148:
33:
2862:
553:
541:. The distribution of the resource over large areas creates land use issues, with implications for local communities on infrastructure, freight traffic and local economies. Impact on the environment is an unavoidable consequence of all human activity but the difference between the impact of conventional reservoirs compared with unconventional is significant, measurable and predictable.
299:
incapable of flowing naturally through buoyancy. The limits of an unconventional field are therefore usually defined by relatively expensive well testing for delivery. Extraction from unconventional reservoirs requires changing the physical properties of the reservoir, or the flow characteristics of the fluid, using techniques such as
298:
Unconventional reservoirs, in contrast, are regionally dispersed over large areas with no indicative trap geometry that can be used for predictive purposes. The oil and gas in unconventional reservoirs are generally low density resources, frequently trapped in the rock by strong capillary forces
307:. The technical and commercial risk associated with unconventional reservoirs is generally higher than conventional reservoirs owing to the lack of predictability of the trap extent and of the reservoir quality, which requires extensive well placement and testing to determine the economic
1188:
risking for conventional reservoirs is primarily in finding the resource; in unconventional, it is finding a quality resource, defining the resource limits (measured by the EUR per well), which means the well itself defines the extent of commercial
521:, however, are radically different: conventional reservoirs use the natural energy in the environment to flow oil and gas to the surface unaided; unconventional reservoirs require putting energy into the ground for extraction, either as heat (
1127:
when oil reaches its bubble point and gas is exsolved, the natural expansion of gas on ascent creates additional energy to lift fluids in the borehole to the surface much faster than by buoyancy alone, producing a
176:, followed by huge economic growth resulted in surging demand for cheap portable energy, while the availability of new conventional oil and gas resources declined. The industry initially sought to enhance
1161:
or high volume fraccing penetrates deep into the surrounding rock strata. Fraccing works by allowing oil or gas to flow to the well-bore by opening fracture pathways through impermeable rock
147:
201:
184:, or low volume hydraulic fracturing to stimulate the reservoir further, thereby reducing the volume of oil and gas left in the ground to an economic minimum. By the turn of the
2087:
517:
through export (distribution) as well as consumption (combustion), which are identical whether the oil or gas are derived from conventional or unconventional reservoirs. Their
200:
to achieve their goals, which had been known about for decades but had previously been too costly to be economically attractive. Today, unconventional reservoirs include
291:). In general, the technical and commercial risk associated with discrete conventional reservoirs can be reduced using relatively inexpensive remote techniques such as
257:). These characteristics significantly impact predictability (risk to find, appraise and develop) and in turn the methods of extraction from those reservoirs such as
1343:
defined as a fine-grained sedimentary rock rich in thermally immature organic material, which requires industrial processing (retorting) to distill oil from the rock
1983:
2828:
1216:
resource density defined here as the concentration of oil or gas by unit area because it determines the number of wells needed for efficient extraction
308:
237:
2208:
1506:
872:
1073:"Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States"
1496:
1370:
1978:
1973:
1958:
1953:
1501:
1923:
193:
538:
1047:
Ahlbrandt, Thomas S.; Charpentier, Ronald R.; Klett, T.R.; Schmoker, James W.; Schenk, Christopher J.; Ulmishek, Gregory F. (2005).
