Oil sands - Knowledge

2655:(CERI) performed an analysis, estimating that in 2012 the average plant gate costs (including 10% profit margin, but excluding blending and transport) of primary recovery was $ 30.32/bbl, of SAGD was $ 47.57/bbl, of mining and upgrading was $ 99.02/bbl, and of mining without upgrading was $ 68.30/bbl. Thus, all types of oil sands projects except new mining projects with integrated upgraders were expected to be consistently profitable from 2011 onward, provided that global oil prices remained favourable. Since the larger and more sophisticated refineries preferred to buy raw bitumen and heavy oil rather than synthetic crude oil, new oil sands projects avoided the costs of building new upgraders. Although primary recovery such as is done in Venezuela is cheaper than SAGD, it only recovers about 10% of the oil in place versus 60% or more for SAGD and over 99% for mining. Canadian oil companies were in a more competitive market and had access to more capital than in Venezuela, and preferred to spend that extra money on SAGD or mining to recover more oil. 2509:

well as Venezuelan extra-heavy oil was assumed to be the US. The United States has historically been Canada's largest customer for crude oil and products, particularly in recent years. American imports of oil and products from Canada grew from 450,000 bbl/d (72,000 m/d) in 1981 to 3,120,000 bbl/d (496,000 m/d) in 2013 as Canada's oil sands produced more and more oil, while in the US, domestic production and imports from other countries declined. However, this relationship is becoming strained due to physical, economic and political influences. Export pipeline capacity is approaching its limits; Canadian oil is selling at a discount to world market prices; US demand for crude oil and product imports has declined because of US economic problems; and US oil domestic unconventional oil production (shale oil production from

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capacity – The only pipeline capable of delivering oil sands production to Canada's Pacific Coast is the Trans Mountain Pipeline from Edmonton to Vancouver, which is now operating at its capacity of 300,000 bbl/d (48,000 m/d) supplying refineries in B.C. and Washington State. However, once complete, the Northern Gateway pipeline and the Trans Mountain expansion currently undergoing government review are expected to deliver an additional 500,000 bbl/d (79,000 m/d) to 1,100,000 bbl/d (170,000 m/d) to tankers on the Pacific coast, from where they could deliver it anywhere in the world. There is sufficient heavy oil refinery capacity in China and India to refine the additional Canadian volume, possibly with some modifications to the refineries. In recent years, Chinese oil companies such as

2687:". Ignoring such constraints, and also assuming that the price of oil recovers from its collapse in late 2014, the list of currently proposed projects, many of which are in the early planning stages, would suggest that by 2035 Canadian bitumen production could potentially reach as much as 1.3 million m/d (8.3 million barrels per day) if most were to go ahead. Under the same assumptions, a more likely scenario is that by 2035, Canadian oil sands bitumen production would reach 800,000 m/d (5.0 million barrels/day), 2.6 times the production for 2012. The majority of the growth would likely occur in the in-situ category, as in-situ projects usually have better economics than mining projects. Also, 80% of Canada's oil sands reserves are well-suited to in-situ extraction, versus 20% for mining methods. 866:—the only oil pipeline to the West Coast—will further facilitate this increase, with its capacity set to increase significantly, to 890,000 barrels per day from 300,000 bpd currently. Despite this growth, there are warnings that it might be short-lived, with production potentially plateauing after 2024. Canada's anticipated increase in oil output exceeds that of other major producers like the United States, and the country is poised to become a significant driver of global crude oil production growth in 2024. The exploitation of these resources has stirred debates regarding economic development, energy security, and environmental impacts, particularly emissions from the oilsands, prompting discussions around emissions regulations for the oil and gas sector. 918: 2659:

plant gate costs (again including 10% profit margin) of SAGD to be $ 58.65/bbl, and 70.18/bbl for mining without upgrading. Including costs of blending and transportation, the WTI equivalent supply costs for delivery to Cushing become US$ 80.06/bbl for SAGD projects, and $ 89.71/bbl for a standalone mine. In this economic environment, plans for further development of production from oil sands have been slowed or deferred, or even abandoned during construction. Production of synthetic crude from mining operations may continue at a loss because of the costs of shutdown and restart, as well as commitments to supply contracts. During the

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general, the Canadian deposits are found over a much wider area, have a broader range of properties, and have a broader range of reservoir types than the Venezuelan ones, but the geological structures and mechanisms involved are similar. The main differences is that the oil in the sands in Venezuela is less viscous than in Canada, allowing some of it to be produced by conventional drilling techniques, but none of it approaches the surface as in Canada, meaning none of it can be produced using surface mining. The Canadian deposits will almost all have to be produced by mining or using new non-conventional techniques.

3329:— not even one day." The IEA is charged with responsibility for battling climate change, but Dr. Birol said he spends little time worrying about carbon emissions from oil sands. "There is a lot of discussion on oil sands projects in Canada and the United States and other parts of the world, but to be frank, the additional CO2 emissions coming from the oil sands is extremely low." Dr. Birol acknowledged that there is tremendous difference of opinion on the course of action regarding climate change, but added, "I hope all these reactions are based on scientific facts and sound analysis." 2524:, (WCS), a bitumen-derived heavy crude oil blend that is similar in its transportation and refining characteristics to California, Mexico Maya, or Venezuela heavy crude oils. This heavy oil has an API gravity of 19–21 and despite containing large amounts of bitumen and synthetic crude oil, flows through pipelines well and is classified as "conventional heavy oil" by governments. There are several hundred thousand barrels per day of this blend being imported into the US, in addition to larger amounts of crude bitumen and synthetic crude oil (SCO) from the oil sands. 2783: 2749:

2 °C. Hence continued exploration or development of reserves would be extraneous to needs. To meet the 2 °C target, strong measures would be needed to suppress demand, such as a substantial carbon tax leaving a lower price for the producers from a smaller market. The impact on producers in Canada would be far larger than in the U.S. Open-pit mining of natural bitumen in Canada would soon drop to negligible levels after 2020 in all scenarios considered because it is considerably less economic than other methods of production.

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but delivered to market in raw form. If the agent used to upgrade the bitumen to synthetic crude is not produced on site, it must be sourced elsewhere and transported to the site of upgrading. If the upgraded crude is being transported from the site by pipeline, and additional pipeline will be required to bring in sufficient upgrading agent. The costs of production of the upgrading agent, the pipeline to transport it and the cost to operate the pipeline must be calculated into the production cost of the synthetic crude.

1532: 1730: 61: 990: 836: 29: 10445: 819: 1637: 2146:, the synthetic crude is processed and a significant portion of the upgrading agent will be removed during the refining process. It may be used for other fuel fractions, but the end result is that liquid fuel has to be piped to the upgrading facility simply to make the bitumen transportable by pipeline. If all costs are considered, synthetic crude production and transfer using bitumen and an upgrading agent may prove economically unsustainable. 3434: 1259: 1080: 2397:. The big challenge in hydroprocessing is to deal with the impurities found in heavy crude, as they poison the catalysts over time. Many efforts have been made to deal with this to ensure high activity and long life of a catalyst. Catalyst materials and pore size distributions are key parameters that need to be optimized to deal with this challenge and varies from place to place, depending on the kind of feedstock present. 2266:, can handle upgrading heavy oil themselves, so their demand is for non-upgraded bitumen and extra-heavy oil rather than SCO. The main problem is that the feedstock would be too viscous to flow through pipelines, so unless it is delivered by tanker or rail car, it must be blended with diluent to enable it to flow. This requires mixing the crude bitumen with a lighter hydrocarbon diluent such as condensate from gas wells, 2591:(NEB) reported in 2013, that if oil prices are above $ 100, Canada would have more than enough energy to meet its growing needs. The excess oil production from the oil sands could be exported. The major importing country would probably continue to be the United States, although before the developments in 2014, there was increasing demand for oil, particularly heavy oil, from Asian countries such as China and India. 2531:(NEB) expects SCO volumes to double to around 1,900,000 bbl/d (300,000 m/d) by 2035, but not keep pace with the total increase in bitumen production. It projects that the portion of oil sands production that is upgraded to SCO to decline from 49% in 2010 to 37% in 2035. This implies that over 3,200,000 bbl/d (510,000 m/d) of bitumen will have to be blended with diluent for delivery to market. 1196: 2417:, but as of 2012 these processed less than 1/4 of the approximately 1,900,000 bbl/d (300,000 m/d) of bitumen and SCO produced in Alberta. Some of the large oil sands upgraders also produced diesel fuel as part of their operations. Some of the oil sands bitumen and SCO went to refineries in other provinces, but most of it was exported to the United States. The four major Alberta refineries are: 2745:

to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 °C that is consensually predicted to limit environmental harm to tolerable levels. Rapid technological progress is being made to reduce the cost of competing renewable sources of energy. Hence there is no consensus about when, if ever, oil prices paid to producers may substantially recover.

2798:, an advisory committee to the U.S. Secretary of Energy, acknowledged health and safety concerns regarding the oil sands which include "volumes of water needed to generate issues of water sourcing; removal of overburden for surface mining can fragment wildlife habitat and increase the risk of soil erosion or surface run-off events to nearby water systems; GHG and other air emissions from production." 1959:

and upgrades some of the heavy bitumen into lighter oil right in the formation. Historically fireflood projects have not worked out well because of difficulty in controlling the flame front and a propensity to set the producing wells on fire. However, some oil companies feel the THAI method will be more controllable and practical, and have the advantage of not requiring energy to create steam.

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investors. Since the price of WTI rose to $ 100/bbl beginning in 2011, production from oil sands was then expected to be highly profitable assuming the product could be delivered to markets. The main market was the huge refinery complexes on the US Gulf Coast, which are generally capable of processing Canadian bitumen and Venezuelan extra-heavy oil without upgrading.

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In March 2008, Alberta issued the first-ever oil sands land reclamation certificate to Syncrude for the 1.04 square kilometres (0.40 sq mi) parcel of land known as Gateway Hill approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Fort McMurray. Several reclamation certificate applications for oil sands projects are expected within the next 10 years.

1760:, fine silts (mature fine tails MFT), and water. Large volumes of tailings are a byproduct of surface mining of the oil sands and managing these tailings are one of the most damaging aspects of tar sands. The Government of Alberta reported in 2013 that tailings ponds in the Alberta oil sands covered an area of about 77 square kilometres (30 sq mi). The 2150:

synthetic crude oil (SCO) with lower density and lower sulfur content. These are large, expensive plants which are much like heavy oil refineries. Research is currently being done on designing simpler upgraders which do not produce SCO but simply treat the bitumen to reduce its viscosity, allowing to be transported unblended like conventional heavy oil.

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emissions per barrel of bitumen produced decreased 26% over the decade 1992–2002, total emissions from production activity were expected to increase due to higher production levels. As of 2006, to produce one barrel of oil from the oil sands released almost 75 kilograms (165 lb) of greenhouse gases with total emissions estimated to be 67

2890:. In particular, mercury contamination has been found around oil sands production in Alberta, Canada. The European Union has indicated that it may vote to label oil sands oil as "highly polluting". Although oil sands exports to Europe are minimal, the issue has caused friction between the EU and Canada. According to the California-based 697:, which outcrop on the surface. This tilting is not apparent on the surface because the resulting trench has been filled in by eroded material from the mountains. The light oil migrated up-dip through hydro-dynamic transport from the Rockies in the southwest toward the Canadian Shield in the northeast following a complex pre-Cretaceous 3325:, described additional greenhouse gas emissions from Canada's oil sands as "extremely low". The IEA forecasts that in the next 25 years oil sands production in Canada will increase by more than 3 million barrels per day (480,000 m/d), but Dr. Birol said "the emissions of this additional production is equal to only 23 hours of 3216:

sands industries water license allocations totals about 1.8% of the Athabasca river flow. Actual use in 2006 was about 0.4%. In addition, according to the Water Management Framework for the Lower Athabasca River, during periods of low river flow water consumption from the Athabasca River is limited to 1.3% of annual average flow.

3372:, to the Athabasca River and its tributaries. Scientists, local doctors, and residents supported a letter sent to the Prime Minister in September 2010 calling for an independent study of Lake Athabasca (which is downstream of the oil sands) to be initiated due to the rise of deformities and tumors found in fish caught there. 3298: m) oil sands was burnt, the global mean temperature would increase by 0.02 to 0.05 °C. If the entire oil-in-place of 1.8 trillion barrels were to be burnt, the predicted global mean temperature increase is 0.24 to 0.50 °C. Bergerson et al. found that while the WTW emissions can be higher than crude oil, 2302:

Since the diluent is simply exported and then immediately re-imported, it is not subject to the US ban on exports of crude oil. Once it is back in the US, refineries separate the diluent and re-export it to Canada, which again bypasses US crude oil export laws since it is now a refinery product. To aid in this process,

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sands. This proportion was (as of 2008) expected to increase in coming decades as bitumen production grows while conventional oil production declines, although due to the 2008 economic downturn work on new projects has been deferred. Petroleum is not produced from oil sands on a significant level in other countries.

796:. It outcrops on the surface (zero burial depth) about 50 km (30 mi) north of Fort McMurray, where enormous oil sands mines have been established, but is 400 m (1,300 ft) deep southeast of Fort McMurray. Only 3% of the oil sands area containing about 20% of the recoverable oil can be produced by 2320:

the Orinoco oil sands than its four upgraders, which were built by foreign oil companies over a decade ago, can handle. The upgraders have a combined capacity of 630,000 bbl/d (100,000 m/d), which is only half of its production of extra-heavy oil. In addition Venezuela produces insufficient volumes of

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above US$ 100/bbl that prevailed until late 2014 was sufficient to promote active growth in oil sands production. Major Canadian oil companies had announced expansion plans and foreign companies were investing significant amounts of capital, in many cases forming partnerships with Canadian companies.

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Most of the Canadian oil refining industry is foreign-owned. Canadian refineries can process only about 25% of the oil produced in Canada. Canadian refineries, outside of Alberta and Saskatchewan, were originally built for light and medium crude oil. With new oil sands production coming on production

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Although Venezuelan extra-heavy oil is less viscous than Canadian bitumen, much of the difference is due to temperature. Once the oil comes out of the ground and cools, it has the same difficulty in that it is too viscous to flow through pipelines. Venezuela is now producing more extra heavy crude in

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When the first oil sands plants were built over 50 years ago, most oil refineries in their market area were designed to handle light or medium crude oil with lower sulfur content than the 4–7% that is typically found in bitumen. The original oil sands upgraders were designed to produce a high-quality

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This is a very new and experimental method that combines a vertical air injection well with a horizontal production well. The process ignites oil in the reservoir and creates a vertical wall of fire moving from the "toe" of the horizontal well toward the "heel", which burns the heavier oil components

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Jackfish project, and Derek Oil & Gas's LAK Ranch project. Alberta's OSUM Corp has combined proven underground mining technology with SAGD to enable higher recovery rates by running wells underground from within the oil sands deposit, thus also reducing energy requirements compared to traditional

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for a period of weeks to months; then, the well is allowed to sit for days to weeks to allow heat to soak into the formation; and, later, the hot oil is pumped out of the well for a period of weeks or months. Once the production rate falls off, the well is put through another cycle of injection, soak

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filters from heavy oil wells and produced as much sand as possible with the oil, production rates improved significantly. This technique became known as Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS). Further research disclosed that pumping out sand opened "wormholes" in the sand formation which allowed

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Despite the fact that the Orinoco oil sands contain extra-heavy oil which is easier to produce than Canada's similarly sized reserves of bitumen, Venezuela's oil production has been declining in recent years because of the country's political and economic problems, while Canada's has been increasing.

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As of 2023, Canada's oil sands industry, along with Western Canada and offshore petroleum facilities near Newfoundland and Labrador, continued to increase production and were projected to increase by an estimated 10% in 2024 representing a potential record high at the end of the year of approximately

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to be recoverable at current prices, using current technology, which amounts to 97% of Canadian oil reserves and 75% of total North American petroleum reserves. Although the Athabasca deposit is the only one in the world which has areas shallow enough to mine from the surface, all three Alberta areas

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In their May 2019 comparison of the "cost of supply curve update" in which the Norway-based Rystad Energy—an "independent energy research and consultancy"—ranked the "worlds total recoverable liquid resources by their breakeven price", Rystad reported that the average breakeven price for oil from the

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continued at maximum capacity, efficiency of production from U.S. shales continued to improve, and Russian exports were mandated even below cost of production, as their only source of hard currency. There is also the possibility that there will emerge an international agreement to introduce measures

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An additional assumption is that there would be sufficient pipeline infrastructure to deliver increased Canadian oil production to export markets. If this were a limiting factor, there could be impacts on Canadian crude oil prices, constraining future production growth. Another assumption is that US

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The demand for condensate for oil sands diluent is expected to be more than 750,000 bbl/d (119,000 m/d) by 2020, double 2012 volumes. Since Western Canada only produces about 150,000 bbl/d (24,000 m/d) of condensate, the supply was expected to become a major constraint on bitumen

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to reduce shipments of natural gas to the US and Eastern Canada, and divert the gas to domestic Alberta use, particularly for oil sands fuel. The natural gas pipelines to the east and south are being converted to carry increasing oil sands production to these destinations instead of gas. Canada also

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After several years of production in situ, it has become clear that current THAI methods do not work as planned. Amid steady drops in production from their THAI wells at Kerrobert, Petrobank has written down the value of their THAI patents and the reserves at the facility to zero. They have plans to

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The bulk of the research that defends the oil sands development is done by the Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP), whose steering committee is composed largely of oil and gas companies. RAMP studies show that deformity rates are normal compared to historical data and the deformity rates in

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For the Athabasca oil sand operations water is supplied from the Athabasca River, the ninth longest river in Canada. The average flow just downstream of Fort McMurray is 633 m/s (22,400 cu ft/s) with its highest daily average measuring 1,200 m/s (42,000 cu ft/s). Oil

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will eventually colonize the reclaimed lands, but their operations are massive and work on long-term timeframes. As of 2013, about 715 square kilometres (276 sq mi) of land in the oil sands region have been disturbed, and 72 km (28 sq mi) of that land is under reclamation.

