Pipeline - Knowledge

1935:(PHMSA) has standard baseline incident frequencies to estimate the number of spills, TransCanada altered these assumptions based on improved pipeline design, operation, and safety. Whether these adjustments are justified is debatable as these assumptions resulted in a nearly 10-fold decrease in spill estimates. Given that the pipeline crosses 247 miles of the Ogallala Aquifer, or 14.5% of the entire pipeline length, and the 50-year life of the entire pipeline is expected to have between 11 – 91 spills, approximately 1.6 – 13.2 spills can be expected to occur over the aquifer. An estimate of 13.2 spills over the aquifer, each lasting 14 days, results in 184 days of potential exposure over the 50 year lifetime of the pipeline. In the reduced-scope worst-case exposure scenario, the volume of a pinhole leak at 1.5% of max flow-rate for 14 days has been estimated at 189,000 barrels or 7.9 million gallons of oil. According to PHMSA's incident database, only 0.5% of all spills in the last 10 years were >10,000 barrels. 1645: 988: 596: 1389: 1944: 655:, the practice of using devices known as "pigs" to perform various maintenance operations on a pipeline. The devices are also known as "scrapers" or "Go-devils". "Smart pigs" (also known as "intelligent" or "intelligence" pigs) are used to detect anomalies in the pipe such as dents, metal loss caused by corrosion, cracking or other mechanical damage. These devices are launched from pig-launcher stations and travel through the pipeline to be received at any other station down-stream, either cleaning wax deposits and material that may have accumulated inside the line or inspecting and recording the condition of the line. 38: 532: 505: 822: 340: 1154: 501:

truck or pipeline. Propane can be used as a fuel in oil fields to heat various facilities used by the oil drillers or equipment and trucks used in the oil patch. EG: Propane will convert from a gas to a liquid under light pressure, 100 psi, give or take depending on temperature, and is pumped into cars and trucks at less than 125 psi (860 kPa) at retail stations. Pipelines and rail cars use about double that pressure to pump at 250 psi (1,700 kPa).

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government regulation, many small, medium and large oil producers in North Dakota have decided to run an oil pipeline north to Canada to meet up with a Canadian oil pipeline shipping oil from west to east. This allows the Bakken Basin and Three Forks oil producers to get higher negotiated prices for their oil because they will not be restricted to just one wholesale market in the US. The distance from the biggest oil patch in North Dakota, in

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the State of Washington it is mandatory for pipeline operators to be able to detect and locate leaks of 8 percent of maximum flow within fifteen minutes or less. Social factors also affect the operation of pipelines. Product theft is sometimes also a problem for pipeline companies. In this case, the detection levels should be under two percent of maximum flow, with a high expectation for location accuracy.

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oil by tanker rail car as they can direct the oil to the market that gives the best price, and rail cars can be used to avoid a congested oil pipeline to get the oil to a different pipeline in order to get the oil to market faster or to a different less busy oil refinery. However, pipelines provide a cheaper means to transport by volume.

1518:. Pipelines for centralized heating systems are often laid on the ground or overhead. Pipelines for petroleum running through permafrost areas as Trans-Alaska-Pipeline are often run overhead in order to avoid melting the frozen ground by hot petroleum which would result in sinking the pipeline in the ground. 1881:

developed by TransCanada, the risk of a substantive or large release over a short period of time contaminating groundwater with benzene is unlikely. Detection, shutoff, and remediation procedures would limit the dissolution and transport of benzene. Therefore, the exposure of benzene would be limited

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Pipeline companies face government regulation, environmental constraints and social situations. Government regulations may define minimum staff to run the operation, operator training requirements, pipeline facilities, technology and applications required to ensure operational safety. For example, in

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In the US minimal amounts of ethanol are transported by pipeline. Most ethanol is shipped by rail, the main alternatives being truck and barge. Delivering ethanol by pipeline is the most desirable option, but ethanol's affinity for water and solvent properties require the use of a dedicated pipeline,

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As more North American pipelines are built, even more exports of LNG, propane, butane, and other natural gas products occur on all three US coasts. To give insight, North Dakota Bakken region's oil production has grown by 600% from 2007 to 2015. North Dakota oil companies are shipping huge amounts of

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These are the first line of protection for pipelines. With these valves the operator can isolate any segment of the line for maintenance work or isolate a rupture or leak. Block valve stations are usually located every 20 to 30 miles (48 km), depending on the type of pipeline. Even though it is

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To optimize and secure the operation of these assets, some pipeline companies are using what is called "Advanced Pipeline Applications", which are software tools installed on top of the SCADA system, that provide extended functionality to perform leak detection, leak location, batch tracking (liquid

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Pipelines are controlled and operated remotely, from what is usually known as the "Main Control Room". In this center, all the data related to field measurement is consolidated in one central database. The data is received from multiple RTUs along the pipeline. It is common to find RTUs installed at

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a particular development field. The latter, sometimes referred to as an "export pipeline", is used to bring the resource to shore. The construction and maintenance of marine pipelines imply logistical challenges that are different from those onland, mainly because of wave and current dynamics, along

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of Libya supplies 3,680,000 cubic metres (4,810,000 cu yd) of water each day to Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirte, and several other cities in Libya. The pipeline is over 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) long, and is connected to wells tapping an aquifer over 500 metres (1,600 ft) underground.

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systems is not well described, although one estimate is that up to 4.9 billion gallons of water in the Ogallala Aquifer could become contaminated with benzene at concentrations above the MCL. The Final Environmental Impact Statement from the State Department does not include a quantitative analysis

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inspection, aerial surveying, or mass-balance inconsistencies. It is assumed that pinhole leaks are discovered within the 14-day inspection interval, however snow cover and location (e.g. remote, deep) could delay detection. Benzene typically makes up 0.1 – 1.0% of oil and will have varying degrees

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are sometimes used to transport coal or ore from mines. The material to be transported is closely mixed with water before being introduced to the pipeline; at the far end, the material must be dried. One example is a 525-kilometre (326 mi) slurry pipeline which is planned to transport iron ore

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of a liquid or gas, typically to a market area for consumption. The latest data from 2014 gives a total of slightly less than 2,175,000 miles (3,500,000 km) of pipeline in 120 countries around the world. The United States had 65%, Russia had 8%, and Canada had 3%, thus 76% of all pipeline were

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failure on March 4, killing 17 people. At least 9 others were injured, and 7 homes 450 feet from the rupture were destroyed. This accident, and others of the era, led then-President Lyndon B. Johnson to call for the formation of a national pipeline safety agency in 1967. The same pipeline had also

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The entire surface of an above-ground pipeline can be directly examined for material breach. Pooled petroleum is unambiguous, readily spotted, and indicates the location of required repairs. Because the effectiveness of remote inspection is limited by the cost of monitoring equipment, gaps between

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includes flow, pressure, and temperature gauges/transmitters, and other devices to measure the relevant data required. These instruments are installed along the pipeline on some specific locations, such as injection or delivery stations, pump stations (liquid pipelines) or compressor stations (gas

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Enbridge in Canada is applying to reverse an oil pipeline going from east-to-west (Line 9) and expanding it and using it to ship western Canadian bitumen oil eastward. From a presently rated 250,000 barrels equivalent per day pipeline, it will be expanded to between 1.0 and 1.3 million barrels per

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The most recent major pipeline to start operating in North America is a TransCanada natural gas line going north across the Niagara region bridges. This gas line carries Marcellus shale gas from Pennsylvania and other tied in methane or natural gas sources into the Canadian province of Ontario. It

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Natural gas (and similar gaseous fuels) are lightly pressurized into liquids known as Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs). Small NGL processing facilities can be located in oil fields so the butane and propane liquid under light pressure of 125 pounds per square inch (860 kPa), can be shipped by rail,

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s worldwide survey figures indicate that 118,623 miles (190,905 km) of pipelines are planned and under construction. Of these, 88,976 miles (143,193 km) represent projects in the planning and design phase; 29,647 miles (47,712 km) reflect pipelines in various stages of construction.

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Various technologies and strategies have been implemented for monitoring pipelines, from physically walking the lines to satellite surveillance. The most common technology to protect pipelines from occasional leaks is Computational Pipeline Monitoring or CPM. CPM takes information from the field

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The market size for oil and gas pipeline construction experienced tremendous growth prior to the economic downturn in 2008. After faltering in 2009, demand for pipeline expansion and updating increased the following year as energy production grew. By 2012, almost 32,000 miles (51500 km) of North

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Pipelines conveying flammable or explosive material, such as natural gas or oil, pose special safety concerns. While corrosion, pressure, and equipment failure are common causes, excavation damage is also a leading accident type that can be avoided by calling 811 before digging near pipelines.

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existing dams, and carried dilbit 30 miles downstream before the spill was contained. Remediation work collected over 1.1 million gallons of oil and almost 200,000 cubic yards of oil-contaminated sediment and debris from the Kalamazoo River system. However, oil was still being found in affected

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In places, a pipeline may have to cross water expanses, such as small seas, straits and rivers. In many instances, they lie entirely on the seabed. These pipelines are referred to as "marine" pipelines (also, "submarine" or "offshore" pipelines). They are used primarily to carry oil or gas, but

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over land. For example, in 2014, pipeline transport of crude oil cost about $ 5 per barrel, while rail transport cost about $ 10 to $ 15 per barrel. Trucking has even higher costs due to the additional labor required; employment on completed pipelines represents only "1% of that of the trucking

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Group of smaller interconnected pipelines forming complex networks with the purpose of bringing crude oil or natural gas from several nearby wells to a treatment plant or processing facility. In this group, pipelines are usually short- a couple hundred metres- and with small diameters. Sub-sea

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This new US-supplied natural gas displaces the natural gas formerly shipped to Ontario from western Canada in Alberta and Manitoba, thus dropping the government regulated pipeline shipping charges because of the significantly shorter distance from gas source to consumer. To avoid delays and US

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related to pressures, flows, and temperatures to estimate the hydraulic behavior of the product being transported. Once the estimation is completed, the results are compared to other field references to detect the presence of an anomaly or unexpected situation, which may be related to a leak.

