697:
961:
494:
1034:
905:
797:
769:
449:
853:
113:
556:
933:
137:
881:
729:
821:
523:
614:
1147:(NSAID) with anti-inflammatory and pain-killing actions. Diclofenac administration keeps animals that are ill or in pain working on the land for longer, but, if the ill animals die, their carcasses contain diclofenac. Farmers leave the dead animals out in the open, relying on vultures to tidy up. Diclofenac present in carcass flesh is eaten by vultures, which are sensitive to diclofenac, and they suffer kidney failure,
583:
994:
1248:. For some healers it is believed to cure illnesses, while others believe it cures curses. Vulture muthi involves separate body parts being dried, burned, or ground up. The results may be consumed by mixing with food, drinking, snorting, or applying to cuts. Some healers look for signs of poisoning when purchasing vultures, but others are unaware of how to do this and are at risk of poisoning their clients.
1315:
longer time between poisonings. To increase populations, vultures can be reintroduced to poison-free protected areas near other groups of vultures to keep the populations high. This will make it easier for vultures to maintain some individuals after a poisoning event. A project named "Vulture
Restaurant" is underway in
1115:, their population decline can have cultural, public health, and economic implications for communities and be even more problematic than the decline of other endangered species. Vulture populations are particularly vulnerable because they typically feed in large groups and easily fall victim to mass poisoning events.
1181:
poison carcasses with the intent of killing vultures, since vultures circling over a carcass alert authorities to a kill. An increase in demand for ivory has both increased the rate of elephant poachings as well as increased the rate at which vultures are killed off by consuming the poisoned elephant
1203:
farmers. For those who rely on livestock to make a living, illegal pesticides are often used on fruits, meats, or even the water in a wateringhole in order to eliminate large predators that threaten their livestock. Agricultural poisoning is relatively easy as it does not require specific skills and
1190:
will be eradicated in the next 60 years if poisoned carcasses are not detected and neutralized. Eliminating carcass poisoning is challenging because it is far easier to carry out than to regulate. Park officials often lack the training to identify toxic chemicals before it is too late and calling on
1314:
Conservation efforts would be most effective in large, protected areas because vultures are most populous in those. Small but frequent poisoning events have a more detrimental effect on vulture populations than larger, infrequent events because population recovery is more successful when there is a
399:
or with just simple down. Historically, it was thought that this was due to feeding habits, as feathers would be glued with decaying flesh and blood. However, more recent studies have shown that it is actually a thermoregulatory adaptation to avoid facial overheating; the presence or absence of
1326:
Organizations across Africa are working to reduce threats to vulture species with efforts to change and create policies to protect species both at the national and international scale. Proposed strategies to reduce poisoning events include mobile phone numbers to report offenders, campaigns to
1327:
educate about poisoning risks to humans, and improving response speed to poisoning events. Poison response training would be an important implementation in conservation efforts because this is one of the most prevalent threats to vulture populations.
1598:
Gore, Meredith L.; Hübschle, Annette; Botha, André J.; Coverdale, Brent M.; Garbett, Rebecca; Harrell, Reginal M.; Krüger, Sonja C.; Mullinax, Jennifer M.; Olson, Lars J.; Ottinger, Mary Ann; Smit-Robinson, Hanneline (2020-09-01).
1165:
and selling or using the drug in India can result in jail time. But while the
Government of India banned diclofenac, over a year later, in 2007, it continued to be sold and remains a problem in other parts of the world.
371:
are particularly closely related and possibly within the same genus. Despite the name of the group, "Old World" vultures were widespread in North
America until relatively recently, until the end of the
1738:
Saini, Mohini; Taggart, Mark A.; Knopp, Dietmar; Upreti, Suchitra; Swarup, Devendra; Das, Asit; Gupta, Praveen K.; Niessner, Reinhard; Prakash, Vibhu; Mateo, Rafael; Cuthbert, Richard J. (2012-01-01).
1664:
1161:(another NSAID) has been found to be harmless to vultures and should prove an acceptable alternative to diclofenac. Bans on diclofenac in veterinary practices have been implemented in Pakistan and
2356:
1216:. Vultures can be targeted for the industry directly or collected from other poisoning events, but close to 30% of vulture deaths recorded in Africa can be tied back to belief-based use. In
1268:
Collisions with electrical infrastructure account for roughly 9% of vulture deaths in Africa. Some organizations in South Africa are working with power companies to mitigate this threat.
