased and decreased electricity prices.

994:, the European Federation for Renewable Energy, and by the 6573: 6456:. UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (9 June 2011) 6368: 4221: 3468:

Couture, T., Cory, K., Kreycik, C., Williams, E., (2010).

998:. As of 2019, over 50 countries had enacted FIT policies. 6901:"An Act to Establish the Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff" 6858:"Feed-in Tariff Legislation/Midcoast Green Collaborative" 6401: 6056: 5312: (European Court of Justice (ECJ) 13 March 2001). 5295: 4024:

Georgetown International Environmental Law Review (GIELR)

1637: 1190: 6505:

Department of Energy & Climate Change (2011-06-10).

3917:"Global Climate Change Policy Tracker Executive Summary" 3758:

Klein, A.; Pfluger, B. Held, A.; Ragwitz, M.; Resch, G.

2771:

Less than a year into the scheme, in March 2011 the new

1969:

The Indonesian government, operating mainly through the

5980:, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 169–187, 5681:"ESB ends scheme for homeowners who want to sell power" 5074:"Ontario FIT/microFIT PRICE SCHEDULE (January 1, 2017)" 4685: 4261: 3537: 1755:

Feed-in tariffs for PV systems from April to June 2016

6389:

Shmatenko, Leonid; Dulska, Anastasiia (January 2020).

5553:"Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission inauguration" 5417:"2012 EEG surcharge increases slightly to 3.592 ¢/kWh" 5015:. Microfit.powerauthority.on.ca. Retrieved 2019-08-16. 4267: 1325: 5514:

EEG 2009: main changes and photovoltaic funding rates

5057:"Ontario FIT/microFIT PRICE SCHEDULE (June 21, 2016)" 4420:"Defining features of the Renewable Energy Act (EEG)" 4182: 4180: 3229:$ 0.44/month to the average household electric bill. 2324:

maximum FiT of 13.29c€/kWh during lifetime of system

6129:"South Africa Introduces Aggressive Feed-in Tariffs" 5814:. Pv-tech.org (27 April 2012). Retrieved 2019-08-16. 5266: 5210:

Electricity ministry sets new energy feed-in tariffs

4454: 4452: 4321: 4319: 4156: 3342: 2946:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 2034:

illegal. A 9c/kWh Feed-In tariff was available from

1706:

European Court of Justice, Luxembourg, 13 March 2001

4561:"Solar PV Reducing Price of Electricity in Germany" 3470:

Policymaker's Guide to Feed-in Tariff Policy Design

3385:

Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms

5661:About Us | Our Vision | Corporate Structure | SEAI 5609:"طلاعیه در خصوص نامه بخش بازرگانی سفارت کره جنوبی" 4177: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 5125:"China sets feed-in tariff for wind power plants" 4449: 4316: 4295: 3958:Finon, Dominique and Menanteau, Philippe (2004). 2001:The Renewable Energy Organization of Iran (SUNA; 7876: 6141:Spanish government halts PV, CSP feed-in tariffs 3727: 3725: 3480: 3478: 7066:"Standard Offer for Qualifying SPEED Resources" 6441:, published 2011-03-18. Retrieved 29 March 2011 6388: 5971: 5732:Hapoalim offers loans for domestic solar panels 4875:"Solar feed-in tariff meets with mixed reviews" 4558: 4230: 3524: 2441:Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited 1278: 126:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 6098: 6096: 5393:"Germany debates subsidies for solar industry" 5320: 5318: 4645: 4340: 4133:"The Original Electricity Feed Law in Germany" 3199:Working Group (a "docket within the docket"). 2307:For other technologies decree 661/2007 setup: 2176:Electricity sector in Turkey § Feed-in-tariffs 1713:Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership 7126: 6757:"Implementing the Gainesville Feed-In Tariff" 6715:"City of Palo Alto Website – Palo Alto CLEAN" 6105:"ERC clears EDC wind farm for FIT incentives" 5096:. EU-Chine Energy Consortium. September 2020. 3722: 3475: 1830:§ Germany's Renewable Energy Sources Act 1307:and California, to lower-cost areas, such as 910:FITs typically include three key provisions: 838: 6507:"Renewables study published by DECC website" 6211: 4716:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4544:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4503:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4213:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4103: 4101: 4007:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3772: 3564:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3108:Tier 2 In-line Hydropower 20-100/500 kW 1106:and develop new energy resources, including 6282:"Login to DIGITIMES archive & research" 6093: 5438: 5315: 4618: 4401:. Regulationbodyofknowledge.org. 2013-05-04 4365: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 2157: 1474:Feed-in tariffs were introduced in 2008 in 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7133: 7119: 5216:(20 September 2014). Retrieved 2019-08-16. 5138:"Czech Republic Passes Feed-in Tariff Law" 4304:"PacHydro sees 14GW of solar by mid 2020s" 3932: 3505:Environmental and Energy Study Institute. 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 2372:up to 12.57 c€/kWh for the first 15 years 2364:up to 13.06 c€/kWh for the first 15 years 2247:South Africa's National Energy Regulator ( 845: 831: 6084: 6074: 6038: 5884:Olğun, Kinstellar-Şeyma (February 2021). 5232:(6 September 2016). Retrieved 2019-08-16. 4480: 4346: 4325: 4301: 4277:. Germany: Fraunhofer ISI. Archived from 4244: 4098: 4021: 3978: 3326:Learn how and when to remove this message 3092:Tier 1 In-line Hydropower < 20 kW 2966:Learn how and when to remove this message 2340:up to 7.32 c€/kWh for the first 20 years 1936:Central Electricity Regulatory Commission 1057:There are three methods of compensation. 168:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 7140: 6449: 6447: 6019:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4328:"Euro utilities declare war on solar PV" 3680: 3063:Feed-in tariffs – Wind & Hydropower 3039:In February 2009, city commissioners in 1044: 894:are awarded a higher price per kWh than 6566: 5974:"Green Electricity Promotion in Turkey" 5869:. Milieuloket.nl. Retrieved 2019-08-16. 5274:"Overview Renewable Energy Sources Act" 3451: 3100:Tier 2 On-Shore Wind 20-100/500 kW 2775:announced that support for large-scale 2345:Geothermal, wave, tidal and sea-thermal 1932:Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission 1005:, a FIT can be differentiated based on 14: 7877: 7043:. C2es.org. 2009-05-27. Archived from 6530:. Renewableenergyworld.com. 2012-03-29 6429:Feed-in tariff cut shocks UK PV market 6329:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6102: 6052: 6050: 6012: 6010: 5753:, Cleantech.com news, 17 October 2008. 5737: 5390: 5376:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5324: 5140:. Renewableenergyworld.com. 2005-05-25 4730: 3874:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3810:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3623: 3010:California Public Utilities Commission 2927:contains content that is written like 2439:Uganda launched a tariff in 2011. The 1343:Renewable Energy Certificates Registry 1191:Germany's Renewable Energy Sources Act 1131:California's Public Utility Commission 1100:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act 7114: 6779: 6444: 6279: 5883: 5812:Japan announces preliminary FiT rates 5744:Sunday Solar powers Israeli kibbutzim 4788:Renewables 2007: Global Status Report 2992:Renewable energy in the United States 2756:Feed-in tariffs in the United Kingdom 1873:Feed-in tariffs – Photovoltaics (PV) 1869:The PV Feed-in tariffs for 2013 are: 1303:widely from high-cost areas, such as 1220:utilities were allowed to participate 935:. This enables diverse technologies ( 6736:"Solar Feed-in Tariff (FiT) Program" 6638:"What has been registered for FiTs?" 6615:. Allecoenergy.co.uk. Archived from 6488:"DECC takes one month to do nothing" 6143:. solarserver.com (30 January 2012) 4391: 3731: 3308:adding citations to reliable sources 3279: 3084:Tier 1 On-Shore Wind < 20 kW 2911: 2332:26.94 c€/kWh for the first 25 years 985:In 2008, a detailed analysis by the 106: 70: 29: 6047: 6007: 5714:Approved – Feed-in tariff in Israel 3626:"Understanding Electricity Tariffs" 2348:6.89 c€/kWh for the first 20 years 1339:Renewable Energy Certificate System 1326:Policy alternatives and complements 1237:Renewable Energy Sources Act (2000) 1197:German Renewable Energy Sources Act 24: 7811:Renewable energy commercialization 6509:. Government of the United Kingdom 4937:Transatlantic Climate Policy Group 4349:"Five things we learned this week" 3486:Renewable Energy Policy Mechanisms 3420:Renewable energy commercialization 3053:Hawaii Public Utilities Commission 2985: 2356:7.8 c€/kWh for the first 25 years 2211: 2150: 759:Renewable energy commercialization 25: 7916: 6551:. fitariffs.co.uk. Archived from 6103:Rivera, Danessa O. (2015-02-20). 5826:bakermckenzie.co.jp. October 2013 5304:PreussenElektra AG v Schleswag AG 4967:Consultations Inform Fair Outcome 3580:"What Is a Feed-In Tariff (FIT)?" 