105:
250:
238:
266:
2034:
317:. The scale of the technology is frequently smaller than for an oil well, and can typically fit on top of an existing hand-pumped well head. The technology is simple, typically using a parallel-bar double-cam lift driven from a low-power electric motor, although the number of pumpjacks with stroke lengths 54 inches (1.4 m) and longer being used as water pumps is increasing. A short video recording of such a pump in action can be viewed on YouTube.
34:
297:
upwards. When the rods begin pushing down, the traveling valve opens and the standing valve closes (due to an increase in pressure in the pump barrel). The traveling valve drops through the fluid in the barrel (which had been sucked in during the upstroke). The piston then reaches the end of its stroke and begins its path upwards again, repeating the process.
199:
300:
Often, gas is produced through the same perforations as the oil. This can be problematic if gas enters the pump, because it can result in what is known as gas locking, where insufficient pressure builds up in the pump barrel to open the valves (due to compression of the gas) and little or nothing is
230:
The polished rod has a close fit to the stuffing box, letting it move in and out of the tubing without fluid escaping. (The tubing is a pipe that runs to the bottom of the well through which the liquid is produced.) The bridle follows the curve of the horse head as it lowers and raises to create a
296:
When the rods at the pump end are travelling up, the traveling valve is closed and the standing valve is open (due to the drop in pressure in the pump barrel). Consequently, the pump barrel fills with the fluid from the formation as the traveling piston lifts the previous contents of the barrel
112:
In the early days, pumpjacks worked by rod lines running horizontally above the ground to a wheel on a rotating eccentric in a mechanism known as a central power. The central power, which might operate a dozen or more pumpjacks, would be powered by a steam or internal combustion engine or by an
128:
is not available (while single phase motors exist at least up to 60 horsepower or 45 kilowatts, providing power to single-phase motors above 10 horsepower or 7.5 kilowatts can cause powerline problems, notably voltage sag on startup, and many pumps require more than 10 horsepower). Common
285:: a stationary valve at bottom called the standing valve, and a valve on the piston connected to the bottom of the sucker rods that travels up and down as the rods reciprocate, known as the traveling valve. Reservoir fluid enters from the formation into the bottom of the borehole through
249:
95:
A pumpjack is also called a beam pump, walking beam pump, horsehead pump, nodding donkey pump (donkey pumper), rocking horse pump, grasshopper pump, sucker rod pump, dinosaur pump, Big Texan pump, thirsty bird pump, hobby horse, or just pumping unit.
202:
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328:
to its lowest position, and attaching a manual handle to the top of the wellhead rod. In larger pumpjacks powered by engines, the engine can run off fuel stored in a reservoir or from natural gas delivered from the nearest
56:
It is used to mechanically lift liquid out of the well if there is not enough bottom hole pressure for the liquid to flow all the way to the surface. The arrangement is often used for onshore wells. Pumpjacks are common in
231:
vertical or nearly-vertical stroke. The polished rod is connected to a long string of rods called sucker rods, which run through the tubing to the down-hole pump, usually positioned near the bottom of the well.
204:
72:
and water. Pump size is also determined by the depth and weight of the oil to remove, with deeper extraction requiring more power to move the increased weight of the discharge column (discharge head).
289:
that have been made through the casing and cement (the casing is a larger metal pipe that runs the length of the well, which has cement placed between it and the earth; the tubing, pump, and
305:(the space between the casing and the tubing) while the liquid moves down to the standing valve inlet. Once at the surface, the gas is collected through piping connected to the annulus.
301:
pumped. To preclude this, the inlet for the pump can be placed below the perforations. As the gas-laden fluid enters the well bore through the perforations, the gas bubbles up the
1259:
64:
Depending on the size of the pump, it generally produces 5 to 40 litres (1 to 9 imp gal; 1.5 to 10.5 US gal) of liquid at each stroke. Often this is an
203:
117:
to power all the pumpjacks rather than individual motors for each. However, among the many difficulties was maintaining system balance as individual well loads changed.
243:
Picture of a pump jack used to mechanically lift liquid out of the well if there is not enough bottom hole pressure for the liquid to flow all the way to the surface.