1143:, and two or three species of vulture in South Asia are nearing extinction. This has been caused by the practice of medicating working farm animals with diclofenac, which is a
1232:
for 6 years because they are said to last longer than other species. Others use 1-2 individuals a year but this rate is unsustainable given the estimated number of healers.
2012:
Tsiakiris, Rigas; Halley, John M.; Stara, Kalliopi; Monokrousos, Nikos; Karyou, Chryso; Kassinis, Nicolaos; Papadopoulos, Minas; Xirouchakis, Stavros M. (2021-10-18).
1276:
As vultures play an important role in ecosystems, their population decline can have cultural, public health, and economic implications for communities.
1530:
Ogada, Darcy L.; Keesing, Felicia; Virani, Munir Z. (2012-02-01). "Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide".
2366:
1155:. The drug is poisonous enough that only a small amount of animal carcases need to contain it to have detrimental effects on vulture populations.
285:
group within
Accipitridae, belonging to two separate not closely related groups within the family. Most authorities refer to two major clades:
2104:
696:
2014:"Models of poisoning effects on vulture populations show that small but frequent episodes have a larger effect than large but rare ones"
1319:
in an effort to conserve the dwindling number of vultures. The "restaurant" is an open grassy area where naturally dying, sick, and old
1909:
McKean, Steven; Mander, Myles; Diederichs, Nicci; Ntuli, Lungile; Mavundla, Khulile; Williams, Vivienne; Wakelin, James (2018-03-29).
1799:
1103:. Population declines are caused by a variety of threats that vary by species and region, with most notable declines in Asia due to
1111:(including use as bushmeat and traditional medicine) account for roughly 90% of the population declines. And because vultures are
1422:"A Late Miocene Accipitrid (Aves: Accipitriformes) from Nebraska and Its Implications for the Divergence of Old World Vultures"
2297:
2211:
2186:
1834:
1601:"A conservation criminology-based desk assessment of vulture poisoning in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area"
1496:
1191:
average community members to turn in perpetrators reports is challenging if financial incentives to do so are insufficient.
2133:
1715:
1279:
The decline in vultures has led to hygiene problems in India as carcasses of dead animals now tend to rot, or be eaten by
960:
1144:
1033:
1862:"A clear and present danger: impacts of poisoning on a vulture population and the effect of poison response activities"
493:
391:. Old World vultures find carcasses exclusively by sight. A particular characteristic of many vultures is a semi-bald
2424:
1220:, vulture consumption events have been estimated to occur 59,000 times a year. Vulture heads are believed to provide
1740:"Detecting diclofenac in livestock carcasses in India with an ELISA: A tool to prevent widespread vulture poisoning"
269:, and do not share that group's good sense of smell. The similarities between the two groups of vultures are due to
1291:
among these other scavengers is a major health threat. India has one of the world's highest incidences of rabies.
904:
1344:
1199:
Vultures are also unintentionally poisoned when they consume carcasses of predators that have been poisoned by
2516:
2506:
796:
2088:
3139:
136:
2392:
2329:
2231:"Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA"
3174:
448:
1739:
768:
3169:
3159:
1665:"Uses of Vultures in Traditional Medicines in the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Region, South Africa"
645:
400:
complex feathers seems to matter little in feeding habits, as some vultures are quite raptorial.
3116:
2780:
758:
3164:
3154:
3060:
3008:
2810:
1104:
810:
663:
3144:
3111:
3055:
2987:
2417:
1910:
1354:
1257:
1213:
1140:
1108:
1096:
852:
2176:
3102:
3046:
2945:
2936:
2920:
2911:
2770:
2750:
2245:
1751:
1612:
1539:
1433:
1410:
Wilber, S. & Jackson, J. 1983. Vulture
Biology and Management, University of California
1225:
1187:
1183:
1023:
983:
870:
718:
270:
124:
120:
2387:
1807:
1128:
8:
2172:
967:
932:
555:
2307:
2249:
1755:
1616:
1543:
1437:
2895:
2886:
2361:
2155:
2128:
2043:
1982:
1891:
1692:
1638:
1571:
1464:
1421:
1092:
1088:
1039:
999:
950:
938:
500:
131:
2105:"Multi-species Action Plan to Conserve African-Eurasian Vultures (Vulture MsAP) | CMS"
1955:"Vultures and Their People in India: Equity and Entanglement in a Time of Extinctions"
3149:
2760:
2675:
2666:
2591:
2582:
2473:
2337:
2293:
2292:. Illustrated by Peter Hayman & Norman Arlott (3rd ed.). Cape Town: Struik.