3123:Renewable Generator Type and Size 3068:Renewable Generator Type and Size 2817:1 August 2012 – 30 September 2012 2749: 1975:Perusahaan Listrik Negara, or PLN 1668: 1627: 1049:Understanding Feed-in Tariff and 969:2000 Renewable Energy Sources Act 45:This article has multiple issues. 7859: 7858: 7279: 7083: 7058: 7033: 7008: 6977: 6960:"Data Graphs and Fuel Mix Chart" 6952: 6934: 6913: 6893: 6868: 6850: 6829: 6800: 6773: 6749: 6728: 6707: 6684: 6672: 6651: 6630: 6613:"February FIT Rates – No Change" 6605: 6584: 6541: 6520: 6498: 6480: 6459: 6422: 6382: 6361: 6337: 6297: 6288: 6273: 6255: 6230: 6205: 6184: 6153: 6134: 6121: 5965: 5936: 5907: 5670:. Seai.ie. Retrieved 2019-08-16. 5586:. wind-works.org. Archived from 4686:Butler, L.; Neuhoff, K. (2008). 4676:, pp. 228–245 London: Earthscan. 3939:REN21 Global Status Report, 2010 3599:. Dbadvisors.com. Archived from 3359: 3345: 3284: 3240:Oregon Public Utility Commission 2916: 2792:(FoE) and two solar companies – 2531:Hydro (500 kW><=1MW) 2445:Electricity Regulatory Authority 2174:This section is an excerpt from 1085: 199: 111: 75: 34: 7093:. Vermont SPEED. Archived from 6194:. Cleantechnica.com. 2012-06-28 5954:from the original on 2021-01-12 5925:from the original on 2022-02-19 5896:from the original on 2021-02-14 5860: 5829: 5817: 5805: 5792: 5774: 5756: 5725: 5707: 5691: 5673: 5654: 5623: 5601: 5576: 5545: 5531: 5500: 5471: 5409: 5384: 5345: 5235: 5219: 5203: 5182: 5151: 5130: 5118: 5100: 5083: 5066: 5049: 5037: 5018: 5006:Results of the microFIT Program 4999: 4978: 4960: 4914: 4892: 4867: 4836: 4814: 4793: 4780: 4751: 4724: 4679: 4666: 4639: 4612: 4595: 4574: 4552: 4511: 4437: 4412: 4347:Parkinson, Giles (2012-09-09). 4326:Parkinson, Giles (2012-02-27). 4302:Parkinson, Giles (2012-02-13). 4150: 4086: 4042: 4015: 3951: 3909: 3882: 3835: 3818: 3752: 3295:needs additional citations for 2228: 2181:As of 2021, feed-in-tariffs in 1040: 53:or discuss these issues on the 7068:. Dsireusa.org. Archived from 7018:. Dsireusa.org. Archived from 6878:. Dsireusa.org. Archived from 6240:. Bfe.admin.ch. Archived from 6076:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.044 5837:"Crisispakket Kabinet (Dutch)" 5800:Italy Surpasses US in Solar PV 5584:"Basic Feed-In Tariff in Iran" 4877:. Metering.com. Archived from 4559:Shahan, Zachary (2012-02-09). 3660: 3642: 3617: 3586: 3572: 3498: 3484:Gipe, Paul (17 February 2006) 3271: 2387: 2223:Energy Development Corporation 1834:First introduced in 2000, the 1294: 905: 13: 1: 7806:Renewable Energy Certificates 7766:Cost of electricity by source 7688:Arc-fault circuit interrupter 7564:High-voltage shore connection 6780:Clark, Anthony (2014-04-26). 5479:"German feed-in tariffs 2010" 5325:Neslen, Arthur (2016-07-11). 5127:, BusinessGreen, 27 July 2009 4745:10.1016/S0301-4215(03)00108-3 4633:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.02.005 4621:Journal of Cleaner Production 3652:. sunfeed.net. Archived from 3594:"Paying for renewable energy" 3445: 3405:Micro combined heat and power 3174:Tier 2 CSP 20-100/500 kW 3003: 1971:State Electricity Corporation 1359: 1335:Renewable Energy Certificates 1331:Renewable Portfolio Standards 536:Socially responsible business 312:Bright green environmentalism 7821:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread 7619:Transmission system operator 7579:Mains electricity by country 7156:Automatic generation control 6942:"Long Island Feed-in Tariff" 6921:"NY SREC market put on hold" 6679:What was the feed-in tariff? 5734:, globes.co.il, 3 July 2008. 5561:. 2010-01-12. Archived from 5423:. 2011-10-14. Archived from 4765:. 2014-10-07. Archived from 4704:10.1016/j.renene.2007.10.008 4674:Switching to Renewable Power 3624:Kaunda, Salim (2014-10-01). 3163:Tier 2 PV 20-100/500 kW 3136:24.5% refundable tax credit 2895:Previously installed systems 2814:1 April 2012 to 31 July 2012 1964: 1836:Renewable Energy Sources Act 1484:Australian Capital Territory 1470:Feed-in tariffs in Australia 1463: 1460:the whole plant's lifetime. 1279:Effects on electricity rates 953:Renewable Energy Sources Act 787:Environmental pricing reform 7: 7846:List of electricity sectors 7841:Electric energy consumption 7559:High-voltage direct current 7534:Electric power transmission 7524:Electric power distribution 7201:Energy return on investment 6923:. Srectrade.com. 2011-06-28 6212:Voosen, Paul (2009-08-18). 6127:Gipe, Paul (10 April 2009) 5986:10.1007/978-3-031-44760-0_7 5391:Lander, Mark (2008-05-16). 4660:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.05.017 4532:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.04.022 4473:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.03.035 4255:10.1016/j.enpol.2004.08.029 4201:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.07.024 4171:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.03.025 3746:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.05.015 3552:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.047 3338: 3222:Long Island Power Authority 3215: 3029:California Solar Initiative 2425: 2190: 2072:and a maximum of 50 kW 1844:Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz 1318:In some areas, wind power, 1207:Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz 992:International Energy Agency 541:Social return on investment 10: 7921: 7895:Renewable energy economics 7761:Carbon offsets and credits 7479:Three-phase electric power 6692:"CPUC tariff announcement" 6469:. Renewableenergyfocus.com 6411:. Renewableenergyworld.com 6131:, renewableenergyworld.com 6031:10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.010 5802:. renewableenergyworld.com 5798:Gipe, Paul (30 June 2010) 5782:"Germany 2011 FiT Results" 5764:"Risultati incentivazione" 5613:privatesectors.suna.org.ir 4988:. Carbon49.com. 2010-04-14 3892:"Price Report | Eref" 3509:. Eesi.org. Archived from 3262: 3255:on installation data from 3152:Tier 1 CSP < 20 kW 3034: 2989: 2820:1 January – 31 March 2015 2753: 2740: 2173: 2049: 2020: 1827: 1824:Feed-in tariffs in Germany 1821: 1817: 1770:Feed-in tariffs (€-¢/kWh) 1518: 1467: 1373: 1363: 1194: 1080: 923:cost-based purchase prices 526:Pollution haven hypothesis 521:Natural resource economics 506:High-performance buildings 7854: 7829: 7816:Renewable Energy Payments 7739: 7676: 7638: 7492: 7429: 7340: 7305:Fossil fuel power station 7295: 7288: 7277: 7148: 6985:"Feed in Tariff Proposal" 6371:. Nerc.gov.ua. 2013-11-27 6109:Philippine Daily Inquirer 4821:Parliament of Australia: 4114:25 September 2008 at the 3232: 3141:Tier 1 PV < 20 kW 3125: 3057:Hawaiian Electric Company 3046: 2808: 2805: 2434: 2413: 2168: 2102:photovoltaic solar arrays 2045: 1879: 1864: 1785: 1760:Type of