1547:
1516:
1511:
36:
Schematic unconventional reservoir classification expressed as fluid energy vs flow potential based on initials without stimulation
276:. Most conventional oil or gas fields initially flow naturally by buoyancy alone into the well bore, with their limits defined by
2290:
172:
efficiency, because supply vastly outstripped demand and leaving "difficult" oil in the ground was economically expedient. Two
1988:
656:
1572:
1004:
953:
720:
692:
151:
Schematic cross-section of general types of oil and gas resources featuring unconventional as well as conventional reservoirs
272:
geological traps, which are detectable from the surface. These traps constitute relatively small but high resource density
2295:
1963:
1537:
1542:
2916:
2676:
2355:
2071:
1321:
defined as viscous oil held by capillary forces in unconsolidated sediments containing mixtures of sand, clay and water
762:
17:
2823:
2127:
1880:
924:
842:
809:
101:
pathways towards Earth's surface over time. Some of the oil and gas percolate all the way to the surface as natural
2712:
2365:
1860:
1557:
1552:
1363:
581:
1109:
of Earth's crust, which varies at different locations; less common biogenic methane forms at much shallower depths
2370:
1928:
1813:
1739:
277:
78:
2838:
2609:
2275:
1828:
1746:
1673:
1056:
304:
2906:
2046:
1943:
1933:
1855:
576:
122:
2818:
2813:
2350:
2335:
1784:
970:
2896:
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1356:
738:
312:
2911:
2420:
2021:
2006:
1968:
1729:
1606:
1072:
209:
110:
132:. Wells are drilled into these reservoirs to create a path for oil and gas to reach the surface. When
2792:
2325:
2066:
1870:
636:
894:
514:
273:
106:
971:"Abstract:What Are Unconventional Resources? A Simple Definition Using Viscosity and Permeability"
265:
2843:
2717:
1774:
1766:
1717:
1668:
1588:
1473:
1468:
1141:
the expression "conventional resources" refers to oil or gas derived from conventional reservoirs
1129:
133:
189:
2320:
2061:
1751:
1601:
1438:
1413:
834:
161:
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naturally through buoyancy. Where the pressures are low, flow can be assisted with pumps (e.g.
32:
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2056:
1818:
1685:
1638:
1611:
1453:
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602:
292:
177:
169:
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where the capillary entry pressures are higher than the buoyancy pressure of the oil and gas
826:
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1908:
1734:
1707:
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60:
8:
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128:
72:
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2011:
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2036:
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1865:
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1302:
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or fraccing) compensates for formation damage in proximity to the well bore, whereas
1052:
1000:
949:
920:
838:
827:
805:
758:
716:
688:
651:
591:
533:). The artificial transfer of heat and pressure require the use of large volumes of
213:
48:
2564:
2285:
1888:
1806:
1724:
1562:
1443:
1310:
941:
661:
631:
518:
165:
56:
1305:
on the seabed, in ocean and deep lake sediments and permafrost regions trapped in
2797:
2787:
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2280:
2169:
2095:
1898:
1893:
1823:
1791:
1702:
1418:
1331:
1244:
586:
530:
1225:
tool or technique for evaluating the extent and limits of an oil or gas resource
2634:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2475:
2450:
2159:
2100:
2031:
1918:
1903:
1712:
1650:
1395:
1269:
defined as natural gas held by capillary forces in low-permeability, typically
626:
571:
269:
137:
114:
102:
52:
945:
105:, either on land or on the sea floor. The rest remains trapped underground by
2880:
2702:
2659:
2624:
2253:
2134:
2107:
2041:
1433:
1306:
829:
Nontechnical Guide to
Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production
606:
558:
285:
264:
Conventional oil & gas accumulations are concentrated by buoyancy driven
2762:
2692:
2584:
2574:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2435:
2415:
2360:
2144:
2112:
2051:
1948:
1850:
1756:
1633:
1567:
1334:
contained within restricted pore space of low permeability sedimentary rock
641:
2732:
2654:
2604:
2425:
2395:
2340:
2330:
2016:
1695:
1678:
1596:
1458:
1428:
1423:
858:
566:
534:
510:
118:
90:
86:
1256:
defined as natural gas held by capillary forces in low-permeability non-
997:
Unconventional Oil and Gas
Resources Handbook Evaluation and Development
232:
Essential differences between conventional and unconventional reservoirs
2782:
2649:
2639:
2405:
2243:
2149:
1286:
410:
250:
185:
1021:
2777:
2508:
2455:
2400:
2390:
2300:
2248:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2154:
1835:
1463:
1390:
1348:
1290:
621:
611:
597:
254:
225:
221:
217:
205:
173:
82:
778:
2772:
2752:
2747:
2727:
2722:
2498:
2488:
2410:
2345:
2117:
1845:
1801:
1796:
1660:
1154:
616:
300:
295:
and extracted with relatively few appraisal and development wells.