2269:
2261:
2217:
2207:
2182:
2160:
2047:
2035:
1986:
1974:
1932:
1883:
1775:
1767:
1696:
1684:
1642:
1630:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1469:
1451:
1284:
842:
603:
262:
112:
2230:
2062:
1895:
1575:
2870:
2861:
2725:
2716:
2410:
2253:
2150:
2142:
2025:
1966:
1922:
1873:
1759:
1676:
1620:
1547:
1459:
1441:
1420:
Zhang, Zihui; Feduccia, Alan; James, Helen F. (2012-11-09). Iwaniuk, Andrew (ed.).
1303:
1224:
or good luck like winning the lottery. The length of time a vulture can be used by
1043:
564:
512:
483:
373:
303:
273:, rather than a close relationship. They were widespread in both the Old World and
3087:
2790:
2700:
2691:
2092:
2013:
1763:
1446:
1241:
1003:
910:
863:
686:
436:
238:, i.e. the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, and which belong to the family
188:
2257:
2204:
Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the
Maldives
2181:. Illustrated by Kim Franklin, David Mead, and Philip Burton. Houghton Mifflin.
1625:
1600:
3031:
2845:
2836:
2800:
2496:
971:
922:
835:
786:
751:
392:
1878:
1861:
351:
hawks, while the latter are closely related and possibly even synonymous with
3133:
2616:
2607:
2541:
2532:
2341:
2265:
2039:
1978:
1970:
1936:
1887:
1771:
1720:
1688:
1634:
1559:
1455:
1212:
Vultures in Africa are killed for use in traditional medicine as part of the
1148:
1100:
880:
827:
274:
69:
2221:
2820:
2566:
2557:
2273:
2164:
1927:
1779:
1663:
Mashele, N. Mbali; Thompson, Lindy J.; Downs, Colleen T. (September 2021).
1567:
1473:
1295:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1011:
894:
775:
546:
282:
239:
198:
2030:
3096:
3040:
1349:
628:
343:
337:
251:
44:
2146:
1228:
is dependent on size and species. Some healers have been recorded using
728:
261:
Old World vultures are not closely related to the superficially similar
2982:
2644:
1299:
1052:
747:
308:
297:
287:
217:
212:
89:
54:
1954:
1680:
1306:, vulture population declines can have serious cultural implications.
2487:
2397:
1200:
1158:
1112:
1063:
859:
352:
325:
235:
148:
94:
38:
3002:
820:
3081:
3025:
2451:
2312:
1178:
1136:
739:
522:
459:
348:
313:
293:
168:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
32:
613:
2648:
2433:
2330:"India's Vultures Fall Prey to a Drug in the Cattle They Feed On"
1077:
993:
582:
573:
396:
380:
278:
247:
231:
99:
74:
28:
2206:. Illustrated by Clive Byers et al. Princeton University Press.
2085:
2643:
2445:
2011:
1288:
1174:
Poisoning accounts for a majority of vulture deaths in Africa.
1152:
887:
779:
707:
703:
624:
620:
533:
529:
463:
455:
388:
331:
266:
158:
1993:
1398:
Mundy, P. et al. 1992. The
Vultures of Africa, Academic Press.
1087:
More than half of the Old World vulture species are listed as
1316:
1175:
1162:
1132:
1007:
831:
803:
743:
735:
672:
654:
632:
537:
471:
467:
243:
2741:
2457:
2402:
1911:"The impact of traditional use on vultures in South Africa"
1908:
1245:
711:
680:
636:
384:
319:
255:
178:
2229:
Lerner, Heather R. L.; Mindell, David P. (November 2005).
1835:"Africa's Vultures Threatened By An Assault on All Fronts"
1597:
1800:"Vultures Are Revolting. Here's Why We Need to Save Them"
1320:
1280:
2357:"Rare breed of vulture spotted in Goa after eight years"
2202:
Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim (1999).