integration bonus 1741: 1694:European Court of Justice 1514: 1152: 1110:such as wind, solar, and 879:renewable energy payments 875:advanced renewable tariff 289:Climate change mitigation 84:This article needs to be 7599:Single-wire earth return 7539:Electrical busbar system 7196:Energy demand management 6823:11 December 2010 at the 5749:24 December 2008 at the 5631:"Irish REFIT categories" 4957:. Retrieved 8 April 2009 4904:www.powerauthority.on.ca 4603:"Grid parity in Germany" 3415:Power purchase agreement 3226:Power Purchase Agreement 3206: 2479:Hydro (9><=20 MW) 2284: 2119: 2111: 1979:Power Purchase Agreement 1925: 1647: 1604: 1249:electric power companies 1074:Power Purchase Agreement 1051:Power Purchase Agreement 1035:World Trade Organization 729:Environmental technology 372:Ecological modernization 327:Corporate sustainability 7905:Renewable energy policy 7730:Residual-current device 7720:Power system protection 7710:Generator interlock kit 6962:. NYISO. Archived from 6812:4 November 2013 at the 6395:Periballon & Dikaio 5704:. Retrieved 2019-08-16. 4972:7 February 2012 at the 4833:. Retrieved 20 May 2011 4803:. Solarfeedintariff.net 4801:"Solar Feed in Tariffs" 3375:Automatic meter reading 3367:Renewable energy portal 2505:Hydro (1 ><=8MW) 2474:Payment Period (Years) 1996: 1690:Stromeinspeisungsgesetz 1542:Solar Rate (CAD ¢/kWh) 1366:PV financial incentives 1163:Stromeinspeisungsgesetz 1003:environmental economics 871:standard offer contract 802:Green industrial policy 516:Marginal abatement cost 439:Fiscal environmentalism 256:Personal carbon trading 226:Carbon fee and dividend 221:Carbon emission trading 193:Environmental economics 7514:Distributed generation 7186:Electric power quality 5948:PricewaterhouseCoopers 5030:1 October 2009 at the 3980:10.15173/esr.v12i1.453 3380:Distributed generation 3257:Energy Trust of Oregon 3051:In September 2009 the 2291:Real Decreto 1578/2008 2158: 2060:for solar plants. The 1843: 1786:Simplified integration 1709: 1240: 1206: 1054: 972: 927:Under a FIT, eligible 739:Fossil fuel divestment 7885:Electricity economics 7786:Fossil fuel phase-out 7554:Electricity retailing 7549:Electrical substation 7529:Electric power system 6661:. Discoversolar.co.uk 6659:"Solar Panel Systems" 6147:5 August 2012 at the 5702:Electric Ireland Help 5685:The Irish Independent 5666:17 April 2015 at the 4942:11 March 2010 at the 3967:Energy Studies Review 3670:. London: EarthScan. 3666:Mendonça, M. (2007). 3190:and 2.72 MW for 3126:FIT Rate (cents/kWh) 3071:FiT Rate (cents/kWh) 2990:Further information: 2948:neutral point of view 2052:Solar power in Israel 1724:used by Germany. The 1698: 1521:Green Energy Act 2009 1364:Further information: 1230: 1177:renewable electricity 1120:electrical generation 1048: 957: 929:renewable electricity 797:Free public transport 744:Fossil fuel phase-out 266:Social cost of carbon 7900:Renewable energy law 7142:Electricity delivery 6717:. Cityofpaloalto.org 5011:8 April 2012 at the 4953:18 July 2011 at the 4444:"EEG-surcharge 2017" 3944:18 June 2012 at the 3765:26 July 2011 at the 3395:Efficient energy use 3304:improve this article 3133:35% state tax credit 2890:3.41 to 17.78 p/kWh 2876:6.38 to 13.88 p/kWh 2848:3.12 to 21.12 p/kWh 2834:9.49 to 12.46 p/kWh 2790:Friends of the Earth 2773:coalition government 2329:Solar thermoelectric 2321:Cogeneration systems 1989:geothermal plant in 1848:Stromeinspeisegesetz 1642:photovoltaic systems 1611:Renewable Energy Law 792:Environmental tariff 417:full-cost accounting 382:Efficient energy use 367:Ecological footprint 362:Ecological economics 7751:Availability factor 7703:Sulfur hexafluoride 7584:Overhead power line 7484:Virtual power plant 7459:Induction generator 7412:Sustainable biofuel 7221:Home energy storage 7211:Grid energy storage 7176:Droop speed control 6839:. Janus.state.me.us 6369:"Ukraine regulator" 5719:3 June 2009 at the 4829:26 May 2011 at the 4563:. Cleantechnica.com 4353:Reneweconomy.com.au 3492:10 May 2012 at the 3440:Virtual power plant 3119: 3064: 3016:cap of 10 MW. 2940:promotional content 2873:7.1 to 15.44 p/kWh 1874: 1756: 1104:energy conservation 1096:National Energy Act 987:European Commission 920:long-term contracts 724:Carbon-neutral fuel 387:Energy conservation 7625:Transmission tower 7236:Nameplate capacity 6492:Solar Power Portal 6434:2011-03-22 at the 6218:The New York Times 5483:German Energy Blog 5421:German Energy Blog 5397:The New York Times 5310: Case C-379/98 5278:German Energy Blog 5112:The New York Times 3948:, pp. 37–8, Tab. 2 3252:perverse incentive 3117: 3062: 2998:state legislatures 2996:In April 2009, 11 2942:and inappropriate 2456:Tariff (US$ /kWh) 2361:Biomass and biogas 2240:2022-01-25 at the 1983:Cirebon coal plant 1872: 1754: 1504:Northern Territory 1289:merit order effect 1264:purchase agreement 1243:reductions in the 1055: 1029:In the context of 980:purchase agreement 764:Sustainable energy 749:Low-carbon economy 588:consumer behaviour 130:You can assist by 7872: 7871: 7776:Environmental tax 7656:Cascading failure 7425: 7424: 7261:Utility frequency 6640:. Fitariffs.co.uk 5995:978-3-031-44760-0 5950:. February 2020. 5944:Energy Deals 2019 4739:(12): 1405–1414. 4424:Clean Energy Wire 4195:(10): 3940–3947. 3830:978-92-64-04220-9 3740:(11): 5481–5495. 3488:. wind-works.org 3390:Electricity meter 3336: 3335: 3328: 3184: 3183: 3115: 3114: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2907: 2906: 2887:4.9 to 35.8 p/kWh 2884:4.9 to 35.8 p/kWh 2845:4.9 to 21.9 p/kWh 2842:4.9 to 21.9 p/kWh 2738: 2737: 2376: 2375: 2068:installation for 1923: 1922: 1880:FIT Rate (€/MWh) 1815: 1814: 1736:energy efficiency 1602: 1601: 1500:Western Australia 1443: 1442: 1053:meter connections 855: 854: 719:Carbon neutrality 708:2000-watt society 702:Energy transition 613:development goals 531:Social accounting 251:Environmental tax 246:Emissions trading 178: 177: 170: 160: 159: 152: 105: 104: 68: 16:(Redirected from 7912: 7862: 7861: 7771:Energy subsidies 7725:Protective relay 7666:Rolling blackout 7293: 7292: 7283: 7251:Power-flow study 7191:Electrical fault 7135: 7128: 7121: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6996: 6990:. Archived from 6989: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6944:. Archived from 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6860:. Archived from 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6833: 6827: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6762:. Archived from 6761: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6442: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6350:. Archived from 