960:
104:
968:
Due to high demand and poor average quality, India is forced to import high quality coal to meet the requirements of steel plants. India imported 215.25 million metric tons (237.27 million short tons) and exported 2.95 million metric tons (3.25 million short tons) of coal in 2020–21. Net imports of coal declined by 13.39% over the previous fiscal. India's net imports of coal grew at a compound annual growth rate of 8.62% over the last 10 years. India is the second largest coal importer in the world, after China.
149:
546:
22:
354:
1114:
1046:
908:
4377:
3148:
3158:
4397:
2438:
3513:
4387:
372:. Annual production rose to 33 million metric tons (36 million short tons) at the beginning of the First Five Year Plan. The National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC), a Government of India Undertaking, was established in 1956 with the collieries owned by the railways. The NCDC aimed to increase coal production efficiently by systematic and scientific development of the coal industry. The
1095:
2237:: "Using the vast money, muscle and caste power, trade union leaders have built up a Mafia-like empire which totally controls the life and economy of Dhanbad ... workers who constitute about 40 percent of Dhanbad districts population are mainly tribals, adivasis, Harijans and backward castes, while the trade union musclemen are mostly Rajputs of Bhojpur and Rohtas districts."
2319:. Snippet: "Default on quality, quantity and timely supply of coal have taken their toll on the Indian industry and come in their way in acquiring international competitiveness ... coal ministry officials have themselves observed boulders and dust being loaded in wagons supposed to be carrying steam coal ... checking officials even found the dead body of a person."
1033:
States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. This is because of the difference in the quality of the coal, as measured by the Gross
Calorific Value (GCV). On average, Indian coal has a GCV of about 4500 Kcal/kg, whereas the quality in most other countries is much better; for example, in Australia, the GCV is 6500 Kcal/kg approximately.
386:
505:
coal reserves in the world. As of 1 April 2021, India had 352.13 billion metric tons (388.16 billion short tons) of the resource. The total reserves of coal rose 2.36% over the previous year, with the discovery of an estimated 8.11 billion metric tons (8.94 billion short
439:
Limited (BCCL), a new
Central Government Undertaking. Another enactment, namely the Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973, extended the right of the Government of India to take over the management of the coking and non-coking coal mines in seven States including the coking coal mines taken
1397:
It was the existence of coal that first attracted the railway authority to extend the railways and with them came the
Gujrati people as an expert railway contractor with an experience of railway construction work at Thana. They then met Raja of Jharia and purchased some having underneath wast wealth
1080:
is serious in India. One study found that 90% of households surveyed in a village near a coal mine reported health problems in the last year, compared to 52% of households from villages at least 40 km (25 mi) away from a mine. Additionally, the villages closest to the mine had the greatest
179:
increased coal production to an annual average of 1 million metric tons (1.1 million short tons) in 1853. By 1900, India produced 6.12 million metric tons (6.75 million short tons) of coal per year; by 1920, it produced 18 million metric tons (20 million short tons). During the First World War, coal
1188:
and leasing-out of government land have allegedly become routine. A parallel economy has developed with a significant fraction of the local population employed by the mafia in manually transporting the stolen coal for long distances over unpaved roads to illegal mafia warehouses and points of sale.
994:
Consumption of lignite stood at 37.22 million metric tons (0.04103 billion short tons) in 2020–21. Electricity generation alone accounts for 84.46% of the total lignite consumption. Other significant consumers include the paper industry (5.55%), the cement industry (2.18%) and the textile
967:
India is one of the largest consumers of coal in the world. The country consumed 906.08 million metric tons (0.99878 billion short tons) of coal in 2020–21, of which 79.03% was produced domestically. Coal consumption grew at a compound annual growth rate of 3.96% over the previous decade.
1192:
The coal mafia has had a negative effect on Indian industry, with coal supplies and quality varying erratically. Higher-quality coal is sometimes selectively diverted, and missing coal is replaced with stones and boulders in railway cargo wagons. A human corpse has been discovered in a sealed coal
919:
of coal in the world, after China. The production of coal was 1,000 million metric tons (1,100 million short tons) in 2024 and 716.08 million metric tons (789.34 million short tons) in 2020–21, a decline of 2.02% over the previous year primarily due to disruptions caused by the
458:
The North East Indian states enjoys special privileges under constitution of India. The Sixth
Schedule of constitution and article 371 of constitution allows state governments to formulate its own policy to recognize customary tribal laws. For example, Nagaland has its own coal policy which allows
376:
Ltd. (SCCL) which was already in operation since 1945 and which became a
Government company under the control of Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. The coal industry in India was thus controlled by state-owned companies in the 1950s. Today, SCCL is a joint undertaking of Government of Telangana
135:
were repealed in
January 2018. In the final step toward denationalization, in February 2018, the government permitted private firms to enter the commercial coal mining industry. Under the new policy, mines were auctioned to the firm offering the highest per tonne price. The move broke the monopoly
1032:
and high ash content. The carbon content is low in India's coal, and toxic trace element concentrations are negligible. The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor. On average, the Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United
426:
was done in two phases, the first with the coking coal mines in 1971–72 and then with the non-coking coal mines in 1973. In
October 1971, the Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1971 provided for taking over in public interest of the management of coking coal mines and coke oven plants
471:
in March 2015 containing provisions enabling the government to allocate coal mines through auctions. The law also permitted private players to mine coal for use in their own cement, steel, power or aluminium plants. On 20 February 2018, the
Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) permitted
2101:
472:
private firms to enter the commercial coal mining industry in India. Under the new policy, mines will be auctioned to the firm offering the highest per tonne price. The move broke the monopoly over commercial mining that state-owned Coal India has enjoyed since nationalisation in 1973.
421:
Unscientific mining practices adopted by some of them and poor working conditions of labor in some of the private coal mines became matters of concern for the
Government. On account of these reasons, the Central Government took a decision to nationalize the private coal mines. The
1020:
estimated that 17% of coal-fired plants were already more expensive than new renewables and that 85% would be by 2025. It has been suggested that no new coal plants are needed, but that existing plants could be retrofitted to operate more flexibly together with wind and solar.