1368:
2288:
Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil; Tarboton, Warwick (2002).
1737:
2287:
2201:
1207:
2171:
2471:
1662:
1107:
use. Within Africa, a combination of poisonings and
590:
Native to North
America during the Late Pleistocene
2393:
Indian birds.com: videos, photographs and resources
2126:
1999:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1529:
1419:
1406:
1404:
3131:
1394:
1392:
1386:(Griffiths et al. 2007, Lerner and Mindell 2005)
1797:
1703:
1302:in which human corpses are put on the top of a
1832:
1497:"AnimalDiversityWeb: Aegypius: Classification"
1401:
1078:Population declines, threats, and implications
2418:
2228:
1389:
1374:
1169:
2388:Internet Bird Collection.com: Vulture videos
2054:
1263:
1204:the poison is cheap with a long shelf life.
581:
554:
2127:Di Quinzio, M.; McCarthy, A. (2008-02-26).
2425:
2411:
1860:Murn, Campbell; Botha, André (July 2018).
1532:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1194:
1042:, formerly native to Indonesia during the
111:
2327:
2154:
2029:
1926:
1877:
1859:
1624:
1463:
1445:
2060:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1793:
1791:
1789:
387:, feeding mostly from carcasses of dead
1724:. No. 2577. 2006-11-14. p. 7.
1309:
1287:, rather than be consumed by vultures.
1251:
3132:
1952:
1151:, and death as a result of diclofenac
1082:
3007:
3006:
2971:
2642:
2470:
2406:
2238:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1948:
1946:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1821:
1786:
1733:
1731:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1131:has caused the vulture population in
970:, with small disjunct populations in
347:). The former seem to be nested with
2354:
2086:A vulture restaurant in South Africa
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1145:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
281:. Old World vultures are probably a
2063:"Nepal's 'restaurant' for vultures"
1208:Traditional medicine/belief and use
563:Native to North America during the
13:
2972:
2398:Publico.pt: A griffon vulture nest
1943:
1848:
1728:
1649:
1582:
1489:
14:
3186:
2381:
2308:"Bird groups hopeful on vultures"
1716:"Painkillers turned bird killers"
1510:
1260:is use for bushmeat consumption.
1244:, traditional medicine is called
2328:Gentleman, Amelia (2006-03-28).
2061:Haviland, Charles (2008-07-31).
1552:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06293.x
1499:. AnimalDiversity.ummz.umich.edu
1032:
992:
959:
931:
903:
879:
851:
819:
795:
767:
727:
695:
612:
521:
492:
447:
135:
42:
2097:
2079:
2005:
1902:
1605:Global Ecology and Conservation
1271:
1062:Native to Australia during the
376:epoch around 11,000 years ago.
2290:SASOL Birds of Southern Africa
2129:"Rabies risk among travellers"
2000:Di Quinzio & McCarthy 2008
1798:Elizabeth Royte (2015-12-10).
1480:
1413:
1380:
1337:
1:
2517:Greater yellow-headed vulture
2175:; Christie, David A. (2001).
1833:Madeline Bodin (2014-08-11).
1330:
1123:
499:Forests and savannahs across
379:Both Old World and New World
2507:Lesser yellow-headed vulture
2432:
1804:National Geographic Magazine
1764:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.011
1447:10.1371/journal.pone.0048842
1294:For communities such as the
7:
2355:Nair, Preetu (2009-05-09).
2258:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010
1626:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01076
886:Savannahs of West and East
454:High mountains in southern
10:
3191:
2091:December 27, 2008, at the
1669:Journal of Raptor Research
1170:Poached carcass poisonings
1118:
594:
403:
3071:
3015:
2978:
2967:
2934:
2909:
2884:
2859:
2834:
2739:
2714:
2689:
2664:
2660:
2638:
2605:
2580:
2555:
2530:
2485:
2481:
2466:
2440:
1953:Dooren, Thom van (2010).
1879:10.1017/S0030605316001137
1375:Lerner & Mindell 2005
1323:are fed to the vultures.