258:
141:
94:
192:
was required, particularly by the USA, who were driven to achieve
2440:
2430:
2310:
2305:
2220:
1274:
1046:
715:. UK, USA & Australia: Blackwell Publishing. pp. i-350.
552:
98:
1247:
where percolating oil or gas have migrated into geological traps
804:. Brentwood, Essex, England: Multi-Science Pub. Co. p. 90.
2757:
2644:
2629:
2619:
2579:
2493:
1105:
or as little as 2-3 kms for thermogenic gas, depending on the
2539:
2513:
2483:
2445:
2385:
2380:
2375:
687:(1.01 ed.). Society of Petroleum Engineers. p. 52.
2767:
2707:
2460:
1938:
975:
2599:
2465:
2238:
1234:
technique for extracting the minimum amount of oil or gas
1078:. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). June 2013
685:
Petroleum
Resource Management System (revised June 2018)
236:
The distinction between conventional and unconventional
2228:
742:. Vol. 89, no. 7. 18 August 1980. p. 44.
81:
naturally at depths of around 4 or 5 kms below Earth’s
1049:
Global
Resource Estimates from Total Petroleum Systems
2829:
1330:
also known as tight oil or shale oil, is defined as
548:
59:, requiring specialized measures for evaluation and
246:
and/or the physical properties of the oil and gas (
736:"Oil Glut, Price Cuts: How Long Will They Last?".
117:of oil and gas accumulate by displacing water in
2878:
1051:. American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
897:. The Economist Newspaper Limited. The Economist
710:
55:are tightly bound to the rock fabric by strong
994:
779:"Michael Lynch Hubbert Peak of Oil Production"
180:of trapped oil and gas, using techniques like
1364:
873:"Unconventional gas and oil in North America"
242:reflects differences in the qualities of the
136:are relatively high, oil and gas rise to the
504:
935:
1371:
1357:
1289:into the solid matrix of low-permeability
1204:
1019:
882:. European Parliamentary Research Service.
678:
676:
525:tar sands and oil shales) or as pressure (
1243:defined as porous or naturally fractured
755:Crude Reality: Petroleum in World History
66:
1170:the costs of enhancing recovery are high
995:Zee Ma, Y; Holditch, Stephen A. (2016).
799:
711:Gluyas, Jon; Swarbrick, Richard (2004).
706:
704:
146:
31:
2291:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
673:
667:
41:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoirs
14:
2879:
2165:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
1924:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
1378:
1179:e.g. tar sands and immature oil shales
968:
857:US Energy Information Administration,
757:. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
657:World energy resources and consumption
1352:
752:
701:
353:Well bore pressure;Reflection seismic
2296:China National Petroleum Corporation
892:
824:
513:, there are established issues with
917:Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media,
682:
24:
2356:National Iranian South Oil Company
2072:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
938:Petroleum Formation and Occurrence
936:Tissot, B.P.; Welte, D.H. (1984).
870:
25:
2928:
2824:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
2713:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
2366:Oil & Gas Development Company
1198:main influences on fluid dynamics
833:. PennWell Corporation. pp.
2861:
2860:
582:Environmental impact of fracking
551:
93:, the oil and gas are driven by
2371:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
1337:
1324:
1315:
1301:defined as natural gas held as
1295:
1279:
1263:
1250:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1192:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1144:
1135:
1065:
1040:
1013:
988:
962:
929:
909:
886:
864:
851:
818:
280:measurable from the well bore (
85:. Being lighter than the water
2839:Society of Petroleum Engineers
2610:Port Harcourt Refining Company
2276:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
1121:
1112:
1099:
1022:"IPCC Sixth Assessment Report"
895:"Leader:America's oil bonanza"
793:
771:
746:
729:
13:
1:
1785:Production sharing agreements
577:Fracking in the United States
418:well bore (depressurization)
228:, mostly from North America.
