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734:, initiated a plan to break the Libyan Mujāhideen: the 100,000 people of Jebel Akhdar would be relocated to concentration camps on the coast, and the Libyan-Egyptian border from the coast at Giarabub would be fence-closed, preventing any foreign help to the fighters and depriving them of support from the native population. These measures, which Graziani initiated early in 1931, took their toll on the Senusite resistance. The rebels were deprived of help and reinforcements, spied upon, hit by Italian aircraft, and pursued on the ground by the Italian forces aided by local informers and collaborators. Mukhtar continued to struggle despite increased hardships and risks, but on 11 September 1931, he was ambushed near
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748:, has given a description of the Senusite leader that is not lacking in respect: "Of medium height, stout, with white hair, beard, and mustache. Omar was endowed with a quick and lively intelligence; was knowledgeable in religious matters, and revealed an energetic and impetuous character, unselfish and uncompromising; ultimately, he remained very religious and poor, even though he had been one of the most important Senusist figures."
549:), before eventually becoming chief or leader of the clan. As a child, Omar lost his father early on and spent his youth in poverty. He was adopted by a sheikh, and was friends with the nephew of Hussein Ghariani, Sharif al Geriani. His uncle was a political-religious leader in Cyrenaica, and he received his early education at the local mosque, before continuing his studies for eight years at the Senussi University in
675:. He knew local geography well and used that knowledge to advantage in battles against the Italians, who were unaccustomed to desert warfare. Mukhtar repeatedly led his small, highly alert groups in successful attacks against the Italians, after which they would fade back into the desert terrain. Mukhtar’s men skilfully attacked outposts, ambushed troops, and cut lines of supply and communication. The
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719:, Governor of Libya from January 1929, after extensive negotiations, concluded a compromise with Mukhtar (described by the Italians as his complete submission) similar to previous Italo-Senusite accords. At the end of October 1929, Mukhtar denounced the compromise and re-established a unity of action among Libyan forces, preparing himself for the ultimate confrontation with
637:. The Ottomans and their Libyan allies withdrew to the countryside instead of surrendering, and the Italians bombarded the cities for three days, and then proclaimed the Tripolitanians to be 'committed and strongly bound to Italy'. This marked the beginning of a series of battles between the Italian colonial forces and the Libyan armed opposition in
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in 1899, he was sent among other
Senussites to help defend Chad from the French, as the Senussi considered their expansion dangerous due to their missionary activities in Central and West Africa. In 1902, Omar was recalled north after the death of Al-Mahdi, the new Senussi leader
846:
beginning 17 February 2011, Omar
Mukhtar again became a symbol for a united, free Libya and his picture was depicted on various flags and posters of the anti-Gaddafist forces. Rebel militias named one of their brigades the "Omar Mukhtar brigade" after
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created a counter-guerrilla force that inflicted a severe setback to guerilla forces in April 1925. Mukhtar then quickly modified his own tactics and was able to count on continued help from
565:, joining the confraternity of the Senussi. He also came to be well informed of the social structure of his society, as he was chosen to settle intertribal disputes.
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629:. The admiral demanded that the Ottoman administration and garrison surrender their territory to the Italians or incur the immediate destruction of the city of
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forces, who were being hunted constantly by the
Italians. Even General Teruzzi recognized Omar's qualities of "exceptional perseverance and strong willpower."
726:, the Italian military commander from March 1930. A massive offensive in June against Mukhtar's forces having failed, Graziani, in full accord with Badoglio,
1094:, a fee paid to a free tribe for protection. Peters, Emrys L. (1998) "Divine goodness: the concept of Baraka as used by the Bedouin of Cyrenaica", page 104,
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of the
Italian Army. On 16 September 1931, on the orders of the Italian court and with Italian hopes that Libyan resistance would die with him, Mukhtar was
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Mukhtar developed a strong relationship with the
Senussid Movement during his years in Jaghbub and in 1895, Al-Mahdi Senoussi traveled with him south to
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A major role is assigned to the Arab, Emir Idris es
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Mukhtar's struggle of nearly twenty years came to an end on 11 September 1931, when he was wounded in
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wore a photograph of
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is named after
Mukhtar in Tampa, Florida, USA, known as Masjid Omar Al Mokhtar.