1264:Electrical infrastructure
1010:deserts and northwestern
678:
619:Southwestern and central
597:
427:
417:Common and binomial names
209:
204:
132:Scientific classification
130:
119:
110:
23:
1971:10.1353/man.2010.a407433
1235:
646:Aegypius jinniushanensis
635:and central and eastern
2950:Trigonoceps occipitalis
2596:Gymnogyps californianus
1744:Environmental Pollution
1195:Agricultural poisonings
1028:Trigonoceps occipitalis
802:Central and peninsular
16:Informal group of birds
2811:Slender-billed vulture
1928:10.4314/vulnew.v65i1.2
1837:. Yale Environment 360
811:Slender-billed vulture
702:Mountains in southern
664:Aegypius prepyrenaicus
586:
559:
242:, which also includes
234:that are found in the
3112:Paleobiology Database
3056:Paleobiology Database
2988:Indian vulture crisis
2875:Neophron percnopterus
2730:Gypohierax angolensis
2521:Cathartes melambrotus
2511:Cathartes burrovianus
2031:10.5194/we-21-79-2021
1355:Paleobiology Database
1258:African vulture trade
1214:African vulture trade
1188:white-backed vultures
1097:critically endangered
734:Northern and central
585:
558:
517:Neophron percnopterus
488:Gypohierax angolensis
355:. Within Aegypiinae,
121:Lappet-faced vultures
2946:White-headed vulture
2921:Lappet-faced vulture
2850:Necrosyrtes monachus
2771:White-backed vulture
2751:White-rumped vulture
2316:. London. 2006-02-06
2178:Raptors of the World
2173:Ferguson-Lees, James
1810:on December 13, 2015
1310:Conservation efforts
1256:Another part of the
1252:Bushmeat consumption
1184:Kruger National Park
1141:decline by up to 99%
1129:Diclofenac poisoning
1066:or Late Pleistocene
1024:White-headed vulture
984:Lappet-faced vulture
927:Necrosyrtes monachus
871:White-backed vulture
719:White-rumped vulture
395:, sometimes without
271:convergent evolution
125:white-backed vulture
2925:Torgos tracheliotos
2250:2005MolPE..37..327L
2147:10.1503/cmaj.071443
1756:2012EPoll.160...11S
1617:2020GEcoC..2301076G
1544:2012NYASA1249...57O
1438:2012PLoSO...748842Z
1083:Population declines
988:Torgos tracheliotos
968:Indian Subcontinent
3140:Old World vultures
2896:Red-headed vulture
2653:Old World vultures
2474:New World vultures
2362:The Times of India
2334:The New York Times
1486:(Ward et al. 2008)
1040:Sub-Saharan Africa
1000:Sub-Saharan Africa
951:Red-headed vulture
939:Sub-Saharan Africa
587:
560:
501:sub-Saharan Africa
263:New World vultures
228:Old World vultures
24:Old World vultures
3175:Bird common names
3127:
3126:
3009:Taxon identifiers
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2815:Gyps tenuirostris
2781:Rüppell's vulture
2765:Gyps himalayensis
2761:Himalayan vulture
2705:Gypaetus barbatus
2680:Aegypius monachus
2676:Cinereous vulture
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2592:California condor
2571:Sarcoramphus papa
2299:978-1-86872-721-6
2213:978-0-691-04910-6
2188:978-0-618-12762-7
1681:10.3356/JRR-20-36
1353:. Gateway to the
1070:
1069:
847:Gyps himalayensis
843:Himalayan vulture
815:Gyps tenuirostris
759:Rüppell's vulture
608:Aegypius monachus
604:Cinereous vulture
470:subcontinent and
443:Gypaetus barbatus
225:
224:
105:
3182:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3064:
3063:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3004:
3003:
2969:
2968:
2900:Sarcogyps calvus
2871:Egyptian vulture
2755:Gyps bengalensis
2726:Palm-nut vulture
2662:
2661:
2640:
2639:
2546:Coragyps atratus
2483:
2482:
2468:
2467:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2365:. Archived from
2351:
2349:
2348:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2303:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2235:
2225:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2168:
2158:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2101:
2095:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1881:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1806:. Archived from
1795:
1784:
1783:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1628:
1595:
1580:
1579:
1527:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1449:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1341:
1304:Tower of Silence
1044:Late Pleistocene
1036:
996:
963:
955:Sarcogyps calvus
935:
907:
899:Gyps coprotheres
883:
855:
823:
799:
771:
731:
723:Gyps bengalensis
699:
616:
565:Late Pleistocene
525:
513:Egyptian vulture
496:
484:Palm-nut vulture
451:
408:
407:
374:Late Pleistocene
205:Groups included
140:
139:
115:
104:
41:
27:Temporal range:
26:
21:
20:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3170:Birds of Europe
3160:Birds of Africa
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3011:
3001:
2992:
2974:
2955:
2930:
2905:
2880:
2855:
2830:
2825:Gyps coprothere
2791:Griffon vulture
2785:Gyps rueppellii
2735:
2710:
2701:Bearded vulture
2685:
2656:
2626:
2601:
2576:
2551:
2526:
2477:
2462:
2436:
2431:
2384:
2372:
2370:
2346:
2344:
2319:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2278:
2276:
2233:
2214:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2123:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2093:Wayback Machine
2084:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2059:
2055:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1965:(#2): 130–146.