6349: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6328: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6308:. Archived from 6301: 6295: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6265:. Archived from 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6172: 6166:. Archived from 6165: 6161:"FiTs and Stops" 6157: 6151: 6138: 6132: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6100: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6078: 6054: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6014: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5890:www.lexology.com 5881: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5848: 5842:. Archived from 5841: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5784:. Archived from 5778: 5772: 5771: 5766:. Archived from 5760: 5754: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5711: 5705: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5677: 5671: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5642: 5636:. Archived from 5635: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5615:. Archived from 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5519: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5485:. Archived from 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5459: 5452: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5355:. Archived from 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5322: 5313: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5280:. Archived from 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5247: 5239: 5233: 5223: 5217: 5214:Daily News Egypt 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5190:"Czech Republic" 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5170: 5164:. Archived from 5163: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5022: 5016: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4982: 4976: 4964: 4958: 4934: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4906:. Archived from 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4855: 4849:. Archived from 4848: 4840: 4834: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4797: 4791: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4763:Utility Magazine 4755: 4749: 4748: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4715: 4707: 4698:(8): 1854–1867. 4692:Renewable Energy 4683: 4677: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4654:(9): 3413–3421. 4643: 4637: 4636: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4535: 4526:(9): 3345–3359. 4515: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4494: 4484: 4467:(8): 3086–3094. 4456: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4379: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4283: 4276: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4248: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4212: 4204: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4165:(8): 2917–2929. 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4135:. Archived from 4127: 4118: 4105: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4055:. Archived from 4054: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4006: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3989: 3983:. Archived from 3982: 3964: 3955: 3949: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3894:. Archived from 3886: 3880: 3879: 3873: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3856: 3850:. Archived from 3849: 3839: 3833: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3809: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3792: 3786:. Archived from 3785: 3776: 3770: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3693: 3678: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3563: 3555: 3535: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3502: 3496: 3482: 3473: 3466: 3435:Utility submeter 3369: 3364: 3363: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3331: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3288: 3280: 3120: 3116: 3065: 3061: 2971: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2929:an advertisement 2920: 2919: 2912: 2870:8.9 to 21.0p/kWh 2831:9.9 to 14.7p/kWh 2828:9.9 to 14.7p/kWh 2803: 2802: 2450: 2449: 2420:Bureau of Energy 2369:Waste combustion 2310: 2309: 2219:Burgos Wind Farm 2217:20 years to the 2161: 2036:Electric Ireland 1949: 1945: 1941: 1875: 1871: 1775:Full integration 1757: 1753: 1707: 1692:). In 2001, the 1644:were installed. 1536: 1535: 1385: 1384: 1238: 1112:geothermal power 970: 962:state-of-the-art 883:renewable energy 847: 840: 833: 713:Alternative fuel 603:design standards 511:Impact investing 317:Circular economy 284:Carbon footprint 203: 180: 179: 173: 166: 155: 148: 144: 141: 135: 115: 114: 107: 100: 97: 91: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 27:Policy mechanism 21: 7920: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7890:Feed-in tariffs 7875: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7850: 7834: 7832: 7825: 7756:Capacity factor 7744: 7742: 7735: 7715:Numerical relay 7693:Circuit breaker 7681: 7679: 7672: 7634: 7574:Load management 7544:Electrical grid 7509:Demand response 7502: 7497: 7488: 7469:Microgeneration 7421: 7336: 7284: 7275: 7271:Vehicle-to-grid 7144: 7139: 7109: 7100: 7098: 7091:"Vermont SPEED" 7089: 7088: 7084: 7075: 7073: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7050: 7048: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7025: 7023: 7014: 7013: 7009: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6978: 6969: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6926: 6924: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6885: 6883: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6842: 6840: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6825:Wayback Machine 6816: 6814:Wayback Machine 6805: 6801: 6792: 6790: 6787:Gainesville Sun 6778: 6774: 6766: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6741: 6739: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6720: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6708: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6664: 6662: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6643: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6622: 6620: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6597: 6595: 6592:"Tariff tables" 6590: 6589: 6585: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6558: 6556: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6533: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6512: 6510: 6503: 6499: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6472: 6470: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6452: 