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in Brazil, and there are several ethanol pipeline projects in Brazil and the United States. The main problems related to the transport of ethanol by pipeline are its corrosive nature and tendency to absorb water and impurities in pipelines, which are not problems with oil and natural gas.

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Where a pipeline containing passes under a road or railway, it is usually enclosed in a protective casing. This casing is vented to the atmosphere to prevent the build-up of flammable gases or corrosive substances, and to allow the air inside the casing to be sampled to detect leaks. The

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Composed of several interconnected pipelines with small diameters, used to take the products to the final consumer. Feeder lines to distribute gas to homes and businesses downstream. Pipelines at terminals for distributing products to tanks and storage facilities are included in this

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pipeline was built. Credit for the development of pipeline transport belongs indisputably to the Oil Transport Association, which first constructed a 2-inch (51 mm) wrought iron pipeline over a 6-mile (9.7 km) track from an oil field in Pennsylvania to a railroad station in

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day. It will bring western oil to refineries in Ontario, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Quebec and New York by early 2014. New Brunswick will also refine some of this western Canadian crude and export some crude and refined oil to Europe from its deep water oil ULCC loading port.

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park led to the release of 277,200 gallons of gasoline. The gasoline was ignited, causing an explosion that killed two children and one adult. Misoperation of the pipeline and a previously damaged section of the pipe that was not detected before were identified as causing the

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Pipelines are generally laid underground because temperature is less variable. Because pipelines are usually metal, this helps to reduce the expansion and shrinkage that can occur with weather changes. However, in some cases it is necessary to cross a valley or a river on a

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Since oil and gas pipelines are an important asset of the economic development of almost any country, it has been required either by government regulations or internal policies to ensure the safety of the assets, and the population and environment where these pipelines run.

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Basin oil companies in North Dakota, Montana, Manitoba and Saskatchewan gas fields separate the NGLs in the field, allowing the drillers to sell propane directly to small wholesalers, eliminating the large refinery control of product and prices for propane or butane.

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system that assesses pressure and volume flow every 5 seconds. A pinhole leak that releases small quantities that cannot be detected by the SCADA system (<1.5% flow) could accumulate into a substantive spill. Detection of pinhole leaks would come from a visual or

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exploded in the Crestmoor residential neighborhood 2 mi (3.2 km) west of San Francisco International Airport, killing 8, injuring 58, and destroying 38 homes. Poor quality control of the pipe used & of the construction were cited as factors in the

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Mainly long pipes with large diameters, moving products (oil, gas, refined products) between cities, countries and even continents. These transportation networks include several compressor stations in gas lines or pump stations for crude and multi-products

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to produce and transport due to greater heat losses. Heat transfer oils are generally not used for economic and ecological reasons. The typical annual loss of thermal energy through distribution is around 10%, as seen in Norway's district heating network.

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with high solubility and high volatility. It is unclear how temperature and depth would impact the volatility of benzene, so assumptions have been made that benzene in oil (1% weight by volume) would not volatilize before equilibrating with water.

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not a design rule, it is a very usual practice in liquid pipelines. The location of these stations depends exclusively on the nature of the product being transported, the trajectory of the pipeline and/or the operational conditions of the line.

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Pipelines can help ensure a country's economic well-being and as such present a likely target of terrorists or wartime adversaries. Fossil fuels can be transported by pipeline, rail, truck or ship, though natural gas requires compression or

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for gas pipelines, are located along the line to move the product through the pipeline. The location of these stations is defined by the topography of the terrain, the type of product being transported, or operational conditions of the

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American pipeline were being planned or under construction. When pipelines are constrained, additional pipeline product transportation options may include the use of drag reducing agents, or by transporting product via truck or rail.

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cut off natural gas supplies to Ukraine after talks between it and the Ukrainian government fell through. In addition to cutting off supplies to Ukraine, Russian gas flowing through Ukraine—which included nearly all supplies to

1798:. Although it is not well studied, single benzene exposure events have been linked to acute carcinogenesis. Additionally, the exposure of livestock, mainly cattle, to benzene has been shown to cause many health issues, such as 1276:

Pipeline design: The pipeline project may take a number of forms, including the construction of a new pipeline, conversion of existing pipeline from one fuel type to another, or improvements to facilities on a current pipeline

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after fuel thieves tapped into the line. At least sixty-six people were reported to have been killed. In war, pipelines are often the target of military attacks, as destruction of pipelines can seriously disrupt enemy

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city in Denmark, the so-called Thor Beer pipeline was operated. Originally, copper pipes ran directly from the brewery, but when the brewery moved out of the city in the 1990s, Thor Beer replaced it with a giant tank.

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is the difficulty in cleaning it up. When the aforementioned Enbridge Line 6B crude oil pipeline ruptured in Marshall, Michigan in 2010, at least 843,000 gallons of dilbit were spilled. After detection of the leak,

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In the United States, 70% of crude oil and petroleum products are shipped by pipeline. (23% are by ship, 4% by truck, and 3% by rail) In Canada for natural gas and petroleum products, 97% are shipped by pipeline.

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is the transportation of hydrogen through a pipe. Pipelines are one of the safest ways of transporting materials as compared to road or rail, and hence in war, pipelines are often the target of military attacks.

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levels for the proper range, surveillance for construction, erosion, or leaks by foot, land vehicle, boat, or air, and running cleaning pigs, when there is anything carried in the pipeline that is corrosive.

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Known also as "outlet" stations or terminals, this is where the product will be distributed to the consumer. It could be a tank terminal for liquid pipelines or a connection to a distribution network for gas

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to make vehicle transport economical. For transport of crude oil via these four modes, various reports rank pipelines as proportionately causing less human death and property damage than rail and truck and

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240-kilometre (150 mi) hydrogen pipeline is still in operation. As of 2004, there are 900 miles (1,400 km) of low pressure hydrogen pipelines in the US and 930 miles (1,500 km) in Europe.

2048:. Gasoline sprayed across the area, and soon ignited, killing 9, and injuring at least 14 others. Confusion over the depth of the pipeline in the construction area seemed to be a factor in the accident. 1410:

Known also as "supply" or "inlet" station, is the beginning of the system, where the product is injected into the line. Storage facilities, pumps or compressors are usually located at these locations.

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to Europe, known as LPG, as wholesale prices there are much higher than in North America. Additionally, a pipeline is currently being constructed from North Dakota to Illinois, commonly known as the

4024: 1328:, other laws and, in some cases, municipal laws. The Biden administration has sought to permit the respective states and tribal groups to appraise and potentially block the proposed projects. 3237: 1280:

Obtaining approval: Once the design is finalized and the first pipeline customers have purchased their share of capacity, the project must be approved by the relevant regulatory agencies.

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with inner diameter typically from 4 to 48 inches (100 to 1,220 mm). Most pipelines are typically buried at a depth of about 3 to 6 feet (0.91 to 1.83 m). To protect pipes from

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work to lay the pipeline and build the pump/compressor stations, it also has to cover all the work related to the installation of the field devices that will support remote operation.

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Even with pipeline leak volumes within SCADA detection limits, sometimes pipeline leaks are misinterpreted by pipeline operators to be pump malfunctions, or other problems. The

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Previous work has shown that a 'worst-case exposure scenario' can be limited to a specific set of conditions. Based on the advanced detection methods and pipeline shut-off

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Pipeline networks are composed of several pieces of equipment that operate together to move products from location to location. The main elements of a pipeline system are:

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Testing: Once construction is completed, the new pipeline is subjected to tests to ensure its structural integrity. These may include hydrostatic testing and line packing.

755:, Australia, possibly the world's first when it was built in 1967. It includes a 366-metre (1,201 ft) bridge span at 167 metres (548 ft) above the Savage River. 1451:

This is a special type of valve station, where the operator can release some of the pressure from the line. Regulators are usually located at the downhill side of a peak.

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and a 100-year precipitation event for the area, a worst-case estimate of 75 mg/L of benzene is anticipated to flow toward the aquifer. The actual movement of the

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systems which allow for the generation of suction pressure for useful work and in transporting solid objects. Pipelines are useful for transporting water for

3613: 2484: 2439:"Numerical investigation on the migration of leaked pollutants after liquid pressurized pipeline leakage regarding oil and gas parallel pipelines situation" 2251: 3037: 2407: 1770:) to the subterranean environment compounds the threat posed by a pipeline leak. Particularly if followed by rain, a pipeline breach would result in BTEX 5862: 4032: 3993:

Pipeline Accident Report: Pacific Gas and Electric Company Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Rupture and Fire, San Bruno, California, September 9, 2010

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Although pipelines can be built under the sea, that process is economically and technically demanding, so the majority of oil at sea is transported by

1562:(MMS). In Canada, pipelines are regulated by either the provincial regulators or, if they cross provincial boundaries or the Canada–US border, by the 448: 5242: 4540: 4235: 2960: 2322: 4185: 3499: 3290: 3006: 3244: 1141:. Every day, 30,000 litres of milk produced on the island were transported to be processed on the mainland. In 1994, the pipeline was abandoned. 250: 3566: 2307: 2036:

1965 – A 32-inch gas transmission pipeline, north of Natchitoches, Louisiana, belonging to the Tennessee Gas Pipeline exploded and burned from

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Pipeline Accident Report: Rupture of Hazardous Liquid Pipeline With Release and Ignition of Propane, Carmichael, Mississippi, November 1, 2007

3069: 2205:. For example, between early 2011 and July 2012, a natural gas pipeline connecting Egypt to Israel and Jordan was attacked 15 times. In 2019, 2585: 1313: 1266:

Open season to determine market interest: Potential customers are given the chance to sign up for part of the new pipeline's capacity rights.