1155:
176:. On the other end of the beam is a curved metal box called a horse head or donkey head, so named due to its appearance. A cable made of steel—occasionally,
2000:
259:, California: Hundreds of pumpjacks are visible in the full-size view. This style of development was common in the oil booms of the early 20th century.
75:
A beam-type pumpjack converts the rotary motion of the motor to the vertical reciprocating motion necessary to drive the polished-rod and accompanying
195:
due to their weight, so on pumpjacks that do not carry very heavy loads, the weight of the cranks themselves may be enough to balance the well load.
397:"Colorful "pumpjack," a type of small oil pump that's a common sight in West Texas, along U.S. 83 near the town of Winters in Runnels County, Texas"
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678:
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and the lifted water is not pressurised, the beam pumping unit has the option of hand pumping in an emergency, by hand-rotating the pumpjack
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for protection from the elements. Engines that power water pumpjacks often receive natural gas from the nearest available
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Sometimes, however, crank-balanced units can become prohibitively heavy due to the need for counterweights.
104:
1990:
1985:
1522:
1507:
956:
168:
installed on them to offset the weight of the heavy rod assembly. The cranks raise and lower one end of an
333:. In some cases, this type of pump consumes less power than a jet pump and is, therefore, cheaper to run.
2037:
2005:
528:
124:
are used in isolated locations without access to electricity, or, in the cases of water pumpjacks, where
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1193:
1178:
1140:
901:
778:
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125:
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137:, often casing gas produced from the well, but pumpjacks have been run on many types of fuel, such as
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Modern pumpjacks are powered by a prime mover. This is commonly an electric motor, but
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1909:
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and column (fluid) load. The engineering term for this type of mechanism is a
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605:
396:
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Although the flow rate for a water well pumpjack is lower than that from a
185:
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867:
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electric motor. Among the advantages of this scheme was only having one
1954:
1821:
1811:
1577:
1415:
1321:
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224:
177:
76:
281:
At the bottom of the tubing is the down-hole pump. This pump has two
1949:
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1472:
1420:
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1351:
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1007:
635:
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520:
517:, The American Oil & Gas Historical Society, updated October 2014
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69:
33:
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180:—, called a bridle, connects the horse head to the polished rod, a
156:
The prime mover runs a set of pulleys to the transmission, often a
150:
65:
50:
219:
offer "air-balanced" units, where counterbalance is provided by a
1612:
1602:
1482:
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1392:
313:
Pumpjacks can also be used to drive what would now be considered
173:
138:
19:"Nodding donkey" redirects here. For the British Rail train, see
145:. In harsh climates, such motors and engines may be housed in a
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26:"Pump jack" redirects here. For the scaffolding system, see
1939:
1879:
1632:
1110:
463:"Options Beyond Three-Phase For Serving Remote Motor Loads"
108:
A pumpjack operating at an oil well in
Natchez, Mississippi
1771:
1637:
1410:
1400:
271:
A pumpjack in
Southern Alberta fueled by natural gas.
2001:
16:
Drive for a reciprocating piston pump in an oil well
2050:
373:"Old Stuff from the Oil Fields - Pumping Jacks"
536:
45:is the overground drive for a reciprocating
227:, eliminating the need for counterweights.
543:
529:
211:Oilfield pumpjack in Hockley County, Texas
83:. It was often employed in stationary and
197:
103:
87:designs in the 18th and 19th centuries.
32:
1463:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
308:
2051:
1337:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
1096:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
550:
524:
315:old-fashioned hand-pumped water wells
1468:China National Petroleum Corporation
515:All Pumped Up – Oilfield Technology
191:The cranks themselves also produce
13:
1528:National Iranian South Oil Company
1244:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
14:
2075:
1996:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
1885:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
1538:Oil & Gas Development Company
508:
399:. Library of Congress. 2014-03-07
2033:
2032:
418:"Oil History: The Central Power"
264:
248:
236:
1543:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
99:
2011:Society of Petroleum Engineers
1782:Port Harcourt Refining Company
1448:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
487:
455:
430:
410:
389:
365:
1:
957:Production sharing agreements
358:
1991:Canadian petroleum companies
1986:American Petroleum Institute
1523:National Iranian Oil Company
1508:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
293:are all inside the casing).