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and is considered the national hero of Libya and a symbol of resistance in the
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appointed him as Sheikh of the troubled
Zawiyat Laqsur in Northern Cyrenaica.
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Shah, A. M.; Baviskar, Baburao
Shravan and Ramaswamy, E. A. (editors) (1998)
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Omar Al Mokhtar Lion of the Desert (The Biography of Shaikh Omar Al Mukhtar)
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A statement by the Omar used in the movie has been popularized by Muslims,
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by profession, Mukhtar was also skilled in the strategies and tactics of
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Rodolfo Graziani, "Cirenaica Pacificata" pg.269 (Benamer translation)
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to the Arab mnifi tribe, belonging to the Senussi (who were seen as
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Mnifa is "a generic name for many groups of 'Clients of the Fee' (
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from February 1926 and increasingly stringent rule under Governor
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474:. A teacher-turned-general, Omar was a prominent figure of the
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Britain), Royal United Service Institution (Great (1932).
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Since 1971, Mukhtar's face has appeared on the Libyan ten-
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The Colour of Time: A New History of the World, 1850-1960
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reached the shores of Libya, then a territory subject to
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Omar Mukhtar photographed with Libyan Senussi fighters.
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West Bay area of Doha, Qatar (Omar Al Mukhtar Street)
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817:. It was based on the struggles of Mukhtar against
615:In October 1911, during the Italo-Turkish War, the
1227:Encyclopedia of World Biography on Omar al-Mukhtar
621:(Italian Royal Navy) under the command of Admiral
444:عُمَر الْمُخْتَار مُحَمَّد بِن فَرْحَات الْمَنِفِي
373:1896–1902, as ruler of Ayn Kalk in Western Sudan (
1268:. Milan: Edizioni Mondadori Le Scie. p. 313.
1100:Social Structure and Change: Religion and Kinship
708:. Between 1927 and 1928, Mukhtar reorganised the
384:1923–1931, as Commander of all Senussid Military
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1106:) Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California,
850:A school is named after Mukhtar in Irbid, Jordan
526:Omar Al-Mukhtar was born in 1858 in the town of
1254:Rodolfo Graziani, "Cirenaica Pacificata" pg.265
789:Omar Al-Mukhtar University was founded in 1961.
1196:Wars Of Imperial Conquest In Africa, 1830-1914
486:. Beginning in 1911, he organised and led the
446:; 20 August 1858 – 16 September 1931), called
688:("Green Mountain") in 1924, Italian governor
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275:Italian colonization of Ottoman Tripolitania
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891:Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Omar Al Mukhtar Road)
799:His final years were depicted in the movie
696:. In March 1927, despite the occupation of
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1068:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
980:Omar Mukhtar arrested by Italian officials
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502:. Externally, he also fought against the
379:1902–1923, as ruler of Zawiyat Laqsur in
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1002:We Will Not Surrender (We Win or We Die)
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514:when he was wounded in battle by Libyan
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1114:; Sage Publications, New Delhi, India,
450:, known among the colonial Italians as
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1317:Why Libya Commemorates the 'Black Day'
900:Tangier, Morocco (Avenue Omar Mokhtar)
704:, Mukhtar surprised Italian troops at
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879:Cairo, Egypt (Omar Al Mukhtar Street)
760:Omar Mukhtar entering the court room.
46:(أسد الصحراء) or "Lion of the Desert"
932:Omar Mukhtar on 10 Dinar note (2004)
860:Streets are named after Mukhtar in:
644:
557:. He became a popular expert on the
16:Libyan resistance leader (1858–1931)
1419:People executed by Italy by hanging
1008:based on one of Mukhtar's speeches.
