Coal phase-out - Knowledge

2394: 35: 1197: 52: 1834:(SB2629). The law prohibited the issuing or renewing permits for coal power plants after December 31, 2022, and prohibited the extension of the power purchase agreement between AES and Hawaiian Electric. The power purchase agreement for the last coal plant, located on Oahu, expired September 1, 2022, this became the effective retirement date for the coal plant. On September 1, 2022, Hawaii will be completely coal free with the coal plant's retirement. Hawaii will transition to renewable energy to replace the energy produced by coal. The projects slated to replace the coal plant include nine solar plus battery projects, as well as a standalone battery storage project. 65: 1938:

fossil fuel–fired power plants, primarily coal. India plans four new "ultra mega" coal-fired power plants as part of that growth, each 4000 MW in capacity. As of 2015, there are six nuclear reactors under construction. In the first half of 2016, the amount of coal-fired generating capacity in pre-construction planning in India fell by 40,000 MW, according to results released by the Global Coal Plant Tracker. In June 2016, India's Ministry of Power stated that no further power plants would be required in the next three years, and "any thermal power plant that has yet to begin construction should back off."

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Public sentiment against coal power plants was growing and the construction or planning of some plants was stopped. A number are under construction and still being built. No concrete plan is in place to reduce coal-fired electricity generation. As of October 2015, the remaining coal plants still under planning include: Niederaussem, Profen, and Stade. The coal plants then under construction included: Mannheim and Kraftwerk Datteln IV (it started 30 May 2020). Between 2012 and 2015, six new plants went online. All of these plants are 600–1800

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receive $ 15.5 billion in the next 3–5 years to accelerate decarbonising its electricity sector, including shifting coal power use peak by 2030 instead of 2035. With coal contributing to about 50% of the electricity generation, Vietnam is facing numerous challenges to phase out coal while electricity demand is increasing around 10%/year. It could, however, ramp up the penetration of solar and wind power, particularly offshore wind, to replace coal power

9794: 736: 212: 9830: 9818: 760: 748: 2340: 1210: 1035: 2042:. Nuclear, which had supplied 30 percent of Japanese electricity from 1987 to 2011, supplied only 2 percent in 2012 (hydropower supplied 8 percent). Nuclear electricity was replaced with electricity from petroleum, coal, and liquified natural gas. As a result, electricity generation from fossil fuels rose to 90 percent in 2012. By 2021, Japan generated 30% of its electricity from coal. 2808:. The operators of these plants planned to phase out coal by 2020, 2022 and 2025 respectively. In August 2019 one of the three remaining coal burning power producers announced that they had phased out coal prematurely in 2019 instead of 2020. Värtaverket was scheduled to close in 2022, but closed in 2020. This was the last coal plant in Sweden, and its closure made Sweden coal free. 157:, have already or are transitioned away from coal; the largest transition announced so far being Germany, which is due to shut down its last coal-fired power station between 2035 and 2038. Germany is using reverse auctions to compensate coal-fired power plants for shutting down ahead of schedule. Some countries use the ideas of a " 4062: 2465:

and SPD) agreed to legislation to phase out Germany's hard coal mining sector. That did not mean that they supported phasing out coal in general. There were plans to build about 25 new plants in the coming years. Most German coal power plants were built in the 1960s, and have a low energy efficiency.

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According to SwitchCoal a 20 billion dollar investment in converting 10 plants to solar, wind and batteries would make an extra 13 billion dollars profit over 30 years. They assumed no carbon pricing and estimated lignite opex at 1 UScent per kWh. They say this would save 35 megatonnes of emissions a

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have been suggested to replace coal power. A 2023 study suggests the early 2030s and at the latest 2035 as a practical target for phase-out. A 2024 study says that, although some plants would shutdown due to technological or economic obsolescence, a complete phase out by 2035 would require additional

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In the last four years, we’ve more than doubled renewable energy generation from wind and solar power. However, coal and other fossil fuels still provide 80 percent of our energy, 70 percent of our electricity, and will be a major part of our energy future for decades. That’s why any serious effort

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In order to meet global climate goals and provide power to those that do not currently have it coal power must be reduced from nearly 10,000 TWh to less than 2,000 TWh by 2040. Phasing out coal has short-term health and environmental benefits which exceed the costs, but some countries still