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Canada has abundant resources of bitumen and crude oil, with an estimated remaining ultimate resource potential of 54 billion cubic metres (340 billion barrels). Of this, oil sands bitumen accounts for 90 per cent. Alberta currently accounts for all of Canada's bitumen resources. "Resources" become

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Prior to 2013, when China surpassed it, the United States was the largest oil importer in the world. Unlike Canada, the US has hundreds of oil refineries, many of which have been modified to process heavy oil as US production of light and medium oil declined. The main market for Canadian bitumen as

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production has largely solved this problem, because much of the production is too light for US refinery use but ideal for diluting bitumen. The surplus American condensate and light oil is being exported to Canada and blended with bitumen, and then re-imported to the US as feedstock for refineries.

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In the Canadian oil sands, bitumen produced by surface mining is generally upgraded on-site and delivered as synthetic crude oil. This makes delivery of oil to market through conventional oil pipelines quite easy. On the other hand, bitumen produced by the in-situ projects is generally not upgraded

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injection to recover heavy oil has been in use in the oil fields of California since the 1950s. The cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) "huff-and-puff" method is now widely used in heavy oil production worldwide due to its quick early production rates; however recovery factors are relatively low (10–40%

1606:, the typical oil recovery rates are about 8–12%. Canadian oil sands are much colder and more biodegraded, so bitumen recovery rates are usually only about 5–6%. Historically, primary recovery was used in the more fluid areas of Canadian oil sands. However, it recovered only a small fraction of the 1380:

Bituminous sands are a major source of unconventional oil, although only Canada has a large-scale commercial oil sands industry. In 2006, bitumen production in Canada averaged 1.25 Mbbl/d (200,000 m/d) through 81 oil sands projects. 44% of Canadian oil production in 2007 was from oil

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in the United States—in second place.The breakeven price for North American shale oil was US$ 68 a barrel in 2015, making it one of the most expensive to produce. By 2019, the "average Brent breakeven price for tight oil was about US$ 46 per barrel. The breakeven price of oil from Saudi Arabia and

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Then in late 2014 the dramatic rise in U.S. production from shale formations, combined with a global economic malaise that reduced demand, caused the price of WTI to drop below $ 50, where it remained as of late 2015. In 2015, the Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI) re-estimated the average

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for Canada include the effects of the mining when the mines are returned to the environment in "as good as or better than original condition". Cleanup of the end products of consumption are the responsibility of the consuming jurisdictions, which are mostly in provinces or countries other than the

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Demand for oil in Asia has been growing much faster than in North America or Europe. In 2013, China replaced the United States as the world's largest importer of crude oil, and its demand continues to grow much faster than its production. The main impediment to Canadian exports to Asia is pipeline

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The extra-heavy crude oil or crude bitumen extracted from oil sands is a very viscous semisolid form of oil that does not easily flow at normal temperatures, making it difficult to transport to market by pipeline. To flow through oil pipelines, it must either be upgraded to lighter synthetic crude

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froth, by diluting the bitumen with a light hydrocarbon solvent—either naphthenic or paraffinic—to reduce the viscosity of the froth and to remove contaminants that were not removed in previous water-based gravity recovery phases. Bitumen with a high viscosity or with too many contaminants, is not

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This is an experimental method that employs a number of vertical air injection wells above a horizontal production well located at the base of the bitumen pay zone. An initial Steam Cycle similar to CSS is used to prepare the bitumen for ignition and mobility. Following that cycle, air is injected

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overlain by thick shales, although large amounts of heavy oil lighter than bitumen are found in the Heavy Oil Belt along the Alberta-Saskatchewan border, extending into Saskatchewan and approaching the Montana border. Note that, although adjacent to Alberta, Saskatchewan has no massive deposits of

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In 2012, Alberta produced about 1,900,000 bbl/d (300,000 m/d) of crude bitumen from its three major oil sands deposits, of which about 1,044,000 bbl/d (166,000 m/d) was upgraded to lighter products and the rest sold as raw bitumen. The volume of both upgraded and non-upgraded

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Alternatives to natural gas exist and are available in the oil sands area. Bitumen can itself be used as the fuel, consuming about 30–35% of the raw bitumen per produced unit of synthetic crude. Nexen's Long Lake project will use a proprietary deasphalting technology to upgrade the bitumen, using

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oil sands range from 350 to 1,000 m (1,000 to 3,000 ft) deep and no surface outcrops exist. The deposit is about 500 km (300 mi) long east-to-west and 50 to 60 km (30 to 40 mi) wide north-to-south, much less than the combined area covered by the Canadian deposits. In

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jet fighters defend the western half of Canadian air space and cover Canada's Arctic territory. Cold Lake Air Weapons Range (CLAWR) is one of the largest live-drop bombing ranges in the world, including testing of cruise missiles. As oil sands production continues to grow, various sectors vie for

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than conventional methods. The Alberta government estimates that with current technology, 10% of its bitumen and heavy oil can be recovered, which would give it about 200 billion barrels (32 billion m) of recoverable oil reserves. Venezuela estimates its recoverable oil at 267 billion barrels (42

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showed that official reports on emissions were not high enough. Report authors noted that, "emissions of organic substances with potential toxicity to humans and the environment are a major concern surrounding the rapid industrial development in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR)." This study

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The Alberta government estimated that in 2012, the supply cost of oil sands new mining operations was $ 70 to $ 85 per barrel, whereas the cost of new SAGD projects was $ 50 to $ 80 per barrel. These costs included capital and operating costs, royalties and taxes, plus a reasonable profit to the

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The above methods are not mutually exclusive. It is becoming common for wells to be put through one CSS injection-soak-production cycle to condition the formation prior to going to SAGD production, and companies are experimenting with combining VAPEX with SAGD to improve recovery rates and lower

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There are numerous deposits of oil sands in the world, but the biggest and most important are in Canada and Venezuela, with lesser deposits in Kazakhstan and Russia. The total volume of non-conventional oil in the oil sands of these countries exceeds the reserves of conventional oil in all other

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estimated that production from Canada's oil sands emits "about 5% to 15% more carbon dioxide, over the "well-to-wheels" (WTW) lifetime analysis of the fuel, than average crude oil." Author and investigative journalist David Strahan that same year stated that IEA figures show that carbon dioxide

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A shortage of skilled workers in the Canadian oil sands developed during periods of rapid development of new projects. In the absence of other constraints on further development, the oil and gas industry would need to fill tens of thousands of job openings in the next few years as a result of

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By 2013 there were nine oil sands mining projects in the Athabasca oil sands deposit: Suncor Energy Inc. (Suncor), Syncrude Canada Limited (Syncrude)'s Mildred Lake and Aurora North, Shell Canada Limited (Shell)'s Muskeg River and Jackpine, Canadian Natural Resources Limited (CNRL)'s Horizon,

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the industrial activity undertaken to produce oil sands make up about 5% of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions, or 0.1% of global greenhouse gas emissions. It predicts the oil sands will grow to make up 8% of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions by 2015. While the production industrial activity

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In December 2010, the Oil Sands Advisory Panel, commissioned by former environment minister Jim Prentice, found that the system in place for monitoring water quality in the region, including work by the Regional Aquatic Monitoring Program, the Alberta Water Research Institute, the Cumulative

2595:"reserves" only after it is proven that economic recovery can be achieved. At 2013 prices using current technology, Canada had remaining oil reserves of 27 billion m (170 billion bbls), with 98% of this attributed to oil sands bitumen. This put its reserves in third place in the world behind 2748:

A detailed academic study of the consequences for the producers of the various hydrocarbon fuels concluded in early 2015 that a third of global oil reserves, half of gas reserves and over 80% of current coal reserves should remain underground from 2010 to 2050 in order to meet the target of

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from Alberta to Steele City, Nebraska. In the absence of new pipeline capacity, companies are increasingly shipping bitumen to US markets by railway, river barge, tanker, and other transportation methods. Other than ocean tankers, these alternatives are all more expensive than pipelines.

3288:) per year by 2015. A study by IHS CERA found that fuels made from Canadian oil sands resulted in significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions than many commonly cited estimates. A 2012 study by Swart and Weaver estimated that if only the economically viable reserve of 170 Gbbl (27 2332:

production. Since Venezuela also has insufficient refinery capacity to supply its domestic market, supplies of naptha are insufficient to use as pipeline diluent, and it is having to import naptha to fill the gap. Since Venezuela also has financial problems—as a result of the country's

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counties. In addition to being much smaller than the Canadian oil sands deposits, the US oil sands are hydrocarbon-wet, whereas the Canadian oil sands are water-wet. This requires somewhat different extraction techniques for the Utah oil sands from those used for the Alberta oil sands.

3340:. The report states in part: "Canadian oil sands crudes are generally more GHG emission-intensive than other crudes they may displace in U.S. refineries, and emit an estimated 17% more GHGs on a life-cycle basis than the average barrel of crude oil refined in the United States". 1473:

No significant development of Venezuela's extra-heavy oil deposits was undertaken before 2000, except for the BITOR operation which produced somewhat less than 100,000 barrels of oil per day (16,000 m/d) of 9°API oil by primary production. This was mostly shipped as an emulsion

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industry activity levels as well as age-related attrition. In the longer term, under a scenario of higher oil and gas prices, the labor shortages would continue to get worse. A potential labor shortage can increase construction costs and slow the pace of oil sands development.

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is 5–6. That means this extracts about 5 or 6 times as much energy as is consumed. Energy efficiency is expected to improve to an average of 900 cubic feet (25 m) of natural gas or 0.945 gigajoules (262 kWh) of energy per barrel by 2015, giving an EROEI of about 6.5.

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which overlies one of the world's largest deposits of petroleum. The Orinoco Belt follows the line of the river. It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) from east to west, and 70 kilometres (43 mi) from north to south, with an area about 55,314 square kilometres

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than other fuels. According to the "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace" analysis, oil sands emit 31% more GHG that the average North American crude oil. In 2023 a federal study found that the real emissions from oil sands are 65% higher than reported by the industry.

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As of late 2015, development of new oil sand projects were deterred by the price of WTI below US$ 50, which is barely enough to support production from existing operations. Demand recovery was suppressed by economic problems that may continue indefinitely to bedevil both the

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Oil sands extraction can affect the land when the bitumen is initially mined, water resources by its requirement for large quantities of water during separation of the oil and sand, and the air due to the release of carbon dioxide and other emissions. Heavy metals such as

2683:(NEB) projections, in terms of total bitumen production. None of these forecasts take into account probable international constraints to be imposed on combustion of all hydrocarbons in order to limit global temperature rise, giving rise to a situation denoted by the term " 2731:

and increased taxes on it. The result was that foreign companies left Venezuela, as did most of its elite heavy oil technical experts. In recent years, Venezuela's heavy oil production has been falling, and it has consistently been failing to meet its production targets.

2774: 3145:, TRS, and THC. Despite these advantages, more progress was made in remediating the odour problems in the Peace River community, although only after some families had already abandoned their homes. The odour concerns in Fort McKay were reported to remain unresolved. 3096:) exceeded standards. The Alberta Ambient Air Data Management System (AAADMS) of the Clean Air Strategic Alliance (aka CASA Data Warehouse) records that, during the year ending on 1 November 2015, there were 6 hourly reports of values exceeding the limit of 10 3417:

In a report released in 2014, Alberta's Chief Medical Officer of Health, Dr. James Talbot, stated that "There isn't strong evidence for an association between any of these cancers and environmental exposure ." Rather, Talbot suggested that the cancer rates at

2025:

suitable for transporting through pipelines or refining. The original and conventional naphthenic froth treatment (NFT) uses a naphtha solvent with the addition of chemicals. Paraffinic Solvent Froth Treatment (PSFT), which was first used commercially in the

531:

with similar properties. "Unconsolidated" in this context means that the sands have high porosity, no significant cohesion, and a tensile strength close to zero. The sands are saturated with oil which has prevented them from consolidating into hard sandstone.

334:

on his way to the Arctic Ocean saw the Athabasca oil sands, and commented, "At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance."

133:. The estimated worldwide deposits of oil are more than 2 trillion barrels (320 billion cubic metres); Proven reserves of bitumen contain approximately 100 billion barrels, and total natural bitumen reserves are estimated at 249.67 Gbbl (39.694 1156:

buried deep by the rise of the mountains of the Sierra Orientale produced light oil that moved up-dip toward the south until it was gradually immobilized by the viscosity increase caused by biodgradation near the surface. The Orinoco deposits are early

2481:

The Pacific Future Energy project proposed a new refinery in British Columbia that would process bitumen into fuel for Asian and Canadian markets. Pacific Future Energy proposes to transport near-solid bitumen to the refinery using railway tank cars.

1486:, most of the engineers were fired as punishment. Orimulsion had been the pride of the PDVSA engineers, so Orimulsion fell out of favor with the key political leaders. As a result, the government has been trying to "Wind Down" the Orimulsion program. 2894:, the European Union used inaccurate and incomplete data in assigning a high greenhouse gas rating to gasoline derived from Alberta's oilsands. Also, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria and Russia do not provide data on how much natural gas is released via 1452:

From the beginning of 2022 oil sands extraction in Alberta has sharply increased, overpassing by far the level of 2014. High oil prices is one of the causes. In 2024 it is projected to increase more, so Canada can become a leader in oil production.

1351:

are two heavy oil sands deposits, with a pilot well already producing small amounts of oil in Tsimiroro. and larger scale exploitation in the early planning phase. In the Republic of the Congo reserves are estimated between 0.5 and 2.5 Gbbl

2771: 2114:

in addition to those of the US, so natural gas for future oil sands production does not seem to be a serious problem. The low price of natural gas as the result of new production has considerably improved the economics of oil sands production.

2180:, a major oil supply hub connecting oil suppliers to the Gulf Coast, which has become the most significant trading hub for crude oil in North America. While its major component is bitumen, it also contains a combination of sweet synthetic and 6848: 2029:

in the early 2000s, results in a cleaner bitumen with lower levels of contaminates, such as water and mineral solids. Following froth treatments, bitumen can be further upgraded using "heat to produce synthetic crude oil by means of a coker

1896:

and allowed Canada to move to second place in world oil reserves after Saudi Arabia. Most major Canadian oil companies now have SAGD projects in production or under construction in Alberta's oil sands areas and in Wyoming. Examples include

1441:

Imperial Oil Resources Ventures Limited (Imperial), Kearl Oil Sands Project (KOSP), Total E&P Canada Ltd. Joslyn North Mine and Fort Hills Energy Corporation (FHEC). In 2011 alone they produced over 52 million cubic metres of bitumen.

3133:. In an effort to identify the sources of the noxious odours in the Fort McKay community, a Fort McKay Air Quality Index was established, extending the provincial Air Quality Health Index to include possible contributors to the problem: 2902:

in the oil extraction process. The Jacobs report pointed out that extra carbon emissions from oil-sand crude are 12 percent higher than from regular crude, although it was assigned a GHG rating 22% above the conventional benchmark by EU.

2699:. The potential for Canadian oil exports to alternative markets such as Asia is also uncertain. There are increasing political obstacles to building any new pipelines to deliver oil in Canada and the US. In November 2015, U.S. President 1884:

in groups off central pads and can extend for miles in all directions. In each well pair, steam is injected into the upper well, the heat melts the bitumen, which allows it to flow into the lower well, where it is pumped to the surface.

2355:

needs pre-processing before it is fit for conventional refineries, although heavy oil and bitumen refineries can do the pre-processing themselves. This pre-processing is called "upgrading", the key components of which are as follows:

2611:

The costs of production and transportation of saleable petroleum from oil sands is typically significantly higher than from conventional global sources. Hence the economic viability of oil sands production is more vulnerable to the

701:

that exists in the formations under Alberta. The total distance of oil migration southwest to northeast was about 500 to 700 km (300 to 400 mi). At the shallow depths of sedimentary formations in the northeast, massive

330:, who commented on it in his journals. Fur trader Peter Pond paddled down the Clearwater River to Athabasca in 1778, saw the deposits and wrote of "springs of bitumen that flow along the ground". In 1787, fur trader and explorer 3743:

Oil sands are a mixture of sand, water, clay and bitumen. Bitumen is oil that is too heavy or thick to flow or be pumped without being diluted or heated. *** Bitumen is so viscous that at room temperature it acts much like cold

1879:

technology that made it quick and inexpensive to do by the mid 1990s. In SAGD, two horizontal wells are drilled in the oil sands, one at the bottom of the formation and another about 5 metres above it. These wells are typically

1490:

As a result, Canadian heavy oil and bitumen exports have been backing Venezuelan heavy and extra-heavy oil out of the US market, and Canada's total exports of oil to the US have become several times as great as Venezuela's.

1277:

Apart from the megagiant oil sands deposits in Canada and Venezuela, numerous other countries hold smaller oil sands deposits. In the United States, there are supergiant oil sands resources primarily concentrated in Eastern

2310:

is considering the expansion of its Southern Lights pipeline, which currently ships 180,000 bbl/d (29,000 m/d) of diluent from the Chicago area to Edmonton, by adding another 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d).

1340:), which is an important but very mature province in terms of conventional oil, holds large amounts of oil sands in a shallow Permian formation. In Kazakhstan, large bitumen deposits are located in the North Caspian Basin. 3083:) both in the Fort McMurray area and near the oil sands upgraders. In 2007, the Alberta government issued an environmental protection order to Suncor in response to numerous occasions when ground level concentration for 1497:

in a tailspin and the country experiencing widespread shortages of food, rolling power blackouts, rioting, and anti-government protests, it was unclear how much new oil sands production would occur in the near future.