1951:
1944:
1907:
1903:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1787:
1736:
1729:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1661:
1650:
1596:
1583:
1528:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1312:
1298:, who practice
1274:
1266:
1254:
1242:Southern Africa
1238:
1210:
1197:
1172:
1126:
1121:
1085:
1080:
1026:
986:
953:
925:
911:Southern Africa
897:
873:
864:Tibetan Plateau
845:
813:
789:
761:
721:
689:
687:Griffon vulture
606:
515:
486:
441:
439:
437:Bearded vulture
406:
383:are scavenging
189:Accipitriformes
134:
106:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3188:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3108:
3093:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3052:
3037:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:Related topics
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
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2942:
2940:
2932:
2931:
2929:
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2892:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2846:Hooded vulture
2842:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2801:Indian vulture
2798:
2788:
2778:
2775:Gyps africanus
2768:
2758:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2697:
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2686:
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2670:
2658:
2657:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2621:Vultur gryphus
2613:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2563:
2561:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2501:Cathartes aura
2497:Turkey vulture
2493:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2382:External links
2380:
2379:
2378:
2352:
2325:
2304:
2298:
2285:
2244:(2): 327–346.
2226:
2212:
2199:
2187:
2169:
2121:
2120:
2096:
2078:
2053:
2004:
1992:
1942:
1901:
1872:(3): 552–558.
1847:
1820:
1785:
1727:
1702:
1675:(3): 328–339.
1648:
1581:
1509:
1488:
1479:
1432:(11): e48842.
1412:
1400:
1388:
1379:
1367:
1335:
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1060:
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1047:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1021:
1015:
1014:
997:
990:
981:
975:
974:
972:Southeast Asia
964:
957:
948:
942:
941:
936:
929:
923:Hooded vulture
920:
914:
913:
908:
901:
891:
890:
884:
877:
875:Gyps africanus
867:
866:
856:
849:
839:
838:
836:Southeast Asia
824:
817:
807:
806:
800:
793:
787:Indian vulture
783:
782:
772:
765:
763:Gyps rueppelli
755:
754:
752:Southeast Asia
732:
725:
715:
714:
700:
693:
684:
676:
675:
669:
667:
658:
657:
651:
649:
640:
639:
627:, the central
617:
610:
601:
596:
592:
591:
588:
579:
577:
568:
567:
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541:
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402:
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146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
117:
116:
108:
107:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3187:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Birds of Asia
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Birds of prey
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
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2941:
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2938:
2933:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2622:
2618:
2617:Andean condor
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2542:Black vulture
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:Cathartidae (
2469:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2369:on 2012-06-12
2368:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1721:New Scientist
1717:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:(#1): 57–71.