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Coal power in England has also reduced substantially. In generating capability there has been the closure of the Hinton Heavies, and closure or conversion to biomass of the remaining coal plants will be completed by 2024. In terms of actual production, in 2018 it was less than at any time since the

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At the COP 26 in 2021, Vietnam pledged to phase out unabated coal power by the 2040s or soon thereafter. This is part of the country's announcement to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. In December 2022, Vietnam joined the Just Energy Transition Partnership. Under this partnership, the country will

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In January 2017, the Japanese government announced plans to build 45 new coal-fired power plants in the next ten years, largely to replace expensive electricity from petroleum power plants. Japan has 140 coal plants of which 114 are classified as inefficient and as a result the government intends to

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Under the JETP, Indonesia aims to reach net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases from electricity production by 2050, bringing forward its target by a decade, and reach a peak in those emissions by 2030. According to two think tanks, the $ 20bn allocated under the programme are insufficient for these

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India is the third largest consumer of coal in the world. India's federal energy minister is planning to stop importing thermal coal by 2018. The annual report of India's Power Ministry has a plan to grow power by about 80 GW as part of their 11th 5-year plan, and 79% of that growth will be in

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was rejected by the state. However, a new plant proposal, the Wallula Energy Resource Center, shows the limits of the "natural gas equivalency" approach as a means of prohibiting new coal plants. The proposed plant would meet the standard set by SSB 6001 by capturing and sequestering a portion (65

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in 2018 have resulted in massive protests. On 5 October 2018 a German court ruled against the further destruction of the forest for mining purposes. The ruling states, the court needs more time to reconsider the complaint. Angela Merkel, the chancellor of Germany, welcomed the court's ruling. The

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China is confident of achieving a rich zero carbon economy by 2050. In 2021, the government ordered all coal mines to operate at full capacity at all times, including holidays; approved new mines, and eliminated restrictions on coal imports. In November 2021, China reached record coal production

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projected that in 2014, with no coal generation, the largest sources of electrical power in the province will be nuclear (57 percent), hydroelectricity (25 percent), and natural gas (11 percent). In April 2014, Ontario was the first jurisdiction in North America to eliminate coal in electricity

2167:, Yeniköy and Kemerköy, are becoming outdated. However, if the plants and associated lignite mines were shut down, about 5000 workers would need funding for early retirement or retraining. There would also be health and environmental benefits, but these are difficult to quantify as very little 255:

was in 2008, when coal accounted for 30% of global energy production. Coal consumption is declining in the United States and Europe, as well as developed economies in Asia. However, consumption is still increasing in India and Southeast Asia, which compensates for the falls in other regions.

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In addition to heat and power coal is also used for steel production, there are long-term plans to phase out coal from steel production: Sweden is constructing hydrogen-based pilot steel plant to replace coke and coal usage in steel production. Once this technology is commercialized with the

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installations. As of January 2016, there have been 400 000 domestic installations in total, with free-of-charge installation of low-pressure solar water heaters for low-cost homes or low-income households which have access to the electricity grid, while other installations are subsidised.

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renewables, such as wind and solar, will also increase the need for flexible natural gas-powered generators, to supply electricity during those times when solar and wind power are unavailable. Gas-powered generators have the ability to ramp up and down quickly to meet changing loads.

6049:. APLUS Energy for Europe Beyond Coal, Climate Action Network (CAN) Europe, Sustainable Economics and Finance Research Association (SEFiA), WWF-Turkey (World Wildlife Fund), Greenpeace Mediterranean, 350.org and Climate Change Policy and Research Association. November 2021. 2545:). As a result, eight lignite-fired power plants are to be mothballed and later closed, with the first plant scheduled to cease operation in October 2016 and the last in October 2019. The affected operators will receive state compensation for foregone profits. The 1724:, took effect for investor-owned utilities in January 2007, and took effect for publicly owned utilities in August 2007. SB 1368 applied to long-term investments (five years or more) by California utilities, whether in-state or out-of-state. It set the standard for 2940:

is one of the largest consumers of coal per capita, and also the largest exporter. The proposals are strongly opposed by industry, unions and the main Opposition Party in Parliament (now forming the party in government after the September 2013 election).

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As part of their Climate Policy Plan, Denmark stated that it will phase out oil for heating purposes and coal by 2030. Additionally, their goal is to supply 100% of their electricity and heating needs with renewable energy five years later (i.e. 2035).