942:
is an integral part of the coal production process in which raw coal from mines is washed to remove the ash content to make it fit for feeding into boilers such as those in steel plants. Coal washeries are generally not a part of coal mines in India, with some exceptions.
459:
its natives to mine coal from their respective lands. Similarly, coal mining in
Meghalaya was rampant till imposition of ban on coal mining by National Green Tribunal. The Nagaland Coal and Meghalaya Coal has large buyers in North India, Central India and Eastern India.
180:
production received a boost due to increased demand, but declined again in the early 1930s. Production reached a level of 29 million metric tons (32 million short tons) by 1942 and 30 million metric tons (33 million short tons) by 1946.
4332:
313:. Messrs. Khora Ramji in 1894 was working on railway lines contract of Jharia branch line and with his brother Jetha Lira was also building Jharia Railway Station, when he discovered coal in Jharia belt. The location of his three collieries named
3636:
1180:, beginning with the mining town of Dhanbad. It is alleged that the coal industry's trade union leadership forms the upper echelon of this arrangement and employs caste allegiances to maintain its power. Pilferage and sale of coal on the
2258:: "According to many workers, it is not possible for genuine trade unionism to flourish in Dhanbad because of illicit trading and profiteering in the garb of trade unionism and the protective umbrella such an institution holds out."
529:
The estimated total reserves of lignite coal as of 1 April 2021 were 46.02 billion metric tons (50.73 billion short tons), remaining unchanged from the previous year. The largest lignite reserves are present in
1085:
are also a problem. Air pollution from coal-fired power plants is linked with asthma, cancer, heart and lung ailments, neurological problems, acid rain, global warming, and other severe environmental and public health impacts.
1984:
950:
and 41 non-coking) in India as on 31 March 2021 with a total installed capacity of 138.58 million tonnes per year, of which 108.60 million tonnes are non-coking and 29.98 million tonnes are coking coal washeries.
393:
Right from its genesis, the commercial coal mining in modern times in India has been dictated by the needs of the domestic consumption. India has abundant domestic reserves of coal. Most of these are in the states of
1958:
440:
over in 1971. This was followed by the nationalization of all these mines on 1 May 1973 with the enactment of the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973 which determined the eligibility of coal mining in India.
3113:
44:, mining 777.31 million metric tons (856.84 million short tons) in FY 2022. Around 30% of coal is imported. Due to demand, supply mismatch and poor quality with high ash content, India imports
191:, the many Indians pioneered Indian involvement in coal mining from 1894. They broke the previous monopolies held by British and other Europeans, establishing many collieries at locations such as
116:
451:. Raniganj Coalfield covers an area of 443.50 square kilometres (171.24 sq mi) and has total coal reserves of 8,552.85 million metric tons (9,427.90 million short tons).
3123:
1329:
1918:
3037:
924:. The production of lignite was 36.61 million metric tons (40.36 million short tons) in 2020–21, a decrease of 13.04% over the previous fiscal. Production of coal grew by a
537:
The energy derived from coal in India is about twice that of the energy derived from oil, whereas worldwide, energy derived from coal is about 30% less than energy derived from oil.
427:
pending nationalization. This was followed by the Coking Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1972 under which the coking coal mines and the coke oven plants other than those with the
3082:
1831:
4098:
3458:
1962:
1793:
1753:
2872:
3118:
455:
puts the reserves at 29.72 billion metric tons (32.76 billion short tons) which makes it the second largest coalfield in the country (in terms of reserves).
3077:
975:
is the largest consumer of raw coal in India and accounted for 64.07% of the total coal consumed in the country in 2020–21. Other significant consumers include the
1295:
3087:
1658:
3032:
2997:
2952:
127:
four decades later. In March 2015, the government permitted private companies to mine coal for use in their own cement, steel, power or aluminium plants. The
3042:
3017:
2932:
2912:
2862:
2822:
2704:
1077:
80:
4442:
3128:
3007:
3002:
2694:
2662:
1758:
443:
All non-coking coal mines were nationalized in 1973 and placed under Coal Mines Authority of India. In 1975, Eastern Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of
3072:
2977:
2957:
2947:
2847:
4317:
3787:
2962:
2942:
2827:
2817:
3092:
2927:
2907:
2897:
2857:
2842:
2837:
2268:
928:(CAGR) of 3.19%, and production of lignite declined by a CAGR of 1.60% over the last 10 years. Coal mining is one of India's most dangerous jobs.
3133:
3052:
3012:
2987:
2967:
2867:
1944:
2187:
4274:
3709:
2972:
2937:
2892:
2887:
4492:
418:. Adequate capital investment to meet the burgeoning energy needs of the country was not forthcoming from the private coal mine owners.
414:. On account of the growing needs of the steel industry, a thrust had to be given on systematic exploitation of coking coal reserves in
4253:
3812:
3501:
3453:
2051:
1716:
1566:
3865:
3682:
3566:
484:
4322:
4289:
3479:
4310:
3062:
1580:
1806:
3586:
3468:
2248:
Industrial Restructuring and Union Power: Micro-economic Dimensions of Economic Restructuring and Industrial Relations in India
119:
nationalized coal mining in phases – coking coal mines in 1971–72 and non-coking coal mines in 1973. With the enactment of the
4433:
321:
Other Indian communities followed the example of him in the Dhanbad-Jharia-Bokaro fields after the 1930s. These included the
88:
2113:
1419:
931:
India targets to increase its coal production to 1,200 million metric tons (1,300 million short tons) by 2023–24.
4327:
4258:
3194:
2789:
1534:
916:
1632:
1606:
1009:
Coal generated over 73% of electricity produced in 2020–21, while lignite accounted for 3.6% of electricity generation.