6445: 6436:Wayback Machine 6427: 6423: 6414: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6387: 6383: 6374: 6372: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6347: 6345:"Uganda tariff" 6343: 6342: 6338: 6322: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6306:"Archived copy" 6304: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6278: 6274: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6247: 6245: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6222: 6220: 6210: 6206: 6197: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6149:Wayback Machine 6139: 6135: 6126: 6122: 6113: 6111: 6101: 6094: 6055: 6048: 6015: 6008: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5970: 5966: 5957: 5955: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5928: 5926: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5899: 5897: 5882: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5797: 5793: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5751:Wayback Machine 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5721:Wayback Machine 5712: 5708: 5696: 5692: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5668:Wayback Machine 5659: 5655: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5593: 5591: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5568: 5566: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5492: 5490: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5430: 5428: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5401: 5399: 5389: 5385: 5369: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5353:"Archived copy" 5351: 5350: 5346: 5337: 5335: 5323: 5316: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5287: 5285: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5230:Shahid Law Firm 5224: 5220: 5208: 5204: 5195: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5143: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5032:Wayback Machine 5023: 5019: 5013:Wayback Machine 5004: 5000: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4974:Wayback Machine 4965: 4961: 4955:Wayback Machine 4946: 4944:Wayback Machine 4935: 4926: 4919: 4915: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4884: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4831:Wayback Machine 4823:Feed-in tariffs 4819: 4815: 4806: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4770: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4729: 4725: 4709: 4708: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4667: 4644: 4640: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4537: 4536: 4516: 4512: 4496: 4495: 4457: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4429: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4404: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4357: 4355: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4324: 4317: 4308: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4246:10.1.1.469.5071 4229: 4222: 4206: 4205: 4185: 4178: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4128: 4121: 4116:Wayback Machine 4106: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4067: 4059: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4020: 4016: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3946:Wayback Machine 3937: 3933: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3867: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3845:"Archived copy" 3843: 3840: 3836: 3823: 3819: 3803: 3802: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3781:"Archived copy" 3779: 3777: 3773: 3767:Wayback Machine 3757: 3753: 3730: 3723: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3681: 3665: 3661: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3634: 3632: 3622: 3618: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3557: 3556: 3536: 3525: 3516: 3514: 3503: 3499: 3494:Wayback Machine 3483: 3476: 3467: 3452: 3448: 3400:Feed-in premium 3365: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3341: 3332: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3301: 3289: 3274: 3265: 3235: 3218: 3209: 3049: 3037: 3006: 2994: 2988: 2972: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2933: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2809:Feed-in Tariff 2758: 2752: 2743: 2437: 2428: 2416: 2390: 2316:Feed-in Tariff 2287: 2242:Wayback Machine 2235:feed-in tariffs 2231: 2214: 2212:The Philippines 2199: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2179: 2171: 2153: 2151:The Netherlands 2122: 2114: 2075: 2067: 2054: 2048: 2023: 2016: 1999: 1967: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1928: 1913: 1910:>100 kW 1899: 1867: 1860: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1766: 1750: 1744: 1717:trade agreement 1708: 1705: 1686:PreussenElektra 1671: 1650: 1630: 1607: 1527: 1517: 1508:Christine Milne 1492:New South Wales 1476:South Australia 1472: 1466: 1376: 1368: 1362: 1328: 1297: 1281: 1239: 1236: 1199: 1193: 1155: 1094:who signed the 1088: 1083: 1043: 971: 968: 908: 900:cost reductions 851: 822: 821: 777: 769: 768: 703: 695: 694: 680:Thermoeconomics 434:Ethical banking 322:Climate finance 307: 299: 298: 279: 271: 270: 211: 174: 163: 162: 161: 156: 145: 139: 136: 129: 116: 112: 101: 95: 92: 89: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7918: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7831:Statistics and 7830: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7781:Feed-in tariff 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7747: 7745: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7690: 7684: 7682: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7569:Interconnector 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7519:Dynamic demand 7516: 7511: 7505: 7503: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7449:Combined cycle 7446: 7441: 7435: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7346: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7301: 7299: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7226:Load-following 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7181:Electric power 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7138: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7115: 7108: 7107: 7082: 7057: 7032: 7007: 6976: 6951: 6948:on 2012-10-20. 6933: 6912: 6892: 6867: 6864:on 2009-04-04. 6849: 6828: 6799: 6772: 6769:on 2012-04-26. 6748: 6727: 6706: 6683: 6671: 6650: 6629: 6604: 6583: 6565: 6540: 6519: 6497: 6479: 6458: 6443: 6421: 6400: 6381: 6360: 6357:on 2012-01-04. 6336: 6296: 6287: 6272: 6269:on 2009-09-30. 6254: 6229: 6204: 6183: 6152: 6133: 6120: 6092: 6063:Applied Energy 6046: 6006: 5994: 5964: 5935: 5919:www.mondaq.com 5906: 5871: 5859: 5828: 5816: 5804: 5791: 5788:on 2012-12-24. 