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In 2009, China had 172 GW of installed hydro capacity, the largest in the world, producing 16% of China's electricity, the Eleventh Five-Year Plan has set a 300 GW target for 2020. China built the world's largest power plant of any kind, the

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In 2019, Finland enacted a ban of coal use for energy purposes starting on 1 May 2029, ahead of the 2030 schedule discussed earlier. As of 2020, coal represented only 4.4% of electricity generated in the country. Finland is a founding member of the

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has not happened as swiftly as expected. Since many countries in Europe resort to natural gas in order to build their green economies, elevated prices for natural gas have been viewed as a stumbling block for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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at 1,100 pounds of carbon dioxide per megawatt-hour, equal to the emissions of a combined-cycle natural gas plant. This standard created a de facto moratorium on new coal, since it could not be met without carbon capture and sequestration.

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is the peak consumption or production of coal by a human community. Peak coal can be driven by peak demand or peak supply. Historically, it was widely believed that the supply-side would eventually drive peak coal due to the depletion of

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countries as partners, including Canada, Italy and Japan. It also includes Denmark and Norway. The JETP aims to develop a comprehensive investment plan (the JETP Investment and Policy Plan) to achieve Indonesia's decarbonisation goals.

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Germany, one of the world's biggest consumers of coal, will shut down all 84 of its coal-fired power plants over the next 19 years to meet its international commitments in the fight against climate change, a government commission said

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at the end of 2018. The government pre-engaged to spend 250 million Euro to pay for early retirements, occupational retraining and structural changes. In 2018, about 2.3 percent of the electric energy produced in Spain was produced in

129:. The health and environmental benefits of coal phase-out, such as limiting biodiversity loss and respiratory diseases, are greater than the cost. Developed countries may part finance the phase out for developing countries through the 5158:

China has ordered all coal mines to operate at full capacity It has ordered all coal mines to operate at full capacity even during holidays, issued approvals for new mines China's rollback of restrictions on mining and imports of

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said, "By 2030 there will be about 1,000 more new coal-fired generating stations built on this planet. There is only one place in the world that is phasing out coal-fired generation and we're doing that right here in Ontario." The

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is increasingly replacing coal-burning power plants. In late 2021, a record-breaking surge in energy prices in Europe, particularly for natural gas and refined petroleum products, has put this development into question. While the

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China's exceedingly high energy demand has pushed the demand for relatively cheap coal-fired power. Serious air quality deterioration has resulted from the massive use of coal and many Chinese cities suffer severe smog events.

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As of 2020, over half of the world's coal-generated electricity was produced in China. In 2020 alone, China added 38 gigawatts of coal-fired power generation, over three times what the rest of the world built that year.

1112:. With Alberta scheduled to have coal phased out of electricity generation by 2024. Canada aims to generate 90% of its electricity from non-emitting sources by 2030. Already, it generates 82% from non-emitting sources. 2089:

in December 2023 has urged for the voluntary early and orderly decommissioning or repurposing of existing coal-fired power plants in line of the Philippines' goal to have a 50 percent renewable energy share by 2040.

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groups organized a campaign in favor of a statewide moratorium on new coal-fired power plants. The campaign culminated in a "Stop the Coal Rush" mobilization, including rallying and lobbying, at the state capital in

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has proposed general objectives and estimated the cost, but has suggested government do far more detailed planning. According to a 2021 study by several NGOs if coal power subsidies were completely abolished and a

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After the government denied a 2009 application to build a new power plant in Antwerp, the Langerlo power station burned its last ton of coal in March 2016, ending the use of coal fired power plants in Belgium.

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The Philippines has stop issuing permits for the construction of new greenfield coal power plants in 2020. Six provinces have passed ordinance banning coal power plants in their jurisdiction as of 2019 namely:

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In 2007, 154 new coal-fired plants were on the drawing board in 42 states. By 2012, that had dropped to 15, mostly due to new rules limiting mercury emissions, and limiting carbon emissions to 1,000 pounds of

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also oppose nuclear power. The Federal Government and Victorian State Government want to modify existing coal-fired power stations into clean coal power stations. The Federal Labor government extended the

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The annual amount of coal plant capacity being retired increased into the mid-2010s. However, the rate of retirement has since stalled, and global coal phase-out is not yet compatible with the goals of the

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was a major source of air pollution, and Ontario suffered "smog days" during the summer. In 2007, Ontario's Liberal government committed to phasing out all coal generation in the province by 2014. Premier

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has followed the same approach as California, prohibiting coal plants whose emissions would exceed those of natural gas plants. Substitute Senate Bill 6001 (SSB 6001), signed on 3 May 2007, by Governor

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signed LD 2126, "An Act To Minimize Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Coal-Powered Industrial and Electrical Generating Facilities in the State." The law, which was sponsored by Rep. W. Bruce MacDonald

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to protect our kids from the worst effects of climate change must also include developing, demonstrating and deploying the technologies to use our abundant fossil fuel resources as cleanly as possible.