3611:
3606:
2689:
1303:
1004:
92:
4390:
3581:
2331:
2316:
2255:
2234:
1684:
1451:
1378:
Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir and History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia
1850:
4177:
4172:
4165:
3797:
3767:
3463:
995:
industry (2.01%). Lignite consumption declined at a compound annual growth rate of 1.30% over the previous decade.
980:
976:
1270:
4357:
4187:
4123:
4103:
2517:
1220:
1105:. The fire has burned for nearly a century and displaced or endangered the health of 100s of thousands of people.
1875:
1347:
4051:
3494:
2370:
2144:
1176:
after the division of Bihar state) were among the first areas in India to see the emergence of a sophisticated
293:
was the first Indian to break the British monopoly in the Jharia Coalfields. Natwarlal Devram Jethwa says that
4637:
4305:
4081:
3875:
3792:
3631:
2294:
1161:
175:. The growth of Indian coal mining remained slow for nearly a century due to low demand. The introduction of
959:
4347:
4041:
3933:
3833:
3752:
3422:
1330:"Report: New solar is cheaper to build than to run existing coal plants in China, India and most of Europe"
849:
534:. Only about 16% of India's lignite reserves are proven, 56% are indicated/probable, and 28% are inferred.
373:
87:
would have short-term health and environmental benefits greatly exceeding the costs. Electricity from new
4204:
4071:
3928:
3559:
3554:
3407:
2077:
1390:
1215:
1010:
972:
925:
68:
1524:
India. Dept. of Statistics (Superintendent Government Printing, 1921 – Technology and Engineering).
4602:
4148:
4046:
3525:
2709:
1082:
988:
4607:
4426:
4380:
4209:
4056:
4029:
3958:
3893:
3807:
3779:
3576:
3487:
3331:
3296:
3256:
2507:
859:
369:
3509:
1441:
1125:
1057:
496:
4138:
4003:
3978:
3747:
3427:
3412:
3382:
3187:
2804:
2782:
2760:
Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
2579:
2492:
2487:
1474:
1230:
1149:
4547:
4241:
4229:
4199:
3870:
3817:
3591:
3356:
2982:
2739:
1985:"Air pollution claimed over 5 lakh lives in India, of which 97K died due to coal burning: Report"
286:
72:
4400:
2145:"Coal fires burning around the world: Opportunity for innovative and interdisciplinary research"
317:, Khas Jherria, Gareria is mentioned also in 1917 Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar and Odisha.
4632:
4236:
4192:
4076:
4008:
3998:
3963:
3601:
3596:
3301:
3286:
2714:
2522:
1164:
from new large-scale solar power has been below existing coal-fired power stations since 2021.
797:
The following table shows the estimated lignite reserves in India by state as of 1 April 2021.
160:
4279:
3988:
3838:
3762:
3714:
3704:
3361:
3246:
2569:
2467:
2028:
2011:
1225:
1203:
1153:
557:
The following table shows the estimated coal reserves in India by state as of 1 April 2021.
4642:
4572:
4419:
4337:
4086:
4024:
3993:
3983:
3943:
3938:
3677:
3616:
3448:
3291:
3241:
3221:
2574:
2549:
2246:
Ajeet N. Mathur, Asian Regional Team for Employment Promotion, World Employment Programme,
216:
103:
1500:
by T. V. Rama Rao, G. D. Binani. Published by Orient Longmans in 1954 (Coal Mines Section)
52:, the largest coal producing city, has been called the coal capital of India. State-owned
8:
4577:
4542:
4532:
4452:
4352:
4342:
4143:
4118:
4091:
3417:
3402:
3321:
3271:
3261:
3236:
3231:
3180:
3102:
2922:
2917:
2812:
2775:
2652:
2512:
2412:
1900:
124:
123:, all coal mines in India were nationalized in May 1973. This policy was reversed by the
1145:
4462:
4219:
4182:
4061:
3968:
3923:
3918:
3757:
3742:
3721:
3651:
3626:
3571:
3432:
3397:
3387:
3377:
3346:
3336:
3311:
3306:
3203:
2832:
2724:
2667:
2637:
2627:
2584:
2363:
2121:
452:
448:
436:
365:
168:
164:
45:
1584:
4517:
4457:
4224:
4113:
4108:
3973:
3953:
3948:
3860:
3855:
3672:
3621:
3341:
3316:
3276:
3251:
3226:
3157:
2882:
2729:
2657:
2604:
2457:
2312:
2288:
2251:
2230:
2169:
2033:
1780:
1710:
1560:
1447:
921:
764:
432:
342:
252:
176:
76:
4587:
4582:
4567:
4557:
4497:
4487:
4362:
4214:
4034:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3848:
3737:
3692:
3517:
3351:
3326:
3266:
3022:
2719:
2472:
2159:
2023:
1210:
1098:
1025:
415:
1249:
148:
4612:
4597:
4537:
4507:
4502:
4155:
4133:
4066:
3843:
3281:
3047:
2417:
1029:
984:
507:
423:
334:
1541:
4592:
4562:
4552:
4527:
4472:
4467:
4246:
4128:
3913:
3027:
2992:
2599:
2527:
2502:
1904:
1636:
1102:
1017:
686:
634:
502:
411:
338:
322:
84:
1610:
545:
4626:
4522:
4482:
4477:
3687:
3646:
3151:
2902:
2852:
2356:
2173:
1185:
1184:, inflated or fictitious supply expenses, falsified worker contracts and the
699:
326:
188:
172:
41:
353:
159:
Commercial exploitation of coal in India began in 1774 with John Sumner and
3697:
3667:
2744:
2037:
1181:
1157:
939:
608:
523:
403:
248:
236:
21:
2164:
1691:
1420:"Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar and Orissa 1917 Khora Ramji Colliries"
3802:
3161:
2677:
2672:
2614:
2564:
2539:
879:
660:
621:
260:
192:
61:
1113:
1045:
907:
447:
Limited, was formed. It took over all the earlier private collieries in
3641:
3533:
3392:
2422:
1901:
How to Retire Early: Making accelerated coal phaseout feasible and just
1014:
1013:
consumed over 70% of the coal produced in the country in 2013. In 2020
819:
531:
444:
428:
137:
53:
3172:
2052:"Fed up with fly ash, India villagers fight back against power plants"
2749:
2734:
2682:
2632:
2622:
1510:
Indigenous Enterprise in the Indian Coal Mining Industry c. 1835–1939
1351:
1173:
829:
712:
647:
582:
515:
407:
395:
357:
314:
276:
264:
256:
152:
4411:
1409:
Encyclopedia of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa by British Authority (1920)
526:
accounted for almost 70% of the total known coal reserves in India.