2085:

turbine and a hydrogen producing unit, providing all the energy needs of the project: steam, hydrogen, and electricity. Thus, it will produce syncrude without consuming natural gas, but the capital cost is very high.

1993:

into the vertical wells, igniting the upper bitumen and mobilizing (through heating) the lower bitumen to flow into the production well. It is expected that COGD will result in water savings of 80% compared to SAGD.

3422:, which were slightly higher compared with the provincial average, were likely due to a combination of factors such as high rates of smoking, obesity, diabetes, and alcoholism as well as poor levels of vaccination. 5377: 1673: 1941:

technology, similar to SAGD. Instead of steam, hydrocarbon solvents are injected into an upper well to dilute bitumen and enables the diluted bitumen to flow into a lower well. It has the advantage of much better

3355:

There is conflicting research on the effects of the oil sands development on aquatic life. In 2007, Environment Canada completed a study that shows high deformity rates in fish embryos exposed to the oil sands.

933:, near the border with Saskatchewan. A small portion of the Cold Lake deposit lies in Saskatchewan. Although smaller than the Athabasca oil sands, the Cold Lake oil sands are important because some of the oil is 3305:

To offset greenhouse gas emissions from the oil sands and elsewhere in Alberta, sequestering carbon dioxide emissions inside depleted oil and gas reservoirs has been proposed. This technology is inherited from

1444:

Canadian oil sand extraction has created extensive environmental damage, and many first nations peoples, scientists, lawyers, journalists and environmental groups have described Canadian oil sands mining as an

2907: 2059:

Approximately 1.0–1.25 gigajoules (280–350 kWh) of energy is needed to extract a barrel of bitumen and upgrade it to synthetic crude. As of 2006, most of this is produced by burning natural gas. Since a

434:

was applied to bituminous sands in the late 19th and early 20th century. People who saw the bituminous sands during this period were familiar with the large amounts of tar residue produced in urban areas as a

6807: 3410:

released a report stating that "there is currently no credible evidence of environmental contaminant exposures from oil sands reaching Fort Chipewyan at levels expected to cause elevated human cancer rates."

1619: 952:. They probably contain over 60 billion cubic metres (370 billion barrels) of extra-heavy oil-in-place. The oil is highly viscous, but considerably less so than the Athabasca oil sands, and is somewhat less 4743:

Christopher J. Schenk; Troy A. Cook; Ronald R. Charpentier; Richard M. Pollastro; Timothy R. Klett; Marilyn E. Tennyson; Mark A. Kirschbaum; Michael E. Brownfield & Janet K. Pitman. (11 January 2010).

8295:

Bergerson, Joule A. et al., Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Current Oil Sands Technologies: Surface Mining and In Situ Applications, Environmental Science & Technology 46 (14), pp. 7865–7874,

3120:

published a brief report about "a recent surge of odour and air quality concerns in northern Alberta associated with the expansion of oilsands development", contrasting the responses to these concerns in

8405: 2580:

are even bigger. Canada has vast energy resources of all types and its oil and natural gas resource base would be large enough to meet Canadian needs for generations if demand was sustained. Abundant

6852: 2854:

are naturally present in oil sands and may be concentrated by the extraction process. The environmental impact caused by oil sand extraction is frequently criticized by environmental groups such as

1250: m) of oil which is "technically recoverable (producible using currently available technology and industry practices)." No estimate of how much of the oil is economically recoverable was made. 2635:(SAGD) projects and away from mining and upgrading projects, as oil sands operators foresee better opportunities from selling bitumen and heavy oil directly to refineries than from upgrading it to 1888:

SAGD has proved to be a major breakthrough in production technology since it is cheaper than CSS, allows very high oil production rates, and recovers up to 60% of the oil in place. Because of its

2306:

is reversing its Cochin Pipeline, which used to carry propane from Edmonton to Chicago, to transport 95,000 bbl/d (15,100 m/d) of condensate from Chicago to Edmonton by mid-2014; and

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methods. In July 2008, the Alberta government announced a C$ 2 billion fund to support sequestration projects in Alberta power plants and oil sands extraction and upgrading facilities.

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was littered with hundreds of pure bitumen seepages. The Mesopotamians used the bitumen for waterproofing boats and buildings. In Europe, they were extensively mined near the French city of

3463: 1396: 228: 5882:

Martínez-Palou, Rafael; Mosqueira, María de Lourdes; Zapata-Rendón, Beatriz; Mar-Juárez, Elizabeth; Bernal-Huicochea, César; de la Cruz Clavel-López, Juan; Aburto, Jorge (1 January 2011).

3384:

In 2007, it was suggested that wildlife has been negatively affected by the oil sands; for instance, moose were found in a 2006 study to have as high as 453 times the acceptable levels of

2214:

can upgrade 440,000 bbl/d (70,000 m/d) of bitumen to light sweet and medium sour synthetic crude oil (SCO), plus produce diesel fuel for its oil sands operations at the upgrader.

6619: 6559: 2652: 211:

are 31% higher than from conventional oil. In Canada, oil sands production in general, and in-situ extraction, in particular, are the largest contributors to the increase in the nation's

3070:/NMHC). These AQHI are said to indicate "low risk" air quality more than 95% of the time. Prior to 2012, air monitoring showed significant increases in exceedances of hydrogen sulfide ( 1946:

over steam injection, and it does some partial upgrading of bitumen to oil right in the formation. The process has attracted attention from oil companies, who are experimenting with it.

1039:, oil sands occur in more than 70 countries, but the bulk is found in these four regions together covering an area of some 77,000 square kilometres (30,000 sq mi). In 2007 the 1849:

at Peace River. In this method, the well is put through cycles of steam injection, soak, and oil production. First, steam is injected into a well at a temperature of 300 to 340 degrees

5946: 1664:(peat bog) overtop of clay and barren sand. The oil sands themselves are typically 40 to 60 metres (130 to 200 ft) thick deposits of crude bitumen embedded in unconsolidated 1570:

techniques. These methods usually use more water and require larger amounts of energy than conventional oil extraction. While much of Canada's oil sands are being produced using

386:

Because the cost of production is so much higher at oil sands petroleum-mining operations, the breakeven point is much higher than for sweeter lighter oils like that produced by

9670: 4934: 5492:"Natural Resources Canada team investigates solvent extraction process for oil sand bitumen; non-aqueous alternative to hot water processing with reduced environmental impacts" 1972:

has reported encouraging results from their test wells in Alberta, with production rates of up to 400 bbl/d (64 m/d) per well, and the oil upgraded from 8 to 12

7597: 8382: 3513: 1811:

for them. However, governments have become concerned about the large volume and composition of oil spread on roads. so in recent years disposing of oily sand in underground

4099: 3414:

In August 2011, the Alberta government initiated a provincial health study to examine whether a link exists between the higher rates of cancer and the oil sands emissions.

3347:(NRCan), by 2017, the 23 percent increase in GHG emissions in Canada from 2005 to 2017, was "largely from increased oil sands production, particularly in-situ extraction". 1680:) started operation of the first large-scale oil sands mine in 1967, bitumen has been extracted on a commercial scale and the volume has grown at a steady rate ever since. 4192:"Sand banks: If unconventional sources of oil, such as oil sands, could be transformed into crude we could still have a 300-year supply left. The problem is extracting it" 3607: 2513:

is growing rapidly. The US resumed export of crude oil in 2016; as of early 2019, the US produced as much oil as it consumed, with shale oil displacing Canadian imports.

8681: 4288: 3835: 7643: 1602:

and gas injection are often required to maintain production. When primary production is used in the Venezuelan oil sands, where the extra-heavy oil is about 50 degrees

191:

oil price increases, and the development of improved extraction technology enabled profitable extraction and processing of the oil sands. Together with other so-called

8654: 4003: 3399:. However, John O'Connor, the doctor who initially reported the higher cancer rates and linked them to the oil sands development, was subsequently investigated by the 4967: 4410: 8367: 6799: 6708: 5104: 4711: 4666: 4547: 2250:, near Edmonton. The complex can upgrade 255,000 bbl/d (40,500 m/d) of bitumen to sweet and heavy SCO as well as a range of refinery and chemical products. 3157:—topsoil, muskeg, sand, clay and gravel—that sits atop the oil sands deposit. Approximately 2.5 tons of oil sands are needed to produce one barrel of oil (roughly 8132: 4670: 689:

the rock formations in southwest Alberta up to 8 km (5 mi) deep near the Rockies, but to zero depth in the northeast, where they pinched out against the

520:

The world's largest deposits of oil sands are in Venezuela and Canada. The geology of the deposits in the two countries is generally rather similar. They are vast

5807: 5690: 4608: 3228:

The production of bitumen and synthetic crude oil emits more greenhouse gases than the production of conventional crude oil. A 2009 study by the consulting firm

7437: 9566: 6994: 3129:. In Fort McKay, air quality is actively addressed by stakeholders represented in the WBEA, whereas the Peace River community must rely on the response of the 2364: 176:

due to their lower viscosity. Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil differ in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original conventional oils by

2352: 2270:

and other light products from oil refineries or gas plants, or synthetic crude oil from oil sands upgraders to allow it to flow through pipelines to market.

1976:. The company hopes to get a further 7-degree upgrade from its CAPRI (controlled atmospheric pressure resin infusion) system, which pulls the oil through a 956:. The depth of the deposits is 400 to 600 metres (1,300 to 2,000 ft) and they are from 15 to 35 metres (49 to 115 ft) thick. They are too deep to 8056: 6019:"Platts Assesses Ex-Cushing Western Canadian Select at $ 70.78 per Barrel: Brings transparency to the US value of Canadian Oil as Seaway Takes Oil to Gulf" 10411: 2794:

In their 2011 commissioned report entitled "Prudent Development: Realizing the Potential of North America's Abundant Natural Gas and Oil Resources," the

2564:

have bought over $ 30 billion in assets in Canadian oil sands projects, so they would probably like to export some of their newly acquired oil to China.

1872: 5509: 156:

Crude bitumen is a thick, sticky form of crude oil, and is so viscous that it will not flow unless heated or diluted with lighter hydrocarbons such as

5189:

Things are very, very bad. I have been covering Venezuela for a long time. And frankly, I was shocked at the situation as I see it here at the moment.

3388:

in their systems, though later studies lowered this to 17 to 33 times the acceptable level (although below international thresholds for consumption).

2089:

Shortages of natural gas for project fuel were forecast to be a problem for Canadian oil sands production a few years ago, but recent increases in US

5316: 4696: 3212:. However, in SAGD operations, 90–95% of the water is recycled and only about 0.2 volume units of water is used per volume unit of bitumen produced. 1795:. The advantage of this method is better production rates and recovery (around 10% versus 5–6% with sand filters in place) and the disadvantage that 1144:

has a structure similar to the WCSB, but on a shorter scale. The distance the oil has migrated up-dip from the Sierra Oriental mountain front to the

8852: 6881: 5026: 4469: 9791: 9089: 5993: 344:

oil sands was US$ 83 in 2019, making it the most expensive to produce, compared to all other "significant oil producing regions" in the world. The

8214: 7901: 5843: 3573:

The "Middle East onshore market" was the "cheapest source of new oil volumes globally" with the "North American tight oil"—which includes onshore

2390:

is preferred in most cases. All these processes take large amounts of energy and water, while emitting more carbon dioxide than conventional oil.

1562:

Except for a fraction of the extra-heavy oil or bitumen which can be extracted by conventional oil well technology, oil sands must be produced by

2758: 4076: 7460: 5781: 2762: 2535: 945:

than the other major Alberta oil sands and the oil is more fluid. As a result, cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) is commonly used for production.

546:

The magnitude of the resources in the two countries is on the order of 3.5 to 4 trillion barrels (550 to 650 billion cubic metres) of original

8025: 6768: 5052: 4495: 600:

for over 100 years at 2002 consumption levels. These deposits represent plentiful oil, but not cheap oil. They require advanced technology to

6443: 5954: 3326: 7308: 4887: 9079: 8953: 8610: 8516: 7743: 6676: 3770: 3391:

Concerns have been raised concerning the negative impacts that the oil sands have on public health, including higher than normal rates of

2428:

refinery near Edmonton, which can process 142,000 bbl/d (22,600 m/d) of all types of oil and bitumen into all types of products.

9561: 9556: 9541: 9536: 9084: 8628: 8162: 7379:"Evaluating officially reported polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions in the Athabasca oil sands region with a multimedia fate model" 7278: 6520: 6313: 6051: 5636: 3268: 2672: 893: 2293:. These do not necessarily require the bitumen be blended with diluent since the tanks can be heated to allow the oil to be pumped out. 1413:'s second mine began operation in 1978 and is the biggest mine of any type in the world. The third mine in the Athabasca Oil Sands, the 9506: 8673: 3400: 2911:

found that tailings ponds were an indirect pathway transporting uncontrolled releases of evaporative emissions of three representative

2660: 1652:

are the only major oil sands deposits which are shallow enough to surface mine. In the Athabasca sands there are very large amounts of

734:

deposits of northwestern Alberta. Between them, they cover over 140,000 square kilometres (54,000 sq mi)—an area larger than

8110: 6736: 4943: 2199:

is used to break the heavier hydrocarbon molecules down into simpler ones. Since cracking produces products which are rich in sulfur,

1061:, and brought to a central location for processing, the Peace River deposits are considered too deep, and are exploited in situ using 862:

5.3 million barrels per day (bpd). The surge in production is attributed mainly to growth in Alberta's oilsands. The expansion of the

804:

wells. The other Canadian deposits are between 350 and 900 m (1,000 and 3,000 ft) deep and will require in-situ production.

8567:"RAMP responds to a request for comment on Dr. David Schindler's press conference regarding the high incidence of fish abnormalities" 7875: 6432: 398:, and, the United States. Oil sands productions expand and prosper as the global price of oil increased to peak highs because of the 7248: 7175:

R. Smandych and R. Kueneman, "The Canadian-Alberta Tar Sands: A Case Study of State-Corporate Environmental Crime" in R. White (ed.)

6200: 4572: 2486:

at lower prices than international oil, market price imbalances have ruined the economics of refineries which could not process it.

9130: 9099: 9094: 2720: 643: 572: 541: 4798: 2943:

Environmental Association (WBEA). Each of their 17 continuously monitoring stations measure 3 to 10 air quality parameters among

1930:

Several methods use solvents, instead of steam, to separate bitumen from sand. Some solvent extraction methods may work better in

1854:

and production. This process is repeated until the cost of injecting steam becomes higher than the money made from producing oil.

1518:. Production is scheduled to commence in 2014 and is estimated to eventually yield a total of 40,000 bbl/d (6,400 m/d). 9873: 5613: 4384: 2557: 2233: 621: 3611: 2184:

diluents, and 25 existing streams of both conventional and unconventional oil making it a syndilbit—both a dilbit and a synbit.

1934:

production and other in mining. Solvent can be beneficial if it produces more oil while requiring less energy to produce steam.

1574:, approximately 90% of Canadian oil sands and all of Venezuela's oil sands are too far below the surface to use surface mining. 714:

and immobile. Almost all of the remaining oil is found in the far north of Alberta, in Middle Cretaceous (115 million-year old)

9747: 9571: 6608: 5201: 5176: 2728: 1462: 1184: 5130: 4295: 2101:

and exporting more natural gas to Eastern Canada to replace Alberta gas, the Alberta government is using its powers under the

172:

in Venezuela is sometimes described as oil sands, but these deposits are non-bituminous, falling instead into the category of

9155: 8823: 8802: 8757: 8734: 8713: 7713: 7651: 6641: 5987: 4819: 3984: 3673: 3650: 2940: 2438:

near Edmonton, which can process 187,200 bbl/d (29,760 m/d) of SCO and conventional oil into all types of products.

2009: 2003: 1161:(50 to 60 million years old) sand-silt-shale sequences overlain by continuous thick shales, much like the Canadian deposits. 5282: 4191: 3403:. The College later reported that O'Connor's statements consisted of "mistruths, inaccuracies and unconfirmed information". 9878: 9546: 9120: 6968: 6490: 5531: 5234: 7363: 4718: 1744:

are engineered dam and dyke systems that contain salts, suspended solids and other dissolvable chemical compounds such as

9125: 6252:

Ancheyta Jorge; Rana Mohan S.; Furimsky Edward (30 November 2005). "Hydroprocessing of heavy petroleum feeds: Tutorial".

5535: 3333: 1781: 8136: 3918: 2584:

resources account for the majority of Canada's electricity production and very little electricity is produced from oil.

2448:, and which can process 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d) of all types of oil and bitumen into all types of products. 2277:

or other diluents and 70% bitumen. Alternatively, bitumen can also be delivered to market by specially designed railway

1683:

A large number of oil sands mines are currently in operation and more are in the stages of approval or development. The

10259: 9938: 9654: 8781: 5818: 4782: 4619: 4052: 2499: 2065: 1266:

In addition to the three major Canadian oil sands in Alberta, there is a fourth major oil sands deposit in Canada, the

1010: 10406: 9710: 9463: 7002: 6409: 4109: 4025: 3220:

Environmental Management Association and others, was piecemeal and should become more comprehensive and coordinated.

2936: 2696: 1741: 1724: 1127: 6113: 5743:

Rao, Feng; Liu, Qi (19 December 2013). "Froth Treatment in Athabasca Oil Sands Bitumen Recovery Process: A Review".