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In early March 2016, Oregon lawmakers approved a plan to stop paying for out-of-state coal plants by 2030 and require a 50 percent renewable energy standard by 2040. Environmental groups such as the

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A 2014 study found that coal is not making a comeback in Germany, as is sometimes claimed. Rather renewables have more than offset the nuclear facilities that have been shut down as a result of

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In February 2007, Germany announced plans to phase out hard coal-industry subsidies by 2018, a move which ended hard coal mining in Germany. This exit was later than the EU-mandated end by 2014.

5538: 6265: 4144: 2322:, France adopted a law banning new fossil fuel exploitation projects and closing current ones by 2040 in all of its territories. France thus became the first country to programme the end of 5037: 2115:. The average Turkish coal-fired power station is predicted to have higher long-run operating costs than renewables by 2030. The insurance industry is slowly withdrawing from fossil fuels. 203:

countries agreed to close all coal power plants in 2030–2035 unless their greenhouse gases are captured or the countries find another way to align their emissions with the 1.5 degree goal.

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November 2016. "If you read the Climate Action Plan carefully, you will find that the exit from coal-fired power generation is the immanent consequence of the energy sector target.

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Coal-fired generation puts out about twice as much carbon dioxide—around a tonne for every megawatt hour generated—as electricity generated by burning natural gas at 500 kg of

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emissions by 2030, a move which would require the closure of the country's five coal-fired power plants. However, the vote is not binding on the government. In December 2019 the

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In parallel with retirement of some coal plant capacity, other coal plants are still being added, though the annual amount of added capacity has been declining since the 2010s.

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year moratorium on new fossil fuel thermal power generation. The ban was limited to state-owned utilities, although an extension to the private sector was considered. The

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countries to completely phase out coal by 2030 and other countries by 2040. In 2020, although China built some plants, globally more coal power was retired than built: the

7116: 6601: 4531: 3714: 8150: 6764: 5645: 5594: 7326: 244:, peak coal has been driven by demand. This is due in large part to the rapid expansion of natural gas and renewable energy. As of 2024 over 40% of all energy sector 7626: 7612: 6326: 5350: 9706: 6131: 5976: 1790:(R-Waco) as House Concurrent Resolution 43. The resolution was left pending in committee. On 4 December 2007, Rep. Anderson announced his support for two proposed 9374: 7903:"Det koleldade kraftvärmeverket KVV6 vid Värtaverket har varit i drift och levererat värme och el till stockholmarna sedan 1989. Nu stängs det. – Stockholm Exergi" 7405: 7848: 7353: 5142: 4279: 3487: 8005: 4907: 7576: 6360: 3156: 3125: 3104: 137:) committed in 2021 to end support for coal-fired power stations within the year. It has been estimated that coal phase-out could benefit society by over 1% of 7499: 2638: 1187: 177:

has also said that OECD countries should stop generating electricity from coal by 2030 and the rest of the world by 2040. Phasing down coal was agreed at the

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Global Energy Monitor; CREA; E3G; Reclaim Finance; Sierra Club; SFOC; Kiko Network; CAN Europe; Bangladesh Groups; ACJCE; Chile Sustentable (5 April 2023).

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said that energy and climate policies that are not aligned in future may prevent some assets from providing an economic return due to the transition to a

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Efimova, Tatiana; Mazur, Eugene; Migotto, Mauro; Rambali, Mikaela; Samson, Rachel (February 2019). OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2019.

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The French government intends to close or convert the nation's last four coal plants by 2022. In April 2021 the Le Havre coal plant unit was shuttered.