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transportation of water is also important. In offshore projects, a distinction is made between a "flowline" and a pipeline. The former is an

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Gas Pipeline Safety: Guidance and More Information Needed before Using Risk-Based Reassessment Intervals: Report to Congressional Committees

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and technology to monitor the pipeline. Above ground, cathodic protection is not an option. The coating is the only external protection.

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The pipeline is routed along what is known as a "right of way". Pipelines are generally developed and built using the following stages:

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to push the water along until it reached its destination. Hundreds of these were built throughout Europe and elsewhere, and along with

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Known also as "intermediate stations", these facilities allow the pipeline operator to deliver part of the product being transported.

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and vary in size from 2 to 60 inches (51 to 1,524 mm) in diameter, depending on the type of pipeline. The gas is pressurized by

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pipelines that run to Europe from Russia under the Baltic Sea. The leaks are believed to have been caused by an act of sabotage.

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system at the Main Control Room receives all the field data and presents it to the pipeline operator through a set of screens or

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Pipeline developers do not always prioritize effective surveillance against leaks. Buried pipes draw fewer complaints. They are

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Major Russian gas pipelines to Europe in 2009. Deliveries on some pipelines were disrupted by or became controversial after the

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Pipelines for major energy resources (petroleum and natural gas) are not merely an element of trade. They connect to issues of

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unless incomplete remediation were followed by the introduction of another carrier (e.g. a series of torrential downpours).

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June 27, 2014 – An explosion occurred after a natural gas pipe line ruptured in Nagaram village, East Godavari district,

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is produced at the place of demand with every 50 to 100 miles (160 km) an industrial production facility. The 1938

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and in colder climates wax buildup may occur within a pipeline. Often these pipelines are inspected and cleaned using

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Liquids and gases are transported in pipelines, and any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline.

5857: 5161: 4914: 4293: 3482: 2154: 1631: 1325: 3726:, July 6, 2012. Lisa Song, a reporter for Inside Climate News, interviewed by Bruce Gellerman. Retrieved 2013-01-01. 3452: 3092: 2841: 5746: 5399: 4894: 4591: 4586: 4397: 4366: 2773: 2158: 536: 3620: 2488: 2138:

November 1, 2007 – A propane pipeline exploded near Carmichael, Mississippi, about 30 miles (48 km) south of

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interests and actions. A notable example of pipeline politics occurred at the beginning of the year 2009, wherein

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has published several articles related to the performance of CPM in liquids pipelines. The API Publications are:

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Insufficient volumes and cost-effectiveness are other considerations limiting construction of ethanol pipelines.

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lines), pig tracking, composition tracking, predictive modeling, look ahead modeling, and operator training.

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using 750 mm (30 inch) pipe and completed in 1903 was the largest water supply scheme of its time.

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in these three countries. The main attribute to pollution from pipelines is caused by corrosion and leakage.

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Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. p. 33.

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pipelines for collecting product from deep water production platforms are also considered gathering systems.

5925: 5852: 5847: 5384: 5369: 4818: 2150:. Inability to find flaws in pre-1971 ERW seam welded pipe flaws was a contributing factor to the accident. 1878: 1850: 1664:

as well, and the construction, placement, and control of oil and gas pipelines often figure prominently in

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stations along the pipeline. Natural gas (and similar gaseous fuels) are pressurized into liquids known as

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Pipeline Accident Report: Natural Gas Pipeline Rupture and Fire Near Carlsbad, New Mexico, August 19, 2000

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can be expected to follow an above-ground spill—ostensibly enabling timely intervention by leaving only a

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Lisa Friedman. (2 June 2022). "E.P.A., Reversing Trump, Will Restore States’ Power to Block Pipelines".

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District heating pipelines are normally installed underground, with some exceptions. Within the system,

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Pipeline Accident Report: Pipeline Rupture and Subsequent Fire in Bellingham, Washington, June 10, 1999

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to transport water from higher elevations by building the aqueducts in graduated segments that allowed

595: 265: 2438: 484:, in the 1860s. Pipelines are generally the most economical way to transport large quantities of oil, 6099: 5826: 5359: 5100: 4904: 3573: 2037: 1908: 1791: 1729: 1609: 1538:(CFR) sections, 49 CFR 192 for natural gas pipelines, and 49 CFR 195 for petroleum liquid pipelines. 1309:, who are trained to build and repair pipelines. Russia is the only country to have Pipeline Troops. 468: 304: 275: 245: 154: 31: 4350: 2900: 564:

are the largest investors in new oil and gas pipelines. In the fall of 2012, the US began exporting

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and living quarters of the capital city as the water lifted by the chain pumps was brought in by a

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began operations in the fall of 2012, supplying 16 percent of all the natural gas used in Ontario.

481: 17: 2707:"Natural gas and CO2 price variation: Impact on the relative cost-efficiency of LNG and pipelines" 1943: 37: 6104: 5918: 5877: 5751: 4808: 4800: 4751: 4702: 4622: 4507: 4502: 4317: 2327: 2056: 2045: 1771: 1602: 951: 936: 861: 777: 549: 361: 328: 169: 53: 3844:. Letter to Mr. C. D. Mims. Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from 1810:, and data that requires interpretation, small leaks in buried pipe can sometimes go undetected 751:

in Brazil. An existing example is the 85-kilometre (53 mi) Savage River Slurry pipeline in

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vapours are well-established, and oil spilled from the pipeline would be unlikely to reach the

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Construction and delivery of compressor stations for a gas pipeline in the Soviet Union by AEG

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In the US, onshore and offshore pipelines used to transport oil and gas are regulated by the

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Field devices are instrumentation, data gathering units and communication systems. The field

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Article about first undersea gas pipeline constructed in the US and the problems encountered

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on July 25, 2010 was thought by operators in Edmonton to be from column separation of the

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ostensibly over pricing led to a major political crisis. Russian state-owned gas company

1575: 1527: 970: 906: 867:(d. 189 AD) once ordered the engineer Bi Lan to construct a series of square-pallet 781: 504: 438: 199: 116: 4290:

Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Markets, and Supply Routes

2722: 2454: 531: 5997: 5982: 5623: 5045: 4655: 4555: 4413: 4338: 3999: 3967: 3909: 3877: 3735: 2739: 2706: 2236: 2052: 1986: 1912: 1814: 1571: 1190: 1022: 1018: 663: 621: 354: 179: 5070: 4289: 3908:(Report). Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 2003. Archived from 3136: 6043: 5771: 4899: 4874: 4677: 4662: 3547: 3478: 3413: 3391: 3217: 2805: 2744: 2466: 2355:, a method for sending documents and other solid materials in capsules through a tube 2132: 1886:

and go unnoticed for extended periods of time. Leak detection is monitored through a

1853:

mammals, and stray buckshot. Buried pipe is less vulnerable to accident damage (e.g.

1830: 1558:(PHMSA). Certain offshore pipelines used to produce oil and gas are regulated by the 1368: 1256: 1070: 925: 485: 294: 145: 3998:(Report). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. 2011. Archived from 3966:(Report). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. 2009. Archived from 3876:(Report). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. 2002. Archived from 1492:

API 1149 – Pipeline variable uncertainties & their effects on leak detectability

1077:, Germany, are interconnected by a 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) long beer pipeline. In 5598: 5319: 4922: 4840: 4758: 4596: 4477: 3938: 3537: 3148: 2734: 2726: 2458: 2358: 2297: 2261: 2202: 1826: 1822: 996: 853: 520: 344: 323: 290: 224: 1224:

In general, pipelines can be classified in three categories depending on purpose:

784:

or delivery of hydrogen with the point of demand, with transport costs similar to

6114: 5831: 5821: 5563: 5314: 5203: 5129: 4932: 4927: 4857: 4825: 4736: 4452: 4377: 4083:[Casualties climb to 28 people in Kaohsiung gas explosion, 286 injured]. 3741: 3722: 3459: 3224: 3155: 3073: 2780: 2730: 2373: 2347: 2332: 1920: 1883: 1665: 1515: 1337: 1321: 1034: 932: 883: 830: 773: 739: 164: 3196: 2044:

June 16, 1976 – A gasoline pipeline was ruptured by a road construction crew in

1783: 1501:, a pipe protruding from the ground, often doubles as a warning marker called a 5941: 5668: 5588: 5578: 5568: 5509: 5484: 5193: 5134: 5065: 4952: 4937: 4746: 4684: 4429: 4186:"CIA warned Berlin about possible attacks on gas pipelines in summer – Spiegel" 2462: 2352: 2272: 2166: 1923:

was only confirmed 17 hours after it happened by a local gas company employee.

1694: 1690: 1686: 1570:. Often, the most economical method of corrosion control is by use of pipeline 1270: 1106: 1038: 1006: 890: 841: 209: 174: 100: 96: 57: 4357: 3766:"Brigham McCown on Oil Pipeline Safety and Energy Infrastructure | C-SPAN.org" 3542: 3525: 2534: 1344:

The information measured by these field instruments is then gathered in local

821: 6088: 5736: 5693: 5658: 5287: 5168: 5141: 5075: 4467: 2470: 2256: 2223: 2219: 2041:

had an explosion on May 9, 1955, just 930 feet (280 m) from the 1965 failure.