4649: 1109: 10295: 9948: 9443: 9140: 9135: 8946: 7191:"Oil sands development contributes elements toxic at low concentrations to the Athabasca River and its tributaries" 6405: 5403: 2207:

bitumen is increasing yearly. Alberta has five oil sands upgraders producing a variety of products. These include:

1599: 94:. Oil sands are either loose sands or partially consolidated sandstone containing a naturally occurring mixture of 8284: 5718: 5153: 4359: 1152:

is only about 200 to 300 km (100 to 200 mi). The hydrodynamic conditions of oil transport were similar,

9953: 9511: 9396: 9322: 7786: 3365: 2912: 2795: 2632: 2553: 2259: 1868: 1863: 1062: 778: 563: 7567: 4845: 10421: 10192: 9858: 9411: 9329: 9256: 8920: 8435: 7765: 6552: 3523: 3483: 2098: 2050: 1969: 1824: 1390: 1105: 964: 331: 8771: 8541: 7696: 7618: 6581: 5327: 972:

access to airspace, land, and resources, and this complicates oil well drilling and production significantly.

9629: 9526: 9516: 9438: 8880: 8323: 7540: 2875: 2495: 2303: 7844: 2715:

The skilled worker shortage was much more severe in Venezuela because the government controlled oil company

10401: 10396: 9933: 9918: 9367: 8840: 8458:"Oil sands development contributes polycyclic aromatic compounds to the Athabasca River and its tributarie" 6713: 5351: 3153:

A large part of oil sands mining operations involves clearing trees and brush from a site and removing the

1660:, making surface mining the most efficient method of extracting it. The overburden consists of water-laden 993:

The Peace River oil sands deposit lies in the west of Alberta, and is deeper than the larger, better known

8849: 7321: 6491:"Canada's Energy Future 2013 – Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2035 – An Energy Market Assessment" 4742: 3184:

Between 2 and 4.5 volume units of water are used to produce each volume unit of synthetic crude oil in an

2462:, which can process 28,300 bbl/d (4,500 m/d) of feedstock from the adjacent Husky Upgrader into 498:

is less politically acceptable to the public. Oil sands are now an alternative to conventional crude oil.

10479: 10448: 10416: 8939: 8082: 7931: 7309:

http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/12/29/7-500-mile-ring-ofmercuryfoundaroundcanadastarsands.html

4150: 3322: 2546: 2455: 2337:—and political disagreements with the US government and oil companies, the situation remains unresolved. 1943: 922: 639: 345: 7674: 6913: 4221: 3944: 1625: 447:" to describe these natural bitumen deposits is really a misnomer, since, chemically speaking, tar is a 10474: 10003: 9604: 9589: 9551: 9312: 9189: 7909: 4693:"Survey of Energy Resources 2007: Natural Bitument - Resource Quantities and Geographical Distribution" 4125: 3865: 2223: 1984:

experiment with a new configuration they call "multi-THAI," involving adding more air injection wells.

1842: 1696: 1482:

for burning in thermal power plants. However, when a major strike hit the Venezuelan state oil company

1101: 1047:

in place at the time, with an original oil-in-place (OOIP) reserve of 260,000,000,000 cubic metres (9.2

678:, except the latter have never been buried deep enough to convert the kerogen in them into liquid oil. 308: 8368:"Aspen Institute announces winners of the second annual Aspen Institute Energy and Environment Awards" 8057:

Upstream greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from Canadian oil sands as a feedstock for European refineries

7808: 7152:

Prudent Development: Realizing the Potential of North America's Abundant Natural Gas and Oil Resources

5883: 5359:, Gallivare: Swedish Mining Association, Natur Vards Verket, European Commission, 19–20 September 2001 1433:

was also developing a $ 33 billion Fort Hills Project, in partnership with UTS Energy Corporation and

917: 10469: 10375: 9908: 9649: 9453: 5000: 4443: 3468: 2527:

The demand from US refineries is increasingly for non-upgraded bitumen rather than SCO. The Canadian

2334: 1267: 584:

countries combined. Vast deposits of bitumen—over 350 billion cubic metres (2.2 trillion barrels) of

515: 196: 5079: 4522: 2939:(AQHI) from sensors in five communities in the oil sands region, operated by a "partner" called the 2324:

to use as diluent to move extra-heavy oil to market. Unlike Canada, Venezuela does not produce much

626:

The oil sands of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) are a result of the formation of the

318:

from early prehistoric times. The Canadian oil sands first became known to Europeans in 1719 when a

8033: 6776: 3840: 3548: 3533: 3344: 3249: 3130: 2891: 2676: 2255: 2061: 1426: 1402: 1090: 1057:

Whereas the Athabasca oil sands lie close enough to the surface that the sand can be scooped up in

889: 703: 627: 559: 482:. Naturally occurring bitumen is chemically more similar to asphalt than to coal tar, and the term 452: 216: 212: 7189:

Kelly, EN; Schindler, DW; Hodson, PV; Short, JW; Radmanovich, R; Nielsen, CC (14 September 2010).

6800:"Canadian heavy oil collapses another 28% to under $ 5 as oilsands face shut-ins | Financial Post" 6465: 3233:

emissions from the oil sands are 20% higher than average emissions from the petroleum production.

571:

billion m). This places Canada and Venezuela in the same league as Saudi Arabia, having the three

10426: 10300: 9357: 9349: 9300: 9251: 9171: 9056: 9051: 8906: 7830: 7348: 6826: 6741: 5469: 5080:"Canada's Tar Sands: Destruction So Vast and Deep It Challenges the Existence of Land and People" 4523:"Canada's Tar Sands: Destruction So Vast and Deep It Challenges the Existence of Land and People" 3407: 2887: 2859: 2620: 2521: 2503: 2387: 2379: 2173: 2153: 1708: 1271: 1094: 863: 715: 567: 368: 360: 323: 300: 53: 6287: 6170: 4817: 3793: 9903: 9644: 9334: 9184: 9021: 8996: 8237:"Oil Sands Greenhouse Gas Emissions are Lower than Commonly Perceived, IHS CERA Analysis Finds" 6746: 5491: 5447: 5219: 4253: 3453: 2325: 2274: 2203:

must be done to get the sulfur content below 0.5% and create sweet, light synthetic crude oil.

2181: 1620:

History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil) § Surface extraction

793: 511: 293: 161: 8636: 7286: 6084: 6060: 5776: 5774: 5378:"GL 97-02 Guidelines for the Application of Oil Byproducts to Municipal Roads in Saskatchewen" 4321: 2226:

Limited (CNRL) can upgrade 141,000 bbl/d (22,400 m/d) of bitumen to sweet light SCO.

10280: 9722: 9705: 9639: 9401: 9268: 9221: 9194: 9036: 8988: 8221: 7905: 7717: 5260: 4615: 3892: 3493: 3361: 3307: 2695:

production in the US, Canada's primary oil export market, has greatly reduced US reliance on

2680: 2617: 2588: 2528: 2517: 2169: 2106: 2093:

production have eliminated much of the problem for North America. With the increasing use of

2040: 1962:

Advocates of this method of extraction state that it uses less freshwater, produces 50% less

1761: 1515: 1297: 1043:

estimated that these oil sands areas contained at least two-thirds of the world's discovered

1006: 982: 869: 767: 722:

Most of the Canadian oil sands are in three major deposits in northern Alberta. They are the

601: 415: 380: 8862: 8813: 8792: 8724: 7932:"A Foundation for the Future: Building an Environmental Monitoring System for the Oil Sands" 7087: 5977:

Canadian Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Petroleum Products: Review of 2009 & Outlook to 2030

2778:

Satellite images show the growth of pit mines over Canada's oil sands between 1984 and 2011.

418:. The boom periods were followed by the bust, as the global price of oil dropped during the 10177: 9847: 9609: 9491: 9317: 9290: 9273: 9199: 9031: 8469: 8267: 8236: 8176: 7474: 7390: 7202: 7108: 7104: 7042: 7038: 5771: 5641: 3337: 2879: 2704: 2372: 2368: 2200: 2196: 2094: 1892:

and applicability to a vast area of oil sands, this method alone quadrupled North American

1889: 1876: 1494: 1237: 1040: 731: 686: 635: 555: 525: 411: 7879: 7256: 7088:"The geographical distribution of fossil fuels unused when limiting global warming to 2°C" 6945: 5736: 3300:

the lower emitting oil sands cases can outperform higher emitting conventional crude cases

1141: 524:, extra-heavy oil, and/or bitumen deposits with oil heavier than 20°API, found largely in 8: 10325: 10270: 10197: 10086: 9898: 9816: 9496: 9362: 8258:

Neil C. Swart; Andrew J. Weaver (19 February 2012). "The Alberta oil sands and climate".

8111:"Oilsands emissions 65% higher than tallied by current measuring methods, study suggests" 7861: 5921: 4942:, Calgary, Alberta: Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB), June 2013, archived from 4579: 3458: 3448: 3248:

Greenpeace says the oil sands industry has been identified as the largest contributor to

3237: 2636: 2435: 2188: 2111: 2054: 2013: 1649: 1595: 1587: 1422: 1333: 1305: 1293: 1028: 1024: 994: 949: 906: 873: 843: 828: 785: 723: 475: 33: 8473: 8271: 7980: 7394: 7206: 7112: 7046: 5027:"Indigenous groups say Big Oil's pollution threatens their existence in Canadian forest" 4470:"Indigenous groups say Big Oil's pollution threatens their existence in Canadian forest" 4235: 3336:

published a report in preparation for the decision about permitting construction of the

3240:

study commissioned by the EU in 2011 found that oil sands crude was as much as 22% more

1545:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

352: 10172: 9594: 9204: 9104: 8962: 8746: 8702: 8492: 8457: 7413: 7378: 7225: 7190: 7132: 7068: 5695: 4745: 3952: 3818: 3498: 3357: 3272: 3241: 3031: 2737: 2414: 2286: 2236:(CNOOC), can upgrade 72,000 bbl/d (11,400 m/d) of bitumen to sweet light SCO. 1309: 1301: 855: 789: 727: 605: 403: 192: 91: 9619: 8815:

Black Bonanza: Canada's Oil Sands and the Race to Secure North America's Energy Future

4385:"Trans Mountain mulling how to remove 'obstruction' causing newest construction delay" 3712: 1023:

The Peace River oil sands deposits are the smallest in the province. The largest, the

801: 10320: 9448: 9423: 9226: 9211: 8819: 8798: 8777: 8753: 8730: 8709: 8497: 8306: 8200: 7593: 7454: 7418: 7230: 7124: 7060: 6269: 6145: 5983: 5903: 5760: 4975: 4873: 4778: 4418: 4105: 3980: 3646: 3639: 3543: 3117: 3097: 2863: 2819: 2787: 2782: 2624: 2475: 2471: 2445: 2247: 2243: 2177: 2161: 1700: 1641: 1178: 1145: 1032: 813: 667: 659: 507: 8566: 6995:"Climate change study says most of Canada's oil reserves should be left underground" 6331: 4862:"Madagascar Produces First 45 Barrels of Oil". BBC Monitoring Africa. 14 March 2008. 3188:

mining operation. According to Greenpeace, the Canadian oil sands operations use 349

2130:

oil (SCO), blended with diluents to form dilbit, or heated to reduce its viscosity.

937:

enough to be extracted by conventional methods. The Cold Lake bitumen contains more

257:, among other uses. In ancient Egypt, the use of bitumen was important in preparing 10147: 9868: 9471: 9389: 9307: 9145: 9026: 8845: 8487: 8477: 8383:"New emissions from Canada's oil sands "extremely low," says IEA's chief economist" 8345: 8275: 7408: 7398: 7220: 7210: 7136: 7116: 7095: 7072: 7050: 7029: 6261: 5895: 5752: 5411: 4746:"An Estimate of Recoverable Heavy Oil Resources of the Orinoco Oil Belt, Venezuela" 3785: 3708: 3553: 3473: 3168: 2989: 2948: 2727:, which was the primary product from its oil sands. Following that, the government 2516:

For the benefit of oil marketers, in 2004 Western Canadian producers created a new

1963: 1808: 1804: 1796: 655: 651: 647: 638:

as it pushed in from the west, carrying the formerly large island chains which now

456: 8888: 8542:"RAMP Steering Committee Membership - Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP)" 7721: 7150: 6018: 4823: 3726: 3677: 1274:, which are too remote to expect commercial production in the foreseeable future. 876:

oil sand deposits lie under 141,000 square kilometres (54,000 sq mi) of

10380: 10370: 10112: 9863: 9752: 9678: 9481: 9476: 9406: 9374: 9285: 9001: 8856: 8307:"Accelerating Carbon Capture and Storage Implementation in Alberta, Final Report" 8193: 6946:

Lost in Transition: How the energy sector is missing potential demand destruction

6822: 6431:

Hackett, David; Noda, Leigh; Moore, Michal C.; Winter, Jennifer (February 2013).

6265: 6226: 5899: 5290: 4604: 4294:. Association of Petroleum Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta. Archived from 4260: 4199: 3503: 3318: 2944: 2577: 2394: 1769: 1745: 1684: 1591: 1571: 1325: 694: 521: 494:

is manufactured from the bitumen, and due to the feeling that the terminology of

422:

and again in the 1990s, during a period of global recessions, and again in 2003.

399: 364: 363:(WCS) from the Athabaska oil sands, are priced at a differential to the lighter, 304: 289: 200: 188: 184: 173: 157: 49: 5868: 5539: 5238: 10217: 10137: 10127: 10117: 10058: 10033: 9742: 9683: 9614: 9501: 9486: 9295: 9233: 8978: 8893: 8659: 8462:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6918: 6891: 6886: 6686: 6681: 6651: 6646: 6379: 6146:"ST98-2013: Alberta's Energy Reserves 2012 and Supply/Demand Outlook 2013–2022" 5053:"Trudeau Is Betting $ 9 Billion on a Plan to Clean Up the World's Dirtiest Oil" 4496:"Trudeau Is Betting $ 9 Billion on a Plan to Clean Up the World's Dirtiest Oil" 4169: 3538: 3528: 3419: 3396: 3167:

of a ton). As a condition of licensing, projects are required to implement a

3035: 3005: 2924: 2640: 2410: 2406: 2328:

from its own gas wells, nor does it have easy access to condensate from new US

2220:

can upgrade 407,000 bbl/d (64,700 m/d) of bitumen to sweet light SCO.

2020:

recovery operations to remove fine inorganics—water and mineral particles—from

1914: 1910: 1905:'s Long Lake project, Suncor's (formerly Petro-Canada's) MacKay River project, 1765: 1631: 1479: 1317: 1316:

Russia holds oil sands in two main regions. Large resources are present in the

1058: 797: 707: 609: 419: 356: 234: 208: 8456:

EN Kelly; JW Short; DW Schindler; PV Hodson; M Ma; AK Kwan; BL Fortin (2009).

8158: 6227:"At the Wellhead: Venezuela's upgraders are maxed out to handle its heavy oil" 5947:"WCS at Cushing: The emerging US trading center for Canada's heavy sour crude" 5881: 1799:

of the produced sand is a problem. A novel way to do this was spreading it on

1729: 858:

in the world, making Canada a significant player in the global energy market.

10463: 10285: 10242: 10207: 9836: 9717: 9690: 9624: 9016: 8874: 6877: 6273: 5907: 5764: 5664: 5404:"Reservoir Simulation of Cyclic Steam Stimulation in the Cold Lake Oil Sands" 4979: 4717:(Report). Phase II submissions. Vol. 4. Calgary, Alberta. Archived from 4422: 3922: 3439: 3172: 2684: 2581: 2421: 2211: 2168:, is the largest crude oil stream coming from the Canadian oil sands and the 1734: 1712: 1677: 1590:, allowing oil to flow into them under natural reservoir pressures, although 1543:. The reason given is: Methods discussed are from ca. 2010 and thus outdated. 1406: 1204: 1149: 912: 877: 631: 597: 596:. If 30% of this oil could be extracted, it could supply the entire needs of 491: 448: 69: 8588: 8482: 8194:"Oil sands fever: the environmental implications of Canada's oil sands rush" 7403: 7215: 6769:"Even losing $ 6 per barrel, top Canada oil sands project unlikely to close" 6357: 5587: 5202:"Eni and the Republic of Congo launch a new integrated model of cooperation" 3208: cu ft/a) of water, twice the amount of water used by the city of 2691:

markets will continue to absorb increased Canadian exports. Rapid growth of

1401:

The Alberta oil sands have been in commercial production since the original

486:(or oilsands) is more commonly used by industry in the producing areas than 375:

is based on its grade—determined by factors such as its specific gravity or

10345: 10275: 10167: 10157: 10152: 10142: 10132: 10018: 9998: 9943: 9727: 9695: 9634: 9531: 9433: 9339: 9216: 9150: 8501: 7518: 7422: 7361: 7234: 7128: 7064: 5722: 5591: 5565: 5131:"Alberta's oil production booming but majority of revenue leaving province" 3488: 3051: 2985: 2916: 2700: 2679:(AER), and the Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI) are comparable to 2613: 2600: 2459: 2451: 2444:

operates the Scotford Refinery near Edmonton, which is integrated with the

2441: 2431: 2425: 2346: 2239: 2192: 2157: 2143: 2082: 2074: 2026: 1918: 1906: 1893: 1881: 1846: 1838: 1753: 1704: 1692: 1688: 1607: 1563: 1434: 1430: 1418: 1414: 1321: 1230: 1165: 968: 957: 753: 698: 690: 685:

sedimentary rock formations underlying most of the sub-surface of Alberta,

593: 585: 551: 547: 387: 372: 327: 265: 250: 169: 60: 8917: 8726:

North American Oil Sands: History of Development, Prospects for the Future

8428: 8002: 7307:

Researchers find 7,300-sq-mile ring of mercury around tar sands in Canada

6251: 4909: 1786:

Some years ago Canadian oil companies discovered that if they removed the

1233:

are estimated to approximately equal the world's reserves of lighter oil.