3538:
2699:
2647:
2554:
2532:
2497:
2477:
2452:
2427:
738:
511:
330:
272:
232:
212:
196:
57:
2437:
1851:"China's boycott of Australia has redirected global flows of coal"
2559:
2407:
2343:
2188:"UN secretary general urges India to swiftly turn away from coal"
1522:
Report on the production and consumption of coal in India of 1921
839:
550:
302:
298:
268:
228:
200:
108:
49:
2767:
2544:
2462:
947:
869:
751:
595:
519:
399:
310:
306:
224:
208:
184:
2275:. 26 February 2005. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008
1380: – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa of Calcutta (1998).
3512:
3207:
2397:
2212:
Indu Bharti, "Usurpation of the State: Coal Mafia in Bihar",
1296:"Coal exit benefits outweigh its costs — PIK Research Portal"
1177:
810:
792:
725:
673:
570:
290:
280:
244:
240:
220:
204:
33:
1094:
4284:
2642:
2594:
2482:
2402:
2379:
1868:
377:
and Government of India sharing its equity in 51:49 ratio.
37:
1832:"India targets 1.2 billion ton coal production by 2023-24"
1498:
India at a Glance: A comprehensive reference book on India
1207:– a 2017 book by Subhomoy Bhattacharjeeon on coal in India
1101:
with smoke and burning embers coming from the underground
540:
297:
The East Indian Railway in 1894–95 extended its line from
2589:
963:
Demand, production and import of coal (in million tonnes)
2114:"India Together: In the line of fire - 13 November 2006"
1395:. Controller of Publications – Bihar. 1981. p. 22.
514:
are primarily found in eastern and south-central India.
435:, were nationalized on 1 May 1972 and brought under the
2348:
2010:
Hendryx, Michael; Zullig, Keith J.; Luo, Juhua (2020).
1659:"Govt allows pvt firms to mine coal for commercial use"
385:
1350:. Ministry of Coal, Indian government. Archived from
2705:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
1748:
1746:
1078:
health and environmental impact of the coal industry
81:
health and environmental impact of the coal industry
2695:
Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia
1759:
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1476:
Jharia Coalfields: Khora Ramji, Narayan Chowra, etc
510:, 42% are indicated/probable, and 8% are inferred.
1959:"Statistical Review of world energy 2014 workbook"
1807:"Five killed in eastern Indian coal mine collapse"
1024:A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to
462:
4624:
2009:
1773:
1723:
1271:"India's U-Turn on 'Clean' Energy Is a Bad Move"
380:
506:tons). About half of India's coal reserves are
71:and most electricity is generated by coal, but
36:is the second largest producer and consumer of
64:between its nationalisation in 1973 and 2018.
4427:
3495:
3188:
2783:
2364:
2332:Adjusting to transition Brookings Institution
2261:
2227:Crime in Our Society: A Political Perspective
2216:, Vol. 24, No. 42, pg. 2353. 21 October 1989.
477:Coking Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1972
368:, the Government of India introduced several
129:Coking Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1972
2311:, Anmol Publications Private Limited, 1994,
1081:incidence of self-reported health problems.
2344:Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air
2250:, International Labour Organization, 1991,
1005:List of power stations in India § Coal
140:had enjoyed since nationalisation in 1973.
4434:
4420:
3502:
3488:
3454:Central Mine Planning and Design Institute
3195:
3181:
2790:
2776:
2371:
2357:
2301:
2240:
2206:
793:Distribution of lignite reserves by states
2163:
2027:
1172:The state-owned coal mines of Bihar (now
998:
485:Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017
469:Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015
183:In the regions of British India known as
48:to meet the shortage of domestic supply.
2142:
2029:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094104
1945:"Economics of Coal and Gas Based Energy"
1665:. Press Trust of India. 20 February 2018
1323:
1321:
1093:
1089:
958:
906:
544:
384:
352:
147:
136:over commercial mining that state-owned
102:
20:
3202:
2219:
1794:Statistical Review of World Energy 2015
541:Distribution of coal reserves by states
433:Indian Iron & Steel Company Limited
4625:
4396:
3587:Securities and Exchange Board of India
1919:"Endgame for new coal power projects?"
1715:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1565:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1439:
1392:Census of India, 1981: Bihar. Series 4
1327:
481:Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973
133:Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973
121:Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973
117:Indira Gandhi administration of India
4441:
4415:
3483:
3176:
2771:
2663:mining disasters in the United States
2352:
1318:
1148:said that India should stop building
429:Tata Iron & Steel Company Limited
4386:
1804:
1108:
1040:
348:
1881:. International Energy Agency. 2013
1848:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1152:before the end of the year and end
911:Coal production in India, 1950–2012
143:
13:
2690:Environmental issues in Appalachia
2325:
1805:Dash, Jatindra (2 February 2022).
1783:. Ministry of Coal. 31 March 2018.
1512:, C.P. Simmons. Published in 1976.
1443:Khora Ramji Mines capsized in 1938
497:List of mines in India § Coal
93:the country's existing coal plants
91:is cheaper than that generated by
75:have been criticised for breaking
14:
4654:
3567:Ministry of Commerce and Industry
2337:
2102:Hindustan Times, 15 December 2007
1328:Runyon, Jennifer (23 June 2021).
