71:
29:
178:
1818:
1828:
196:
market is likely to be to Israel – although the data is not collected, making the destination of the oil hard to assess. The rest is exported to Europe, North
America and the Gulf states. The International Olive Council estimates that the average production of Palestinian olive oil was 22,000 tonnes per year with 6,500 tonnes exported in 2014/15.
310:, the olive became a symbol for Palestinian identity. Because "olive trees are a prominent feature of the mountainous region of the landscape in the West Bank," Palestinians began to "draw connections between their ancient presence in Palestine and that of the ancient olive tree rooted in the land of Palestine."
330:
Arafat's remarks on the olive branch still influence literature today in works such as Raja
Shehadeh's "Diary of an Internal Exile: Three Entries" in which she writes about her struggles as a resident of the West Bank. She concludes, "Arafat was right to hold a gun in one hand and an olive branch in
294:
As olive cultivation is a significant aspect of
Palestinian culture, the uprooting of olive trees by Israeli settlers is a prominent point of concern in Palestinian culture. Poet Mourid Barghouti describes olive trees as "the identity card that doesn't need stamps or photos and whose validity doesn't
398:
reported there were approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) of roads that
Palestinian were prohibited from using. With the many trees being removed or vandalized, some 700 to 1000 years old and still bearing fruit, to build a wall roads, other "improvements", as well as for the building of illegal
281:
Olive trees are seen as being a major component of traditional
Palestinian farming life, with several generations of families gathering together to harvest the olives for two months from mid-September. The harvest season is often associated with celebration for these families, and family and local
168:
Currently, olive oil is an essential export for
Palestinians in the West Bank. Marketing consultant Robert Massoud states, "There is very little Palestinians can export but olive oil." This dependence on olive oil exports is widespread throughout the West Bank to the point that, to most villagers,
47:
production. It has been estimated that olive production accounted for 57% of cultivated land in the
Palestinian territories with 7.8 million fruit-bearing olive trees in 2011. In 2014, an estimated 108,000 tonnes of olives were pressed producing 24,700 tonnes of olive oil – which contributed US $
195:
Olive oil produced in
Palestine is primarily consumed locally. The natural olive tree cycle of high-yield years followed by low-yield years has caused large fluctuations in production, but on average there is an excess of around 4,000 tonnes of olive oil produced per year. Of this, the biggest
289:
We are hot and dusty and sometimes clumsy as we negotiate the rough rocks that surround the olive trees. Our
Palestinian hosts bring us most welcome cool water and juice and hot sweet tea and coffee. There is communitas of sorts in this shared labor: we feel that we are contributing something,
407:
In 2021 down to
October, settlers vandalized 8,000 trees in the West Bank. In the first two weeks of the 2021 harvest in October alone, 18 incidents of damage to Palestinian olive groves, consisting of acts of battering or chopping down trees or denuding their fruits were reported.
272:
are Chemlali, Jebbah, Barnea, Manzolino, Nabali Baladi, Nabali Mohassan, Shami and Souri. Molecular characterisation of Nabali Baladi, Nabali Mohassan and Surri cultivars from olive trees growing in the West Bank has shown that they are true cultivars with measurable differences.
164:
as a World Heritage site because of its agricultural significance as its olive production characterizes the landscape through "extensive agricultural terraces, water springs, ancient irrigation systems, human-settlement remains, olive presses, and an historic core."
625:
Kaniewski, David; Van Campo, Elise; Boiy, Tom; Terral, Jean-Frédéric; Khadari, BouchaÏb; Besnard, Guillaume (2012). "Primary domestication and early uses of the emblematic olive tree: palaeobotanical, historical and molecular evidence from the Middle East".
109:
had developed to be the major area for olive production, and the olive oil was used in lieu of money. The oil was stored in deep wells in the ground in the city and surrounding villages which was then used by merchants to make payments.