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residue that is slow to migrate. Effective protocols to minimize exposure to

1306: 1074: 1066: 1033:

may be installed to even out peak load demands. Heat is transferred into the

697: 584: 561: 204: 4161:"Sweden and Denmark say Nord Stream pipeline blasts were deliberate attacks" 2824: 6048: 6033: 5796: 5726: 5618: 5608: 5603: 5593: 5583: 5469: 5449: 5394: 5178: 5146: 5085: 4982: 4884: 4790: 4667: 4601: 3551: 2748: 2627: 2109: 2008: 1990: 1787: 1744: 1705: 1397: 1320:

and others, reviews proposed pipeline projects in order to comply with the

1205: 837: 659: 648: 633: 443: 398: 339: 2437:

He, Guoxi; Tian, Zhiyuan; Liao, Kexi; Shi, Jun; Wang, Liang (2023-09-01).

6012: 5766: 5688: 5638: 5459: 5429: 5374: 5364: 5050: 4729: 4712: 4630: 4492: 4462: 4457: 2282: 2105: 1968: 1779: 1698: 1657: 1422: 1393: 1126: 1089:, Belgium in September 2016 to reduce truck traffic on the city streets. 910: 857: 557: 515:

The distance to ship propane to markets is much shorter, as thousands of

489: 255: 214: 120: 4313:– a joint awareness initiative between 14 oil and gas pipeline operators 2762:"Oil & Gas Pipeline Construction in the U.S.: Market Research Report 1153: 856:

also made use of channels and pipe systems for public works. The famous

6073: 6053: 5977: 5816: 5683: 5673: 5439: 5277: 5183: 3412:

Houston Public Works. City of Houston. "Pipeline Permit(Oil and Gas)."

3377:," U.S. Energy Information Administration, Retrieved December 12, 2012. 2511:"Pipeline | Definition, History, Types, Uses, & Facts | Britannica" 2120:), killing at least 24 people and leaving 132 wounded, some critically. 2075: 1866: 1838: 1616: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1546: 1255:

When a pipeline is built, the construction project not only covers the

1138: 894: 868: 864: 849: 793: 717: 552:, is only about 85 miles or 137 kilometers to the Canada–US border and 104: 4025:"Breaking News, India, World, Bollywood, Sports, Business, Technology" 5811: 5542: 5489: 5434: 5424: 5334: 5282: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5188: 4869: 4497: 4424: 4382: 4363: 3315: 2277: 2211: 2194: 2177: 2157:: A 30-inch diameter high pressure natural gas pipeline owned by the 2071: 2013: 1892: 1862: 1858: 1846: 1834: 1732: 1567: 1289:

Trenching – Main Route and Crossings (roads, rail, other pipes, etc.)

1213: 1102: 1098: 914: 880: 744: 701: 641: 629: 617: 476: 386: 138: 124: 75:– such as oil, natural gas and biofuels – and other fluids including 41: 4276: 3753:"More Work Needed to Clean up Enbridge Oil Spill in Kalamazoo River" 3752: 1591: 644:, imported sand padding, sacrificial cathodes and padding machines. 389:

which are usually buried. The oil is moved through the pipelines by

5992: 5972: 5962: 5806: 5786: 5781: 5761: 5756: 5532: 5522: 5444: 5379: 5151: 4835: 4830: 4694: 4085: 2198: 2117: 2083: 1904: 1709: 1201: 789: 752: 678: 637: 553: 229: 159: 1489:

RAM 1130 – Computational pipeline monitoring for liquids pipelines

1125:

Between 1978 and 1994, a 15 km milk pipeline ran between the

463: 71:

Pipelines exist for the transport of crude and refined petroleum,

6063: 5910: 5474: 5464: 5344: 5339: 5254: 3218:

Andreas Oberhammer; The longest heat transfer pipeline in Austria

2342: 2176:

originating in underground gas pipelines occurred in the city of

2128: 2079: 1994: 1975: 1807: 1763: 1756: 1748: 1740: 1721: 1704:

Oil and gas pipelines also figure prominently in the politics of

1677: 1673: 1355: 1134: 1130: 1114: 1078: 1058: 991:

District heating pipeline in Austria with a length of 31 km

872: 845: 723: 690: 683: 652: 565: 1053: 966:(completed 1970) which also include extensive use of pipelines. 6017: 6007: 5952: 5791: 5678: 5663: 5653: 5613: 5527: 4107: 3567:"Characterizing Risks to Livestock from Petroleum Hydrocarbons" 3121: 2657:(Report). U.S. Energy Information Administration. November 2017 2555:"HDPE Pipes and Poly Pipe Fittings | Polyethylene Pipe Systems" 2181: 2097:

August 19, 2000 – A natural gas pipeline rupture and fire near

1981: 1916: 1736: 1725: 1086: 876: 471:" launcher/receiver, on the natural gas pipeline in Switzerland 80: 76: 2082:, killing about 1,200 villagers, some of whom were scavenging 2055:: Sparks from two passing trains detonated gas leaking from a 780:. Hydrogen pipeline transport is used to connect the point of 6038: 5987: 5957: 5573: 5547: 5517: 5479: 5419: 5414: 5409: 4300:

The Dolphin Project: The Development of a Gulf Gas Initiative

3114: 3112: 2961:"The Savage River Slurry Pipeline – The Australian Pipeliner" 2124: 1887: 1364: 1110: 1014: 902: 705: 667: 613: 382: 112: 92: 84: 4110:"Terrorist threats to energy infrastructure in North Africa" 2586:"Pick Your Poison For Crude – Pipeline, Rail, Truck Or Boat" 6002: 5801: 5741: 5494: 4972: 2169:, India causing 16 deaths and destroying "scores of homes". 1842: 1767: 1418: 1269:

Route (right of way) selection including land acquisition (

1017:

to the customer. While steam is hottest and may be used in

898: 390: 108: 88: 72: 4136:"Mexico Explosion Kills 66 After Thieves Rupture Pipeline" 3109: 2827:

by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia.

2559:

All Plastic Pipe Here | Hdpe Pipe, Corrugated Pipe Systems

1782:

of the admixture into the aquifer. Benzene can cause many

5967: 5633: 5499: 5272: 4212:"Nord Stream gas 'sabotage': who's being blamed and why?" 3390:(in German). Ria Novosti. 16 January 2012. Archived from 3388:"Russlands Militär übt für möglichen US-Angriff auf Iran" 2767: 2113: 2060: 1652:

map of pipeline infrastructure in the Soviet Union (1951)

1200:

pipeline, in the sense that it is used to connect subsea

3197:"GMR (Great Man-Made River) Water Supply Project, Libya" 2677:"Line 9: Journey along the pipeline | Toronto Star" 1550:

An underground petroleum pipeline running through a park

5262: 3564: 2802:

Pipeline Design and Construction: A Practical Approach

1972:

because it assumed that most benzene will volatilize.

1933:

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

1556:

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

852:

were considered the lifeline of the Roman Empire. The

3340: 3338: 3336: 3211: 747:

mine (producing 26.5 million tonnes per year) to the

5863:

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

4245:. Oildom Publishing Company of Texas. Archived from 4134:

Villegas, Paulina; Semple, Kirk (January 19, 2019).

2535:"» The Transportation of Natural Gas NaturalGas.org" 1137:

on the mainland, of which 8 km was beneath the

1009:

feed and return pipes which transport heated water,

943:(completed 1955) pipelines, both part of the larger 682:

The world's longest ammonia pipeline from Russia to

4055:"Taiwan explosions probe focuses on petrochem firm" 3935:"Clarke County Explosion Kills Two, Destroys Homes" 3836: 3790:"Natchitoches, LA Gas Pipeline Explosion, Mar 1965" 3500:"Basic Information about Benzene in Drinking Water" 2986:"Savage River Pipeline Bridge – Highestbridges.com" 2915:"Ethanol pipeline places the cart before the horse" 2216:

series of explosions and subsequent major gas leaks

2063:, Russia. At least 575 people were reported killed. 1766:and other volatile organic compounds (collectively 1101:in Austria, which is known for its long history of 632:, a variety of methods are used. These can include 3523: 3333: 3238:"Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate" 3139:Australian Dictionary of Biography(online version) 3086:"The Technological Steps of Hydrogen Introduction" 2408:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 1829:. Buried pipes are isolated from airborne debris, 2842:"Ethanol makers consider coast-to-coast pipeline" 1919:in that pipeline. The leak in wetlands along the 1085:A three-kilometer beer pipeline was completed in 1045:, without mixing of the fluids in either system. 397:(NGLs). Natural gas pipelines are constructed of 6086: 3007:"Compressorless Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines" 2839: 2704: 2323:Natural gas pipeline system in the United States 2123:May 12, 2006 – An oil pipeline ruptured outside 1900:and dissolution based on environmental factors. 889:Pipelines are useful for transporting water for 599:Gas pipe in the dry region of Antofagasta, Chile 3572:. Blasland, Bouck, and Lee, Inc. Archived from 3375:"Natural Gas Pipeline Development and Expansion 3359: 1993:were deployed. Heavy rains caused the river to 897:over long distances when it needs to move over 722:Pipelines have been used for transportation of 519:plants are located in or near oil fields. Many 107:over long distances when it needs to move over 4133: 4108:Consultancy Africa Intelligence (2014-06-26). 3038:"DOE Hydrogen Pipeline Working Group Workshop" 2711:International Journal of Environmental Studies 2308:List of countries by total length of pipelines 1976:Previous dilbit spill remediation difficulties 731:or significant cleanup of existing pipelines. 658:For natural gas, pipelines are constructed of 5926: 4398: 4360:(company video from the 1970s with subtitles) 4277:Pipeline Knowledge & Development (2011). 2917:. The Daily Iowan. 2008-08-24. Archived from 2436: 2207:a fuel pipeline north of Mexico City exploded 2131:. Up to 200 people may have been killed. See 1938: 1534:US pipeline maintenance rules are covered in 1392:The Trans Alaska Pipeline crossing under the 1113:40 kilometres (25 mi) from Hallstatt to 607: 362: 4319:Submarine Gas Pipe Line Taps Undersea Wealth 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3352: 3350: 3288: 2774:"2012 Worldwide Pipeline Construction Report 1947:Scenario for benzene leaching to groundwater 1581: 1305:Russia has "Pipeline Troops" as part of the 3839:"Safety Recommendations P-76-87 through 90" 3328:Amelandse melk niet meer door Waddenzeepijp 2583: 2443:Process Safety and Environmental Protection 1526:Maintenance of pipelines includes checking 1250: 931:Examples of significant water pipelines in 437:It has been suggested that this section be 5933: 5919: 4405: 4391: 3718:"Kalamazoo River Spill Yields Record Fine" 3427:Interstate Natural Gas Association website 2867: 2835: 2833: 1021:due to its higher temperature, it is less 909:are poor choices due to considerations of 875:. These chain pumps serviced the imperial 772:is a transportation of hydrogen through a 670:where required by a regulating authority. 369: 355: 119:are poor choices due to considerations of 4209: 3673:"Environmental Analysis: Water Resources" 3670: 3645: 3630: 3590: 3541: 3347: 3330:, Reformatorisch Dagblad 20 January 1994. 2799: 2738: 2705:Ulvestad, Marte; Overland, Indra (2012). 2172:July 31, 2014 – On the night of July 31, 1926: 1849:. They are protected from nesting birds, 1632:Learn how and when to remove this message 1464: 4330:The Marvels Of Underground Oil Railroads 3091:. Storhy.net. p. 24. Archived from 2863: 2861: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2288:Hydraulically activated pipeline pigging 2089:June 10, 1999 – A pipeline rupture in a 2001: 1942: 1715: 1643: 1545: 1387: 1354: 1312:The U.S. government, mainly through the 1052: 986: 820: 677: 594: 530: 503: 462: 36: 5325:China National Offshore Oil Corporation 3837:Webster B. Todd Jr. (31 January 1977). 3368: 3269:"Bruges' Beer Pipeline Becomes Reality" 3012:. Leightyfoundation.org. Archived from 2830: 2384:Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act 2242:Biogas § Biogas gas-grid injection 14: 6087: 5199:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir 4958:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war 4412: 4236:"2012 Worldwide Pipeline Construction" 1341:pipelines), and block valve stations. 1295:Installing valves, intersections, etc. 1144: 817:History of water supply and sanitation 647:Crude oil contains varying amounts of 541:2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute 409: 5914: 4386: 3611: 3472: 3227:Paper in German. Retrieved 2010-09-20 2870:"Pipeline Considerations for Ethanol" 2858: 2572: 2402: 2400: 475:It is well documented when the first 441:out into another article titled 5330:China National Petroleum Corporation 3463:, CONSOL Energy, accessed 2015-05-13 2907: 2793: 2303:Inland Petroleum Distribution System 1802:, fetal damage and fatal poisoning. 1614:adding citations to reliable sources 1585: 1148: 700:facility in Russia to the exporting 666:and is odorless unless mixed with a 423: 4304:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 4272:Pipeline news and industry magazine 3796:from the original on 6 October 2014 3565:Pattanayek, M. & DeShields, B. 3161:, ABC. Retrieved 17 September 2006. 2024:For a more comprehensive list, see 1961:octanol-water partition coefficient 1184: 982: 590: 27:Pumping fluids or gas through pipes 24: 5940: 5390:National Iranian South Oil Company 5106:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 4279:"History of Gas and Oil Pipelines" 3127:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 345–46. 2397: 2074:pipeline exploded at Jesse on the 1352:every station along the pipeline. 25: 6126: 5858:Intercontinental Exchange Futures 5747:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company 5400:Oil & Gas Development Company 4294:National Bureau of Asian Research 4265: 3695: 3524:Calabrese, EJ; Blain, RB (1999). 3043:. Eere.energy.gov. Archived from 2825:go-devil – definition of go-devil 2155:2010 San Bruno pipeline explosion 1778:of benzene in water, followed by 1508: 1326:National Environmental Policy Act 788:, the technology is proven. Most 5895: 5894: 4367:Government Accountability Office 4233: 4210:Plucinska, Joanna (2022-10-06). 2628:"About | Dakota Access Pipeline" 2159:Pacific Gas and Electric Company 2116:(thirty kilometres southwest of 1590: 1152: 1005:systems consist of a network of 977: 711: 689:A major ammonia pipeline is the 537:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 428: 338: 5405:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation 4292:, by Mikkal E. Herberg et al. ( 4203: 4178: 4153: 4127: 4101: 4073: 4047: 4017: 3985: 3953: 3927: 3895: 3863: 3830: 3808: 3782: 3758: 3746: 3729: 3711: 3689: 3664: 3558: 3517: 3497: 3491: 3466: 3445: 3432: 3419: 3406: 3380: 3321: 3308: 3291:"Hallstatt's White Gold – Salt" 3282: 3261: 3230: 3189: 3164: 3142: 3130: 3078: 3061: 3030: 2999: 2978: 2953: 2932: 2840:James MacPherson (2007-11-18). 2818: 2755: 2698: 2669: 2644: 2267:Geomagnetically induced current 2193:Pipelines can be the target of 1980:One of the major concerns over 1825:, and they are less exposed to 1601:needs additional citations for 734: 95:for shorter distances and even 5873:Society of Petroleum Engineers 5644:Port Harcourt Refining Company 5310:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company 3172:"Mannum Adelaide Celebrations" 2963:. January 2011. Archived from 2620: 2596: 2547: 2527: 2503: 2477: 2430: 1951:Benzene is considered a light 1521: 1359:The SCADA System for pipelines 922:Goldfields Water Supply Scheme 920:The 530 km (330 mi) 13: 1: 4819:Production sharing agreements 4306:Jan 2008 Working Paper NG #22 2940:"Project Profiles, Minas-Rio" 2584:James Conca (26 April 2014). 2390: 2364:Reinforced thermoplastic pipe 2313:List of natural gas pipelines 2247:Black powder in gas pipelines 2188: 2068:1998 Jesse pipeline explosion 1541: 1383: 1378: 420:List of natural gas pipelines 5853:Canadian petroleum companies 5848:American Petroleum Institute 5385:National Iranian Oil Company 5370:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation 4081:"高雄驚傳嚴重氣爆意外死傷人數攀升至28人、286傷" 3816:"Google News Archive Search" 2764:," November 2012, IBISWorld. 2731:10.1080/00207233.2012.677581 2683:. 2014-01-17. Archived from 2652:Drilling Productivity Report 2019: 1882:to leaks that are below the 1483:American Petroleum Institute 1331: 1298:Covering the pipe and trench 1219: 871:outside the capital city of 612:Oil pipelines are made from 381:Oil pipelines are made from 7: 5868:International Energy Agency 4853:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) 3740:September 28, 2014, at the 3318:for details and references. 2369:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2293:Hydrogen pipeline transport 2229: 1872: 1743:, reasonably rapid carrier 1697:, from interfering in its " 1560:Minerals Management Service 1536:Code of Federal Regulations 963:Second Los Angeles Aqueduct 917:, or environmental impact. 770:Hydrogen pipeline transport 765:Hydrogen pipeline transport 758: 508:An elevated section of the 403:Hydrogen pipeline transport 127:, or environmental impact. 44:on a mine site in Australia 10: 6131: 5455:PTT Public Company Limited 5056:East Midlands Oil Province 5041:List of natural gas fields 4641:Integrated asset modelling 3755:, US EPA, October 3, 2012. 3477:. Gale. pp. 636–639. 3344:Palmer & King, pp. 2–3 3174:. SA Water. Archived from 2868:John Whims (August 2002). 