1036:
946:There were 60 coal washeries (19
4493:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4395:
4385:
4376:
4375:
3511:
3156:
3147:
3146:
2797:
2436:
2229:, Vikas Publishing House, 1983,
1403:
1366:
1348:"Coal Mining in India: The Past"
1250:"Koyala Darpan / Coal Dashboard"
1112:
1044:
2180:
2136:
2120:. 15 April 2013. Archived from
2106:
2095:
2070:
2044:
2012:"Impacts of Coal Use on Health"
2003:
1977:
1951:
1937:
1911:
1893:
1842:
1824:
1798:
1787:
1677:
1651:
1625:
1599:
1581:"Coal India Limited – About Us"
1573:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1467:
1433:
1221:1965 Dhanbad coal mine disaster
463:Denationalisation of coal mines
32:has been mined since 1774, and
3114:British Indian Ocean Territory
2016:Annual Review of Public Health
1412:
1383:
1340:
1288:
1263:
1242:
954:
1:
4099:Electronics and semiconductor
3469:Automotive companies of India
2214:Economic and Political Weekly
1947:. Third Wave Solutions. 2012.
1876:"Key World Energy Statistics"
1236:
1167:
1162:levelized cost of electricity
1144:In 2020 UN secretary general
987:(0.75%), and fertilizers and
902:
381:Nationalisation of coal mines
3423:Singareni Collieries Company
1923:www.thehindubusinessline.com
1849:Hui, Mary (26 August 2021).
1633:"CoalDunia – Meghalaya Coal"
374:Singareni Collieries Company
125:Narendra Modi administration
7:
3408:Neyveli Lignite Corporation
2143:Stracher, Glenn B. (2007).
1607:"CoalDunia – Nagaland Coal"
1216:Indian Coal Allocation Scam
1196:
926:compound annual growth rate
893:
883:
873:
863:
853:
843:
833:
823:
781:
768:
755:
742:
729:
716:
703:
690:
677:
664:
651:
638:
625:
612:
599:
586:
490:
67:Most of the coal is burned
10:
4661:
3582:Central Statistical Office
2710:Health effects of coal ash
2518:power in the United States
1083:Health effects of coal ash
1011:India's electricity sector
1002:
977:steel and washery industry
934:
494:
171:along the Western bank of
98:
4449:
4371:
4298:
4267:
4017:
3886:
3826:
3778:
3730:
3660:
3612:Foreign exchange reserves
3607:Foreign direct investment
3577:Economic Advisory Council
3547:
3524:
3441:
3370:
3214:
3142:
3101:
3061:
2803:
2758:
2613:
2445:
2434:
2386:
2293:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1150:coal-fired power stations
155:Coal Picking Belt in 1928
16:Aspect of Indian industry
3748:Multi Commodity Exchange
3428:South Eastern Coalfields
3413:North Eastern Coalfields
3383:Carr, Tagore and Company
2863:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2580:Greenhouse gas emissions
2378:
1754:"Energy Statistics 2022"
1231:Carr, Tagore and Company
1160:excluding subsidies the
370:5-year development plans
25:Coal production of India
3592:Enforcement Directorate
3464:Steel industry of India
3459:Power stations of India
3124:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2740:Problems in coal mining
1663:Business Standard India
917:second largest producer
467:Parliament enacted the
287:Seth Khora Ramji Chawda
73:coal-fired power plants
69:to generate electricity
4188:Science and technology
4124:Information technology
3813:Government initiatives
2715:History of coal mining
2082:www.theworldcounts.com
1440:Simeon, Dilip (n.d.).
1334:Renewable Energy World
1106:
999:Electricity generation
964:
912:
554:
402:, West Bengal, Bihar,
390:
361:
319:
161:Suetonius Grant Heatly
156:
112:
26:
3705:Reserve Bank of India
2570:Fossil fuel phase-out
2468:Black coal equivalent
2269:"Coal theft and vote"
2165:10.1130/GSAT01711GW.1
1226:Mining scams in India
1154:fossil fuel subsidies
1097:
1090:Environmental effects
1003:Further information:
962:
910:
548:
483:were repealed by the
388:
356:
295:
151:
106:
24:
4638:Coal mining in India
3793:Economic development
3637:Voluntary guidelines
3632:Industrial licensing
3449:Coal mining in India
3038:United Arab Emirates
2575:Great Smog of London
2508:pollution mitigation
981:sponge iron industry
89:solar farms in India
3555:Ministry of Finance
3418:Northern Coalfields
3403:Mahanadi Coalfields
3065:limited recognition
2493:fired power station
2488:combustion products
2413:Sub-bituminous coal
2390:(lowest to highest)
2387:Coal types by grade
2225:S. Venugopala Rao,
487:on 8 January 2018.
4205:Telecommunications
3731:Financial services
3652:Atmanirbhar Bharat
3572:Finance Commission
3433:Western Coalfields
3398:Eastern Coalfields
3388:Central Coalfields
3378:Bharat Coking Coal
2628:Black lung disease
2605:Toxic heavy metals
2585:Metallurgical coal
2273:Frontline Magazine
2078:"The World Counts"
2058:. 13 February 2019
1991:. 14 November 2019
1989:The Economic Times
1836:The Economic Times
1639:on 8 November 2014
1613:on 21 October 2014
1587:on 9 November 2017
1300:www.pik-potsdam.de
1204:India's Coal Story
1124:. You can help by
1107:
1056:. You can help by
973:electricity sector
965:
913:
577:Type of Coalfield
555:
453:Eastern Coalfields
449:Raniganj Coalfield
437:Bharat Coking Coal
391:
362:
169:Raniganj Coalfield
165:East India Company
157:
113:
77:environmental laws
27:
4620:
4619:
4443:Coal in the World
4409:
4408:
3934:Jammu and Kashmir
3560:Finance ministers
3477:
3476:
3170:
3169:
3107:other territories
2765:
2764:
2523:preparation plant
2458:Asian brown cloud
2391:
1925:. 27 January 2022
1398:in shape of coal.