1052: 989: 835: 28: 10315: 10237: 10187: 10008: 9978: 9923: 9913: 9599: 9278: 9261: 9179: 9041: 9011: 9006: 8279: 7809:

Canada's oil sands – opportunities and challenges to 2015: an update

5884:"Transportation of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil by pipeline: A review" 5844:

Canada's Oil Sands – Opportunities and Challenges to 2015: An Update

5815:

Alberta Oil Sands Consultations Multistakeholder Committee Interim Report

5283:"Canada, United States: SOLAR Power Process Transform Oil Sands Tailings" 4818:

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) (2008).

3508: 3314: 3122: 2899: 2895: 2883: 1973: 1909:'s Tucker Lake and Sunrise projects, Shell Canada's Peace River project, 1800: 1582:

Conventional crude oil is normally extracted from the ground by drilling

1437:, which lost momentum after the 2009 merger of Petro-Canada into Suncor. 1216: 1153: 1055:), an amount comparable to the total world reserves of conventional oil. 1017: 948:

The Cold Lake oil sands are of a roughly circular shape, centered around

671: 467: 376: 253:, humans used bitumen for construction of buildings and waterproofing of 242: 238: 8326:(Press release). Government of Alberta Environment ministry. 8 July 2008 8081:

Israel, Benjamin; Gorski, Jan; Simpson-Marran, Morrigan (October 2018).

7120: 5562:"A new method of extracting heavy oil: Toe to Heel Air Injection (THAI)" 5235:"Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand in the Canadian Heavy Oil Industry" 4565: 4004:"Rystad Energy ranks the cheapest sources of supply in the oil industry" 10365: 10232: 10222: 9988: 9826: 9732: 8899: 8870: 8312:. Alberta Carbon Capture and Storage Development Council. 24 July 2009. 7282: 4313: 3369: 3154: 3126: 2871: 2855: 2724: 2561: 2290: 2282: 1657: 1475: 942: 818: 682: 436: 312: 246: 122: 65: 8918:

Canadian Oil Sands: Life-Cycle Assessments of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

8655:

Oil sands foes ignore the facts as cancer claims dealt a blow by study

8429:

Canadian Oil Sands: Life-Cycle Assessments of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

7496: 7439:

Op-Ed: University of Toronto researchers share oil sands study results

7249:"Stop the Tar sands to curb Canada's growing greenhouse gas emissions" 6709:"Oil Sands Boom Dries Up in Alberta, Taking Thousands of Jobs With It" 6609:"Canadian Oil Sands Supply Costs and Development Projects (2012–2046)" 6521:"Canadian Oil Sands Supply Costs and Development Projects (2015–2046)" 5756: 5561: 4261:

Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand in the Canadian Heavy Oil Industry

1922:

SAGD. This particular technology application is in its testing phase.

1636: 379:

and its sulfur content—and its location—for example, its proximity to

10360: 10091: 10038: 9983: 9973: 9883: 9831: 9767: 9762: 9737: 9418: 9046: 8973: 8931: 8455: 8215:"Canada's oil sands: opportunities and challenges to 2015: An update" 7571: 5817:. Government of Alberta. 30 November 2006. p. 14. Archived from 5415: 4968:"Ecocide must be listed alongside genocide as an international crime" 4936:

2012 Tailings Management Assessment Report: Oil Sands Mining Industry

4411:"Ecocide must be listed alongside genocide as an international crime" 3789: 3574: 3518: 3478: 3464:

History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)

3285: 2843: 2692: 2596: 2329: 2298: 2090: 2046: 1812: 1669: 1665: 1397:

History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)

1348: 1344: 1337: 1240:(USGS) increased its estimates of the reserves to 513 Gbbl (81.6 1208: 1203:

The Orinoco Belt is a territory in the southern strip of the eastern

953: 711: 675: 528: 273: 254: 229:

History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)

130: 111: 107: 20: 7055: 7024: 4874:"Madagascar Oil raises $ 85M for exploration, opens new head office" 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 3782:

Proceedings of Petroleum Society's Canadian International Conference

2603:. At the much lower prices of 2015, the reserves are much smaller. 2386:

As carbon rejection is very inefficient and wasteful in most cases,

1079: 10355: 10335: 10330: 10310: 10305: 10081: 10071: 9993: 9928: 9700: 9428: 9384: 9379: 9243: 7957: 5353:

Safe dam constructions – Seminar on safe tailings dam constructions

3608:"What the future for extra heavy oil and bitumen: the Orinoco case" 3281: 3229: 2835: 2823: 2803: 2510: 2307: 2278: 2267: 2217: 2124: 1977: 1792: 1703:

project in 2009. Newer mines include Shell Canada's Jackpine mine,

1583: 1410: 1158: 1009:

deposit is the smallest of four large deposits of oil sands of the

930: 471: 440: 407: 177: 165: 45: 7744:"Alberta issues first-ever oil sands land reclamation certificate" 7362:

Barbara Lewis, David Ljunggren & Jeffrey Jones (10 May 2012).

5588:"EROI update: preliminary results using Toe-to-Heel Air Injection" 4667:"Premium Petroleum Corp. Increases Lands Position to 11,520 Acres" 4644: 4642: 4640: 1258: 1035:

are south of Athabaska and usually linked to it. According to the

1016:

The Peace River oil sands lie, generally, in the watershed of the

10023: 10013: 9893: 9888: 9803: 6772: 5105:"The terrible toll of tar sands mining on Canada's Native people" 4685: 4548:"The terrible toll of tar sands mining on Canada's Native people" 4340: 3699:"Bitumen and heavy crudes: The energy security problem solved?". 3433: 3385: 3209: 3055: 2969: 2867: 2831: 2827: 2663:, the price of Canadian heavy crude dipped below $ 5 per barrel. 2629: 2573: 2463: 2321: 2165: 2021: 2017: 1850: 1757: 1749: 1653: 1603: 1446: 1329: 1292: m) of oil (known and potential) in eight major deposits in 1044: 1002: 851: 847: 773: 749: 735: 663: 589: 562:

in Canada in the 1985–2000 period resulted in techniques such as

479: 245:, some 40,000 years ago. Bitumen has been found adhering to 103: 41: 37: 8776:. Council on Foreign Relations, Center for Geoeconomic Studies. 8743: 8569:. Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP). 16 September 2010 8024:

Lewis, Barbara; Ljunggren, David; Jones, Jeffrey (10 May 2012).

4222:"Initial Oil-in-Place - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 1966:, and has a smaller footprint than other production techniques. 1514:

announced a project to develop a small oil sands deposit in the

338: 10340: 10227: 10212: 10202: 10162: 10076: 8406:"Oil sands not a major source of climate change: IEA economist" 4703: 4637: 4377: 3392: 2965: 2920: 2839: 2815: 2807: 2393:

Catalytic purification and hydrocracking are together known as

2078: 1661: 1195: 938: 881: 846:, also known as the Athabasca tar sands, are large deposits of 285: 281: 277: 126: 118: 5154:"Canada could lead the world in oil production growth in 2024" 4360:"Canada could lead the world in oil production growth in 2024" 4154: 3514:

RAVEN (Respecting Aboriginal Values & Environmental Needs)

3364:, co-authored a study on Alberta's oil sands' contribution of 1987: 1775: 1219:. Venezuela's heavy oil deposits of about 1,200 Gbbl (190 10122: 10096: 10066: 10028: 9968: 9963: 9958: 8257: 8159:"Environmental challenges and progress in Canada's oil sands" 7878:. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. Archived from 6737:"Royal Dutch Shell to Abandon Carmon Creek Oil-Sands Project" 6085:"Cost Analysis and Reporting Enhancement – Glossary of Terms" 3830: 3828: 3277: 3252:

growth in Canada, as it accounts for 40 million tons of

3015: 2716: 2474:, a fifth major Alberta refinery, is under construction near 2263: 2254:

Modernized and new large refineries such as are found in the

2229: 2156:, launched in 2004 as a new heavy oil stream, blended at the 2102: 1902: 1898: 1830: 1507: 1483: 1468: 1190: 934: 822:

The City of Fort McMurray on the banks of the Athabasca River

315: 269: 258: 249:

used by Neanderthals at sites in Syria. After the arrival of

6406:"US Imports from Canada of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products" 6314:"Other projects' layoffs expected to help Sturgeon Refinery" 5402:

Beattie, C. I.; Boberg, T. C.; McNab, G. S. (5 April 1989).

5344: 4254:"14.1 Appendix 1: Canada's Oil Sands and Heavy Oil deposits" 2360:

removal of water, sand, physical waste, and lighter products

929:

The Cold Lake oil sands are northeast of Alberta's capital,

466:

Since then, coal gas has almost completely been replaced by

207:. According to the Oil Climate Index, carbon emissions from 10350: 10290: 10043: 9521: 6944:

Sussams, Luke; Leaton, James; Drew, Tom (21 October 2015).

3771:"Comparing Venezuelan and Canadian Heavy Oil and Tar Sands" 2927:) and that these emissions had been previously unreported. 2851: 2847: 2811: 2741: 1787: 1478:) of 70% oil and 30% water with similar characteristics as 1279: 888:) according to Government of Alberta's Ministry of Energy, 885: 854:, Canada. These reserves are one of the largest sources of 460: 395: 391: 319: 204: 99: 95: 8889:

Indigenous Groups Lead Struggle Against Canada's Tar Sands

8841:

Oil Sands Discovery Centre, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada

8773:

The Canadian oil sands: energy security vs. climate change

8080: 7313: 6029: 4145: 4143: 3825: 3733:. Calgary, AB: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers 2246:

in combination with an oil refinery and chemical plant at

296:, where the vapour separation process was in use in 1742. 10182: 10048: 9821: 8925: 8611:"Mixed reports on safety of eating northern Alberta game" 7675:"Fly over an environmental nightmare the US just avoided" 7556:(Press release). Government of Alberta. 18 December 2007. 7188: 5637:"Petrobank wins approval for heavy-oil project expansion" 5205: 4018: 3893:"Bitumen – A Smelly but Useful Material of Interest" 3578:

other Middle Eastern countries was US$ 42, in comparison.

1857: 1768:

that is, by volume of construction material, the largest

1511: 850:, a heavy and viscous form of petroleum, in northeastern 658:, creating high subsurface temperatures, and producing a 444: 8794:

Developing Alberta's oil sands: from Karl Clark to Kyoto

5974: 719:

bitumen, only large reservoirs of heavy oil >10°API.

9811: 7650:. Government of Alberta Energy ministry. Archived from 6677:"Oil-Sands Megaproject Era Wanes as Suncor Scales Back" 4140: 3113:, and 4 in 2013, down from 11 in 2014, and 73 in 2012. 1733:

Syncrude's Mildred Lake site, plant and tailings ponds

1566:

or the oil made to flow into wells using sophisticated

1065:(SAGD) and Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS). 8517:"Deformed fish found in lake downstream from oilsands" 8324:"Alberta surges ahead with climate change action plan" 7811:(Report). National Energy Board. June 2006. p. 38 6519:

Millington, Dinara; Murillo, Carlos A. (August 2015).

6497:. National Energy Board of Canada (NEB). November 2013 6430: 5968: 5953:, Argus White Paper, Argus Media, 2012, archived from 5849:(Report). National Energy Board. June 2006. p. 17 5177:"Venezuela Is In Crisis. Its Economy Is In A Tailspin" 4540: 4514: 4488: 4462: 4436: 4403: 4053:"Oil Prices Pass Record Set in 1980s, but Then Recede" 3975:

Mackenzie, Sir Alexander (1970). Lamb, W. Kaye (ed.).

2576:

are in Canada, although Venezuela's deposits of extra-

1715:) Northern Lights mine, and Suncor's Fort Hills mine. 1148:

where it pinches out against the igneous rocks of the

800:, so the remaining 80% will have to be produced using 195:

extraction practices, oil sands are implicated in the

8674:"Cancer rates downstream from oil sands to be probed" 8629:"High cancer rates confirmed near Canada's oil sands" 7981:"Canada oil sands emit more CO2 than average: report" 7746:(Press release). Government of Alberta. 19 March 2008 4320:

Turgeon, Andrew; Morse, Elizabeth (19 October 2023).

10412:

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

8790: 8135:. Greenpeace Canada. 25 October 2007. Archived from 7370: 4247: 4245: 4069: 3429: 2786:

Demonstration of citizens against tar sands and the

2195:

is used to separate the asphalt from the feedstock.

777:

methods, such as cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) and

8907:"New Tech to Tap North America's Vast Oil Reserves" 8744:Nikiforuk, Andrew; David Suzuki Foundation (2010). 8023: 7322:"Canada threatens trade war with EU over tar sands" 6607:Millington, Dinara; Murillo, Carlos A. (May 2013). 6380:"China overtakes US as the biggest importer of oil" 6201:"Bitumen diluent demand expected to double by 2020" 5470:"Operations – Oil sands – Christina Lake" 5311: 5309: 5307: 3605: 2297:transport. However, the recent huge increase in US 1953: 1873:

Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority

1834:of oil in place) compared to SAGD (60–70% of OIP). 1640:Mining operations in the Athabasca oil sands. NASA 1027:, are located to the east. The second largest the, 622:

Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin § Oil sands

143: m) worldwide, of which 176.8 Gbbl (28.11 8748:Tar Sands: Dirty Oil and the Future of a Continent 8745: 8701: 6849:"Obama rejects TransCanada's Keystone XL pipeline" 5401: 4170:"Tar Sands vs Oil Sands Political Flap Misguided?" 3998: 3996: 3638: 642:. The collision compressed the Alberta plains and 8752:(Revised and Updated ed.). Greystone Books. 7958:"Monitoring of oilsands impact inadequate: panel" 7644:"Does oil sands "mining" affect the environment?" 7377:Parajulee, Abha; Wania, Frank (3 February 2014). 7346: 7086:McGlade, Christophe; Ekins, Paul (January 2015). 6943: 6939: 6937: 6675:Penty, Rebecca; van Loon, Jeremy (17 June 2015). 6606: 6547: 6545: 6518: 5922:"Alberta Oil Sands Bitumen Valuation Methodology" 5614:"Petrobank announces first THAI/CAPRI production" 5448:"Operations – Oil sands – Foster Creek" 5232: 4242: 1913:'s Foster Creek and Christina Lake developments, 1818: 1215:The oil sands consist of large deposits of extra 554:, and the amount that can be produced depends on 10461: 8370:(Press release). Aspen Institute. 18 March 2009. 7876:"Environmental aspects of oil sands development" 7349:"Oilsands less polluting than EU claims: report" 7023:Jacob, Michael; Hilaire, Jérȏme (January 2015). 6293:. Alberta Department of Energy. 10 February 2014 5304: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3148: 2064:is about 6.117 gigajoules (1,699 kWh), its 1875:and fortuitously coincided with improvements in 241:times. The earliest known use of bitumen was by 8926:Alberta Government Oil Sands Information Portal 8811: 8026:"Insight: Canada's oil sand battle with Europe" 7383:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6882:"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to $ 80 Oil" 5436:. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. p. 104. 4775:Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry 4609:"The Chemistry of the Alberta Oil Sand Bitumen" 4167: 3993: 3977:The Journals and Letters of Alexander Mackenzie 2908:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2759:Environmental impact of the Athabasca oil sands 2671:Oil sands production forecasts released by the 2191:to separate the lighter fractions. After that, 2172:for emerging heavy, high TAN (acidic) crudes. 868:The Athabaska oil sands, along with the nearby 730:deposits of east northeastern Alberta, and the 8722: 8650: 8648: 8646: 7936:Monitoring Organizations in the Oil Sands Area 7429: 7376: 7279:"Alberta Tar Sands: A North American Overview" 7158:, National Petroleum Council, 2011, p. 22 6934: 6542: 5174: 4736: 2763:Environmental impact of the petroleum industry 2719:fired most of its heavy oil experts after the 2536:Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts 2273:Typically, blended bitumen contains about 30% 738:—and contain approximately 1.75 Tbbl (280 303:peoples had used bitumen from seeps along the 203:and counteract the international price cartel 8947: 8884:, Citizenshift, National Film Board of Canada 8591:. Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP) 7541:"Province orders Suncor to address excessive 7521:. Government of Alberta Environment and Water 7499:. Government of Alberta Environment and Water 6821:McElwee, Sean; Daly, Lew (23 December 2013). 6674: 6444:University of Calgary School of Public Policy 6424: 5691:"Petrobank cuts budget on production setback" 5001:"Tar sands: tearing the flesh from the Earth" 4822:. Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from 4655:(Report). Government of Alberta. Winter 2013. 4578:. Government of Alberta. 2007. Archived from 4444:"Tar sands: tearing the flesh from the Earth" 4153:. Government of Alberta. 2007. Archived from 4077:"Oil futures bounce on OPEC deal speculation" 3749: 1807:reduced dust and the oil companies did their 339:Cost of oil sands petroleum-mining operations 117:Significant bitumen deposits are reported in 8704:Ethical Oil: The Case for Canada's Oil Sands 8346:"Alberta Energy: Carbon Capture and Storage" 7902:"Athabasca River water management framework" 7845:"Athabasca river water management framework" 7085: 7022: 6872: 6870: 6514: 6512: 6305: 6140: 6138: 5982:(Report). Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada. 5888:Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 5427: 5425: 4768: 4766: 4695:. World Energy Council. 2007. Archived from 4319: 3836:"Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG)s" 3171:plan. The mining industry asserts that the 2906:In 2014 results of a study published in the 1841:at Cold Lake since 1985 and is also used by 1803:, which rural governments liked because the 1764:or Mildred Lake Settling Basin (MLSB) is an 784:The largest Canadian oil sands deposit, the 650:. This mountain building process buried the 164:. At room temperature, it is much like cold 153: m), or 70.8%, are in Alberta, Canada. 8699: 8643: 7624:(Report). Pembina Institute. September 2015 6840: 6820: 6642:"Why You Should Short Public Oil Companies" 6485: 6483: 6433:"Pacific Basin Heavy Oil Refining Capacity" 6114:"Tutorial on Upgrading of Oilsands Bitumen" 6036:"Western Canadian Select Heavy Oil blend", 6011: 5719:"Excelsior to test COGD bitumen production" 4929: 4927: 4890:. National Energy Board of Canada. May 2007 4189: 3979:. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society. p. 129. 3778:Canadian International Petroleum Conference 3350: 3269:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers 3223: 2930: 2729:re-nationalized the Venezuelan oil industry 2673:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers 2496:List of oil refineries § United States 1988:Combustion Overhead Gravity Drainage (COGD) 1925: 1776:Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS) 1718: 1425:, and Western Oil Sands Inc. (purchased by 1108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 894:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers 478:has been replaced by the petroleum product 8954: 8940: 8514: 7459:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7319: 6324: 5939: 3401:Alberta College of Physicians and Surgeons 2378:hydrogenation through carbon rejection or 443:for urban heating and lighting. The word " 322:person named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample to 264:In ancient times, bitumen was primarily a 8491: 8481: 8426: 8420: 7924: 7412: 7402: 7224: 7214: 7054: 6867: 6728: 6670: 6668: 6600: 6582:"Cushing, OK Crude Oil Future Contract 1" 6509: 6135: 6043: 5928:, Technical Publication, 20 November 2013 5914: 5422: 4772: 4763: 4251: 4236:"OPEC : Annual Statistical Bulletin" 3974: 3768: 3641:Alberta's Oil Sands: Opportunity, Balance 3633: 3631: 3629: 2118: 2099:US largely self-sufficient in natural gas 1626:Athabasca oil sands § Surface mining 1128:Learn how and when to remove this message 8403: 8380: 7477:. Wood Buffalo Environmental Association 7435: 7079: 7016: 6960: 6876: 6766: 6760: 6588:. U.S. Energy Information Administration 6480: 5716: 5662: 5275: 5128: 5077: 4924: 4813: 4811: 4603: 4520: 4328:. Education. National Geographic Society 4161: 4044: 3864:Bilkadi, Zayn (November–December 1984). 3606:Pierre-René Bauquis (16 February 2006). 3379: 2781: 2766: 1728: 1635: 1521: 1257: 1194: 988: 916: 834: 817: 550:(OOIP). Oil in place is not necessarily 542:List of countries by proven oil reserves 59: 27: 9874:China National Offshore Oil Corporation 8904: 8850:An aerial look at the Alberta Tar Sands 8427:Lattanzio, Richard K. (14 March 2014). 8348:. Government of Alberta Energy ministry 7978: 7666: 7611: 7436:Visconti, Grace C. (23 February 2014), 7364:"Canada's Tar Sands Battle With Europe" 7320:Carrington, Damian (20 February 2012). 6911: 6700: 6198: 6077: 5688: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4050: 3863: 2752: 2666: 2558:China National Offshore Oil Corporation 2234:China National Offshore Oil Corporation 1937:Vapor Extraction Process (VAPEX) is an 681:This overthrusting also tilted the pre- 674:were similar to the American so-called 566:(SAGD) that can recover a much greater 10462: 9748:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir 9507:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war 8961: 8381:Yadullah, Hussain (27 November 2014). 8084:The oilsands in a decarbonizing Canada 8054: 7672: 6905: 6846: 6814: 6797: 6734: 6706: 6665: 6463: 6311: 5742: 5634: 5431: 5078:Weisbrod, Katelyn (21 November 2021). 4838: 4799:"Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources" 4521:Weisbrod, Katelyn (21 November 2021). 4263:(Report). Alberta Department of Energy 4026:"Canada is betting on climate failure" 3811: 3626: 3610:. World Energy Council. Archived from 2661:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war 1858:Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) 1463:History of the Venezuelan oil industry 1336:and Volga-Urals basins (in and around 1185:History of the Venezuelan oil industry 1031:deposit is south of Athabaska and the 654:layers which underlie most of Alberta 8935: 8900:Extraction of vanadium from oil sands 8151: 8108: 7586: 6986: 6912:Kolbert, Elizabeth (24 August 2015). 6633: 5975:Natural Resources Canada (May 2011). 5498:. BioAge Group, LLC. 16 January 2012. 5383:. Saskatchewan Energy and Mines. 1997 5204:(Press release). Point Noire, Congo: 4808: 4709: 4183: 4097: 3890: 3645:. Government of Alberta. March 2008. 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 2628:Investment had been shifting towards 2004:Froth treatment (Athabasca oil sands) 1687:mine was the second to open in 1978, 1577: 40:, Canada, are a very large source of 9879:China National Petroleum Corporation 8769: 8684:from the original on 20 August 2011. 8404:McCarthy, Shawn (17 November 2014). 7908:Environment ministry. Archived from 7789:. Greenpeace Canada. 25 October 2007 7720:Environment ministry. Archived from 7648:Oil sands frequently asked questions 6992: 6966: 6851:. The Globe and Mail. Archived from 6639: 6530:. Canadian Energy Research Institute 6151:. Alberta Energy Regulator. May 2013 6049: 5175:Garcia-Navarro, Lulu (5 July 2016). 5151: 5129:Stillger, Nicole (23 October 2022). 4357: 4275: 4079:. CNCB via Reuters. 16 February 2016 3769:Dusseault, M. B. (12–14 June 2001). 2721:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–03 1899:Japan Canada Oil Sands Ltd's (JACOS) 1525: 1332:. Other deposits are located in the 1106:adding citations to reliable sources 1073: 670:to light oil and natural gas. These 588:—exist in the Canadian provinces of 535: 359:lacking in tidewater access—such as 276:, although it was also found in the 8234: 8055:Brandt, Adam R. (18 January 2011). 8005:. Davidstrahan.com. 8 December 2009 6810:from the original on 30 March 2020. 6735:Dawson, Chester (27 October 2015). 6050:Mohr, Patricia (20 February 2014), 5663:Chandler, Graham (September 2008). 5536:Petrobank Energy and Resources Ltd. 5434:Thermal Recovery of Oil and Bitumen 5289:, 26 September 2014, archived from 3334:U.S. Congressional Research Service 3179: 2935:The Alberta government computes an 2723:, and wound down the production of 2703:rejected the proposal to build the 2112:huge undeveloped shale gas deposits 1901:project, Suncor's Firebag project, 1782:Cold heavy oil production with sand 1711:, the Synenco Energy (now owned by 1282:, with a total of 32 Gbbl (5.1 726:of north northeastern Alberta, the 233:The use of bituminous deposits and 16:Type of unconventional oil deposit 13: 9939:National Iranian South Oil Company 9655:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 8692: 6798:Morgan, Geoffrey (27 March 2020). 6620:Canadian Energy Research Institute 6560:Canadian Energy Research Institute 6358:"A better way to move oil by rail" 5097: 5071: 5045: 5019: 4993: 4960: 4712:Peace River proceeding no. 1769924 4650:Alberta Oil Sands Quarterly Update 3592: 3376:rivers upstream of the oil sands. 2740:and China. Low-cost production by 2653:Canadian Energy Research Institute 2500:North American energy independence 1996: 1871:was developed in the 1980s by the 1501: 1429:in 2007) began operation in 2003. 1324:, with the largest deposits being 1011:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 771:are suitable for production using 14: 10491: 10407:Intercontinental Exchange Futures 10296:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company 9949:Oil & Gas Development Company 8834: 8812:Alastair Sweeny (12 April 2010). 8635:. 6 February 2009. Archived from 8239:. (Information Handling Services) 7347:Vincent McDermott (11 May 2012). 7025:"Unburnable fossil-fuel reserves" 7003:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 6967:Dale, Spencer (13 October 2015). 6553:CERI Commodity Report — Crude Oil 6410:Energy Information Administration 6312:Howell, David (21 January 2015). 5788:. Devon, Alberta. 19 January 2016 5635:Cooper, Dave (29 November 2008). 4710:Shawn, Munro (25 November 2013). 4252:Dusseault, Maurice (March 2002). 4168:Dembicki, Geoff (25 April 2011). 4128:. City of Kingston, Ontario. 2007 3713:10.1111/j.1744-7992.2006.310603.x 2034: 1845:at Primrose and Wolf Lake and by 1725:Oil sands tailings ponds (Canada) 1613: 1610:, so it is not often used today. 1253: 578: 573:largest oil reserves in the world 10444: 10443: 8928:Interactive Map and Data Library 8905:Hoffman, Carl (1 October 2009). 8723:Marc Humphries (November 2010). 8666: 8621: 8603: 8581: 8559: 8534: 8515:Weber, Bob (17 September 2010). 8508: 8449: 8397: 8374: 8360: 8338: 8316: 8299: 8289: 8251: 8228: 8207: 8186: 8177:"Climate change plan for Canada" 8169: 8125: 8102: 8074: 8048: 8017: 8003:"Who's afraid of the tar sands?" 7995: 7979:Gardner, Timothy (19 May 2009). 7972: 7950: 7894: 7868: 7854: 7837: 7823: 7801: 7779: 7758: 7736: 7706: 7689: 7673:Mosher, Dave (6 November 2015). 7636: 7560: 7533: 7511: 7489: 7467: 7355: 7340: 7301: 7271: 7241: 7182: 7169: 7143: 6847:Koring, Paul (6 November 2015). 6791: 6767:Williams, Nia (19 August 2015). 6574: 6457: 6398: 6372: 6350: 6280: 6245: 6219: 6192: 6111: 6053:Scotiabank Commodity Price Index 5808:"Appendix VI – Fact Sheets" 5326:, September 2013, archived from 5237:. Alberta Energy. Archived from 5233:Maurice Dusseault (March 2002). 4777:. Scarecrow Press. p. 216. 4773:Vassiliou, M.S. (2 March 2009). 4286: 3432: 2572:The world's largest deposits of 2489: 2478:with a completion date of 2017. 2409:in Alberta which supply most of 2002:This section is an excerpt from 1954:Toe to Heel Air Injection (THAI) 1693:Muskeg River mine (Albian Sands) 1530: 1409:) mine began operation in 1967. 1078: 981:This section is an excerpt from 827:This section is an excerpt from 710:caused the oil to become highly 640:compose most of British Columbia 408:1990 Persian Gulf crisis and war 215:from 2005 to 2017, according to 92:unconventional petroleum deposit 9954:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation 8882:Exploring the Alberta tar sands 8797:. University of Calgary Press. 7773:Alberta oil sands consultations 7519:"Air Quality and the Oil Sands" 6707:Austen, Ian (12 October 2015). 6233:. Platts, McGraw Hill Financial 6163: 6105: 5875: 5861: 5836: 5800: 5717:Chandler, Graham (March 2009). 5710: 5689:Healing, Dan (September 2013). 5682: 5656: 5628: 5606: 5580: 5554: 5524: 5502: 5484: 5462: 5440: 5395: 5370: 5253: 5226: 5212: 5194: 5168: 5145: 5122: 4902: 4888:"Canadian Energy Overview 2007" 4880: 4866: 4855: 4791: 4659: 4597: 4228: 4214: 4118: 4091: 3968: 3937: 3911: 3884: 3567: 2913:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 2633:steam-assisted gravity drainage 2554:China Petrochemical Corporation 2260:Gulf Coast of the United States 2187:The first step in upgrading is 1869:Steam-assisted gravity drainage 1864:Steam-assisted gravity drainage 1063:steam-assisted gravity drainage 779:steam-assisted gravity drainage 564:steam-assisted gravity drainage 425: 10422:Society of Petroleum Engineers 10193:Port Harcourt Refining Company 9859:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company 8921:Congressional Research Service 8436:Congressional Research Service 8090:. Pembina Institute. p. 2 6464:Luneau, Kate (8 August 2012). 5616:. Petrobank. 22 September 2008 5510:"VAPEX and Solvent Technology" 5220:"The oil sands story: in situ" 5152:Bakx, Kyle (12 October 2023). 4358:Bakx, Kyle (12 October 2023). 3919:"Pechelbronn petroleum museum" 3857: 3719: 3692: 3666: 3524:Steam injection (oil industry) 3484:Organic-rich sedimentary rocks 2314: 2051:Shale gas in the United States 1970:Petrobank Energy and Resources 1825:Steam injection (oil industry) 1819:Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) 1456: 1391:Petroleum production in Canada 975: 965:Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake 766: m), is estimated by the 199:debate but also contribute to 1: 9368:Production sharing agreements 8791:Paul Anthony Chastko (2004). 6993:Dyer, Evan (7 January 2015). 6199:Healing, Dan (3 April 2014). 6025:, Houston, Texas, 1 June 2012 4190:Evans, John (November 2006). 4104:. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 4051:Mouawad, Jad (3 March 2008), 3585: 3366:aromatic polycyclic compounds 3149:Land use and waste management 2876:League of Conservation Voters 2304:Kinder Morgan Energy Partners 2232:, since 2013 wholly owned by 1375: 1199:Panorama of the Orinoco River 1051:10 cu ft) (1.6 trn 1001:Located in northwest-central 963:Much of the oil sands are on 10402:Canadian petroleum companies 10397:American Petroleum Institute 9934:National Iranian Oil Company 9919:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation 8708:. McClelland & Stewart. 8589:"Frequently Asked Questions" 8109:Weber, Bob (24 April 2023). 7598:Clean Air Strategic Alliance 6880:, A. Gary (20 August 2015). 6714:International New York Times 6266:10.1016/j.cattod.2005.08.025 6059:, Scotiabank, archived from 5900:10.1016/j.petrol.2010.11.020 5512:. Oil Sands Developers Group 2567: 2073:asphaltene residue fed to a 1069: 900: 807: 724:Athabasca-Wabiskaw oil sands 7: 10417:International Energy Agency 9402:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) 7366:. huffington post. Reuters. 6823:Beware of the Carbon Bubble 4006:(Press release). 9 May 2019 3921:(in French). Archived from 3425: 3323:International Energy Agency 3058:/non-methane hydrocarbons ( 2547:Petroleum industry in China 2456:Husky Lloydminster Refinery 2400: 2340: 2133: 1384: 1262:Location of Melville Island 923:Meadow Lake Provincial Park 346:International Energy Agency 10: 10496: 10004:PTT Public Company Limited 9605:East Midlands Oil Province 9590:List of natural gas fields 9190:Integrated asset modelling 8700:Ezra Levant (3 May 2011). 7831:"Longest rivers in Canada" 7697:"Environmental Protection" 7497:"Alberta's Oil Sands: Air" 7179:. Cullompton: willan, 2010 6640:Pope, Carl (8 July 2015). 6038:TMX/Shorcan Energy Brokers 5179:. US National Public Radio 4573:"Alberta's Oil Sands 2006" 4289:"Geology of the Oil Sands" 3866:"Bitumen – A History" 3821:. Pembina. 4 October 2017. 3368:, some of which are known 2796:National Petroleum Council 2756: 2544: 2533: 2493: 2363:catalytic purification by 2344: 2224:Canadian Natural Resources 2122: 2044: 2038: 2001: 1861: 1843:Canadian Natural Resources 1822: 1779: 1722: 1697:Canadian Natural Resources 1629: 1623: 1617: 1466: 1460: 1394: 1388: 1212:(21,357 sq mi). 1188: 1182: 1176: 1172: 980: 910: 904: 826: 811: 792:, centered on the city of 752:in them. About 10% of the 708:oil approached the surface 662:effect that converted the 646:above the plains, forming 619: 560:technological developments 539: 505: 501: 451:substance produced by the 348:made similar comparisons. 226: 222: 18: 10439: 10389: 10376:Weatherford International 10255: 10105: 10057: 9909:Iraq National Oil Company 9845: 9802: 9787: 9778: 9663: 9580: 9462: 9348: 9242: 9170: 9113: 9072: 9065: 8987: 8969: 8866:The Canadian Encyclopedia 8235:IHS (21 September 2010). 7177:Global Environmental Harm 6914:"The Weight of the World" 4876:. Rigzone. 29 March 2007. 4101:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3945:"The oil wells of Alsace" 3727:"What Are The Oil Sands?" 3469:Melville Island oil sands 3360:, a limnologist from the 2012:is a process used in the 1668:, sitting on top of flat 1539:This section needs to be 1268:Melville Island oil sands 615: 516:Oil reserves in Venezuela 412:11 September 2001 attacks 102:, and water, soaked with 8891: – video report by 8770:Levi, Michael A (2009). 6948:(Report). Carbon Tracker 6288:"Upgrading and Refining" 6171:"Upgrading and Refining" 4098:Marsh, James H. (1999). 3841:Natural Resources Canada 3560: 3549:World energy consumption 3534:Thermal depolymerization 3351:Aquatic life deformities 3345:Natural Resources Canada 3250:greenhouse gas emissions 3224:Greenhouse gas emissions 3131:Alberta Energy Regulator 2937:Air Quality Health Index 2931:Air pollution management 2677:Alberta Energy Regulator 2606: 2256:Midwestern United States 2062:barrel of oil equivalent 1926:Vapor Extraction (VAPEX) 1815:has become more common. 