741:Mukhtar's final adversary, Italian
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1198:. London: Routledge. p. 261.
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1307:Italian occupation and resistance
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1131:Dan Jones; Marina Amaral (2018).
1034:Federica Saini Fasanotti , p. 296
866:, Kuwait (Omar Al-Mukhtar street)
826:نحن قوم لا نستسلم ، ننتصر أو نموت
458:who led the native resistance in
454:, was a Libyan revolutionary and
119:24 April 1923 – 16 September 1931
108:Leader of Senussi Tribal Military
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243:Al-Mukhtar ibn Muhammad (father)
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1044:as Salab, Ali Muhammad (2011).
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944:Omar Mukhtar while in custody.
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576:of Zawiyat Ayn Kalk. When the
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1429:Libyan independence activists
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684:In the mountainous region of
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472:Italian colonization of Libya
1151:. Newspaper "Trud, ". 1948.
545:clan just like Emir or King
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1374:Guerrilla warfare theorists
1104:Social Structure and Change
992:Omar the North African lion
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508:British occupation of Egypt
504:French colonization of Chad
245:Aisha bint Muharib (mother)
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1194:Vandervort, Bruce (1998).
1004:, protest song during the
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1399:Libyan resistance leaders
1328:Lion of the Desert (1981)
1264:Domenico Quirico (2002).
1048:. Al-Firdous. p. 1.
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1239:Libya profile - Timeline
956:Close up of Omar Mukhtar
776:before his followers in
655:Second Italo-Senussi War
968:Omar Mukhtar in custody
831:In 2009, Libyan leader
583:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi
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82:Ruler of Zawiyat Luqsur
1414:Executed Libyan people
1404:Libyan revolutionaries
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752:Capture and execution
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369:Years of service
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1266:Lo squadrone bianco
874:Omar Mukhtar Street
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452:Matari of the Mnifa
1285:The Globe and Mail
1088:Marabtin al-sadqan
1084:Marabtin al-sadqan
1025:al-Sanusiya pg.271
802:Lion of the Desert
780:at the age of 73.
766:battle near Slonta
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307:Shaykh ash-Shuhadā
1364:Anti-imperialists
1292:on 1 August 2011.
1213:978-1-135-36465-6
1090:because they pay
805:(1981), starring
667:A teacher of the
645:Guerrilla warfare
595:Italo-Turkish War
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187:16 September 1931
29:عُمَر الْمُخْتَار
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1359:1931 deaths
1354:1858 births
1322:Libyan lion
864:Kuwait City
815:Irene Papas
811:Oliver Reed
494:during the
462:(currently
303:Nickname(s)
285:Sunni Islam
218:Nationality
125:Preceded by
1348:Categories
1013:References
821:'s forces.
522:Early life
335:Allegiance
271:resistance
251:Occupation
163:1858-08-20
1148:New Times
1064:cite book
888:, Tunisia
870:Gaza City
842:With the
639:Cyrenaica
539:Cyrenaica
468:Senussids
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291:Signature
262:Known for
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115:In office
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67:1896–1902
63:In office
1243:BBC News
986:See also
897:, Jordan
710:Senusite
698:Giarabub
635:Benghazi
506:and the
281:Religion
265:Leading
233:Muhammad
229:Children
224:, Libyan
198:Benghazi
170:Benghazi
1168:Journal
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907:Gallery
886:Bizerte
770:Savaris
743:General
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706:Raheiba
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855:masjid
813:, and
784:Legacy
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736:Slonta
669:Qur'an
574:sheikh
555:Tariqa
532:Tobruk
528:Zanzur
512:Slonta
440:Arabic
320:Sheikh
895:Irbid
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794:dinar
694:Egypt
570:Kufra
559:Quran
530:near
496:First
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