1354:on 31 August 2013
1142:
1141:
1074:
1073:
922:COVID-19 pandemic
900:
899:
860:Jammu and Kashmir
814:
790:
789:
765:Arunachal Pradesh
574:
360:StruttPit in 1928
349:Post-independence
177:steam locomotives
4650:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4413:
4412:
4399:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4379:
4378:
4363:Mumbai Consensus
3929:Himachal Pradesh
3818:Numbering system
3808:Green revolution
3683:Historical Forex
3518:Economy of India
3516:
3515:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3119:Christmas Island
2805:Sovereign states
2792:
2785:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2720:Hydrogen sulfide
2440:
2389:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2320:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2265:
2259:
2244:
2238:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2194:. 28 August 2020
2184:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2124:on 15 April 2013
2110:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:. Archived from
1955:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1750:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1690:. Archived from
1689:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1635:. Archived from
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1609:. Archived from
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1583:. Archived from
1577:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1547:on 26 March 2012
1546:
1540:. Archived from
1539:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1306:on 24 March 2020
1302:. Archived from
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1246:
1211:Ministry of Coal
1146:António Guterres
1137:
1134:
1116:
1109:
1099:Jharia Coalfield
1069:
1066:
1048:
1041:
808:
800:
799:
568:
560:
559:
416:Jharia coalfield
144:Pre-independence
85:phasing out coal
83:is serious, and
4660:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4445:
4440:
4410:
4405:
4367:
4294:
4263:
4173:Pharmaceuticals
4013:
3882:
3822:
3788:COVID-19 impact
3774:
3726:
3656:
3543:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3478:
3473:
3437:
3366:
3332:South Karanpura
3297:North Karanpura
3257:Godavari Valley
3210:
3201:
3171:
3166:
3138:
3106:
3097:
3078:Northern Cyprus
3064:
3057:
2799:
2796:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2609:
2446:Coal combustion
2441:
2432:
2418:Bituminous coal
2388:
2382:
2377:
2340:
2328:
2326:Further reading
2323:
2306:
2302:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2245:
2241:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1965:on 22 June 2014
1957:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1847:
1843:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1781:"Coal Reserves"
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1724:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1697:on 5 March 2018
1694:
1687:
1685:"Archived copy"
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1535:"Archived copy"
1533:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1326:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1199:
1170:
1156:. According to
1138:
1132:
1129:
1122:needs expansion
1103:coal field fire
1092:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1054:needs expansion
1039:
1030:calorific value
1028:. It is of low
1007:
1001:
985:cement industry
957:
937:
905:
807:
795:
567:
543:
499:
493:
465:
424:nationalization
389:A piece of Coal
383:
351:
146:
101:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4658:
4657:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4603:United Kingdom
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4439:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4383:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4338:Income Tax Act
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4180:
4178:Pulp and paper
4175:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4166:Iron and Steel
4163:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3959:Madhya Pradesh
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3894:Andhra Pradesh
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3798:Liberalisation
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3442:Related topics
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3371:Coal companies
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:Mining regions
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:homogenization
2650:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2600:Sulfur dioxide
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:power in China
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2338:External links
2336:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2307:D. K. Mittal,
2300:
2260:
2239:
2218:
2205:
2179:
2135:
2105:
2094:
2069:
2043:
2002:
1976:
1950:
1936:
1910:
1905:Carbon Tracker
1892:
1867:
1841:
1823:
1797:
1786:
1772:
1722:
1676:
1650:
1624:
1598:
1572:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1466:
1452:
1432:
1411:
1402:
1382:
1365:
1339:
1317:
1287:
1262:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1198:
1195:
1169:
1166:
1140:
1139:
1119:
1117:
1091:
1088:
1072:
1071:
1051:
1049:
1038:
1037:Health effects
1035:
1018:Carbon Tracker
1000:
997:
956:
953:
936:
933:
904:
901:
898:
897:
892:
886:
885:
882:
876:
875:
872:
866:
865:
862:
856:
855:
852:
846:
845:
842:
836:
835:
832:
826:
825:
822:
816:
815:
804:
794:
791:
788:
787:
785:
780:
774:
773:
770:
767:
761:
760:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
741:
735:
734:
731:
728:
722:
721:
718:
715:
709:
708:
705:
702:
696:
695:
692:
689:
687:Andhra Pradesh
683:
682:
679:
676:
670:
669:
666:
663:
657:
656:
653:
650:
644:
643:
640:
637:
635:Madhya Pradesh
631:
630:
627:
624:
618:
617:
614:
611:
605:
604:
601:
598:
592:
591:
588:
585:
579:
578:
575:
564:
542:
539:
503:fourth largest
501:India has the
492:
489:
464:
461:
412:Madhya Pradesh
382:
379:
350:
347:
145:
142:
100:
97:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4656:
4655:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Coal in India
4631:
4630:
4628:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:United States
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4402:
4394:
4392:
4384:
4382:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Insurance Act
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Companies Act
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4193:Biotechnology
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Entertainment
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:Uttar Pradesh
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Digital rupee
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:Make in India
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Foreign trade
3600:
3598:
3597:External debt
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:Wardha Valley
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:South Ossetia
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:mining region
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2318:
2317:81-7041-863-1
2314:
2310:
2309:Coal Industry
2304:
2296:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2256:92-2-107494-3
2253:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2235:0-7069-1209-8
2232:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2057:
2056:Deutsch Welle
2053:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1877:
1871:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1455:
1453:9788173040368
1449:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:expropriation
1183:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1120:This section
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1052:This section
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:Gondwana coal
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1006:
996:
992:
990:
986:
983:(1.06%), the
982:
979:(6.65%), the
978:
974:
969:
961:
952:
949:
944:
941:
932:
929:
927:
923:
918:
915:India is the
909:
896:
891:
888:
887:
881:
878:
877:
871:
868:
867:
861:
858:
857:
851:
848:
847:
841:
838:
837:
831:
828:
827:
821:
818:
817:
812:
811:metric tonnes
806:Coal Reserves
805:
802:
801:
798:
786:
784:
779:
776:
775:
771:
766:
763:
762:
758:
753:
750:
749:
745:
740:
737:
736:
732:
727:
724:
723:
719:
714:
711:
710:
706:
701:
700:Uttar Pradesh
698:
697:
693:
688:
685:
684:
680:
675:
672:
671:
667:
662:
659:
658:
654:
649:
646:
645:
641:
636:
633:
632:
628:
623:
620:
619:
615:
610:
607:
606:
602:
597:
594:
593:
589:
584:
581:
580:
576:
572:
571:metric tonnes
566:Coal Reserves
565:
562:
561:
558:
553:mine complex.