1742:Oil sands tailings ponds 1719:Oil sands tailings ponds 1674:Great Canadian Oil Sands 1427:Marathon Oil Corporation 1403:Great Canadian Oil Sands 1142:Eastern Venezuelan Basin 890:Alberta Energy Regulator 756:, or 173 Gbbl (27.5 716:sand-silt-shale deposits 704:microbial biodegradation 628:Canadian Rocky Mountains 453:destructive distillation 400:Arab oil embargo of 1973 217:Natural Resources Canada 213:greenhouse gas emissions 174:heavy or extra-heavy oil 106:, a dense and extremely 19:Not to be confused with 10427:World Petroleum Council 10301:China Oilfield Services 9358:Petroleum fiscal regime 9057:Western Canadian Select 9052:West Texas Intermediate 8877:photo story and aerials 8861:G.R. Gray, R. Luhning: 8818:. John Wiley and Sons. 8483:10.1073/pnas.0912050106 7619:Odour issues in Alberta 7475:"Continuous Monitoring" 7404:10.1073/pnas.1319780111 7216:10.1073/pnas.1008754107 6747:Dow Jones & Company 6742:The Wall Street Journal 6466:"Our Chinese oil sands" 6360:. Pacific Future Energy 6180:. Government of Alberta 6123:. University of Alberta 4851:. Rigzone. Summer 2006. 4198:: 18–36. Archived from 3891:Hirst, K. Kris (2009). 3408:Royal Society of Canada 3116:In September 2015, the 2888:Energy Action Coalition 2860:Climate Reality Project 2621:West Texas Intermediate 2540: 2522:Western Canadian Select 2504:Western Canadian Select 2388:catalytic hydrocracking 2380:catalytic hydrocracking 2174:Western Canadian Select 2154:Western Canadian Select 2010:Bitumen froth treatment 1980:lining the lower pipe. 1837:CSS has been in use by 1709:Kearl Oil Sands Project 1594:and techniques such as 1272:Canadian Arctic islands 864:Trans Mountain pipeline 556:technological evolution 369:West Texas Intermediate 361:Western Canadian Select 54:Western Canadian Select 9904:Indian Oil Corporation 9390:Submersible pump (ESP) 9335:Underbalanced drilling 9156:of gasoline and diesel 7677:. Business Insider Inc 7442:, Scarborough, Ontario 7351:. Fort McMurray Today. 7255:. 2011. Archived from 5786:CanmetENERGY via NRCan 5432:Butler, Roger (1991). 4671:Premium Petroleum Corp 4196:Chemistry and Industry 3454:Beaver River sandstone 2791: 2779: 2326:natural gas condensate 2275:natural gas condensate 2119:Upgrading and blending 1791:more oil to reach the 1772:in the world in 2001. 1738: 1699:Ltd (CNRL) opened its 1645: 1263: 1200: 998: 926: 921:Cold Lake viewed from 839: 823: 794:Fort McMurray, Alberta 568:percentage of the OOIP 512:Oil reserves in Canada 439:of the manufacture of 268:commodity used by the 162:natural-gas condensate 72: 57: 10281:Cameron International 9723:Petrodollar recycling 9706:fossil fuel phase-out 9269:Differential sticking 9222:Reflection seismology 9195:Petroleum engineering 9037:OPEC Reference Basket 8657:by Claudia Cattaneo, 8260:Nature Climate Change 8222:National Energy Board 7906:Government of Alberta 7864:. Environment Canada. 7862:"Typical river flows" 7833:. Environment Canada. 7718:Government of Alberta 5324:Government of Alberta 5317:"Fact Sheet Tailings" 5263:. Westernoilsands.com 4910:"Fort Hills Oilsands" 4616:University of Alberta 4399:– via CBC News. 4151:"Alberta's oil sands" 4030:The National Observer 3701:Oil and Energy Trends 3494:Peace River oil sands 3380:Public health impacts 3362:University of Alberta 3308:enhanced oil recovery 2785: 2777: 2681:National Energy Board 2589:National Energy Board 2529:National Energy Board 2405:There are four major 2262:, as well as many in 2107:Canadian Constitution 2041:Natural gas in Canada 1762:Syncrude Tailings Dam 1732: 1639: 1522:Methods of extraction 1516:Republic of the Congo 1261: 1198: 1007:Peace River oil sands 992: 983:Peace River oil sands 920: 838: 821: 768:government of Alberta 666:in the deeply buried 660:giant pressure cooker 416:2003 invasion of Iraq 284:. The area along the 63: 31: 10178:Occidental Petroleum 9492:1990 oil price shock 9318:Shale oil extraction 9291:Drilling engineering 9274:Directional drilling 9200:Reservoir simulation 8855:8 March 2009 at the 8729:. DIANE Publishing. 8546:www.ramp-alberta.org 8408:. The Globe and Mail 8280:10.1038/nclimate1421 7938:. Environment Canada 7724:on 25 September 2014 7594:"Exceedance Reports" 7105:Macmillan Publishers 7039:Macmillan Publishers 6969:New Economics of Oil 6468:. Maclean's Magazine 6336:North West Upgrading 6320:. Edmonton, Alberta. 5642:The Edmonton Journal 3819:"The Real GHG trend" 3338:Keystone XL pipeline 3264:emissions per year. 2753:Environmental issues 2705:Keystone XL pipeline 2667:Production forecasts 2373:hydrodenitrogenation 2369:hydrodesulfurization 2365:hydrodemetallisation 2095:hydraulic fracturing 1890:economic feasibility 1877:directional drilling 1495:economy of Venezuela 1238:US Geological Survey 1102:improve this section 1041:World Energy Council 636:North American Plate 324:Hudson's Bay Company 311:to waterproof their 10326:Naftiran Intertrade 10271:Amec Foster Wheeler 10198:Reliance Industries 10087:Naftiran Intertrade 9899:Hindustan Petroleum 9497:2000s energy crisis 8639:on 9 February 2009. 8474:2009PNAS..10622346K 8468:(52): 22346–22351. 8272:2012NatCC...2..134S 7960:. CBC. 9 March 2011 7882:on 11 December 2008 7395:2014PNAS..111.3344P 7207:2010PNAS..10716178K 7121:10.1038/nature14016 7113:2015Natur.517..187M 7047:2015Natur.517..150J 6440:SPP Research Papers 5665:"What lies beneath" 5084:Inside Climate News 4949:on 25 February 2014 4826:on 4 September 2014 4724:on 23 February 2014 4673:. 19 September 2007 4585:on 27 February 2008 4527:Inside Climate News 4326:National Geographic 3680:on 4 September 2014 3459:Cold Lake oil sands 3449:Athabasca oil sands 3395:among residents of 3238:Stanford University 2637:synthetic crude oil 2518:benchmark crude oil 2466:and other products. 2436:Strathcona Refinery 2287:liquid cargo barges 2189:vacuum distillation 2176:(WCS) is traded at 2055:Shale gas in Canada 2014:Athabasca oil sands 1917:' Surmont project, 1650:Athabasca oil sands 1596:horizontal drilling 1588:petroleum reservoir 1423:Chevron Corporation 1037:Petroleum Economist 1029:Cold Lake oil sands 1025:Athabasca oil sands 995:Athabasca oil sands 950:Bonnyville, Alberta 907:Cold Lake oil sands 844:Athabasca oil sands 829:Athabasca oil sands 786:Athabasca oil sands 668:organic-rich shales 383:and/or refineries. 332:Alexander MacKenzie 64:Tar sandstone from 34:Athabasca oil sands 10480:Petroleum industry 10173:Marathon Petroleum 9595:List of oil fields 9205:Reservoir modeling 8963:Petroleum industry 8680:. 19 August 2011. 8139:on 14 January 2012 7766:"Land reclamation" 7654:on 18 October 2017 7574:on 3 February 2015 7259:on 25 October 2007 6855:on 20 January 2016 6066:on 8 December 2014 5696:The Calgary Herald 5532:"The THAI Process" 5496:Green Car Congress 5033:. 22 November 2021 4820:"Tar sands basics" 4699:on 24 August 2010. 4476:. 22 November 2021 3956:. 23 February 1880 3953:The New York Times 3870:Saudi Aramco World 3799:on 24 October 2011 3731:Canada's Oil Sands 3499:Petroleum industry 3358:David W. Schindler 3327:emissions of China 3313:In November 2014, 3273:Environment Canada 3032:particulate matter 2892:Jacobs Consultancy 2792: 2780: 2738:European Community 2470:The $ 8.5 billion 2415:petroleum products 2081:will be used by a 1739: 1656:covered by little 1646: 1578:Primary production 1493:By 2016, with the 1264: 1201: 1164:In Venezuela, the 999: 967:. CFB Cold Lake's 927: 874:Cold Lake deposits 856:unconventional oil 840: 824: 790:McMurray Formation 748: m) of crude 644:raised the Rockies 634:overthrusting the 474:as a material for 404:Iranian Revolution 193:unconventional oil 73: 58: 10475:Petroleum geology 10457: 10456: 10435: 10434: 10321:Nabors Industries 10251: 10250: 9449:Well intervention 9424:Petroleum product 9323:Ljungström method 9227:Seismic inversion 9212:Petroleum geology 9166: 9165: 8911:Popular Mechanics 8825:978-0-470-16138-8 8804:978-1-55238-124-3 8759:978-1-55365-555-8 8736:978-1-4379-3807-4 8715:978-0-7710-4643-8 8663:, March 24, 2014. 8201:Pembina Institute 7850:. 2 October 2007. 7787:"Water depletion" 7289:on 30 August 2011 7253:Greenpeace Canada 6779:on 21 August 2015 6386:. 10 October 2013 6332:"Company Profile" 6205:calgaryherald.com 6178:energy.alberta.ca 5999:on 3 October 2013 5989:978-1-100-16436-6 5782:"Froth Treatment" 5757:10.1021/ef4016697 5751:(12): 7199–7207. 5542:on 28 August 2008 4846:"HeavyOil Russia" 4391:. 1 February 2024 4157:on 10 April 2008. 3986:978-0-521-01034-4 3674:"About Tar Sands" 3652:978-0-7785-7348-7 3544:Wabasca oil field 3267:According to the 3118:Pembina Institute 2964:), total reduced 2864:Pembina Institute 2788:Keystone Pipeline 2775: 2625:Cushing, Oklahoma 2476:Fort Saskatchewan 2472:Sturgeon Refinery 2446:Scotford Upgrader 2289:, or ocean-going 2248:Scotford, Alberta 2244:Scotford Upgrader 2178:Cushing, Oklahoma 1944:energy efficiency 1701:Horizon Oil Sands 1642:Earth Observatory 1560: 1559: 1506:In May 2008, the 1179:Orinoco oil sands 1146:Orinoco oil sands 1138: 1137: 1130: 1033:Wabasco oil sands 814:Wabasca oil sands 536:Size of resources 508:Petroleum Geology 309:Clearwater Rivers 197:unburnable carbon 10487: 10470:Bituminous sands 10447: 10446: 10148:Hess Corporation 9869:Bharat Petroleum 9800: 9799: 9785: 9784: 9472:1967 Oil Embargo 9308:Lost circulation 9146:Posted oil price 9070: 9069: 9027:Isthmus-34 Light 8956: 8949: 8942: 8933: 8932: 8914: 8875:Alberta Oilsands 8846:Edward Burtynsky 8829: 8808: 8787: 8766: 8751: 8740: 8719: 8707: 8686: 8685: 8670: 8664: 8652: 8641: 8640: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8563: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8495: 8485: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8433: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8303: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8283: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8219: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8198: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8182:. November 2002. 8181: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8133:"Climate change" 8129: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8089: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8061: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8032:. Archived from 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8010: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7770: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7623: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7570:. Archived from 7564: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7458: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7416: 7406: 7389:(9): 3344–3349. 7374: 7368: 7367: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7285:. Archived from 7275: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7228: 7218: 7201:(37): 16178–83. 7186: 7180: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7157: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7092: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7058: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6973: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6941: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6874: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6775:. Archived from 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6672: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6613: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6557: 6549: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6487: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6437: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6318:Edmonton Journal 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6292: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6207:. Calgary Herald 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6175: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6150: 6142: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6118: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6089: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6058: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5998: 5992:. Archived from 5981: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5848: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5823: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5778: 5769: 5768: 5745:Energy and Fuels 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5568:. 27 August 2007 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5429: 5420: 5419: 5416:10.2118/18752-MS 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5382: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5358: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5333:on 25 March 2014 5332: 5321: 5313: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5293:on 29 March 2015 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5241:on 29 March 2008 5230: 5224: 5223: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5184: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5007:. 18 August 2009 5005:theecologist.org 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4974:. 22 June 2021. 4964: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4941: 4931: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4750: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4723: 4716: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4646: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4624: 4618:. Archived from 4613: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4450:. 18 August 2009 4448:theecologist.org 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4417:. 22 June 2021. 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4355: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4300: 4293: 4284: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3949: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3925:on 12 March 2012 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3845:. 6 October 2017 3832: 3823: 3822: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3798: 3792:. Archived from 3790:10.2118/2001-061 3784:. Vol. 61. 3775: 3766: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3707:(6): 3–5. 2006. 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3676:. Archived from 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3644: 3635: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3603: 3579: 3571: 3554:Asphalt concrete 3474:Oil megaprojects 3442: 3437: 3436: 3294: 3293: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3242:carbon-intensive 3204: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3180:Water management 3166: 3165: 3161: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3095: 3093: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2990:nitrogen dioxide 2983: 2982: 2981: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2949:hydrogen sulfide 2776: 2142:Upon reaching a 1964:greenhouse gases 1809:road maintenance 1746:naphthenic acids 1555: 1552: 1546: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1368: 1367: 1358: 1357: 1288: 1287: 1246: 1245: 1225: 1224: 1133: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1082: 1074: 1050: 762: 761: 744: 743: 656:to a great depth 652:sedimentary rock 457:organic material 290:Euphrates rivers 149: 148: 139: 138: 90:, are a type of 88:bituminous sands 10495: 10494: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10485: 10484: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10431: 10385: 10381:John Wood Group 10371:Valaris Limited 10264: 10261: 10258: 10247: 10113:APA Corporation 10101: 10053: 9852: 9849: 9841: 9796: 9793: 9790: 9780: 9774: 9675:Classification 9659: 9582: 9576: 9512:Nationalization 9482:1979 oil crisis 9477:1973 oil crisis 9458: 9444:Water injection 9412:Steam injection 9407:Gas reinjection 9375:Artificial lift 9344: 9286:Drill stem test 9238: 9162: 9109: 9061: 8983: 8965: 8960: 8857:Wayback Machine 8837: 8832: 8826: 8805: 8784: 8760: 8737: 8716: 8695: 8693:Further reading 8690: 8689: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8653: 8644: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8617:. 3 April 2007. 8609: 8608: 8604: 8594: 8592: 8587: 8586: 8582: 8572: 8570: 8565: 8564: 8560: 8550: 8548: 8540: 8539: 8535: 8525: 8523: 8513: 8509: 8454: 8450: 8440: 8438: 8431: 8425: 8421: 8411: 8409: 8402: 8398: 8388: 8386: 8385:. National Post 8379: 8375: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8351: 8349: 8344: 8343: 8339: 8329: 8327: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8294: 8290: 8256: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8233: 8229: 8217: 8213: 8212: 8208: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8187: 8179: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8157: 8156: 8152: 8142: 8140: 8131: 8130: 8126: 8116: 8114: 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8079: 8075: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8049: 8039: 8037: 8036:on 30 June 2016 8022: 8018: 8008: 8006: 8001: 8000: 7996: 7986: 7984: 7977: 7973: 7963: 7961: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7874: 7873: 7869: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7812: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7792: 7790: 7785: 7784: 7780: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7678: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7642: 7641: 7637: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7600: 7592: 7591: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7544: 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6361: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6341: 6339: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6254:Catalysis Today 6250: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6116: 6110: 6106: 6097: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5979: 5973: 5969: 5960: 5958: 5957:on 2 April 2015 5945: 5944: 5940: 5931: 5929: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5880: 5876: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5827: 5825: 5824:on 7 March 2007 5821: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5780: 5779: 5772: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5597: 5595: 5594:. 