2463:10.1016/j.psep.2023.06.055 2318:List of pipeline accidents 2214:. On 26 September 2022, a 2026:List of pipeline accidents 2023: 1939:Benzene fate and transport 1909:crude oil pipeline failure 1188: 994: 810: 804: 762: 715: 673: 608:Construction and operation 413: 29: 6026: 5948: 5890: 5840: 5827:Weatherford International 5706: 5556: 5508: 5360:Iraq National Oil Company 5296: 5253: 5238: 5229: 5114: 5031: 4913: 4799: 4693: 4621: 4564: 4523: 4516: 4438: 4420: 2875:. Kansas State University 2038:stress corrosion cracking 1857:) and less accessible to 1821:, they are shielded from 1792:Maximum Contaminant Level 1582:Pipelines and geopolitics 1421:for liquid pipelines and 1407:Initial injection station 1037:of the dwellings through 960:(completed 1913) and the 642:high-density polyethylene 276:Green transport hierarchy 65:Pipeline and Gas Journal' 32:Pipeline (disambiguation) 2785:Pipeline and Gas Journal 2604:"Oil Pipeline Logistics" 2104:July 30, 2004 – A major 1998:waters in October 2012. 1794:(MCL) set at 5 μg/L for 1431:Partial delivery station 1415:Compressor/pump stations 1251:Development and planning 1235:Transportation pipelines 1092: 941:Mannum-Adelaide pipeline 800: 155:Armored fighting vehicle 5878:World Petroleum Council 5752:China Oilfield Services 4809:Petroleum fiscal regime 4508:Western Canadian Select 4503:West Texas Intermediate 4286:, US historical summary 3543:10.1093/toxsci/50.2.169 3414:City of Houston website 2328:Gas networks simulation 2046:Los Angeles, California 1369:Human Machine Interface 1120: 1048: 952:Los Angeles, California 937:Morgan-Whyalla pipeline 836:Two millennia ago, the 778:hydrogen infrastructure 550:Williston, North Dakota 329:Transportation planning 5355:Indian Oil Corporation 4841:Submersible pump (ESP) 4786:Underbalanced drilling 4607:of gasoline and diesel 4114:www.africandefence.net 3530:Toxicological Sciences 3473:Saxon, Carina (2016). 3442:Retrieved 2 Jane 2022. 3429:Retrieved 2 June 2022. 3416:Retrieved 2 June 2022. 3199:. water-technology.net 2895:Cite journal requires 2800:Mohitpour, Mo (2003). 2174:a series of explosions 2091:Bellingham, Washington 1948: 1927:Spill frequency-volume 1662:international security 1653: 1551: 1465:Leak detection systems 1456:Final delivery station 1400: 1396:and over ridge of the 1360: 1242:Distribution pipelines 1062: 992: 945:Snowy Mountains scheme 833: 813:Aqueduct (watercourse) 686: 600: 570:Dakota Access Pipeline 544: 517:natural-gas processing 512: 472: 261:Cycling infrastructure 251:Bicycle transportation 190:Personal rapid transit 45: 5732:Cameron International 5174:Petrodollar recycling 5157:fossil fuel phase-out 4720:Differential sticking 4673:Reflection seismology 4646:Petroleum engineering 4488:OPEC Reference Basket 3698:"Incident Statistics" 3475:Oil and Gas Pipelines 3425:Pipeline Permitting. 3072:June 4, 2009, at the 2632:daplpipelinefacts.com 2609:. Cepac.cheme.cmu.edu 2379:Sprayed in place pipe 2140:Meridian, Mississippi 2108:pipeline exploded in 2002:Accidents and dangers 1946: 1855:automobile collisions 1716:Hazard identification 1685:and some supplies to 1647: 1564:National Energy Board 1549: 1391: 1358: 1346:remote terminal units 1056: 1011:pressurized hot water 990: 957:Owens Valley aqueduct 939:(completed 1944) and 824: 681: 640:coating, rockshield, 598: 534: 507: 466: 416:List of oil pipelines 314:Sustainable transport 271:Free public transport 40: 5629:Occidental Petroleum 4943:1990 oil price shock 4769:Shale oil extraction 4742:Drilling engineering 4725:Directional drilling 4651:Reservoir simulation 4302:, by Justin Dargin, 3365:Bai & Bai, p. 22 3271:. September 15, 2016 2485:"Pipeline transport" 2153:September 9, 2010 – 2148:Apex, North Carolina 2099:Carlsbad, New Mexico 1953:aromatic hydrocarbon 1762:The introduction of 1728:typically comprises 1610:improve this article 1574:in conjunction with 1204:, manifolds and the 1019:industrial processes 1001:District heating or 827:Los Angeles Aqueduct 807:Water transportation 696:line connecting the 486:refined oil products 345:Transport portal 30:For other uses, see 5777:Naftiran Intertrade 5722:Amec Foster Wheeler 5649:Reliance Industries 5538:Naftiran Intertrade 5350:Hindustan Petroleum 4948:2000s energy crisis 3818:. The Press-Courier 2723:2012IJEnS..69..407U 2491:on 11 February 2015 2455:2023PSEP..177....1H 2338:Petroleum transport 2144:Mont Belvieu, Texas 2066:October 17, 1998 – 2051:June 4, 1989 – The 1819:ambient temperature 1683:Southeastern Europe 1672:between Russia and 1576:cathodic protection 1528:cathodic protection 1439:Block valve station 1292:Installing the pipe 1283:Surveying the route 1228:Gathering pipelines 1145:Pneumatic transport 971:Great Manmade River 782:hydrogen production 664:compressor stations 410:Oil and natural gas 395:natural gas liquids 200:Powered exoskeleton 133:Part of a series on 6110:Pipeline transport 5624:Marathon Petroleum 5046:List of oil fields 4656:Reservoir modeling 4414:Petroleum industry 4376:2021-04-30 at the 4089:(in Chinese). 2014 3973:on 28 October 2013 3915:on 1 November 2013 3883:on 31 October 2012 3851:on 31 October 2012 3458:2015-05-18 at the 3394:on 17 January 2012 3289:Billie Ann Lopez. 3223:2011-07-06 at the 3154:2016-08-17 at the 3149:The Forrest family 2790:(1). January 2012. 2779:2013-03-25 at the 2515:www.britannica.com 2418:on August 21, 2016 2252:Central gas system 2237:Lists of pipelines 2053:Ufa train disaster 1949: 1913:Marshall, Michigan 1884:limit of detection 1654: 1552: 1503:casing vent marker 1401: 1361: 1286:Clearing the route 1191:Submarine pipeline 1164:. You can help by 1063: 993: 840:made use of large 834: 687: 601: 545: 513: 473: 195:pipeline transport 56:for long-distance 46: 6095:Freight transport 6082: 6081: 6044:Civil engineering 5908: 5907: 5886: 5885: 5772:Nabors Industries 5702: 5701: 4900:Well intervention 4875:Petroleum product 4774:Ljungström method 4678:Seismic inversion 4663:Petroleum geology 4617: 4616: 3941:on 6 October 2014 3612:Stansbury, John. 2203:terrorist attacks 2133:Nigeria oil blast 2014:spilling less oil 1831:electrical storms 1817:from extremes in 1642: 1641: 1634: 1448:Regulator station 1257:civil engineering 1182: 1181: 1057:Thor Pipeline in 926:Western Australia 668:mercaptan odorant 461: 460: 456: 379: 378: 16:(Redirected from 6122: 6100:Gas technologies 5935: 5928: 5921: 5912: 5911: 5898: 5897: 5599:Hess Corporation 5320:Bharat Petroleum 5251: 5250: 5236: 5235: 4923:1967 Oil Embargo 4759:Lost circulation 4597:Posted oil price 4521: 4520: 4478:Isthmus-34 Light 4407: 4400: 4393: 4384: 4383: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4342: 4334: 4323: 4322:. November 1951. 4285: 4283: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4252:on March 4, 2016 4251: 4240: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4035:on June 27, 2014 4031:. Archived from 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4004: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3937:. Archived from 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3882: 3875: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3850: 3843: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3733: 3727: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3643: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3619:. Archived from 3618: 3609: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3578: 3571: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3545: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3502:. Archived from 3495: 3489: 3488: 3470: 3464: 3449: 3443: 3440:NY Times website 3436: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3345: 3342: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3314:See the article 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3293:. Archived from 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3249: 3243:. 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Archived from 2404: 2359:Plastic pipework 2298:Hydrostatic test 2262:District heating 2218:occurred on the 1827:photodegradation 1823:ultraviolet rays 1637: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1594: 1586: 1185:Marine pipelines 1177: 1174: 1156: 1149: 1043:heat substations 997:District heating 983:District heating 740:Slurry pipelines 591:Growth of market 539:, including the 452: 432: 431: 424: 371: 364: 357: 343: 342: 324:Transport divide 225:Uncrewed vehicle 130: 129: 21: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6022: 5944: 5939: 5909: 5904: 5882: 5836: 5832:John Wood Group 5822:Valaris Limited 5715: 5712: 5709: 5698: 5564:APA Corporation 5552: 5504: 5303: 5300: 5292: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5231: 5225: 5126:Classification 5110: 5033: 5027: 4963:Nationalization 4933:1979 oil crisis 4928:1973 oil crisis 4909: 4895:Water injection 4863:Steam injection 4858:Gas reinjection 4826:Artificial lift 4795: 4737:Drill stem test 4689: 4613: 4560: 4512: 4434: 4416: 4411: 4378:Wayback Machine 4346: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4316: 4281: 4268: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4238: 4230: 4229: 4220: 4218: 4208: 4204: 4195: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4140:www.nytimes.com 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4061:. 2 August 2014 4053: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4029:Hindustan Times 4023: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 4005:on 11 June 2014 4002: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3774: 3772: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3742:Wayback Machine 3734: 3730: 3723:Living on Earth 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3671:US State Dept. 