552:
547:
538:
535:
533:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Coal deposits
509:
504:
498:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
470:
460:
456:
454:
450:
446:
441:
438:
434:
430:
425:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
387:
378:
375:
371:
367:
359:
355:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
294:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
178:
174:
173:Damodar River
170:
166:
162:
154:
150:
141:
139:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
110:
105:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:Coal in India
23:
19:
4573:South Africa
4512:
4160:
4052:Construction
3834:Billionaires
3668:Indian rupee
3302:Pench Kanhan
3287:Mand Raigarh
3103:Dependencies
3033:Turkmenistan
2998:Saudi Arabia
2877:
2798:Coal in Asia
2745:Refined coal
2658:liquefaction
2550:Energy value
2308:
2303:
2277:. Retrieved
2272:
2263:
2247:
2242:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2192:the Guardian
2191:
2182:
2155:
2151:
2138:
2128:28 September
2126:. Retrieved
2122:the original
2117:
2108:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2081:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:the original
1953:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1907:. June 2020.
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
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1860:21 September
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1274:
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1244:
1202:
1191:
1182:black market
1171:
1158:BloombergNEF
1143:
1130:
1126:adding to it
1121:
1075:
1062:
1058:adding to it
1053:
1023:
1008:
993:
970:
966:
945:
940:Coal washing
938:
930:
914:
894:
889:
809:(in billion
796:
782:
777:
609:Chhattisgarh
569:(in billion
556:
536:
528:
524:Chhattisgarh
500:
480:
476:
474:
468:
466:
457:
442:
420:
404:Chhattisgarh
392:
366:independence
363:
320:
296:
285:
187:, Bihar and
182:
158:
132:
128:
120:
114:
66:
29:
28:
18:
4643:Coal mining
4578:South Korea
4548:Philippines
4543:North Korea
4533:New Zealand
4453:Afghanistan
4348:Banking Act
4333:SARFESI Act
4254:Electricity
4082:Oil and gas
4072:Electricity
4025:Agriculture
4009:West Bengal
3999:Uttarakhand
3964:Maharashtra
3803:Licence Raj
3758:Black money
3617:Remittances
3362:West Bokaro
3247:East Bokaro
3162:Asia portal
3063:States with
2983:Philippines
2923:South Korea
2918:North Korea
2813:Afghanistan
2615:Coal mining
2565:Fossil fuel
2022:: 397–415.
1669:20 February
1255:17 February
1133:August 2020
955:Consumption
880:West Bengal
661:Maharashtra
622:West Bengal
343:Hindustanis
215:, Kusunda,
193:Khas Jharia
107:Coal mine,
62:coal mining
46:coking coal
4627:Categories
4463:Bangladesh
4401:Wikiquotes
4144:Television
4119:Healthcare
4042:Automotive
3989:Tamil Nadu
3856:Labour law
3839:Demography
3642:NITI Aayog
3548:Governance
3534:BSE SENSEX
3393:Coal India
3292:Mannargudi
3242:Daltonganj
3222:Aurangabad
3215:Coalfields
3204:Coalfields
3043:Uzbekistan
3018:Tajikistan
2933:Kyrgyzstan
2913:Kazakhstan
2833:Bangladesh
2823:Azerbaijan
2638:Coalfields
2423:Anthracite
2279:29 October
2158:(11): 36.
2118:archive.ph
1929:2 February
1903:(Report).
1816:2 February
1643:8 November
1617:8 November
1591:6 February
1237:References
1168:Coal mafia
1015:think tank
903:Production
850:Puducherry
820:Tamil Nadu
532:Tamil Nadu
495:See also:
445:Coal India
364:Following
209:Katrasgarh
138:Coal India
54:Coal India
4518:Indonesia
4458:Australia
4268:Regulator
4220:Transport
4062:Education
4030:Livestock
3994:Telangana
3984:Rajasthan
3944:Karnataka
3939:Jharkhand
3743:Insurance
3722:Inflation
3627:Subsidies
3526:Companies
3322:Singrauli
3272:Jhilimili
3262:Ib Valley
3237:Chirimiri
3232:Bisrampur
3129:Hong Kong
3083:Palestine
3008:Sri Lanka
3003:Singapore
2883:Indonesia
2750:Whitedamp
2735:Peak coal
2730:Outbursts
2633:Coal dust
2623:Blackdamp
2528:seam fire
2503:phase-out
2198:28 August
2174:1052-5173
2152:GSA Today
1358:22 August
1174:Jharkhand
1065:June 2020
991:(0.19%).