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Japan, the world's third-largest economy, made a major move to use more fossil fuels in 2012, when the nation shut down nuclear reactors following the

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is among few coal-dependent developing countries that pledged to phase out unabated coal power by the 2040s or as early as possible thereafter

7946: 7782: 6042: 5171: 3694: 3392: 2175:. According to Dr. Coşku Çelik "coal investments in the countryside have been regarded as an employment opportunity by the rural population". 1786:

In January 2007, a resolution calling for a 180-day moratorium on new pulverized coal plants was filed in the Texas Legislature by State Rep.

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will be closed by 2024. This will not be a complete phase-out of fossil fuels because gas-fired power stations will continue to provide some

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Global coal consumption reached an all-time high in 2023, and is expected to fall in 2024. Consumption declines in the United States and

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on the local pollution by the plants and mines. Away from Zonguldak mining and the coal-fired power plant employ most working people in

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provided 30% of the electricity, down from approximately 49% in 2008, due to the plentiful supplies of low cost natural gas obtained by

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In addition to the huge investments in coal power, China has 32 nuclear reactors under construction, the highest number in the world.

1716:'s SB 1368 created the first governmental moratorium on new coal plants in the United States. The law was signed in September 2006 by 9747: 8863: 8448: 7551: 6695: 2524: 8128: 5940: 5704:"ADB and Indonesia Partners Sign Landmark MOU on Early Retirement Plan for First Coal Power Plant Under Energy Transition Mechanism" 4833: 9078: 8799: 8517: 8294: 5277: 4692: 4113: 3917: 3285: 2997: 2519: 1754:

facilities. It also puts a moratorium in place on building any new coal gasification facilities until the standards are developed.

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new coal-fired power installations reached 38.4 GW in 2020. That's more than three times the amount built by the rest of the world

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In the first half of 2021, coal was the largest source of power generation in Germany due to less wind than in the years before.

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per megawatt hour. In addition to generating electricity, natural gas is also popular in some countries for heating and as an

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initiated Germany's plans to entirely phase out and shut down the 84 remaining coal-fired plants on its territory by 2038.

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Do, Thang Nam; Burke, Paul J; Hughes, Llewelyn; Ta, Dinh Thi (2022). "Policy options for offshore wind power in Vietnam".

5966: 2776: 2491:). Hard coal plants now face financial stringency as their operating hours are cut back by the market. But in contrast, 2412:

billion in 2005 due to falling output. These subsidies represented a burden on public finances and implied a substantial

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said that a plan for a just transition away from coal is needed, and environmentalists say it should be gone by 2030. The

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favor coal, and there is much disagreement about how quickly it should be phased out. However many countries, such as the

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As a consequence the region of Beijing has decided to phase out all its coal-fired power generation by the end of 2015.

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Rauner, Sebastian; Bauer, Nico; Dirnaichner, Alois; Dingenen, Rita Van; Mutel, Chris; Luderer, Gunnar (23 March 2020).

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In cement production, carbon neutral biomass is being used to replace coal for reducing carbon foot print drastically.

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Do, Thang Nam; Burke, Paul J (2023). "Phasing out coal power in a developing country context: Insights from Vietnam".

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China generated 53% of the world's total coal-fired power in 2020, nine percentage points more that five years earlier

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Do, Thang Nam; Burke, J Paul (2023). "Phasing out coal power in a developing country context: Insights from Vietnam".

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was announced in 2021 as a partnership with Germany, France, the UK and US. The agreement with Indonesia involves all

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is a 20 billion dollar agreement to decarbonise Indonesia's coal-powered economy, launched on 15 November 2022 at the

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unless government policies change. To phase-out coal, Germany should seek to strength the emissions trading system (

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Analysis in 2016, showed that China's coal consumption appears to have peaked in 2014. In 2014, China consumed 2050

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published a report calling for the decommissioning of the thirty most polluting coal-fired power plants in Europe.

1763: 1717: 764: 4982: 4566: 3967: 1196: 34: 10329: 10254: 10125: 9591: 9542: 8968: 8930: 8875: 8345: 7181: 6583: 3419:"Phasing out coal could generate 'social benefits' worth $ 78 trillion | Imperial News | Imperial College London" 2603: 1232: 1191: 1057: 876: 657: 7757: 7244: 4199: 2634:

forest is located approximately 29 km west of the city center of Cologne (specifically Cologne Cathedral).