1537:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1498:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1230:Cape vultures
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1202:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1149:visceral gout
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:vulture trade
1106:
1102:
1101:IUCN Red List
1098:
1094:
1090:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
973:
969:
965:
962:
958:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
937:
934:
930:
928:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
912:
909:
906:
902:
900:
896:
893:
892:
889:
885:
882:
878:
876:
872:
869:
868:
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
848:
844:
841:
840:
837:
833:
829:
828:Sub-Himalayan
825:
822:
818:
816:
812:
809:
808:
805:
801:
798:
794:
792:
788:
785:
784:
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
764:
760:
757:
756:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
726:
724:
720:
717:
716:
713:
709:
705:
701:
698:
694:
692:
688:
685:
683:
682:
677:
674:
670:
668:
666:
665:
660:
659:
656:
652:
650:
648:
647:
642:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:
611:
609:
605:
602:
600:
593:
589:
584:
580:
578:
576:
575:
570:
569:
566:
562:
557:
553:
551:
549:
548:
543:
542:
539:
535:
531:
528:Southwestern
527:
524:
520:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
502:
498:
495:
491:
489:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
444:
440:(Lammergeier)
438:
435:
433:
430:
426:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
409:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
341:and possibly
340:
339:
334:
333:
328:
327:
322:
321:
316:
315:
310:
306:
305:
300:
299:
295:
290:
289:
284:
280:
276:
275:North America
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
208:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
126:
123:(left) and a
122:
118:
114:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
34:
30:
22:
19:
3145:Accipitridae
3072:
3016:
2949:
2935:
2924:
2910:
2899:
2885:
2874:
2860:
2849:
2835:
2824:
2821:Cape vulture
2814:
2805:Gyps indicus
2804:
2794:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2754:
2740:
2729:
2715:
2704:
2690:
2679:
2665:
2652:
2620:
2606:
2595:
2581:
2570:
2567:King vulture
2558:Sarcoramphus
2556:
2545:
2531:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2486:
2371:. Retrieved
2367:the original
2360:
2345:. Retrieved
2333:
2318:. Retrieved
2311:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2241:
2237:
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2177:
2138:
2132:
2112:. Retrieved
2108:
2099:
2081:
2070:. Retrieved
2066:
2056:
2024:(2): 79–93.
2021:
2017:
2007:
1995:
1962:
1958:
1918:
1915:Vulture News
1914:
1904:
1869:
1865:
1839:. Retrieved
1812:. Retrieved
1808:the original
1803:
1750:(1): 11–16.
1747:
1743:
1719:
1672:
1668:
1608:
1604:
1535:
1531:
1501:. Retrieved
1491:
1482:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1382:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1348:
1345:"Aegypiinae"
1339:
1325:
1313:
1293:
1278:
1275:
1272:Implications
1267:
1255:
1239:
1222:clairvoyance
1218:South Africa
1211:
1198:
1182:remains. In
1173:
1157:
1127:
1086:
1072:
1071:
1051:
1027:
1018:
1012:Saudi Arabia
987:
978:
954:
945:
926:
917:
898:
895:Cape vulture
874:
846:
814:
791:Gyps indicus
790:
776:Sahel region
762:
722:
690:
679:
662:
644:
607:
598:
572:
547:Neophrontops
545:
516:
507:
487:
478:
442:
431:
378:
368:
364:
360:
356:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
312:
302:
292:
286:
283:polyphyletic
260:
240:Accipitridae
227:
226:
199:Accipitridae
37:20.4–0
18:
3097:Wikispecies
3041:Wikispecies
2937:Trigonoceps
2837:Necrosyrtes
2795:Gyps fulvus
2109:www.cms.int
2018:Web Ecology
1350:Fossilworks
1300:sky burials
1073:† = extinct
1019:Trigonoceps
918:Necrosyrtes
830:regions of
778:of Central
691:Gyps fulvus
631:, northern
629:Middle East
595:Aegypiinae
428:Gypaetinae
369:Trigonoceps
344:Necrosyrtes
338:Trigonoceps
277:during the
3134:Categories
3103:Aegypiinae
3073:Aegypiinae
3047:Gypaetinae
3017:Gypaetinae
2983:Diclofenac
2717:Gypohierax
2645:Aegypiinae
2373:2011-05-29
2347:2011-05-29
2320:2011-05-29
2194:2011-05-26
2141:(5): 567.
2114:2018-04-18
2072:2011-05-28
1841:2016-02-29
1814:2016-02-29
1611:: e01076.
1503:2011-05-28
1360:4 November
1331:References
1285:feral dogs
1124:Diclofenac
1113:scavengers
1105:diclofenac
1093:endangered
1089:vulnerable
1053:Cryptogyps
748:Bangladesh
532:and North
479:Gypohierax
309:Aegypiinae
298:Gypohierax
288:Gypaetinae
218:Aegypiinae
213:Gypaetinae
3088:Q13428438
2887:Sarcogyps
2583:Gymnogyps
2488:Cathartes
2444:Kingdom:
2342:0362-4331
2266:1055-7903
2048:239045468
2040:1399-1183
1987:201782317
1979:1527-943X
1937:1606-7479
1921:(1): 15.
1888:0030-6053
1772:0269-7491
1697:237377331
1689:0892-1016
1643:219037409
1635:2351-9894
1560:1749-6632
1456:1932-6203
1201:livestock
1159:Meloxicam
1153:poisoning
946:Sarcogyps
860:Himalayas
834:and into
671:Formerly
653:Formerly
411:Subfamily
365:Sarcogyps
353:Aquilinae
326:Sarcogyps
236:Old World
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
3150:Vultures
3082:Wikidata
3032:Q1285640
3026:Wikidata
2862:Neophron
2692:Gypaetus
2667:Aegypius
2533:Coragyps
2452:Chordata
2450:Phylum:
2446:Animalia
2434:Vultures
2313:BBC News
2274:15925523
2222:43578307
2165:18299544
2089:Archived
2067:BBC News
1896:89944743
1780:22035919
1576:23734331
1568:22175274
1474:23152811
1426:PLOS ONE
1179:poachers
1137:Pakistan
862:and the
740:Pakistan
706:, North
599:Aegypius
508:Neophron
460:Caucasus
432:Gypaetus
397:feathers
381:vultures
361:Aegypius
349:Perninae
314:Aegypius
304:Neophron
294:Gypaetus
248:buzzards
232:vultures
195:Family:
169:Chordata
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
33:Holocene
2649:Gypinae
2456:Class:
2246:Bibcode
2156:2244672
1752:Bibcode
1613:Bibcode
1540:Bibcode
1465:3494718
1434:Bibcode
1226:healers
1119:Threats
1099:by the
574:Neogyps
404:Species
389:animals
279:Neogene
267:condors
185:Order:
175:Class:
29:Miocene
3117:105599
2912:Torgos
2608:Vultur
2340:
2296:
2279:31 May
2272:
2264:
2220:
2210:
2185:
2163:
2153:
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1985:
1977:
1935:
1894:
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1778:
1770:
1695:
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1641:
1633:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1472:
1462:
1454:
1289:Rabies
1064:Middle
1002:, the
979:Torgos
888:Africa
780:Africa
710:, and
708:Africa
704:Europe
625:Turkey
621:Europe
534:Africa
530:Europe
468:Indian
466:, the
464:Africa
458:, the
456:Europe
423:Range
357:Torgos
332:Torgos
307:) and
254:, and
244:eagles
3061:99072
2234:(PDF)
2044:S2CID
1983:S2CID
1959:Manoa
1892:S2CID
1693:S2CID
1639:S2CID
1572:S2CID
1317:Nepal
1296:Parsi
1246:Muthi
1236:Muthi
1176:Ivory
1163:Nepal
1133:India
1095:, or
1008:Negev
1004:Sinai
832:India
804:India
744:Nepal
736:India
673:Spain
655:China
633:India
538:India
472:Tibet
420:Image
414:Genus
385:birds
256:hawks
252:kites
2742:Gyps
2647:and
2458:Aves
2338:ISSN
2294:ISBN
2281:2011
2270:PMID
2262:ISSN
2218:OCLC
2208:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2161:PMID
2134:CMAJ
2036:ISSN
1975:ISSN
1933:ISSN
1884:ISSN
1866:Oryx
1776:PMID
1768:ISSN
1685:ISSN
1631:ISSN
1564:PMID
1556:ISSN
1536:1249
1470:PMID
1452:ISSN
1362:2021
1321:cows
1281:rats
1135:and
1006:and
966:The
858:The
826:The
774:The
750:and
712:Asia
681:Gyps
637:Asia
393:head
367:and
320:Gyps
301:and
265:and
230:are
179:Aves
45:PreꞒ
2254:doi
2151:PMC
2143:doi
2139:178
2026:doi
1967:doi
1923:doi
1874:doi
1760:doi
1748:160
1677:doi
1621:doi
1548:doi
1460:PMC
1442:doi
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536:to
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