989:chemicals
830:Rajasthan
772:Tertiary
759:Gondwana
746:Tertiary
733:Tertiary
720:Tertiary
713:Meghalaya
707:Gondwana
694:Gondwana
681:Gondwana
668:Gondwana
655:Gondwana
648:Telangana
642:Gondwana
629:Gondwana
616:Gondwana
603:Gondwana
590:Gondwana
583:Jharkhand
516:Jharkhand
408:Telangana
396:Jharkhand
358:Singareni
335:Gujaratis
315:Jeenagora
277:Kendwadih
265:Chirkunda
217:Govindpur
153:Singareni
4588:Thailand
4583:Tanzania
4568:Slovenia
4558:Portugal
4498:Ethiopia
4488:Colombia
4381:Category
4225:Aviation
4210:Textiles
4149:Printing
4139:FM Radio
4114:Gambling
4109:Forestry
4047:Chemical
3887:By state
3861:Pensions
3768:National
3710:Governor
3661:Currency
3622:Taxation
3539:NIFTY 50
3347:Tatapani
3337:Sohagpur
3312:Raniganj
3307:Rajmahal
3152:Category
3073:Abkhazia
3023:Thailand
2978:Pakistan
2958:Mongolia
2953:Maldives
2948:Malaysia
2848:Cambodia
2700:Firedamp
2555:Flue gas
2478:Charcoal
2453:Ash pond
2428:Graphite
2289:cite web
2038:31913772
1711:cite web
1561:cite web
1310:24 March
1275:The Wire
1197:See also
739:Nagaland
491:Reserves
479:and the
339:Bengalis
331:Marwaris
323:Punjabis
257:Bugatdih
249:Chasnala
213:Kailudih
201:Balihari
197:Jamadoba
131:and the
58:monopoly
4613:Vietnam
4598:Ukraine
4538:Nigeria
4508:Germany
4503:Finland
4391:Commons
4215:Tourism
4077:Nuclear
4057:Defence
4035:Fishing
4018:Sectors
3969:Mizoram
3924:Haryana
3919:Gujarat
3849:Poverty
3780:History
3753:Bullion
3738:Banking
3693:Coinage
3678:History
3342:Talcher
3317:Ramgarh
3277:Kamptee
3252:Giridih
3227:Birbhum
3048:Vietnam
2963:Myanmar
2943:Lebanon
2873:Georgia
2828:Bahrain
2818:Armenia
2560:Fly ash
2408:Lignite
2062:18 June
1995:18 June
1969:17 June
1885:18 June
1811:Reuters
1765:7 April
1701:5 March
1280:16 June
1193:wagon.
935:Washing
840:Gujarat
824:36.490
551:Dhanbad
327:Kutchis
303:Dhanbad
299:Barakar
273:Sinidih
269:Bhowrah
233:Dhansar
229:Loyabad
167:in the
163:of the
109:Dhanbad
99:History
50:Dhanbad
4593:Turkey
4563:Russia
4553:Poland
4528:Kosovo
4473:Canada
4468:Brazil
4183:Retail
4156:Mining
4134:Cinema
4067:Energy
3979:Punjab
3974:Odisha
3954:Ladakh
3949:Kerala
3844:Income
3827:People
3763:Bombay
3352:Umaria
3327:Sonhat
3267:Jharia
3093:Taiwan
3028:Turkey
2993:Russia
2928:Kuwait
2908:Jordan
2898:Israel
2858:Cyprus
2843:Brunei
2838:Bhutan
2678:slurry
2673:refuse
2545:Coking
2463:Asthma
2315:
2254:
2233:
2172:
2087:19 May
2036:
1855:Quartz
1551:9 July
1450:
948:coking
884:0.004
870:Kerala
864:0.028
854:0.417
844:2.722
834:6.349
783:352.13
752:Sikkim
665:12.936
652:22.851
639:30.217
626:33.092
613:73.424
600:84.878
596:Odisha
587:86.217
522:, and
520:Odisha
508:proven
400:Odisha
311:Jharia
307:Katras
279:, and
253:Bokaro
225:Sijhua
189:Odisha
185:Bengal
79:. The
56:had a
40:after
4523:Japan
4513:India
4483:China
4478:Chile
4311:NCLAT
4299:Other
4275:IRDAI
4259:Water
4247:Roads
4237:Ports
4230:Civil
4200:Space
4129:Media
4087:Solar
3909:Delhi
3904:Bihar
3899:Assam
3698:Paisa
3282:Korba
3208:India
3134:Macau
3053:Yemen
3013:Syria
2988:Qatar
2968:Nepal
2903:Japan
2878:India
2868:Egypt
2853:China
2398:Xylit
2148:(PDF)
1879:(PDF)
1695:(PDF)
1688:(PDF)
1545:(PDF)
1538:(PDF)
1479:. n.d
1178:mafia
895:46.02
890:India
874:0.01
803:State
778:India
756:0.101
743:0.446
730:0.525
726:Assam
717:0.576
704:1.062
691:2.247
678:3.464
674:Bihar
563:State
291:Kutch
281:Dumka
261:Putki
245:Mugma
241:Bermo
237:Bhuli
221:Sijua
205:Tisra
111:India
42:China
34:India
4358:FEMA
4323:IBBI
4318:BIFR
4306:NCLT
4290:IBBI
4285:SEBI
4242:Rail
4161:Coal
4092:Wind
3866:EPFO
3715:Mint
3673:Sign
2973:Oman
2938:Laos
2893:Iraq
2888:Iran
2683:town
2643:Coal
2595:Smog
2540:Coke
2483:Coal
2473:Char
2403:Peat
2380:Coal
2313:ISBN
2295:link
2281:2008
2252:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2200:2020
2170:ISSN
2130:2021
2089:2024
2064:2020
2034:PMID
1997:2020
1971:2014
1931:2022
1887:2014
1862:2021
1818:2022
1767:2022
1717:link
1703:2018
1671:2018
1645:2014
1619:2014
1593:2014
1567:link
1553:2011
1485:2013
1461:2013
1448:ISBN
1427:2013
1360:2013
1312:2020
1282:2020
1257:2022
1076:The
971:The
769:0.09
549:The
475:The
431:and
410:and
341:and
309:and
305:via
115:The
38:coal
4328:IBC
4280:RBI
3914:Goa
3876:PPF
3871:NPS
3206:of
3105:and
2648:gas
2590:NOx
2533:tar
2498:gas
2160:doi
2024:doi
1128:.
1060:.
301:to
289:of
60:on
4629::
2291:}}
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263:,
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247:,
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239:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
211:,
207:,
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199:,
195:,
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