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3646:US State Dept. 3644: 3631: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3591: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3471: 3467: 3460:Wayback Machine 3453:Pipeline Safety 3450: 3446: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3420: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3298: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3272: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3225:Wayback Machine 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3156:Wayback Machine 3147: 3143: 3137:Mephan Ferguson 3135: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3110: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3074:Wayback Machine 3066: 3062: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2970: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2945: 2943: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2896: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2838: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2798: 2794: 2781:Wayback Machine 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2688: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2562: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2406: 2405: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2374:Slurry pipeline 2348:Pipeline bridge 2333:Operation Pluto 2232: 2191: 2112:, Belgium near 2029: 2022: 2004: 1978: 1941: 1929: 1921:Kalamazoo River 1875: 1784:health problems 1718: 1638: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1607: 1595: 1584: 1544: 1524: 1516:pipeline bridge 1511: 1467: 1386: 1381: 1338:instrumentation 1334: 1322:Clean Water Act 1253: 1222: 1193: 1187: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1162:needs expansion 1147: 1123: 1097:The village of 1095: 1051: 1039:heat exchangers 1035:central heating 1013:, or sometimes 999: 985: 980: 954:aqueducts, the 933:South Australia 854:ancient Chinese 831:Antelope Valley 819: 809: 803: 776:as part of the 767: 761: 737: 720: 714: 676: 610: 593: 510:Alaska Pipeline 457: 433: 429: 422: 412: 375: 337: 91:, hot water or 52:is a system of 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6128: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6105:Infrastructure 6102: 6097: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5942:Infrastructure 5938: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5669:Surgutneftegas 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5589:Eneos Holdings 5586: 5581: 5579:ConocoPhillips 5576: 5571: 5569:Cenovus Energy 5566: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5510:Energy trading 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5196: 5194:Swing producer 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5066:Gulf of Mexico 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4953:2010s oil glut 4950: 4945: 4940: 4938:1980s oil glut 4935: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4805: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4747:Drilling fluid 4744: 4739: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4685:Seismic source 4682: 4681: 4680: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4483:Japan Cocktail 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4430:Primary energy 4427: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4410: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4369: 4361: 4355: 4325: 4314: 4307: 4297: 4287: 4274: 4267: 4266:External links 4264: 4263: 4262: 4228: 4227: 4202: 4177: 4152: 4126: 4100: 4072: 4046: 4016: 3984: 3952: 3926: 3894: 3862: 3829: 3807: 3781: 3770:www.c-span.org 3757: 3745: 3728: 3710: 3688: 3663: 3629: 3626:on 2015-01-17. 3589: 3557: 3516: 3490: 3483: 3465: 3444: 3431: 3418: 3405: 3379: 3367: 3358: 3346: 3332: 3320: 3307: 3281: 3260: 3229: 3210: 3188: 3163: 3141: 3129: 3120: 3108: 3077: 3060: 3029: 2998: 2977: 2952: 2931: 2906: 2897:|journal= 2857: 2829: 2817: 2811:978-0791802021 2810: 2804:. ASME Press. 2792: 2766: 2754: 2717:(3): 407–426. 2697: 2668: 2643: 2619: 2595: 2571: 2546: 2526: 2502: 2476: 2429: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2353:Pneumatic tube 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2273:HCNG dispenser 2270: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2170: 2167:Andhra Pradesh 2163: 2151: 2136: 2121: 2102: 2095: 2087: 2064: 2059:pipeline near 2049: 2042: 2021: 2018: 2003: 2000: 1977: 1974: 1940: 1937: 1928: 1925: 1874: 1871: 1717: 1714: 1695:European Union 1691:Western Europe 1648:United States 1640: 1639: 1598: 1596: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1543: 1540: 1523: 1520: 1510: 1509:Implementation 1507: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1333: 1330: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1271:eminent domain 1267: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1218: 1189:Main article: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1159: 1157: 1146: 1143: 1122: 1119: 1094: 1091: 1050: 1047: 995:Main article: 984: 981: 979: 976: 950:There are two 838:ancient Romans 805:Main article: 802: 799: 763:Main article: 760: 757: 736: 733: 713: 710: 675: 672: 636:(wood slats), 609: 606: 592: 589: 562:joint ventures 459: 458: 436: 434: 427: 411: 408: 377: 376: 374: 373: 366: 359: 351: 348: 347: 334: 333: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 310: 309: 308: 307: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 240: 239: 235: 234: 233: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 185:Animal-powered 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 149: 148: 142: 141: 135: 134: 58:transportation 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6127: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5931: 5929: 5924: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5901: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5705: 5695: 5694:Valero Energy 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5659:Suncor Energy 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5295: 5289: 5288:TotalEnergies 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5237: 5234: 5232:organisations 5230:Companies and 5228: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5169:Petrocurrency 5167: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5142:Oil shale gas 5140: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5122:Abbreviations 5120: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5081:Permian Basin 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5018:United States 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4978:Seven Sisters 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4631:Core sampling 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4468:Indian Basket 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4340: 4333:. April 1937. 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4076: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3969: 3962: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3879: 3872: 3866: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3817: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3699: 3692: 3674: 3667: 3649: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3579:on 2012-04-25 3575: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3536:(2): 169–85. 3535: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3506:on 2013-02-20 3505: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3484:9781410317513 3480: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3297:on 2007-02-10 3296: 3292: 3285: 3270: 3264: 3250:on 2011-09-28 3246: 3239: 3233: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3198: 3192: 3178:on 2015-05-03 3177: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3113: 3098:on 2008-10-29 3094: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3050:on 2016-03-03 3046: 3039: 3033: 3019:on 2012-02-10 3015: 3008: 3002: 2987: 2981: 2967:on 2011-05-18 2966: 2962: 2956: 2941: 2935: 2921:on 2008-10-06 2920: 2916: 2910: 2902: 2889: 2871: 2864: 2862: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2834: 2826: 2821: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2687:on 2015-02-21 2686: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2653: 2647: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2605: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2536: 2530: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2396: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2257:Coal pipeline 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2225: 2224:Nord Stream 2 2221: 2220:Nord Stream 1 2217: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2010: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1991:vacuum trucks 1988: 1983: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1934: 1931:Although the 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1803: 1801: 1800:neurotoxicity 1797: 1796:potable water 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776:equilibration 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1753:petrochemical 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1646: 1636: 1633: 1625: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1599:This section 1597: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1548: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1519: 1517: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1307:Rear Services 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1192: 1176: 1167: 1163: 1160:This section 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1109:to transport 1108: 1104: 1100: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1075:Gelsenkirchen 1072: 1068: 1067:Veltins-Arena 1060: 1055: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 998: 989: 978:Other systems 975: 972: 967: 965: 964: 959: 958: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 832: 828: 823: 818: 814: 808: 798: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 766: 756: 754: 750: 746: 741: 732: 728: 725: 719: 712:Alcohol fuels 709: 707: 703: 699: 698:TogliattiAzot 695: 692: 685: 680: 671: 669: 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618:plastic tubes 615: 605: 597: 588: 586: 581: 577: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 542: 538: 533: 529: 525: 522: 518: 511: 506: 502: 498: 494: 491: 487: 483: 478: 470: 465: 455: 450: 446: 445: 440: 435: 426: 425: 421: 417: 407: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:plastic tubes 384: 372: 367: 365: 360: 358: 353: 352: 350: 349: 346: 341: 336: 335: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 306: 303: 302: 301: 298: 297: 296: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 246:Accessibility 244: 243: 242: 241: 237: 236: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 205:Rapid transit 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 170:Human-powered 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 152: 151: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 136: 132: 131: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 66: 62: 59: 55: 51: 43: 42:HDPE pipeline 39: 33: 19: 6049:Construction 6034:Architecture 6030: 5797:Schlumberger 5727:Baker Hughes 5619:Marathon Oil 5609:Imperial Oil 5604:Husky Energy 5594:Galp Energia 5584:Devon Energy 5470:Saudi Aramco 5450:Petrovietnam 5395:NNPC Limited 5299:National oil 5179:Petrofiction 5147:Orphan wells 5115:Other topics 5086:Persian Gulf 5013:Saudi Arabia 4983:Standard Oil 4879: 4791:Well logging 4668:Petrophysics 4329: 4318: 4256:September 6, 4254:. Retrieved 4247:the original 4243:www.api.org/ 4242: 4234:Tubb, Rita. 4219:. Retrieved 4215: 4205: 4194:. Retrieved 4192:. 2022-09-27 4189: 4180: 4169:. Retrieved 4167:. 2022-09-26 4164: 4155: 4143:. Retrieved 4139: 4129: 4119:December 11, 4117:. Retrieved 4113: 4103: 4093:30 September 4091:. Retrieved 4084: 4075: 4065:30 September 4063:. Retrieved 4058: 4049: 4039:30 September 4037:. Retrieved 4033:the original 4028: 4019: 4007:. Retrieved 4000:the original 3987: 3975:. Retrieved 3968:the original 3955: 3945:30 September 3943:. Retrieved 3939:the original 3929: 3917:. Retrieved 3910:the original 3897: 3885:. Retrieved 3878:the original 3865: 3853:. Retrieved 3846:the original 3832: 3822:30 September 3820:. Retrieved 3810: 3800:30 September 3798:. Retrieved 3784: 3773:. Retrieved 3769: 3760: 3748: 3731: 3721: 3713: 3701:. Retrieved 3691: 3679:. Retrieved 3666: 3654:. Retrieved 3621:the original 3581:. Retrieved 3574:the original 3560: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3508:. Retrieved 3504:the original 3493: 3474: 3468: 3451: 3447: 3434: 3421: 3408: 3396:. Retrieved 3392:the original 3382: 3370: 3361: 3356:Dean, p. 338 3323: 3310: 3299:. Retrieved 3295:the original 3284: 3273:. Retrieved 3263: 3252:. Retrieved 3245:the original 3232: 3213: 3201:. Retrieved 3191: 3180:. Retrieved 3176:the original 3166: 3158: 3144: 3132: 3123: 3100:. Retrieved 3093:the original 3080: 3063: 3052:. Retrieved 3045:the original 3032: 3021:. Retrieved 3014:the original 3001: 2990:. Retrieved 2988:. 2009-12-17 2980: 2969:. Retrieved 2965:the original 2955: 2944:. Retrieved 2942:. 2010-12-12 2934: 2923:. Retrieved 2919:the original 2909: 2888:cite journal 2877:. Retrieved 2849:. Retrieved 2845: 2820: 2801: 2795: 2787: 2784: 2769: 2757: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2689:. Retrieved 2685:the original 2680: 2671: 2659:. Retrieved 2646: 2635:. Retrieved 2631: 2622: 2611:. Retrieved 2598: 2589: 2563:. Retrieved 2561:(in Turkish) 2558: 2549: 2538:. Retrieved 2529: 2518:. Retrieved 2514: 2505: 2493:. Retrieved 2489:the original 2479: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2422:September 6, 2420:. Retrieved 2416:the original 2411: 2192: 2110:Ghislenghien 2030: 2016:than truck. 2009:liquefaction 2005: 1979: 1958: 1950: 1930: 1902: 1876: 1812: 1804: 1788:carcinogenic 1761: 1745:vaporization 1724:fraction of 1720:Because the 1719: 1706:Central Asia 1703: 1655: 1628: 1622:October 2022 1619: 1608:Please help 1603:verification 1600: 1553: 1533: 1525: 1512: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1402: 1398:Alaska Range 1373: 1362: 1350: 1343: 1335: 1311: 1304: 1261: 1254: 1223: 1208: 1197: 1194: 1170: 1166:adding to it 1161: 1124: 1096: 1084: 1065:Bars in the 1064: 1031:heat storage 1028: 1002: 1000: 968: 961: 955: 949: 930: 919: 888: 835: 768: 738: 735:Coal and ore 729: 721: 693: 688: 660:carbon steel 657: 649:paraffin wax 646: 634:wood lagging 611: 602: 585:tanker ships 582: 578: 574: 558:Mutual funds 546: 526: 514: 499: 495: 493:industry.". 474: 453: 444:Oil pipeline 442: 399:carbon steel 380: 194: 70: 64: 63: 49: 47: 6013:Storm drain 5983:Interchange 5767:Halliburton 5639:Phillips 66 5460:QatarEnergy 5430:Petrobangla 5365:KazMunayGas 5255:Supermajors 5204:heavy crude 5091:Prudhoe Bay 5071:Niger Delta 5051:Caspian Sea 4814:Concessions 4764:Measurement 4730:Geosteering 4713:Squeeze job 4623:Exploration 4572:Consumption 4531:Consumption 4524:Natural gas 4453:Bonny Light 4347:|work= 4145:January 19, 4009:21 November 3977:21 November 3919:21 November 3887:21 November 3855:21 November 2681:Thestar.com 2661:21 November 2412:www.cia.gov 2283:Hot tapping 2106:natural gas 2076:Niger Delta 1969:groundwater 1780:percolation 1772:dissolution 1699:near abroad 1658:geopolitics 1522:Maintenance 1499:casing vent 1423:compressors 1394:Delta River 1212:with other 1103:salt mining 1003:teleheating 911:evaporation 901:, or where 869:chain pumps 858:Han dynasty 850:flour mills 749:Port of Açu 694:Transammiak 490:natural gas 454:(June 2019) 266:Engineering 256:Cyclability 121:evaporation 111:, or where 6089:Categories 6074:Urban park 6054:Playground 5978:Footbridge 5817:Transocean 5684:Tullow Oil 5674:TechnipFMC 5440:PetroChina 5278:ExxonMobil 5184:Shale band 5061:East Texas 5034:and fields 4848:Downstream 4801:Production 4708:Completion 4636:Geophysics 4577:Production 4536:Production 4473:Indonesian 4448:Argus Sour 4440:Benchmarks 4221:2022-10-13 4196:2022-10-13 4171:2022-10-13 4059:Yahoo News 3775:2022-07-09 3703:2 November 3681:2 November 3656:2 November 3583:2011-11-13 3510:2013-03-14 3398:17 January 3301:2007-05-15 3275:2016-10-28 3254:2011-09-25 3182:2015-01-28 3102:2015-05-04 3054:2015-05-04 3023:2015-05-04 2992:2011-05-07 2971:2011-05-07 2946:2010-12-12 2925:2008-08-23 2879:2008-08-23 2851:2008-08-23 2691:2015-01-28 2637:2020-10-09 2613:2015-05-04 2565:2021-12-15 2540:2019-07-18 2520:2024-07-06 2495:26 January 2391:References 2201:, or even 2189:As targets 1959:Using the 1898:volatility 1867:terrorists 1839:hurricanes 1542:Regulation 1460:pipelines. 1384:Components 1379:Technology 1239:pipelines. 1214:geohazards 1198:intrafield 1139:Wadden Sea 1129:island of 1073:ground in 1069:, a major 895:irrigation 865:Zhang Rang 811:See also: 794:Rhine-Ruhr 718:Biobutanol 716:See also: 414:See also: 220:Supersonic 105:irrigation 6031:See also: 5812:TC Energy 5713:companies 5543:Trafigura 5490:Sonatrach 5435:Petrobras 5425:Pertamina 5335:Ecopetrol 5301:companies 5245:companies 5243:petroleum 5219:tight oil 5214:oil shale 5209:oil sands 5189:Shale gas 5130:sweet oil 5101:Venezuela 5076:North Sea 5032:Provinces 5023:Venezuela 4870:Midstream 4565:Petroleum 4425:Petroleum 4349:ignored ( 4339:cite book 4311:Linewatch 3316:Hallstatt 3159:Dynasties 2846:USA Today 2471:0957-5820 2278:HDPE pipe 2212:logistics 2195:vandalism 2178:Kaohsiung 2162:accident. 2072:petroleum 2020:Accidents 1893:olfactory 1863:saboteurs 1847:acid rain 1835:tornadoes 1815:insulated 1790:with EPA 1733:aromatics 1670:a dispute 1568:corrosion 1332:Operation 1220:Functions 1202:wellheads 1173:July 2024 1099:Hallstatt 1061:, Denmark 1023:efficient 1007:insulated 915:pollution 881:stoneware 842:aqueducts 745:Minas-Rio 743:from the 704:-port of 702:Black Sea 691:Ukrainian 630:corrosion 482:Oil Creek 477:crude oil 139:Transport 125:pollution 97:pneumatic 5998:Pipeline 5993:Overpass 5973:Drainage 5963:Causeway 5900:Category 5807:Subsea 7 5787:Petrofac 5782:NOV Inc. 5762:GE Power 5757:Enbridge 5711:services 5533:Mercuria 5523:Glencore 5485:Sonangol 5445:Petronas 5380:Naftogaz 5152:Peak oil 5135:sour oil 4890:Upstream 4885:Refining 4880:Pipeline 4836:Pumpjack 4831:Gas lift 4752:invasion 4695:Drilling 4582:Reserves 4541:Reserves 4374:Archived 4165:POLITICO 4086:SET News 3794:Archived 3738:Archived 3552:10478853 3456:Archived 3221:Archived 3152:Archived 3070:Archived 2777:Archived 2749:24683269 2449:: 1–16. 2230:See also 2199:sabotage 2118:Brussels 2094:failure. 2084:gasoline 1967:through 1907:Line 6B 1905:Enbridge 1873:Exposure 1730:volatile 1710:Caucasus 1708:and the 1426:network. 1206:platform 1071:football 935:are the 907:channels 891:drinking 886:system. 790:hydrogen 759:Hydrogen 753:Tasmania 638:concrete 626:abrasion 554:Manitoba 319:Timeline 300:Personal 230:Vactrain 117:channels 101:drinking 50:pipeline 18:Gas grid 6069:Theatre 6064:Stadium 5475:Sinopec 5465:Rosneft 5345:Gazprom 5340:Equinor 5268:Chevron 4915:History 4781:Tracers 4703:Blowout 4592:Exports 4587:Imports 4551:Exports 4546:Imports 4296:, 2010) 4216:Reuters 4190:Reuters 3696:PHMSA. 3203:Apr 15, 2740:3962073 2719:Bibcode 2451:Bibcode 2343:Pigging 2129:Nigeria 2080:Nigeria 1995:overtop 1859:vandals 1851:rutting 1808:sensors 1786:and is 1764:benzene 1757:aquifer 1749:viscous 1741:benzene 1722:solvent 1687:Central 1678:Gazprom 1674:Ukraine 1572:coating 1246:groups. 1135:Holwerd 1131:Ameland 1115:Ebensee 1079:Randers 1059:Randers 877:palaces 873:Luoyang 846:gravity 724:ethanol 684:Ukraine 674:Ammonia 653:pigging 566:propane 449:Discuss 295:Private 286:Outline 281:History 6115:Piping 6059:Public 6018:Tunnel 6008:Skyway 5953:Bridge 5841:Others 5792:Saipem 5689:Tüpraş 5679:TNK-BP 5664:Sunoco 5654:Repsol 5614:Lukoil 5557:Others 5528:Gunvor 5162:timing 5096:Russia 5008:Norway 4993:France 4988:Canada 3550: 3481: 2808: 2747: 2737: 2590:Forbes 2469: 2182:Taiwan 1982:dilbit 1917:dilbit 1865:, and 1845:, and 1737:naptha 1726:dilbit 1324:, the 1316:, the 1277:route. 1209:within 1107:trunks 1087:Bruges 903:canals 862:eunuch 860:court 628:, and 622:impact 521:Bakken 305:Public 291:Public 238:Topics 113:canals 81:slurry 77:sewage 6039:Arena 5988:Levee 5958:Canal 5708:Major 5574:Cepsa 5548:Vitol 5518:Enron 5480:SOCAR 5420:Pemex 5415:PDVSA 5410:Orlen 5375:Lotos 5315:ANCAP 5283:Shell 5240:Major 4998:India 4602:Price 4556:Price 4498:Urals 4493:Tapis 4463:Dubai 4458:Brent 4309:UK – 4282:(PDF) 4250:(PDF) 4239:(PDF) 4003:(PDF) 3996:(PDF) 3971:(PDF) 3964:(PDF) 3913:(PDF) 3906:(PDF) 3881:(PDF) 3874:(PDF) 3849:(PDF) 3842:(PDF) 3676:(PDF) 3651:(PDF) 3624:(PDF) 3617:(PDF) 3577:(PDF) 3570:(PDF) 3498:EPA. 3248:(PDF) 3241:(PDF) 3096:(PDF) 3089:(PDF) 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