27:Type of hydrocarbon reservoir
2819:Canadian petroleum companies
2814:American Petroleum Institute
2351:National Iranian Oil Company
2336:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
739:U.S. News & World Report
435:Reflection seismic; drilling
7:
2834:International Energy Agency
1819:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
544:
113:. In this way, underground
10:
2933:
2421:PTT Public Company Limited
2022:East Midlands Oil Province
2007:List of natural gas fields
1607:Integrated asset modelling
1153:hydraulic fracturing (aka
861:, accessed March 21, 2014.
539:supply and disposal issues
155:
125:, they are referred to as
70:
2917:Reservoir rock formations
2856:
2806:
2793:Weatherford International
2672:
2522:
2474:
2326:Iraq National Oil Company
2262:
2219:
2204:
2195:
2080:
1997:
1879:
1765:
1659:
1587:
1530:
1489:
1482:
1404:
1386:
946:10.1007/978-3-642-87813-8
893:Anon (17 November 2012).
637:Future energy development
505:Environmental differences
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
198:unconventional reservoirs
160:In the early days of the
1093:
825:Hyne, Norman J. (2001).
753:Black, Brian C. (2012).
515:greenhouse gas emissions
164:, there was no need for
45:unconventional resources
2844:World Petroleum Council
2718:China Oilfield Services
1775:Petroleum fiscal regime
1474:Western Canadian Select
1469:West Texas Intermediate
1285:defined as natural gas
1205:Abbreviated definitions
969:Cander, Harris (2012).
311:/well limit defined by
2321:Indian Oil Corporation
1807:Submersible pump (ESP)
1752:Underbalanced drilling
1573:of gasoline and diesel
880:EPRS In-depth analysis
152:
67:Conventional reservoir
37:
2698:Cameron International
2140:Petrodollar recycling
2123:fossil fuel phase-out
1686:Differential sticking
1639:Reflection seismology
1612:Petroleum engineering
1454:OPEC Reference Basket
800:Campbell, CJ (2005).
603:Synthetic natural gas
509:As with all forms of
478:well bore (fracking)
396:well bore (fracking)
376:well bore (fracking)
293:reflection seismology
196:. The USA turned to
150:
121:. If the pockets are
47:(resource plays) are
35:
2907:Petroleum production
2595:Occidental Petroleum
1909:1990 oil price shock
1735:Shale oil extraction
1708:Drilling engineering
1691:Directional drilling
1617:Reservoir simulation
713:Petroleum Geoscience
668:References and notes
498:retort (sub mature)
134:pressure differences
2743:Naftiran Intertrade
2688:Amec Foster Wheeler
2615:Reliance Industries
2504:Naftiran Intertrade
2316:Hindustan Petroleum
1914:2000s energy crisis
1107:Geothermal gradient
915:Bear, Jacob, 1972.
438:?mining/well bore?
361:Basin-centered gas
194:energy independence
107:geological barriers
73:Petroleum reservoir
2897:Unconventional gas
2892:Unconventional oil
2887:Petroleum industry
2590:Marathon Petroleum
2012:List of oil fields
1622:Reservoir modeling
1380:Petroleum industry
647:Energy development
202:basin-centered gas
153:
51:where oil and gas
38:
18:Unconventional oil
2912:Petroleum geology
2874:
2873:
2852:
2851:
2738:Nabors Industries
2668:
2667:
1866:Well intervention
1841:Petroleum product
1740:Ljungström method
1644:Seismic inversion
1629:Petroleum geology
1583:
1582:
1132:if not controlled
1006:978-0-12-802238-2
955:978-3-642-87815-2
781:. Hubbertpeak.com
722:978-0-632-03767-4
694:978-1-61399-660-7
652:Alternative fuels
592:Methane clathrate
519:carbon footprints
502:
501:
16:(Redirected from
2924:
2864:
2863:
2565:Hess Corporation
2286:Bharat Petroleum
2217:
2216:
2202:
2201:
1889:1967 Oil Embargo
1725:Lost circulation
1563:Posted oil price
1487:
1486:
1444:Isthmus-34 Light
1373:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1299:
1293:
1283:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1186:
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1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1028:. United Nations
1020:United Nations.