93:
Olives and olive oil had a significant role in all of the major religions which developed in the region. In the Jewish scriptures, olives were seen as part of the blessings of the Promised land and were a symbol of prosperity. In the
298:
Religiously, "the Holy Books refer more often to the vine and the olive tree" than to prophets. Mohammedan teaching also holds olives in high regard as "the Almighty is even believed to have himself taken an oath by the olive tree."
569:
381:
and Wadi Qana with some 800,000 to one million trees having been destroyed since 1967. In 2016 trees were uprooted to build a road in Qalqilya. In 2017 laborers began uprooting olive trees to build a bypass road near
321:
stated that Zionist terrorism targeted the olive tree because it "has been a proud symbol" and "living reminder that the land is Palestinian." He concluded the speech with a nationalist reference to the olive
1306:
986:
153:
and was so essential for the Palestinian communities that public institutions, universities, and public schools closed for the olive season so as many people as possible could help with the harvest.
146:, Israeli forces targeted olive trees as a primary form of land acquisition and began to uproot Palestinian olive trees in 1967, with an estimated 830,000 olive trees uprooted between 1967 and 2009.
361:"More than 80,000 Palestinian farmers derive a substantial portion of their annual income from olives. Harvesting the fruit, pressing the oil, selling and sharing the produce is a ritual of life."
481:
Lodolini, E.M.; Ali, S.; Mutawea, M.; Qutub, M.; Arabasi, T.; Pierini, F.; Neri, D. (2014). "Complementary irrigation for sustainable production in olive groves in Palestine".
326:
Today I have come bearing an olive branch and a freedom-fighter's gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand. I repeat: do not let the olive branch fall from my hand.
357:. The United Nations reported that by 2013, 11,000 olive trees owned by Palestinians in the occupied West Bank had been damaged or destroyed. Washington Post, October 2014:
1328:
1233:"The deep roots of the Palestine-Israel conflict: Palestinians have tended olive groves for decades, but Israelis are staking a claim by planting their own trees"
51:
The olive tree is seen by many Palestinians as being a symbol of nationality and connection to the land, particularly due to their slow growth and longevity.
585:
Liphschitz, Nili; Gophna, Ram; Hartman, Moshe; Biger, Gideon (1991). "The beginning of olive (olea europaea) cultivation in the old world: A reassessment".
295:
expire with the death of the owner" and "with each olive tree uprooted by Israeli bulldozers, a family tree of Palestinian peasants falls from the wall."
331:
the other. I was never so naive as to expect that Israel could be won over by the olive branch alone, but the gun could only ever be a means to an end."
916:
78:
Olive trees have been cultivated in the region for many thousands of years, with some evidence of olive groves and olive oil technologies dating to the
394:
an occupying power can only take land to build roads benefiting the residents or military needs specific to the occupied territory. In January 2017
1232:
1501:
1862:
1852:
1280:
1197:
1407:
1015:"Molecular characterization of three common olive (Olea europaeaL.) cultivars in Palestine, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers"
23:
347:, describes how Palestinians identify olive groves as an emblem or symbol of their longtime, steadfast agricultural connection (
113:
By the late 19 century, cash crops in the region were being rapidly expanded to the extent that by 1914 there were 475 thousand
62:. In May 2023 a United Nations report stated that some 5,000 olive trees had been vandalised by settlers in less than 5 months.
1857:
1760:
1336:
799:
772:
745:
718:
688:
527:
1867:
1382:
19:
1263:
1082:
303:
1357:
1534:
1136:
55:
1803:
1457:
314:
1164:
815:
1798:
1073:
Darweish, M (2012). "Chapter 13: Olive Trees: Livelihoods and Resistance". In Özerdem, A; Roberts, R (eds.).
925:
365:
In 2012 Israel was urged to protect West Bank olive trees after trees were uprooted in al-Mughir, Turmusaya,
48:
109 million in added value to the crop. Around 100,000 households rely on olives for their primary income.