276:
172:which is free to move on an
7:
2006:International Energy Agency
991:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
336:
122:internal combustion engines
10:
2080:
1593:PTT Public Company Limited
1194:East Midlands Oil Province
1179:List of natural gas fields
779:Integrated asset modelling
25:
18:
2028:
1978:
1965:Weatherford International
1844:
1694:
1646:
1498:Iraq National Oil Company
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160:, which drives a pair of
223:charged with air from a
184:that passes through the
158:double-reduction gearbox
133:pumpjack engines run on
90:
2016:World Petroleum Council
1890:China Oilfield Services
947:Petroleum fiscal regime
646:Western Canadian Select
641:West Texas Intermediate
348:Progressing cavity pump
37:A diagram of a pumpjack
1493:Indian Oil Corporation
979:Submersible pump (ESP)
924:Underbalanced drilling
745:of gasoline and diesel
255:The densely developed
212:
109:
38:
1870:Cameron International
1312:Petrodollar recycling
1295:fossil fuel phase-out
858:Differential sticking
811:Reflection seismology
784:Petroleum engineering
626:OPEC Reference Basket
438:"Single Phase Motors"
210:
107:
36:
2059:Petroleum technology
1767:Occidental Petroleum
1081:1990 oil price shock
907:Shale oil extraction
880:Drilling engineering
863:Directional drilling
789:Reservoir simulation
309:Water well pumpjacks
257:Kern River Oil Field
21:Pacer (British Rail)
1915:Naftiran Intertrade
1860:Amec Foster Wheeler
1787:Reliance Industries
1676:Naftiran Intertrade
1488:Hindustan Petroleum
1086:2000s energy crisis
85:marine steam engine
1762:Marathon Petroleum
1184:List of oil fields
794:Reservoir modeling
552:Petroleum industry
377:www.sjvgeology.org
221:pneumatic cylinder
213:
110:
39:
2046:
2045:
2024:
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1910:Nabors Industries
1840:
1839:
1038:Well intervention
1013:Petroleum product
912:Ljungström method
816:Seismic inversion
801:Petroleum geology
755:
754:
283:ball check valves
217:Lufkin Industries
208:
164:, generally with
126:three-phase power
2071:
2036:
2035:
1737:Hess Corporation
1458:Bharat Petroleum
1389:
1388:
1374:
1373:
1061:1967 Oil Embargo
897:Lost circulation
735:Posted oil price
659:
658:
616:Isthmus-34 Light
545:
538:
531:
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496:
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475:on April 2, 2017
474:
468:. Archived from
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440:. Archived from
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353:Submersible pump
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1960:Valaris Limited
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1702:APA Corporation
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1264:Classification
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1101:Nationalization
1071:1979 oil crisis
1066:1973 oil crisis
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1033:Water injection
1001:Steam injection
996:Gas reinjection
964:Artificial lift
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1807:Surgutneftegas
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1707:Cenovus Energy
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1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1426:TotalEnergies
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1375:
1372:
1370:organisations
1368:Companies and
1366:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Petrocurrency
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Oil shale gas
1278:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1260:Abbreviations
1258:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Permian Basin
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:United States
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:Seven Sisters
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
987:
984:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
965:
962:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
944:
942:
940:
936:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
891:
888:
887:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
859:
856:
852:
849:
848:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