1017:
1011:
1010:
999:. Elsevier Inc.
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
966:
960:
959:
933:
927:
913:
907:
906:
904:
902:
890:
884:
883:
877:
871:Erbach, Gregor.
868:
862:
859:Natural gas data
855:
849:
848:
832:
822:
816:
815:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
775:
769:
768:
750:
744:
743:
733:
727:
726:
708:
699:
698:
680:
662:Oil megaprojects
632:Renewable energy
561:
556:
555:
401:Coalbed Methane
333:Main predictors
318:
317:
284:fluid pressure,
266:aquifer pathways
188:, a new kind of
109:in a variety of
87:saturating rocks
77:Oil and gas are
57:capillary forces
21:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2848:
2802:
2798:John Wood Group
2788:Valaris Limited
2681:
2678:
2675:
2664:
2530:APA Corporation
2518:
2470:
2269:
2266:
2258:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2197:
2191:
2092:Classification
2076:
1999:
1993:
1929:Nationalization
1899:1979 oil crisis
1894:1973 oil crisis
1875:
1861:Water injection
1829:Steam injection
1824:Gas reinjection
1792:Artificial lift
1761:
1703:Drill stem test
1655:
1579:
1526:
1478:
1400:
1382:
1377:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1332:light crude oil
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:water molecules
1307:hydrogen bonded
1303:methane hydrate
1300:
1296:
1284:
1280:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1245:rock formations
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1100:
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1091:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1018:
1014:
1007:
993:
989:
979:
977:
967:
963:
956:
940:. p. 476.
934:
930:
914:
910:
900:
898:
891:
887:
875:
869:
865:
856:
852:
845:
823:
819:
812:
798:
794:
784:
782:
777:
776:
772:
765:
751:
747:
735:
734:
730:
723:
709:
702:
695:
681:
674:
670:
587:Coalbed methane
557:
550:
547:
507:
463:Light Tight Oil
455:drilling/mining
336:Min extraction
305:steam injection
278:fluid mechanics
234:
222:light tight oil
210:coalbed methane
190:energy resource
158:
142:nodding donkeys
111:trap geometries
75:
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
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2889:
2872:
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2869:
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2800:
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2755:
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2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Surgutneftegas
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Eneos Holdings
2552:
2547:
2545:ConocoPhillips
2542:
2537:
2535:Cenovus Energy
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2476:Energy trading
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2162:
2160:Swing producer
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:Gulf of Mexico
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:2010s oil glut
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:1980s oil glut
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1713:Drilling fluid
1710:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1651:Seismic source
1648:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:Japan Cocktail
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1396:Primary energy
1393:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1323:
1314:
1294:
1278:
1262:
1249:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1143:
1134:
1120:
1111:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1064:
1057:
1039:
1012:
1005:
987:
961:
954:
928:
908:
885:
863:
850:
843:
817:
810:
792:
770:
764:978-0742556546
763:
745:
728:
721:
700:
693:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
627:Extreme energy
624:
619:
614:
609:
600:
595:
589:
584:
579:
574:
572:Petroleum trap
569:
563:
562:
546:
543:
529:shale gas and
506:
503:
500:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
480:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
460:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
420:
419:
416:
413:
408:
405:
402:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
378:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
338:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
233:
230:
157:
154:
71:Main article:
68:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2929:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2867:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2671:
2661:
2660:Valero Energy
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Suncor Energy
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2254:TotalEnergies
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2203:
2200:
2198:organisations
2196:Companies and
2194:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:Petrocurrency
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Oil shale gas
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2088:Abbreviations
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Permian Basin
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:United States
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:Seven Sisters
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Core sampling
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:Indian Basket
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1195:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1002:
998:
991:
976:
972:
965:
957:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
926:
925:0-486-65675-6
922:
918:
912:
896:
889:
881:
874:
867:
860:
854:
846:
844:9780878148233
840:
836:
831:
830:
821:
813:
811:0-906522-39-0
807:
803:
796:
780:
774:
766:
760:
756:
749:
741:
740:
732:
724:
718:
714:
707:
705:
696:
690:
686:
679:
677:
672:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
607:oil shale gas
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:(gas hydrate)
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
559:Energy portal
554:
549:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
481:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
421:
417:
414:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
379:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
355:
352:
349:
346:
344:Oil & gas
343:
340:
339:
319:
316:
314:
313:well delivery
310:
306:
302:
296:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
249:
245:
241:
240:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
149:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:
127:conventional
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
74:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:accumulations
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
2763:Schlumberger
2693:Baker Hughes
2585:Marathon Oil
2575:Imperial Oil
2570:Husky Energy
2560:Galp Energia
2550:Devon Energy
2436:Saudi Aramco
2416:Petrovietnam
2361:NNPC Limited
2265:National oil
2164:
2145:Petrofiction
2113:Orphan wells
2081:Other topics
2052:Persian Gulf
1979:Saudi Arabia
1949:Standard Oil
1757:Well logging
1634:Petrophysics
1339:
1326:
1317:
1297:
1281:
1265:
1252:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1194:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1123:
1114:
1101:
1080:. Retrieved
1067:
1048:
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1025:
1015:
996:
990:
978:. Retrieved
974:
964:
937:
931:
916:
911:
899:. Retrieved
888:
879:
866:
853:
828:
820:
801:
795:
783:. Retrieved
773:
754:
748:
737:
731:
712:
684:
683:SPE (2018).
642:Hubbert peak
526:
522:
508:
458:steam flood
423:Gas hydrates
341:Conventional
297:
288:
281:
263:
251:permeability
247:
238:
235:
214:gas hydrates
197:
181:
162:oil industry
159:
126:
76:
44:
40:
39:
29:
2733:Halliburton
2605:Phillips 66
2426:QatarEnergy
2396:Petrobangla
2331:KazMunayGas
2221:Supermajors
2170:heavy crude
2057:Prudhoe Bay
2037:Niger Delta
2017:Caspian Sea
1780:Concessions
1730:Measurement
1696:Geosteering
1679:Squeeze job
1589:Exploration
1538:Consumption
1497:Consumption
1490:Natural gas
1419:Bonny Light
1032:24 November
980:24 November
901:20 November
567:Source rock
535:fresh water
511:fossil fuel
452:?capillary?
168:to improve
166:stimulation
119:porous rock
97:up through
91:water table
2881:Categories
2783:Transocean
2650:Tullow Oil
2640:TechnipFMC
2406:PetroChina
2244:ExxonMobil
2150:Shale band
2027:East Texas
2000:and fields
1814:Downstream
1767:Production
1674:Completion
1602:Geophysics
1543:Production
1502:Production
1439:Indonesian
1414:Argus Sour
1406:Benchmarks
1291:coal seams
1151:restricted
1058:0891813675
802:Oil Crisis
785:3 November
605:, such as
483:Oil shales
443:Tar sands
432:?buoyancy?
411:adsorption
356:Well bore
321:Reservoir
186:millennium
182:restricted
174:world wars
129:reservoirs
89:below the
61:extraction
2778:TC Energy
2679:companies
2509:Trafigura
2456:Sonatrach
2401:Petrobras
2391:Pertamina
2301:Ecopetrol
2267:companies
2211:companies
2209:petroleum
2185:tight oil
2180:oil shale
2175:oil sands
2155:Shale gas
2096:sweet oil
2067:Venezuela
2042:North Sea
1998:Provinces
1989:Venezuela
1836:Midstream
1531:Petroleum
1391:Petroleum
1309:, frozen
1189:viability
1159:pervasive
622:Tight oil
612:Tight gas
598:Shale gas
537:creating
472:capillary
390:capillary
381:Shale gas
370:capillary
255:viscosity
244:reservoir
239:resources
226:oil shale
218:tar sands
206:shale gas
138:well bore
123:permeable
79:generated
2902:Peak oil
2866:Category
2773:Subsea 7
2753:Petrofac
2748:NOV Inc.
2728:GE Power
2723:Enbridge
2677:services
2499:Mercuria
2489:Glencore
2451:Sonangol
2411:Petronas
2346:Naftogaz
2118:Peak oil
2101:sour oil
1856:Upstream
1851:Refining
1846:Pipeline
1802:Pumpjack
1797:Gas lift
1718:invasion
1661:Drilling
1548:Reserves
1507:Reserves
1287:adsorbed
1155:fracking
919:Dover.
617:Oil sand
545:See also
475:drilling
415:drilling
393:drilling
373:drilling
350:buoyancy
327:Density
309:reserves
301:fracking
270:discrete
259:fracking
212:(CBM),
178:recovery
170:recovery
103:seepages
95:buoyancy
2441:Sinopec
2431:Rosneft
2311:Gazprom
2306:Equinor
2234:Chevron
1881:History
1747:Tracers
1669:Blowout
1558:Exports
1553:Imports
1517:Exports
1512:Imports
1275:mudrock
1271:fissile
1258:fissile
1130:blowout
1082:11 June
286:OWC/GWC
253:and/or
156:History
115:pockets
99:aquifer
83:surface
2807:Others
2758:Saipem
2655:Tüpraş
2645:TNK-BP
2630:Sunoco
2620:Repsol
2580:Lukoil
2523:Others
2494:Gunvor
2128:timing
2062:Russia
1974:Norway
1959:France
1954:Canada
1055:
1003:
952:
923:
841:
837:–449.
808:
761:
719:
691:
495:mining
492:bonded
324:Phase
274:fields
53:phases
2674:Major
2540:Cepsa
2514:Vitol
2484:Enron
2446:SOCAR
2386:Pemex
2381:PDVSA
2376:Orlen
2341:Lotos
2281:ANCAP
2249:Shell
2206:Major
1964:India
1568:Price
1522:Price
1464:Urals
1459:Tapis
1429:Dubai
1424:Brent
1094:Notes
1076:(PDF)
876:(PDF)
330:Flow
268:into
43:, or
2768:Snam
2708:CH2M
2461:TPAO
1969:Iraq
1939:OPEC
1934:GECF
1483:Data
1260:rock
1084:2013
1053:ISBN
1034:2022
1026:IPCC
1001:ISBN
982:2022
950:ISBN
921:ISBN
903:2022
839:ISBN
806:ISBN
787:2013
759:ISBN
717:ISBN
689:ISBN
527:e.g.
523:e.g.
489:high
449:high
429:high
407:high
347:high
289:etc.
282:e.g.
248:i.e.
224:and
2703:CGG
2600:OMV
2466:YPF
2239:Eni
942:doi
835:431
531:CBM
486:oil
469:low
466:oil
446:oil
426:gas
404:gas
387:low
384:gas
367:low
364:gas
303:or
144:).
2883::
2229:BP
1871:XT
1273:,
1024:.
973:.
948:.
878:.
703:^
675:^
315:.
261:.
220:,
216:,
208:,
204:,
63:.
1372:e
1365:t
1358:v
1086:.
1061:.
1036:.
1009:.
984:.
958:.
944::
905:.
847:.
814:.
789:.
767:.
725:.
697:.
20:)
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