5773: 5770:on 2013-04-20. 5755: 5736: 5724: 5706: 5690: 5672: 5653: 5622: 5619:on 2013-10-05. 5600: 5575: 5544: 5530: 5499: 5470: 5437: 5408: 5383: 5344: 5314: 5294: 5265: 5234: 5218: 5202: 5181: 5150: 5129: 5117: 5099: 5082: 5065: 5048: 5036: 5017: 4998: 4977: 4959: 4924: 4913: 4910:on 2009-03-29. 4891: 4866: 4835: 4813: 4792: 4786:REN 21 (2007) 4779: 4750: 4723: 4678: 4665: 4638: 4627:(3): 280–287. 4611: 4594: 4573: 4551: 4510: 4448: 4436: 4411: 4390: 4364: 4339: 4315: 4294: 4260: 4239:(3): 256–276. 4220: 4176: 4149: 4119: 4097: 4085: 4065: 4062:on 2008-09-09. 4041: 4014: 3950: 3931: 3908: 3881: 3834: 3817: 3771: 3751: 3721: 3679: 3659: 3656:on 2012-05-10. 3641: 3616: 3585: 3571: 3546:(2): 955–965. 3523: 3497: 3474: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3356: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3292: 3290: 3283: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3234: 3231: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3048: 3045: 3036: 3033: 3005: 3002: 2987: 2984: 2974: 2973: 2944:external links 2924: 2922: 2915: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2754:Main article: 2751: 2750:United Kingdom 2748: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508:Linear tariff 2506: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2415: 2412: 2389: 2386: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2230: 2227: 2213: 2210: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2180: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2086:feed-in tariff 2073: 2065: 2058:feed-in tariff 2047: 2044: 2022: 2019: 2014: 1998: 1995: 1966: 1963: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1866: 1863: 1858: 1822:Main article: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1805:Non-integrated 1802: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1703: 1675:European Union 1670: 1669:European Union 1667: 1649: 1646: 1633:Czech Republic 1629: 1628:Czech Republic 1626: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1516: 1513: 1490:, and 2010 in 1482:, 2009 in the 1468:Main article: 1465: 1462: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1375: 1372: 1361: 1358: 1327: 1324: 1296: 1293: 1280: 1277: 1269:solar projects 1234: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1195:Main article: 1192: 1189: 1187:in the 1990s. 1154: 1151: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1065: 1062:Feed-in tariff 1042: 1039: 966: 925: 924: 921: 918: 907: 904: 859:feed-in tariff 853: 852: 850: 849: 842: 835: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 817:Rail subsidies 814: 812:Green politics 809: 807:Green New Deal 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 782:Carbon leakage 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 734:Feed-in tariff 731: 726: 721: 716: 710: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 690:Value of Earth 687: 682: 677: 676: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 565: 564: 563: 558: 553: 546:Sustainability 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 502: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 441: 436: 431: 430: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 352:Eco-innovation 349: 344: 342:Eco-capitalism 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 291: 286: 280: 278:Climate change 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 231:Carbon finance 228: 223: 218: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 196: 195: 189: 188: 176: 175: 158: 157: 119: 117: 110: 103: 102: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 18:Feed-in Tariff 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7917: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7865: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7828: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7801:Pigouvian tax 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7738: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7698:Earth-leakage 7696: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7675: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639:Failure modes 7637: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7589:Power station 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7474:Rankine cycle 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7454:Cooling tower 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7297:Non-renewable 7294: 7291: 7287: 7282: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7216:Grid strength 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7171:Demand factor 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7131: 7129: 7124: 7122: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7097:on 2013-12-16 7096: 7092: 7086: 7072:on 2014-03-27 7071: 7067: 7061: 7047:on 2012-02-23 7046: 7042: 7036: 7022:on 2013-11-04 7021: 7017: 7011: 6997:on 2013-01-16 6993: 6986: 6980: 6966:on 2016-07-29 6965: 6961: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6922: 6916: 6902: 6896: 6882:on 2012-05-08 6881: 6877: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6818:Hawaii Policy 6815: 6811: 6808: 6803: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6776: 6765: 6758: 6752: 6737: 6731: 6716: 6710: 6693: 6687: 6680: 6675: 6660: 6654: 6639: 6633: 6619:on 2013-12-15 6618: 6614: 6608: 6593: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6555:on 2012-07-04 6554: 6550: 6544: 6529: 6523: 6508: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6468: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6440: 6439:greenbang.com 6437: 6433: 6430: 6425: 6410: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6385: 6370: 6364: 6353: 6346: 6340: 6332: 6326: 6312:on 2010-04-14 6311: 6307: 6300: 6291: 6283: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6244:on 2012-03-07 6243: 6239: 6233: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6193: 6187: 6173:on 2012-10-04 6169: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6124: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6097: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6051: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6011: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5868: 5863: 5849:on 2012-03-05 5845: 5838: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5710: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5687:. 2014-10-31. 5686: 5682: 5676: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5657: 5643:on 2011-07-20 5639: 5632: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5590:on 2016-01-21 5589: 5585: 5579: 5565:on 2010-01-15 5564: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5541:. 