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In 2014, Germany's coal consumption dropped for the first time, having risen each year since the low during the

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Gutmann, Kathrin; Huscher, Julia; Urbaniak, Darek; White, Adam; Schaible, Christian; Bricke, Mona (July 2014).

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on electricity storage: however the study did not consider demand response or electricity trading with the EU.

1139: 702: 8072: 1123:. The province annually consumed 15 million tonnes of coal in large power plants to supplement nuclear power. 51: 10501: 10433: 10423: 10299: 10199: 9854: 9769: 9304: 8836: 7732: 6815: 4863:"California Takes on Power Plant Emissions: SB 1368 Sets Groundbreaking Greenhouse Gas Performance Standard," 4592:"Ontario Power Generation Moves to Cleaner Energy Future : Thunder Bay Station Burns Last Piece of Coal" 3219: 2933: 2241: 1120: 880: 687: 25:

World map which shows which countries made zero-coal pledges, and the year by which they aim to achieve this.

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Excerpts of Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz’s Remarks at National Energy Technology Laboratory in Morgantown

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In the US, many of the fossil fuel phase-out initiatives have taken place at the state or local levels.

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Some energy analysts say old plants should be shut down. Three coal-fired power plants, which are in

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signed an agreement with Cirebon Electric Power to open discussions on accelerated retirement of the

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Kat, Bora; Sahin, Umit; Teimourzadeh, Saeed; Tor, Osman B.; Voyvoda, Ebru; Yeldan, A. Erinc (2023).

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4 coal-fired power plant was added to the German grid after nearly a 10-year delay in construction.

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proposed an immediate moratorium on coal-fired power stations and want to end all coal mining and

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in a manner that avoids taxpayer involvement. Instead, liabilities covering decommissioning and

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In November 2021, US refused to sign up to coal phaseout agreement at the COP26 climate summit.

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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

10630: 10386: 10249: 10032: 9921: 9409: 9229: 9171: 9088: 9073: 8958: 8604: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8190: 6230: 5386: 3024: 2924: 2592: 2378: 2233: 1986: 1831: 1267:

provided 81 percent of the energy consumed in the United States, down from 86 percent in 2000.

1093: 624: 599: 509: 489: 459: 414: 341: 326: 138: 7146: 5971: 4951: 4929: 4649: 2553:

billion of public financing for this purpose to be in line with the European Union's rules on

10521: 10289: 10284: 10264: 9798: 9444: 9321: 9129: 8589: 8512: 4620: 2851: 2451: 2148: 1721: 868: 740: 559: 514: 331: 92: 7947:"UK coal phase-out date pulled forward, as latest stats show emissions fell again last year" 7068: 6980: 5539:"Deutsche G7-Präsidentschaft treibt ambitionierte Just Energy Transition Partnerships voran" 2264:

Closure is planned for 2038 but it is thought market forces will force it well before that.

1200:

Renewable energy exceeded coal-based energy for the first time in 2022 in the United States.

10115: 9877: 9637: 9515: 9176: 8751: 8678: 8138: 6923: 6865: 6558:

Europe's dirty 30: how the EU's coal-fired power plants are undermining its climate efforts

6519: 6474: 5729:"Japan’s fossil-fueled generation remains high because of continuing nuclear plant outages" 5296: 4216: 4166: 3771: 3558: 3324: 2740: 2687:, Italy's largest power generator, intends to shut down three power plants in early 2021. 2630: 2511: 2504: 2458: 1963: 1089: 604: 504: 444: 182: 80: 7849:"E.ON fasar ut fossilt och investerar flera hundra miljoner i nytt värmeverk i Norrköping" 6163:

Presented during the 26th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis (Bordeaux, France)

3621:

Implementing Coal Transitions Insights from Case Studies of Major Coal-Consuming Economies

2622:... half of the coal-fired power production must have ended, compared to 2014", she said. 2386: 891: 839: 8: 10486: 10319: 10219: 10194: 10147: 9956: 9946: 9911: 9654: 9429: 8663: 8658: 8258: 6024: 4841: 4684: 3169: 2813: 2573: 2546: 2153: 996: 965:. The reason given is: implications of Eskom financial problems and Ramaphosa leadership. 849: 717: 682: 677: 389: 126: 6927: 6523: 6478: 5728: 5300: 4807: 4109: 3993: 3865:"The world's most advanced economies just agreed to end coal use by 2035 – with a catch" 3775: 3562: 3328: 2968: