431:, p. 19: "In the absence of Chinese acquiescence, and with the onset of World War I, acceptance of the McMahon line by the British themselves (and especially by the British home government in London) became lukewarm and even unsupportive. British policy toward the line thereafter varied according to changing international circumstances (among them the problematical Russian attitude toward the Simla agreement in 1914) and the vagaries of bureaucratic politics in London, India, and Assam itself."
443:, p. 305: "... what is patent is that for nearly two decades after 1914, the dubious risk of attracting Russian, and later Chinese, attention continued to be the principal reason for the non-publication of the Simla Convention and its adjuncts, the Trade Regulations and the India Tibet boundary agreement."
314:
was an ambiguous trilateral treaty negotiated between
Britain, Tibet and China, but it was signed only by Britain and Tibet as binding upon themselves. China declined to sign it. No action was taken to implement the treaty for roughly two decades, partly out of concerns that it was in violation of
155:
but to do so "unobtrusively". Caroe reissued the new volume in 1938, but still carrying the original 1929 date, and had the original volumes withdrawn. When the matter was discovered in 1963, it gave rise to accusation of a "virtual falsification" of the official records. Scholar
Karunakar Gupta
489:: "Accordingly, a new edition of the vol. 14 of the Aitchison's Treaties was published in 1937, but to make the changes unobtrusive, it was passed off as the 1929 edition. This amounted to a virtual falsification of official documents. Copies of the original 1929 edition of the
202:
At about this time there were those in
Washington, looking for ways to secure the oil resources and practice containment in the middle east. The formulations of Sir Olaf Caroe attracted attention and soon found favour in official circles. His article in the March 1949 number of
527:, pp. 31–33: "Department of External Affairs might form a cadre of Indian strategists for the future of the Great Game. He therefore did what he could to foster strategic thinking among his Indian deputies and to enlarge their professional experience."
72:
on the southern periphery of the Soviet Union. His ideas are believed to have been highly influential in shaping the post-War policies of
Britain and the United States. Scholar Peter Brobst calls him the "quintessential master of the
151:, did not include it. Caroe obtained the British government's permission to revise the official Indian maps to show the McMahon Line as the new boundary and to include the Simla Convention in a revised volume of
459:
and the Survey of India change, but it set forth certain conditions. Of these the most important was that unnecessary publicity should be avoided; the press should not even be notified of the
Aitchison
147:
within the territory of India. For various reasons, the Simla
Convention was not operationalised until 1935, and the official publication of the treaties of the Government of India,
159:
Caroe took a great interest in involving native Indian officials in foreign service and training them in diplomacy. Two of Caroe's officers rose to high ranks after independence:
925:
920:
108:, rising to the rank of captain. He spent the entire war in India, where he began learning Urdu and Pashto and acquired a desire to return to the country after the war.
905:
877:
364:
28:
21:
930:
174:(NWFP), on the northwest border of the Indian subcontinent, adjoining Afghanistan and Russia. He served in this role from 1946 to just before the
581:
164:
945:
171:
49:
950:
124:. He was influential in foreign policy and rose to be the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, serving in that role through the
960:
850:
965:
955:
910:
538:
791:
770:
710:
690:
666:
483:
319:, partly out of hope that China could be persuaded to join it and otherwise due to "vagaries of bureaucratic politics".
143:
of 1914. The McMahon Line ran along the crest of the
Himalayan ranges east of Bhutan, and incorporated the present day
198:
He wrote extensively after returning to
Britain in 1947. His strategic ideas proved influential in the United States:
626:
264:
156:
states that Caroe's zeal in operationalising the McMahon Line warrants it being renamed the "McMahon–Caroe Line".
89:(1857–1938) and Grace Desborough Rendall (died 1947), daughter of John Rendall, barrister. He was educated at
589:
131:
When he was deputy foreign secretary, Caroe is credited with getting the
Government of India to reaffirm the
635:
Brobst, Peter John (March 1998), "Kashmir 1947: Sir Olaf Caroe and the question of
British 'Grand Design'",
870:
811:
720:
Mehra, Parshotam (February 1972), "A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Northeast Frontier: 1914-36",
105:
594:
316:
183:
121:
94:
41:
179:
560:
493:
were withdrawn and destroyed, with the possible exception of one, kept in the Harvard Library."
471:
455:, p. 20: "As of 1936 the India Office was prepared to concur with the suggestions about
700:
656:
86:
395:
163:, who became India's ambassador to China and Soviet Union as well as foreign secretary, and
940:
935:
814:
The Future of The Great Game: Sir Olaf Caroe, India's Independence, and the Defense of Asia
618:
The Future of the Great Game: Sir Olaf Caroe, India's Independence, and the Defense of Asia
117:
37:
77:" and the "foremost strategic thinker of British India" in the years before independence.
8:
503:
Gupta, Karunakar (July–September 1971), "The McMahon Line 1911-45: The British Legacy",
779:
745:
737:
508:
175:
90:
915:
787:
766:
749:
706:
686:
662:
622:
479:
260:
144:
61:
546:
729:
676:
644:
369:
311:
140:
476:
Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World
410:
381:
781:
760:
680:
616:
167:, who headed Pakistan's Political Service and later went as ambassador to Egypt.
211:, led to invitations from the state and defence departments to visit Washington.
64:) within India. After retirement, Caroe took on the role of a strategist of the
860:
843:
373:
160:
648:
899:
807:
762:
Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia
756:
254:
136:
33:
887:
187:
132:
125:
57:
45:
44:. He served as the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India during the
53:
93:, where his maternal uncle Montague Rendall was headmaster, and entered
741:
74:
65:
563:
The Pathan Unarmed: Opposition & Memory in the North West Frontier
512:
733:
614:
524:
416:
342:
340:
338:
336:
98:
69:
333:
580:
Rudolph, Lloyd I.; Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber (25 February 2006),
675:
32:(15 November 1892 – 23 November 1981) was an administrator in
277:
From Nile to Indus: Economics and Security in the Middle East
178:
in 1947. Subject to accusations that he was too close to the
56:). As Foreign Secretary, he was responsible for reviving the
284:"The Geography and Ethnics of India's Northern Frontiers".
60:, which included the Assam Himalayan frontier (present day
170:
After the war, Caroe was appointed as the Governor of the
135:, which had been negotiated by a former Foreign Secretary
362:
Prior, Katherine. "Caroe, Sir Olaf Kirkpatrick Kruuse".
231:
Soviet Empire: The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism
104:
On the outbreak of the First World War, he joined the
634:
346:
85:
Born in London, Olaf Caroe was the son of architect
926:
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
921:
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
256:
Reprinted with a Foreword and an Epilogue on Russia
897:
582:"The Making of US Foreign Policy for South Asia"
579:
906:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
478:, Pearson Education India, pp. 173–256,
186:politicians, and was replaced in mid-1947 by
878:Governor of the North-West Frontier Province
783:Jammu and Kashmir, the Cold War and the West
368:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
755:
575:
573:
396:"Personal recollections of Sir Olaf Caroe"
525:Brobst, The Future of the Great Game 2005
417:Brobst, The Future of the Great Game 2005
398:. university of Leeds Special Collections
239:Reprinted with an additional Introduction
698:
682:Kashmir, 1947: Rival Versions of History
654:
561:The force Badshah Khan built (review of
452:
428:
931:People educated at Summer Fields School
806:
570:
469:
365:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
898:
545:, Awami National Party, archived from
539:"Chapter 18: Mountbatten Gets to Work"
946:People educated at Winchester College
719:
637:Commonwealth and Comparative Politics
536:
502:
440:
250:. Macmillan and Company, London 1958
357:
355:
13:
951:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
661:. University of California Press.
14:
977:
961:Indian Political Service officers
851:Chief Commissioner of Balochistan
800:
361:
352:
182:, he encountered opposition from
48:and later as the Governor of the
17:Sir Olaf Kirkpatrick Kruuse Caroe
966:British people in colonial India
956:British people of Danish descent
861:Arthur Edward Broadbent Parsons
608:
567:, Tribune India 2 December 2001
553:
530:
518:
496:
911:Central Asian studies scholars
474:, in Jayanta Kumar Ray (ed.),
463:
446:
434:
422:
388:
304:
248:The Pathans 550 B.C.–A.D. 1957
1:
621:, University of Akron Press,
590:Economic and Political Weekly
326:
193:
80:
844:Ronald Evelyn Leslie Wingate
812:"Caroe's lessons (review of
722:The Journal of Asian Studies
655:Hoffmann, Steven A. (1990).
470:Banerji, Arun Kumar (2007),
382:UK public library membership
172:North-West Frontier Province
50:North-West Frontier Province
7:
702:Britain and Tibet 1765–1947
685:, Oxford University Press,
615:Brobst, Peter John (2005),
10:
982:
759:; Brysac, Shareen (2009).
658:India and the China Crisis
241:. London: Macmillan. 1967.
225:. London: Macmillan. 1951.
116:In 1919, Caroe joined the
106:Royal West Surrey Regiment
101:, where he read classics.
884:
875:
867:
857:
848:
840:
835:
780:Panigrahi, D. N. (2009),
649:10.1080/14662049808447762
593:: 703–709, archived from
347:Brobst, Kashmir 1947 1998
111:
699:Marshall, Julie (2004).
317:Anglo-Russian Convention
297:
286:The Geographical Journal
215:
122:Indian Political Service
120:, and soon moved to the
95:Magdalen College, Oxford
42:Indian Political Service
537:Wali Khan, Khan Abdul,
816:by Peter John Brobst)"
374:10.1093/ref:odnb/30901
259:. Karachi: OUP. 1983.
213:
871:Sir George Cunningham
565:by Mukulika Banerjee)
200:
87:William Douglas Caroe
491:Aitchison's Treaties
457:Aitchison's Treaties
153:Aitchison's Treaties
149:Aitchison's Treaties
118:Indian Civil Service
38:Indian Civil Service
888:Sir Robert Lockhart
600:on 4 September 2006
505:The China Quarterly
207:and his 1951 book,
52:(the frontier with
836:Political offices
176:Partition of India
139:with Tibet in the
91:Winchester College
36:, working for the
894:
893:
885:Succeeded by
858:Succeeded by
793:978-1-136-51751-8
772:978-0-7867-3678-2
712:978-1-134-32784-3
692:978-0-19-563766-3
677:Jha, Prem Shankar
668:978-0-520-06537-6
559:Parshotam Mehra,
485:978-81-317-0834-7
380:(Subscription or
145:Arunachal Pradesh
62:Arunachal Pradesh
973:
868:Preceded by
841:Preceded by
833:
832:
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828:
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695:
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631:
602:
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557:
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543:Facts are sacred
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312:Simla Convention
308:
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141:Simla Convention
31:
26:
981:
980:
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846:
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773:
765:. Basic Books.
734:10.2307/2052598
713:
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597:
584:
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571:
558:
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549:on 18 July 2004
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453:Hoffmann (1990)
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810:(6 May 2006),
808:Noorani, A. G.
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801:External links
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728:(2): 299–308,
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223:Wells of Power
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209:Wells of Power
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184:Congress Party
161:K. P. S. Menon
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705:. Routledge.
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190:as governor.
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180:Muslim League
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165:A. S. B. Shah
162:
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137:Henry McMahon
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97:in 1911 on a
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47:
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34:British India
30:
23:
18:
876:
849:
823:, retrieved
819:
813:
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721:
701:
681:
657:
640:
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617:
609:Bibliography
595:the original
588:
562:
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547:the original
542:
532:
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504:
498:
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448:
441:Mehra (1972)
436:
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400:. Retrieved
390:
363:
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255:
247:
238:
230:
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208:
204:
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197:
188:Rob Lockhart
169:
158:
152:
148:
133:McMahon Line
130:
126:World War II
115:
103:
84:
58:McMahon Line
46:World War II
16:
15:
941:1981 deaths
936:1892 births
507:(47): 526,
205:Round Table
54:Afghanistan
900:Categories
882:1946–1947
855:1937–1938
402:2 February
384:required.)
327:References
292:(3). 1960.
194:Strategist
81:Early life
75:Great Game
66:Great Game
820:Frontline
750:163657025
472:"Borders"
916:Indology
679:(1996),
460:changes.
99:demyship
70:Cold War
68:and the
40:and the
742:2052598
279:. 1960.
233:. 1953.
825:18 May
790:
769:
748:
740:
709:
689:
665:
625:
513:652324
511:
482:
378:
263:
112:Career
746:S2CID
738:JSTOR
598:(PDF)
585:(PDF)
509:JSTOR
298:Notes
216:Works
27:
25:,
827:2018
788:ISBN
767:ISBN
707:ISBN
687:ISBN
663:ISBN
623:ISBN
480:ISBN
404:2015
315:the
310:The
261:ISBN
29:KCIE
22:KCSI
730:doi
645:doi
370:doi
290:126
902::
818:,
744:,
736:,
726:31
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641:36
639:,
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288:.
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775:.
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715:.
671:.
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406:.
376:.
372::
269:.
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