836:
834:
830:
824:
821:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
769:Core sampling
767:
766:
764:
762:
758:
746:
743:
742:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
705:
701:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
664:
660:
657:
653:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
606:Indian Basket
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
581:
579:
575:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
557:
553:
546:
541:
539:
534:
532:
527:
526:
523:
516:
513:
512:
501:
497:
490:
471:
464:
458:
444:on 2005-02-26
443:
439:
433:
419:
413:
398:
392:
378:
374:
368:
364:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
334:
332:
327:
323:
318:
316:
306:
304:
298:
294:
292:
288:
284:
267:
262:
258:
251:
246:
239:
234:
233:
232:
228:
226:
222:
218:
196:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
118:
116:
106:
97:
88:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
62:
60:
54:
52:
48:
44:
35:
29:
22:
1935:Schlumberger
1865:Baker Hughes
1757:Marathon Oil
1747:Imperial Oil
1742:Husky Energy
1732:Galp Energia
1722:Devon Energy
1608:Saudi Aramco
1588:Petrovietnam
1533:NNPC Limited
1437:National oil
1317:Petrofiction
1285:Orphan wells
1253:Other topics
1224:Persian Gulf
1151:Saudi Arabia
1121:Standard Oil
973:
929:Well logging
806:Petrophysics
495:Pumping unit
489:
477:. Retrieved
470:the original
457:
446:. Retrieved
442:the original
432:
421:. Retrieved
412:
401:. Retrieved
391:
380:. Retrieved
376:
367:
319:
312:
299:
295:
287:perforations
280:
229:
214:
190:
186:stuffing box
155:
119:
111:
100:Above ground
94:
81:walking beam
74:
63:
55:
42:
40:
1905:Halliburton
1777:Phillips 66
1598:QatarEnergy
1568:Petrobangla
1503:KazMunayGas
1393:Supermajors
1342:heavy crude
1229:Prudhoe Bay
1209:Niger Delta
1189:Caspian Sea
952:Concessions
902:Measurement
868:Geosteering
851:Squeeze job
761:Exploration
710:Consumption
669:Consumption
662:Natural gas
591:Bonny Light
143:diesel fuel
135:natural gas
115:prime mover
47:piston pump
2053:Categories
1955:Transocean
1822:Tullow Oil
1812:TechnipFMC
1578:PetroChina
1416:ExxonMobil
1322:Shale band
1199:East Texas
1172:and fields
986:Downstream
939:Production
846:Completion
774:Geophysics
715:Production
674:Production
611:Indonesian
586:Argus Sour
578:Benchmarks
448:2017-04-29
423:2011-02-05
403:2021-10-11
382:2017-03-22
359:References
291:sucker rod
225:compressor
178:fibreglass
77:sucker rod
1950:TC Energy
1851:companies
1681:Trafigura
1628:Sonatrach
1573:Petrobras
1563:Pertamina
1473:Ecopetrol
1439:companies
1383:companies
1381:petroleum
1357:tight oil
1352:oil shale
1347:oil sands
1327:Shale gas
1268:sweet oil
1239:Venezuela
1214:North Sea
1170:Provinces
1161:Venezuela
1008:Midstream
703:Petroleum
563:Petroleum
479:April 29,
277:Down-hole
70:crude oil
28:Pump-jack
2038:Category
1945:Subsea 7
1925:Petrofac
1920:NOV Inc.
1900:GE Power
1895:Enbridge
1849:services
1671:Mercuria
1661:Glencore
1623:Sonangol
1583:Petronas
1518:Naftogaz
1290:Peak oil
1273:sour oil
1028:Upstream
1023:Refining
1018:Pipeline
974:Pumpjack
969:Gas lift
890:invasion
833:Drilling
720:Reserves
679:Reserves
343:Gas lift
337:See also
331:gas grid
322:jet pump
151:gas grid
131:off-grid
66:emulsion
51:oil well
43:pumpjack
1613:Sinopec
1603:Rosneft
1483:Gazprom
1478:Equinor
1406:Chevron
1053:History
919:Tracers
841:Blowout
730:Exports
725:Imports
689:Exports
684:Imports
500:YouTube
303:annulus
174:A-frame
139:propane
1979:Others
1930:Saipem
1827:TĂĽpraĹź
1817:TNK-BP
1802:Sunoco
1792:Repsol
1752:Lukoil
1695:Others
1666:Gunvor
1300:timing
1234:Russia
1146:Norway
1131:France
1126:Canada
182:piston
170:I-beam
162:cranks
49:in an
2064:Pumps
1846:Major
1712:Cepsa
1686:Vitol
1656:Enron
1618:SOCAR
1558:Pemex
1553:PDVSA
1548:Orlen
1513:Lotos
1453:ANCAP
1421:Shell
1378:Major
1136:India
740:Price
694:Price
636:Urals
631:Tapis
601:Dubai
596:Brent
473:(PDF)
466:(PDF)
147:shack
91:Names
1940:Snam
1880:CH2M
1633:TPAO
1141:Iraq
1111:OPEC
1106:GECF
655:Data
481:2017
141:and
1875:CGG
1772:OMV
1638:YPF
1411:Eni
498:on
326:cam
68:of
2055::
1401:BP
1043:XT
375:.
188:.
153:.
61:.
53:.
41:A
544:e
537:t
530:v
483:.
451:.
426:.
406:.
385:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