1730:
841:
Abufarha, Nasser (3 Jun 2008). "Land of Symbols: Cactus, Poppies, Orange and Olive Trees and Palestine".
399:
settlements this has caused economic hardships especially with families separated from their farmlands.
353:) to the land. Similar destruction of olive trees occurred in Jabal Jales (an area near Hebron) and in
456:
302:
More recently, the olive tree is a symbol of rootedness. After the Israel Defense Forces defeated the
102:
has an important role and the anointing with oil is part of Christian and Islamic religious practice.
1793:
1205:. Yale Agrarian Studies Colloquium. Buffalo, New York. 28 September 2010. p. 54. Archived from
1206:
59:
1831:
1551:
519:
Water, Cultural Diversity, and Global Environmental Change: Emerging Trends, Sustainable Futures?
269:
143:
122:
117:
of olive groves (about 47.5 thousand hectares or 112 thousand acres) across the area that is now
40:
424:
971:
789:
762:
735:
517:
708:
678:
188:
The vast majority of the olive harvest is pressed in the West Bank mostly around the town of
1765:
1755:
1659:
1527:
313:
Olive trees also have a nationalist connotation in Palestinian culture. In a speech to the
282:
community celebrations are organised with traditional Palestinian folk music and dancing.
132:
was hard to export due to its relatively high acidity, high price and limited shelf-life.
8:
1777:
285:
Anthropologist Anne Meneley describes her olive-picking experience as community oriented:
136:
544:
1432:
1047:
1014:
858:
659:
457:"Main Economic Indicators for Olive Presses Activity in Palestine by Governorate, 2014"
87:
70:
1259:
1078:
1052:
1034:
958:
862:
795:
768:
741:
714:
684:
651:
643:
639:
602:
598:
523:
498:
391:
149:
The olive harvest was the primary source of income for Palestinians during the first
791:
Little Common Ground: Arab Agriculture and Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1920–1948
737:
Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social, and Economic Transformation
663:
570:'5,000 Trees Vandalized in Palestinian West Bank Villages in Less Than Five Months,'
28:
1772:
1042:
1026:
850:
635:
594:
490:
307:
177:
1821:
1599:
1520:
1030:
515:
99:
1433:"Protection of Objects Indispensable to the Survival of the Civilian Population"
494:
1674:
1629:
1614:
344:
128:
In the late Ottoman period before the First World War, olive oil produced near
854:
1846:
1740:
1654:
1458:"Some 1,000 olive trees uprooted to build bypass road on 'Azzun village land"
1098:
Meneley, Anne (2014). "The Accidental Pilgrims: Olive Pickers in Palestine".
1038:
647:
606:
502:
318:
95:
1735:
1725:
1689:
1664:
1609:
1329:"Nearly 11,000 Palestinian-owned trees damaged by Israeli settlers in 2013"
1056:
655:
79:
710:
Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700–1900
516:
Barbara Rose Johnston; Lisa Hiwasaki; Irene J. Klaver (21 December 2011).
1594:
1497:
876:
378:
139:
era, production of olives more than doubled from the 1920s to the 1940s.
1669:
1333:
United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL)
74:
Palestinian women crushing olives in order to make olive oil, 1900–1920.
1745:
1694:
1624:
1589:
1584:
565:
387:
374:
83:
54:
The destruction of Palestinian olive trees has become a feature of the
988:
Characterisation of the Main Palestinian olive cultivars and olive oil
767:. Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation. pp. 101–.
1750:
1679:
1634:
1564:
1358:"Israel urged to protect West Bank olive trees after settler attacks"
1075:
Challenging post-conflict environments : sustainable agriculture
760:
370:
44:
1307:"In West Bank, Palestinians gird for settler attacks on olive trees"
1281:"Palestine: Jewish Settlers Torch 100 of World's Oldest Olive Trees"
1182:
Shehadeh, Raja (2013). "Diary of an Internal Exile: Three Entries".