2013-05-10. 5540: 5534: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5503: 5489:on 2016-04-09 5488: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5460:on 2016-09-20 5456: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5427:on 2016-08-03 5426: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5373: 5359:on 2016-06-17 5358: 5354: 5348: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5319: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5298: 5284:on 2016-10-02 5283: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5255:on 2016-03-04 5251: 5244: 5238: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5192:. Pv-tech.org 5191: 5185: 5171:on 2011-07-18 5167: 5160: 5154: 5139: 5133: 5126: 5121: 5114:. 2011-09-14. 5113: 5109: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5075: 5069: 5058: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5021: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4922: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4881:on 2013-05-28 4880: 4876: 4870: 4856:on 2014-06-22 4852: 4845: 4839: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4817: 4802: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4769:on 2016-11-07 4768: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4733:Energy Policy 4727: 4719: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4648:Energy Policy 4642: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4604: 4598: 4584:. Eia.doe.gov 4583: 4577: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520:Energy Policy 4514: 4506: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4461:Energy Policy 4455: 4453: 4445: 4440: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4400: 4394: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4329: 4322: 4320: 4305: 4298: 4284:on 2016-09-21 4280: 4273: 4272: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4233:Energy Policy 4227: 4225: 4216: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4189:Energy Policy 4183: 4181: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4159:Energy Policy 4153: 4139:on 2010-07-13 4138: 4134: 4126: 4124: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4095: 4089: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4058: 4051: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4004: 3990:on 2018-11-23 3986: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3935: 3918: 3912: 3898:on 2015-05-11 3897: 3893: 3885: 3877: 3871: 3857:on 2011-07-26 3853: 3846: 3838: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3813: 3807: 3793:on 2009-05-09 3789: 3782: 3775: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3734:Energy Policy 3728: 3726: 3711:on 2016-09-21 3707: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3677: 3676:9781136565892 3673: 3669: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3650:"sunfeed.net" 3645: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3606:on 2011-10-05 3602: 3595: 3589: 3581: 3575: 3567: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3540:Energy Policy 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3513:on 2012-07-16 3512: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3353:Energy portal 3348: 3343: 3330: 3327: 3319: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3293:This section 3291: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3122: 3121: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2993: 2986:United States 2983: 2980: 2970: 2967: 2959: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2925:This section 2923: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2806:Energy Source 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2747: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2635:Landfill gas 2634: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2459:O&M %age 2458: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2423: 2421: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2399: 2393: 2385: 2382: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2353:Hydroelectric 2352: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2313:Energy Source 2312: 2311: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2282: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2184: 2177: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2117: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2082:Bank Hapoalim 2079: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2018: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1952: 1937: 1933: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1891:Ground-Based 1890: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1870: 1862: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1732:Claude Turmes 1730: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1711:The proposed 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1371: 1367: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1292: 1290: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245:profit margin 1233: 1229: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1170:photovoltaics 1166: 1164: 1161:adopted its " 1160: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1086:United States 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1052: 1047: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1031:globalization 1027: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1007:marginal cost 1004: 999: 997: 996:Deutsche Bank 993: 988: 983: 981: 977: 965: 963: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 922: 919: 917: 913: 912: 911: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 848: 843: 841: 836: 834: 829: 828: 826: 825: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 779: 773: 772: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 699: 698: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 658:refurbishment 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 569: 566: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 548: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 428: 425: 423: 422:impact design 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 394: 393: 392:Environmental 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 377:Ecotechnology 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 357:Eco-investing 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 337:Disinvestment 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 303: 302: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 275: 274: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 236:Carbon 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