18 March 2009 5586: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5468: 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4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4356: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4285: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4256: 4250: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4149: 4148: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4061: 4059: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3773: 3767: 3750: 3736: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3637: 3636: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3614:on 2 April 2007 3604: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3504:Project Oilsand 3438: 3431: 3428: 3382: 3353: 3319:chief economist 3291: 3289: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3226: 3201: 3199: 3198: m/a (12.3 3191: 3189: 3182: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3013: 3006:nitrogen oxides 3000: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2945:carbon monoxide 2933: 2767: 2765: 2755: 2669: 2644:producing one. 2616:. The price of 2609: 2578:heavy crude oil 2570: 2549: 2543: 2538: 2506: 2492: 2454:, operates the 2403: 2395:hydroprocessing 2353:crude feedstock 2349: 2343: 2335:economic crisis 2317: 2201:desulfurization 2136: 2127: 2121: 2057: 2043: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2007: 1999: 1997:Froth treatment 1990: 1956: 1928: 1866: 1860: 1827: 1821: 1784: 1778: 1770:earth structure 1727: 1721: 1685:Syncrude Canada 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1592:artificial lift 1580: 1572:open-pit mining 1556: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1535: 1531: 1524: 1504: 1502:Other countries 1471: 1465: 1459: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1378: 1365: 1363: 1355: 1353: 1343:In Madagascar, 1285: 1283: 1256: 1243: 1241: 1222: 1220: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1134: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1099: 1083: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1048: 986: 978: 915: 909: 903: 898: 897: 832: 816: 810: 759: 757: 741: 739: 695:Canadian Shield 648:mountain ranges 624: 618: 581: 544: 538: 518: 504: 470:as a fuel, and 428: 357:sour crude oils 341: 299:In Canada, the 231: 225: 201:energy security 158:light crude oil 146: 144: 136: 134: 50:synthetic crude 44:, which can be 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10493: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10451: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10393: 10391: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10267: 10265: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10218:Surgutneftegas 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10138:Eneos Holdings 10135: 10130: 10128:ConocoPhillips 10125: 10120: 10118:Cenovus Energy 10115: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10063: 10061: 10059:Energy trading 10055: 10054: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9855: 9853: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9808: 9806: 9797: 9788: 9782: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9745: 9743:Swing producer 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9708: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9673: 9667: 9665: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9615:Gulf of Mexico 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9586: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9502:2010s oil glut 9499: 9494: 9489: 9487:1980s oil glut 9484: 9479: 9474: 9468: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9409: 9399: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9365: 9354: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9296:Drilling fluid 9293: 9288: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9271: 9266: 9265: 9264: 9254: 9248: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9236: 9234:Seismic source 9231: 9230: 9229: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9208: 9207: 9202: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9176: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9117: 9115: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9076: 9074: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9032:Japan Cocktail 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8993: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8979:Primary energy 8976: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8959: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8923: 8915: 8902: 8897: 8894:Democracy Now! 8886: 8878: 8868: 8859: 8843: 8836: 8835:External links 8833: 8831: 8830: 8824: 8809: 8803: 8788: 8783:978-0876094297 8782: 8767: 8758: 8741: 8735: 8720: 8714: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8665: 8660:Financial Post 8642: 8620: 8602: 8580: 8558: 8533: 8507: 8448: 8419: 8396: 8373: 8359: 8337: 8315: 8298: 8288: 8250: 8227: 8206: 8185: 8168: 8150: 8124: 8101: 8073: 8047: 8016: 7994: 7971: 7949: 7923: 7912:on 14 May 2007 7893: 7867: 7853: 7836: 7822: 7800: 7778: 7757: 7735: 7705: 7688: 7665: 7635: 7610: 7585: 7559: 7547: 7532: 7510: 7488: 7466: 7428: 7369: 7354: 7339: 7312: 7300: 7270: 7240: 7181: 7168: 7142: 7078: 7015: 6985: 6959: 6933: 6919:The New Yorker 6904: 6892:Bloomberg L.P. 6887:Bloomberg News 6866: 6839: 6813: 6804:Financial Post 6790: 6759: 6727: 6699: 6687:Bloomberg L.P. 6682:Bloomberg News 6664: 6652:Bloomberg L.P. 6647:Bloomberg News 6632: 6599: 6573: 6541: 6508: 6479: 6456: 6423: 6397: 6371: 6349: 6323: 6304: 6279: 6244: 6218: 6191: 6162: 6134: 6112:Gray, Murray. 6104: 6092:Alberta Energy 6076: 6042: 6028: 6010: 5988: 5967: 5938: 5913: 5894:(3): 274–282. 5874: 5860: 5835: 5799: 5770: 5735: 5709: 5681: 5655: 5627: 5605: 5579: 5553: 5538:Archived from 5523: 5501: 5483: 5461: 5439: 5421: 5394: 5369: 5343: 5303: 5274: 5252: 5225: 5211: 5208:. 19 May 2008. 5193: 5167: 5144: 5121: 5096: 5070: 5044: 5018: 4992: 4959: 4923: 4901: 4879: 4865: 4854: 4837: 4807: 4790: 4784:978-0810859937 4783: 4762: 4735: 4702: 4684: 4658: 4636: 4625:on 1 June 2010 4596: 4564: 4539: 4513: 4487: 4461: 4435: 4402: 4389:Canadian Press 4376: 4339: 4312: 4274: 4241: 4227: 4213: 4202:on 18 May 2013 4182: 4160: 4139: 4117: 4110: 4090: 4068: 4057:New York Times 4043: 4017: 3992: 3985: 3967: 3936: 3910: 3883: 3872:. pp. 2–9 3856: 3824: 3810: 3748: 3718: 3691: 3665: 3651: 3625: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3539:Utah oil sands 3536: 3531: 3529:Stranded asset 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3427: 3424: 3420:Fort Chipewyan 3397:Fort Chipewyan 3381: 3378: 3352: 3349: 3258: 3225: 3222: 3181: 3178: 3150: 3147: 3139: 3106: 3089: 3076: 3064: 3044: 3036:sulfur dioxide 3024: 3009: 2998: 2978: 2957: 2932: 2929: 2925:benzo(a)pyrene 2754: 2751: 2697:imported crude 2668: 2665: 2641:Cost estimates 2608: 2605: 2569: 2566: 2542: 2539: 2491: 2488: 2468: 2467: 2449: 2439: 2429: 2411:Western Canada 2407:oil refineries 2402: 2399: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2361: 2342: 2339: 2316: 2313: 2252: 2251: 2237: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2135: 2132: 2120: 2117: 2039:Main article: 2036: 2035:Energy balance 2033: 2008: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1955: 1952: 1950:energy costs. 1927: 1924: 1919:Devon Canada's 1915:ConocoPhillips 1911:Cenovus Energy 1862:Main article: 1859: 1856: 1820: 1817: 1780:Main article: 1777: 1774: 1766:embankment dam 1723:Main article: 1720: 1717: 1632:Surface mining 1618:Main article: 1615: 1614:Surface mining 1612: 1600:water flooding 1579: 1576: 1558: 1557: 1538: 1536: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1503: 1500: 1480:heavy fuel oil 1461:Main article: 1458: 1455: 1417:consortium of 1389:Main article: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1318:Tunguska Basin 1255: 1254:Other deposits 1252: 1177:Main article: 1174: 1171: 1136: 1135: 1086: 1084: 1077: 1071: 1068: 1059:open-pit mines 987: 979: 977: 974: 925:, Saskatchewan 905:Main article: 902: 899: 892:(AER) and the 833: 825: 809: 806: 798:surface mining 617: 614: 610:oil refineries 580: 579:Major deposits 577: 537: 534: 526:unconsolidated 503: 500: 427: 424: 351:The price per 340: 337: 237:dates back to 224: 221: 209:oil-sand crude 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10492: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10450: 10442: 10441: 10438: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10254: 10244: 10243:Valero Energy 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10208:Suncor Energy 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10056: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9844: 9838: 9837:TotalEnergies 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9801: 9798: 9795: 9786: 9783: 9781:organisations 9779:Companies and 9777: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9718:Petrocurrency 9716: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9691:Oil shale gas 9689: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9671:Abbreviations 9669: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9630:Permian Basin 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9579: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9567:United States 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9527:Seven Sisters 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9461: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9376: 9373: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9347: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9232: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9180:Core sampling 9178: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9064: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9017:Indian Basket 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8957: 8952: 8950: 8945: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8934: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8827: 8821: 8817: 8816: 8810: 8806: 8800: 8796: 8795: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8775: 8774: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8750: 8749: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8728: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8711: 8706: 8705: 8698: 8697: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8669: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8624: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8590: 8584: 8568: 8562: 8547: 8543: 8537: 8522: 8518: 8511: 8503: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8452: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8407: 8400: 8384: 8377: 8369: 8363: 8347: 8341: 8325: 8319: 8308: 8302: 8292: 8286: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8238: 8231: 8223: 8216: 8210: 8202: 8195: 8189: 8178: 8172: 8165:. April 2008. 8164: 8160: 8154: 8138: 8134: 8128: 8112: 8105: 8086: 8085: 8077: 8058: 8051: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8004: 7998: 7982: 7975: 7959: 7953: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7863: 7857: 7846: 7840: 7832: 7826: 7810: 7804: 7788: 7782: 7774: 7767: 7761: 7745: 7739: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7714:"Reclamation" 7709: 7698: 7692: 7676: 7669: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7620: 7614: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7555: 7536: 7520: 7514: 7498: 7492: 7476: 7470: 7462: 7456: 7441: 7440: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7365: 7358: 7350: 7343: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7172: 7154: 7153: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7089: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7019: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6970: 6963: 6947: 6940: 6938: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6908: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6871: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6703: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6671: 6669: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6636: 6621: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6561: 6554: 6548: 6546: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6513: 6496: 6495:neb-one.gc.ca 6492: 6486: 6484: 6467: 6460: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6359: 6353: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6289: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6260:(1–4): 3–15. 6259: 6255: 6248: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6179: 6172: 6166: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6093: 6086: 6080: 6062: 6055: 6054: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6014: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5870: 5864: 5845: 5839: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5803: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5685: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5631: 5615: 5609: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5511: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5472:. Cenovus.com 5471: 5465: 5450:. Cenovus.com 5449: 5443: 5435: 5428: 5426: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5379: 5373: 5355: 5354: 5347: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5262: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5221: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5190: 5178: 5171: 5155: 5148: 5133:. Global News 5132: 5125: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5059:. 5 June 2023 5058: 5057:Bloomberg.com 5054: 5048: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4945: 4938: 4937: 4930: 4928: 4912:. Oilweek.com 4911: 4905: 4889: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4858: 4847: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4812: 4800: 4794: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4767: 4747: 4739: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4581: 4574: 4568: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4502:. 5 June 2023 4501: 4500:Bloomberg.com 4497: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4301:on 7 May 2013 4297: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4246: 4237: 4231: 4223: 4217: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4171: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4144: 4127: 4121: 4113: 4111:9780771020995 4107: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4078: 4072: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4032:. 22 May 2019 4031: 4027: 4021: 4005: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3820: 3814: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3745: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3654: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3440:Energy portal 3435: 3430: 3423: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406:In 2010, the 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3387: 3377: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3348: 3346: 3343:According to 3341: 3339: 3335: 3332:In 2014, the 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3284:; 74,000,000 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3251: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3187: 3177: 3174: 3173:boreal forest 3170: 3156: 3146: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3099: 3057: 3053: 3037: 3033: 3017: 3012: 3007: 2991: 2987: 2971: 2967: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2789: 2784: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2685:carbon bubble 2682: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2626: 2623:(WTI) oil at 2622: 2619: 2615: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2582:hydroelectric 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2560:(CNOOC), and 2559: 2555: 2548: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2490:United States 2487: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434:operates the 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424:operates the 2423: 2422:Suncor Energy 2420: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2242:operates its 2241: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2212:Suncor Energy 2210: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:de-asphalting 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2140: 2131: 2126: 2116: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1735:Fort McMurray 1731: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1713:TotalEnergies 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1678:Suncor Energy 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1554: 1542: 1537: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1499: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1464: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407:Suncor Energy 1404: 1398: 1392: 1382: 1373: 1371: 1361: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1334:Timan-Pechora 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1251: 1249: 1239: 1236:In 2009, the 1234: 1232: 1228: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1205:Orinoco River 1197: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1170: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1150:Guyana Shield 1147: 1143: 1132: 1129: 1121: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1087:This section 1085: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 996: 991: 984: 973: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 924: 919: 914: 913:CFB Cold Lake 908: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:boreal forest 875: 871: 867: 865: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 837: 830: 820: 815: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 775: 769: 765: 755: 751: 747: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 717: 713: 709: 705: 700: 696: 692: 691:igneous rocks 688: 684: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 632:Pacific Plate 629: 623: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 598:North America 595: 591: 587: 576: 574: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 543: 533: 530: 527: 523: 517: 513: 509: 499: 497: 493: 492:synthetic oil 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 349: 347: 336: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 230: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 154: 152: 142: 132: 128: 124: 120: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 84:crude bitumen 81: 77: 71: 70:United States 67: 62: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 10346:Schlumberger 10276:Baker Hughes 10168:Marathon Oil 10158:Imperial Oil 10153:Husky Energy 10143:Galp Energia 10133:Devon Energy 10019:Saudi Aramco 9999:Petrovietnam 9944:NNPC Limited 9848:National oil 9757: 9728:Petrofiction 9696:Orphan wells 9664:Other topics 9635:Persian Gulf 9562:Saudi Arabia 9532:Standard Oil 9340:Well logging 9217:Petrophysics 8910: 8892: 8881: 8865: 8814: 8793: 8772: 8763: 8747: 8725: 8703: 8677: 8668: 8658: 8637:the original 8632: 8623: 8614: 8605: 8593:. 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OnePetro. 5407: 5397: 5385:. Retrieved 5372: 5361:, retrieved 5352: 5346: 5335:, retrieved 5328:the original 5323: 5295:, retrieved 5291:the original 5286: 5277: 5265:. Retrieved 5255: 5243:. Retrieved 5239:the original 5228: 5214: 5196: 5188: 5181:. Retrieved 5170: 5158:. Retrieved 5147: 5135:. Retrieved 5124: 5112:. Retrieved 5109:Mother Jones 5108: 5099: 5087:. Retrieved 5083: 5073: 5061:. Retrieved 5056: 5047: 5035:. Retrieved 5030: 5021: 5009:. Retrieved 5004: 4995: 4983:. Retrieved 4972:The Guardian 4971: 4962: 4951:, retrieved 4944:the original 4935: 4914:. Retrieved 4904: 4892:. Retrieved 4882: 4868: 4857: 4840: 4828:. Retrieved 4824:the original 4793: 4774: 4753:. Retrieved 4738: 4726:. Retrieved 4719:the original 4705: 4697:the original 4687: 4675:. Retrieved 4661: 4627:. Retrieved 4620:the original 4605:O.P. Strausz 4599: 4587:. Retrieved 4580:the original 4567: 4555:. Retrieved 4552:Mother Jones 4551: 4542: 4530:. Retrieved 4526: 4516: 4504:. Retrieved 4499: 4490: 4478:. 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Retrieved 3612:the original 3569: 3489:Orinoco Belt 3416: 3413: 3405: 3390: 3383: 3374: 3354: 3342: 3331: 3312: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3280:(66,000,000 3266: 3247: 3235: 3227: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3152: 3115: 3052:hydrocarbons 3010: 2986:nitric oxide 2941:Wood Buffalo 2934: 2917:phenanthrene 2905: 2800: 2793: 2747: 2734: 2714: 2710: 2701:Barack Obama 2689: 2675:(CAPP), the 2670: 2657: 2650: 2646: 2614:price of oil 2610: 2601:Saudi Arabia 2593: 2586: 2571: 2550: 2526: 2515: 2507: 2484: 2480: 2469: 2460:Lloydminster 2452:Husky Energy 2442:Shell Canada 2432:Imperial Oil 2426:Petro-Canada 2404: 2392: 2385: 2350: 2347:oil refinery 2318: 2295: 2272: 2253: 2240:Shell Canada 2205: 2186: 2160:terminal in 2158:Husky Energy 2152: 2148: 2141: 2137: 2128: 2088: 2083:cogeneration 2071: 2058: 2027:Albian Sands 1991: 1982: 1968: 1961: 1957: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1907:Husky Energy 1894:oil reserves 1887: 1867: 1847:Shell Canada 1839:Imperial Oil 1836: 1828: 1813:salt caverns 1785: 1754:hydrocarbons 1740: 1705:Imperial Oil 1695:in 2003 and 1689:Shell Canada 1682: 1672:rock. Since 1647: 1644:image, 2009. 1608:oil in place 1581: 1567: 1564:strip mining 1561: 1548: 1540: 1510:oil company 1505: 1492: 1488: 1472: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1435:Teck Cominco 1431:Petro-Canada 1419:Shell Canada 1415:Albian Sands 1400: 1379: 1369: 1359: 1342: 1322:East Siberia 1315: 1289: 1276: 1265: 1247: 1235: 1231:oil in place 1229: m) of 1226: 1214: 1202: 1166:Orinoco Belt 1163: 1154:source rocks 1139: 1124: 1115: 1100:Please help 1088: 1036: 1022: 1015: 1000: 969:CF-18 Hornet 962: 958:surface mine 947: 928: 860: 841: 783: 772: 763: 754:oil in place 745: 721: 699:unconformity 680: 672:source rocks 625: 604:the oil and 594:Saskatchewan 586:oil in place 582: 552:oil reserves 548:oil in place 545: 519: 495: 487: 483: 476:paving roads 465: 431: 429: 426:Nomenclature 388:Saudi Arabia 385: 355:of heavier, 350: 342: 328:Henry Kelsey 301:First Nation 298: 266:Mesopotamian 263: 251:Homo sapiens 243:Neanderthals 232: 182: 170:Orinoco Belt 155: 150: 140: 116: 87: 83: 79: 75: 74: 25: 10316:Halliburton 10188:Phillips 66 10009:QatarEnergy 9979:Petrobangla 9914:KazMunayGas 9804:Supermajors 9753:heavy crude 9640:Prudhoe Bay 9620:Niger Delta 9600:Caspian Sea 9363:Concessions 9313:Measurement 9279:Geosteering 9262:Squeeze job 9172:Exploration 9121:Consumption 9080:Consumption 9073:Natural gas 9002:Bonny Light 8595:18 February 8573:18 February 8412:28 November 8389:28 November 7793:12 February 7750:11 February 7728:10 December 7446:24 February 7332:21 February 7263:9 September 6999:cbc.ca/news 6592:24 December 6562:. June 2015 6121:ualberta.ca 6098:25 December 6070:22 February 5932:13 December 5476:18 February 5454:18 February 5363:25 February 5287:Mena Report 4728:18 February 4589:17 February 4322:"Petroleum" 4083:17 February 4062:17 February 3960:11 February 3929:30 December 3899:. About.com 3897:Archaeology 3737:28 February 3509:Pyrobitumen 3370:carcinogens 3315:Fatih Birol 3169:reclamation 3123:Peace River 3054:(THC), and 2884:Sierra Club 2556:(Sinopec), 2291:oil tankers 2283:tank trucks 2258:and on the 1974:API degrees 1829:The use of 1801:rural roads 1691:opened its 1217:heavy crude 1018:Peace River 1013:formation. 976:Peace River 943:asphaltenes 870:Peace River 732:Peace River 468:natural gas 402:, the 1979 371:(WTI). 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