1699:
1649:
1619:
1604:
1569:
1559:
432:. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD. 2015
150:
1644:
1639:
1504:
764:
Haifa Before & After 1948: Narratives of a Mixed City: Part 1
572:
182:
90:– which may have been carrying an olive shipment from Palestine.
1720:
1704:
1684:
1579:
545:"Israel and the Palestinians: A conflict viewed through olives"
366:
354:
161:
157:
129:
118:
106:
1408:"Israel uproots olive trees in Qalqilya to build settler road"
1574:
1543:
1484:
The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction
1383:"Destruction of Palestinian olive trees is a monstrous crime"
383:
349:
189:
114:
36:
1482:
Cook, W. (2010-08-18). "The Olive Trees of Palestine Weep".
1184:
Seeking Palestine: New Palestinian Writing on Exile and Home
1119:
Seeking Palestine: New Palestinian Writing on Exile and Home
624:
584:
761:
Mustafa Abbasi; Ami Ayalo; David De Vries (1 August 2011).
918:
The State of Palestine National Export Strategy: Olive Oil
894:
Twair, Pat McDonnell (Dec 2007). "Palestine in a Bottle".
1512:
984:
620:
618:
616:
522:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 496–.
1256:
Planted Flags: Trees, Land, and Law in Israel/Palestine
1199:
Planted Flags: Trees, Land, and Law in Israel/Palestine
1077:. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. pp. 175–188.
480:
1013:
Obaid, Ramiz; Abu-Qaoud, Hassan; Arafeh, Rami (2014).
613:
334:
105:
In the period between 1700 and 1900, the area around
1298:
1165:"Agenda Item 108: Question of Palestine (continued)"
1012:
1321:
578:
509:
1006:
985:Qutub, M; Ali, S; Mutawea, M; et al. (2010).
816:"Olive Trees - More Than Just a Tree in Palestine"
86:, olive fruits were widely traded as shown by the
1186:. Northampton, Massachusetts: Olive Branch Press.
1121:. Northampton, Massachusetts: Olive Branch Press.
676:
192:where most of the olive oil presses are located.
1844:
787:
713:. University of California Press. pp. 33–.
843:Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power
794:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. pp. 205–.
754:
706:
1190:
1019:Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment
702:
700:
474:
1528:
1117:Shehadeh, Raja (2013). "The Driver Mahmoud".
60:regular reports of damage by Israeli settlers
896:The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
733:
426:The Besieged Palestinian Agricultural Sector
82:period, between 3600–3300 BCE. Later in the
1224:
1072:
1068:
1066:
911:
909:
697:
670:
290:however symbolic, to the Palestinian cause.
39:trees are a major agricultural crop in the
1535:
1521:
1100:Religion and Society: Advances in Research
727:
24:Agriculture in the Palestinian territories
1253:
1247:
1046:
781:
451:
449:
447:
1272:
1181:
1137:"Plant-Lore in Palestinian Superstition"
1116:
1063:
924:. ITC and Paltrade. 2014. Archived from
906:
840:
461:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
202:Palestinian olive press statistics 2014
176:
169:olive oil represents economic security.
69:
27:
1097:
683:. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 23–.
1845:
1502:‘A Nightmare Season in the West Bank,’
1278:
1230:
1134:
444:
1863:Environment of the State of Palestine
1853:Agriculture in the State of Palestine
1516:
1304:
1159:
1157:
1130:
1128:
893:
836:
834:
832:
542:
268:The main olive cultivars used in the
1827:
1481:
1279:Kinder, Tabatha (24 October 2014).
942:
707:Beshara Doumani (12 October 1995).
20:History of agriculture in Palestine
13:
1305:Booth, William (22 October 2014).
1231:Staton, Bethan (21 January 2015).
1154:
1125:
829:
343:, legal scholar and ethnographer,
335:Israeli destruction of olive trees
43:, where they are mostly grown for
14:
1879:
788:Charles S. Kamen (15 July 1991).
587:Journal of Archaeological Science
377:. In 2014 trees were uprooted in
339:In her 2009 publication entitled
304:Palestine Liberation Organization
215:Total added value/ million US $
32:Palestinian Olive harvest in 2014
1826:
1817:
1816:
640:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00229.x
212:Total olive oil pressed/ tonnes
1491:
1475:
1450:
1425:
1400:
1375:
1350:
1175:
1110:
1091:
978:
887:
869:
808:
315:United Nations General Assembly
1258:. Cambridge University Press.
559:
536:
417:
1:
1858:Culture of Palestine (region)
483:Agricultural Water Management
411:
172:
1031:10.1080/13102818.2014.957026
599:10.1016/0305-4403(91)90037-P
56:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
7:
1868:Olive production by country
1761:regulation and adulteration
1731:International Olive Council
1486:. Springer. pp. 51–53.
1285:International Business News
951:International Olive Council
949:"World Olive Oil Figures".
495:10.1016/j.agwat.2013.12.006
263:
10:
1884:
1542:
677:Viktoria Hassouna (2010).
276:
65:
17:
1812:
1786:
1713:
1550:
855:10.1080/10702890802073274
201:
1309:. Kfar Yassug, West Bank
1254:Braverman, Irus (2009).
740:. BRILL. pp. 195–.
1135:Canaan, Tawfiq (2005).
402:
270:Palestinian territories
144:occupation of Palestine
123:Palestinian territories
41:Palestinian territories
1488:- Retrieved 2018-07-14
543:Bowen, Jeremy (2014).
363:
328:
292:
185:
75:
33:
734:Dāwid Qûšnêr (1986).
359:
324:
287:
209:Total olives/ tonnes
180:
73:
31:
1660:Nocellara del Belice
1412:Middle East Monitor
1144:Jerusalem Quarterly
877:"Executive Summary"
1339:on 22 January 2015
1235:. Israel/Palestine
1212:on 31 January 2013
628:Biological Reviews
186:
88:Uluburun shipwreck
76:
34:
1840:
1839:
966:Missing or empty
801:978-0-8229-7672-1
774:978-90-8979-092-7
747:978-90-04-07792-8
720:978-0-520-91731-6
690:978-3-8391-7505-7
529:978-94-007-1773-2
392:international law
261:
260:
1875:
1830:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1773:Olive pomace oil
1537:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1507:22 October 2021.
1495:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1472:
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1454:
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1444:
1429:
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1404:
1398:
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1394:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1335:, archived from
1325:
1319:
1318:
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1302:
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1269:
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1132:
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1070:
1061:
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1050:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
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993:
982:
976:
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969:
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936:
930:
923:
913:
904:
903:
891:
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873:
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838:
827:
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812:
806:
805:
785:
779:
778:
758:
752:
751:
731:
725:
724:
704:
695:
694:
680:Virgin Olive Oil
674:
668:
667:
622:
611:
610:
582:
576:
563:
557:
556:
554:
552:
540:
534:
533:
513:
507:
506:
478:
472:
471:
469:
467:
453:
442:
441:
439:
437:
431:
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308:1982 Lebanon War
199:
198:
181:Olive fields in
1883:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1843:
1842:
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1836:
1808:
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1462:www.btselem.org
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1455:
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1202:
1196:
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1191:
1180:
1176:
1163:
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1155:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1115:
1111:
1096:
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1071:
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983:
979:
967:
965:
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948:
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870:
839:
830:
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813:
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802:
786:
782:
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759:
755:
748:
732:
728:
721:
705:
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691:
675:
671:
623:
614:
583:
579:
564:
560:
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541:
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479:
475:
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455:
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445:
435:
433:
429:
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405:
390:. According to
337:
279:
266:
175:
137:British Mandate
100:Mount of Olives
68:
26:
12:
11:
5:
1881:
1871:
1870:
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1860:
1855:
1838:
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1657:
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1610:Gemlik-Tirilye
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
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1517:
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1509:
1490:
1474:
1449:
1424:
1399:
1374:
1349:
1320:
1297:
1271:
1265:978-0521760027
1264:
1246:
1223:
1189:
1174:
1171:. 13 Nov 1974.
1169:unispal.un.org
1153:
1124:
1109:
1090:
1083:
1062:
1025:(5): 813–817.
1005:
977:
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1726:Castile soap
1493:
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1466:. Retrieved
1464:. 5 Feb 2017
1461:
1452:
1441:. Retrieved
1439:. 5 Feb 2017
1436:
1427:
1416:. Retrieved
1414:. 9 May 2016
1411:
1402:
1391:. Retrieved
1389:. 7 Nov 2015
1386:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1362:The Guardian
1361:
1352:
1341:, retrieved
1337:the original
1332:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1300:
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1284:
1274:
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1226:
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1207:the original
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1741:Olive color
1498:Gideon Levy
902:(9): 64–65.
575:10 May 2023
489:: 104–109.
379:Deir Istiya
160:designated
135:During the
1847:Categories
1787:By country
1766:unfiltered
1756:extraction
1746:Olive leaf
1695:Salonenque
1625:Hojiblanca
1590:Cailletier
1585:Bouteillan
1468:2018-07-14
1443:2018-07-14
1418:2018-07-14
1393:2018-07-14
1368:2018-07-14
1343:23 January
1313:23 January
1290:22 January
1239:23 January
1216:23 January
1106:: 186–199.
994:. Paltrade
968:|url=
935:2016-03-24
566:Amira Hass
412:References
388:Nabi Ilyas
375:Ras Karkar
341:Tree Flags
234:West Bank
220:Palestine
173:Production
142:After the
84:Bronze Age
18:See also:
1799:Palestine
1751:Olive oil
1680:Picholine
1635:Koroneiki
1600:Cerignola
1565:Arbequina
1552:Cultivars
1387:Ecologist
1039:1310-2818
863:143956974
648:1464-7931
607:0305-4403
503:0378-3774
371:al-Khader
317:in 1974,
223:108379.1
156:In 2014,
45:olive oil
1822:Category
1700:Sikitita
1675:Patrinia
1670:Olivière
1650:Meslalla
1630:Kalamata
1620:Grossane
1615:Germaine
1605:Empeltre
1570:Arbosana
1560:Aglandau
1150:: 57–64.
1057:26019564
998:23 March
959:cite web
664:44494173
656:22512893
551:21 March
466:21 March
436:21 March
396:B’Tselem
264:Agronomy
251:20022.6
240:21241.5
237:88356.4
226:24758.2
151:Intifada
121:and the
1832:Commons
1655:Mission
1645:Lucques
1640:Leccino
1505:Haaretz
1048:4433930
953:. 2015.
883:. 2014.
825:. 2009.
573:Haaretz
322:branch:
306:in the
277:Culture
254:3517.0
183:as-Samu
66:History
58:, with
1721:Amurca
1714:Topics
1705:Tanche
1690:Sabine
1685:Picual
1665:Oliana
1580:Bosana
1544:Olives
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367:Nablus
355:Huwara
350:tsumud
162:Battir
158:UNESCO
130:Nablus
119:Israel
107:Nablus
98:, the
1794:India
1778:Orujo
1595:Cayon
1575:Bidni
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660:S2CID
547:. BBC
430:(PDF)
384:Azzun
248:Gaza
190:Jenin
115:dunam
37:Olive
1437:ICRC
1345:2015
1315:2015
1292:2015
1260:ISBN
1241:2015
1218:2015
1079:ISBN
1053:PMID
1035:ISSN
1000:2016
972:help
796:ISBN
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