381:("SAW") pipe. There are two technologies that can be used to manufacture steel pipes of sizes larger than the steel pipes that can be produced by seamless and ERW processes. The two types of pipes produced through these technologies are longitudinal-submerged arc-welded (LSAW) and spiral-submerged arc-welded (SSAW) pipes. LSAW are made by bending and welding wide steel plates and most commonly used in oil and gas industry applications. Due to their high cost, LSAW pipes are seldom used in lower value non-energy applications such as water pipelines. SSAW pipes are produced by spiral (helicoidal) welding of steel coil and have a cost advantage over LSAW pipes, as the process uses coils rather than steel plates. As such, in applications where spiral-weld is acceptable, SSAW pipes may be preferred over LSAW pipes. Both LSAW pipes and SSAW pipes compete against ERW pipes and seamless pipes in the diameter ranges of 16”-24”.
160:
most often specified by the OD and wall thickness, but may be specified by any two of OD, inside diameter (ID), and wall thickness. Pipe is generally manufactured to one of several international and national industrial standards. While similar standards exist for specific industry application tubing, tube is often made to custom sizes and a broader range of diameters and tolerances. Many industrial and government standards exist for the production of pipe and tubing. The term "tube" is also commonly applied to non-cylindrical sections, i.e., square or rectangular tubing. In general, "pipe" is the more common term in most of the world, whereas "tube" is more widely used in the United States.
847:(IPS) is an older system still used by some manufacturers and legacy drawings and equipment. The IPS number is the same as the NPS number, but the schedules were limited to Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong (XS), and Double Extra Strong (XXS). STD is identical to SCH 40 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 10, inclusive, and indicates .375" wall thickness for NPS 12 and larger. XS is identical to SCH 80 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 8, inclusive, and indicates .500" wall thickness for NPS 8 and larger. Different definitions exist for XXS, however it is never the same as SCH 160. XXS is in fact thicker than SCH 160 for NPS 1/8" to 6" inclusive, whereas SCH 160 is thicker than XXS for NPS 8" and larger.
97:
602:
614:
1152:
397:
1575:
fitting, So couplers and additional tubing will need to be installed on either side of the replacement fitting. Whereas with a soldered fitting, a defective joint can just be re-soldered, or heated and turned if a minor change is required, or heated and removed without requiring any of the tubing to be cut away. This also allows more expensive fittings like valves to be re-used if they are otherwise in good to new condition, something not possible if the fitting is crimped on.
39:
1635:
1207:
1294:
1238:
626:
1525:, and solder is melted into the connection. When the solder cools, it forms a very strong bond which can last for decades. Solder-connected rigid copper is the most popular choice for water supply lines in modern buildings. In situations where many connections must be made at once (such as plumbing of a new building), solder offers much quicker and much less expensive joinery than compression or flare fittings. The term
1089:, or PTFE string, or by using a mechanical coupling. Process piping is usually joined by welding using a TIG or MIG process. The most common process pipe joint is the butt weld. The ends of pipe to be welded must have a certain weld preparation called an End Weld Prep (EWP) which is typically at an angle of 37.5 degrees to accommodate the filler weld metal. The most common pipe thread in North America is the
183:
1030:. Small pipe is typically not heavy and can be lifted into place by the installation craft laborer. However, during a plant outage or shutdown, the small (small bore) pipe may also be pre-fabricated to expedite installation during the outage. After the pipe is installed it will be tested for leaks. Before testing it may need to be cleaned by blowing air or steam or flushing with a liquid.
903:. This code has the force of law in Canada and the US. Europe and the rest of the world has an equivalent system of codes. Pressure piping is generally pipe that must carry pressures greater than 10 to 25 atmospheres, although definitions vary. To ensure safe operation of the system, the manufacture, storage, welding, testing, etc. of pressure piping must meet stringent quality standards.
883:. PIP comes in pressure ratings of 22 psi (150 kPa), 50 psi (340 kPa), 80 psi (550 kPa), 100 psi (690 kPa), and 125 psi (860 kPa) and is generally available in diameters of 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 inches (15, 20, 25, 30, 38, 46, 53, and 61 cm).
358:("ERW"), or Electric Fusion Welding ("EFW")). The weld flash can be removed from both inner and outer surfaces using a scarfing blade. The weld zone can also be heat-treated to make the seam less visible. Welded pipe often has tighter dimensional tolerances than the seamless type, and can be cheaper to manufacture.
1193:
joints are also frequently used for frequent disassembly and assembly. Developed in the 1920s, these mechanical grooved couplings can operate up to 120 pounds per square inch (830 kPa) working pressures and available in materials to match the pipe grade. Another type of mechanical coupling is a
1143:
If frequent disconnection will be required, gasketed pipe flanges or union fittings provide better reliability than threads. Some thin-walled pipes of ductile material, such as the smaller copper or flexible plastic water pipes found in homes for ice makers and humidifiers, for example, may be joined
767:") and is based on inches (also frequently referred to as NB ("Nominal Bore")). The European version is called DN ("Diametre Nominal" / "Nominal Diameter") and is based on millimetres. Designating the outside diameter allows pipes of the same size to be fit together no matter what the wall thickness.
1591:
is sometimes used due to its low cost, resistance to corrosion and solvents, and its ductility. Aluminium tube is more desirable than steel for the conveyance of flammable solvents, since it cannot create sparks when manipulated. Aluminium tubing can be connected by flare or compression fittings, or
1468:
to make it soft again; it is therefore more expensive to produce than non-annealed, rigid copper tubing. It can be joined by any of the three methods used for rigid copper, and it is the only type of copper tubing suitable for flare connections. Soft copper is the most popular choice for refrigerant
1431:
In Canada, with respect to natural gas (NG) and propane (LP gas), black iron pipe (BIP) is commonly used to connect an appliance to the supply. It must however be marked (either painted yellow or yellow banding attached at certain intervals) and certain restrictions apply to which nominal pipe size
1549:
Crimped or pressed connections use special copper fittings which are permanently attached to rigid copper tubing with a powered crimper. The special fittings, manufactured with sealant already inside, slide over the tubing to be connected. Thousands of pounds-force per square inch of pressure are
1540:
use a soft metal or thermoplastic ring (the compression ring or "ferrule") which is squeezed onto the pipe and into the fitting by a compression nut. The soft metal conforms to the surface of the tubing and the fitting, and creates a seal. Compression connections do not typically have the long life
1166:
typically uses a "push-on" gasket style of pipe that compresses a gasket into a space formed between the two adjoining pieces. Push-on joints are available on most types of pipe. A pipe joint lubricant must be used in the assembly of the pipe. Under buried conditions, gasket-joint pipes allow for
1055:
motion. Some dampers are simply fluid dashpots, but other dampers may be active hydraulic devices that have sophisticated systems that act to dampen peak displacements due to externally imposed vibrations or mechanical shocks. The undesired motions may be process derived (such as in a fluidized bed
797:
Steel pipe has been produced for about 150 years. The pipe sizes that are in use today in PVC and galvanized were originally designed years ago for steel pipe. The number system, like Sch 40, 80, 160, were set long ago and seem a little odd. For example, Sch 20 pipe is even thinner than Sch 40, but
361:
There are a number of processes that may be used to produce ERW pipes. Each of these processes leads to coalescence or merging of steel components into pipes. Electric current is passed through the surfaces that have to be welded together; as the components being welded together resist the electric
159:
are usually interchangeable, but in industry and engineering, the terms are uniquely defined. Depending on the applicable standard to which it is manufactured, pipe is generally specified by a nominal diameter with a constant outside diameter (OD) and a schedule that defines the thickness. Tube is
1574:
The fittings are not re-usable. If a design change is required or if a joint is found to be defective or improperly crimped, the already installed fittings must be cut out and discarded. In addition, the cutting required to remove the fitting often will leave insufficient tubing to install the new
698:
inch (13 mm)—but it also had thick walls. As technology improved, thinner walls became possible, but the outside diameter stayed the same so it could mate with existing older pipe, increasing the inner diameter beyond half an inch. The history of copper pipe is similar. In the 1930s, the pipe
1010:
and the ends are capped (plastic) for protection. The pipe and pipe spools are delivered to a warehouse on a large commercial/industrial job and they may be held indoors or in a gridded laydown yard. The pipe or pipe spool is retrieved, staged, rigged, and then lifted into place. On large process
1578:
The cost of the tooling is very expensive. As of 2016, a basic toolkit required to sweat solder all the copper pipes of a typical single family residence, including fuel and solder, can be purchased for approximately $ 200. By contrast, the minimum cost of a basic powered crimping tool starts at
1005:
Pipe installation is often more expensive than the material and a variety of specialized tools, techniques, and parts have been developed to assist this. Pipe is usually delivered to a customer or jobsite as either "sticks" or lengths of pipe (typically 20 feet (6.1 m), called single random
985:
API 5L was changed in the second half of 2008 to edition 44 from edition 43 to make it identical to ISO 3183. It is important to note that the change has created the requirement that sour service, ERW pipe, pass a hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) test per NACE TM0284 in order to be used for sour
801:
Many different standards exist for pipe sizes, and their prevalence varies depending on industry and geographical area. The pipe size designation generally includes two numbers; one that indicates the outside (OD) or nominal diameter, and the other that indicates the wall thickness. In the early
1520:
are smooth, and easily slip onto the end of a tubing section. Both the male and female ends of the pipe or pipe connectors are cleaned thoroughly then coated with flux to make sure there is no surface oxide and to ensure that the solder will bond properly with the base metal. The joint is then
1454:
Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection, or solder. Copper offers a high level of
594:
can be used for large-diameter concrete pipes. This pipe material can be used in many types of construction, and is often used in the gravity-flow transport of storm water. Usually such pipe will have a receiving bell or a stepped fitting, with various sealing methods applied at installation.
1214:
Fittings are also used to split or join a number of pipes together, and for other purposes. A broad variety of standardized pipe fittings are available; they are generally broken down into either a tee, an elbow, a branch, a reducer/enlarger, or a wye. Valves control fluid flow and regulate
1265:
or "pig"; alternately the pipes or tubes may be chemically flushed using specialized solutions that are pumped through. In some cases, where care has been taken in the manufacture, storage, and installation of pipe and tubing, the lines are blown clean with compressed air or nitrogen.
774:
both methods give a nominal value for the OD that is rounded off and is not the same as the actual OD. For example, NPS 2 inch and DN 50 are the same pipe, but the actual OD is 2.375 inches or 60.33 millimetres. The only way to obtain the actual OD is to look it up in a reference
1038:
Pipes are usually either supported from below or hung from above (but may also be supported from the side), using devices called pipe supports. Supports may be as simple as a pipe "shoe" which is akin to a half of an I-beam welded to the bottom of the pipe; they may be "hung" using a
173:
such as elbows, tees, and so on, while tube may be formed or bent into custom configurations. For materials that are inflexible, cannot be formed, or where construction is governed by codes or standards, tube assemblies are also constructed with the use of tube fittings.
373:
around the tube. HFI is generally considered to be technically superior to "ordinary" ERW when manufacturing pipes for critical applications, such as for usage in the energy sector, in addition to other uses in line pipe applications, as well as for casing and tubing.
1541:
that sweat connections offer, but are advantageous in many cases because they are easy to make using basic tools. A disadvantage in compression connections is that they take longer to make than sweat, and sometimes require retightening over time to stop leaks.
1185:
Large above ground pipe typically uses a flanged joint, which is generally available in ductile iron pipe and some others. It is a gasket style where the flanges of the adjoining pipes are bolted together, compressing the gasket into a space between the pipe.
817:
B36.10M (Table 1) in the US, and BS 1600 and BS 1387 in the United
Kingdom. Typically the pipe wall thickness is the controlled variable, and the Inside Diameter (I.D.) is allowed to vary. The pipe wall thickness has a variance of approximately 12.5 percent.
305:
When steel pipes were introduced in 19th century, they initially were riveted, and later clamped with H-shaped bars (even though methods for making weldless steel tubes were known already in the 1870s), until by the early 1930s these methods were replaced by
362:
current, heat is generated which forms the weld. Pools of molten metal are formed where the two surfaces are connected as a strong electric current is passed through the metal; these pools of molten metal form the weld that binds the two abutted components.
1917:
Iron and Steel
Manufacture. A series of papers on the manufacture and properties of iron and steel; with reports on iron and steel in the Paris Exhibition of 1867 ... With numerous engravings. Reprinted from "Engineering." Revised and enlarged by the
346:. As the manufacturing process does not include any welding, seamless pipes are perceived to be stronger and more reliable. Historically, seamless pipe was regarded as withstanding pressure better than other types, and was often more available than
802:
twentieth century, American pipe was sized by inside diameter. This practice was abandoned to improve compatibility with pipe fittings that must usually fit the OD of the pipe, but it has had a lasting impact on modern standards around the world.
353:
Advances since the 1970s, in materials, process control, and non-destructive testing, allow correctly specified welded pipe to replace seamless in many applications. Welded pipe is formed by rolling plate and welding the seam (usually by
533:, a federal regulation which limits the concentration of lead and copper allowed in public drinking water, as well as the permissible amount of pipe corrosion occurring due to the water itself. In the US it is estimated that 6.5 million
687:
Pipe sizes can be confusing because the terminology may relate to historical dimensions. For example, a half-inch iron pipe does not have any dimension that is a half inch. Initially, a half inch pipe did have an inner diameter of
781:
the NPS size is the actual diameter in inches and the DN size is equal to NPS times 25 (not 25.4) rounded to a convenient multiple of 50. For example, NPS 14 has an OD of 14 inches or 355.60 millimetres, and is equivalent to DN
1463:
Soft (or ductile) copper tubing can be bent easily to travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing. While the work hardening of the drawing process used to size the tubing makes the copper hard/rigid, it is carefully
1500:
Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines. It is joined using a sweat, compression or crimped/pressed connection. Rigid copper, rigid due to the work hardening of the drawing process, cannot be bent and must use
1006:
length) or they are prefabricated with elbows, tees and valves into a prefabricated pipe spool . Typically, pipe smaller than 2 inches (5.1 cm) are not pre-fabricated. The pipe spools are usually tagged with a
365:
ERW pipes are manufactured from the longitudinal welding of steel. The welding process for ERW pipes is continuous, as opposed to welding of distinct sections at intervals. ERW process uses steel coil as feedstock.
798:
same OD. And while these pipes are based on old steel pipe sizes, there is other pipe, like cpvc for heated water, that uses pipe sizes, inside and out, based on old copper pipe size standards instead of steel.
1197:
When pipes join in chambers where other components are needed for the management of the network (such as valves or gauges), dismantling joints are generally used, in order to make mounting/dismounting easier.
478:
pipe or tubing may be utilized where iron is incompatible with the service fluid or where weight is a concern; aluminum is also used for heat transfer tubing such as in refrigerant systems.
1948:
1261:. This depends on the process that the pipe will be used for and the cleanliness needed for the process. In some cases the pipes are cleaned using a displacement device formally known as a
733:-inch (1.6 mm), so the internal diameter is only "nominal" rather than a controlling dimension. Newer pipe technologies sometimes adopted a sizing system as its own. PVC pipe uses the
665:
to be written on the pipe. Precautions must also be taken to prevent the introduction of counterfeit materials. As a backup to etching/labeling of the material identification on the pipe,
657:). The tests are stamped by the mill's QA/QC department and can be used to trace the material back to the mill by future users, such as piping and fitting manufacturers. Maintaining the
825:, but labels them with a metric Diameter Nominal (DN) instead of the imperial NPS. For NPS larger than 14, the DN is equal to the NPS multiplied by 25. (Not 25.4) This is documented by
294:
mills to make iron musket barrels. One of them, Henry
Osborne, developed a relatively effective process in 1817 with which he started to make iron gas tubes ca. 1820, selling some to
1492:
then compresses this bell-shaped end onto a male fitting. Flare connections are a labor-intensive method of making connections, but are quite reliable over the course of many years.
1194:
flareless tube fitting (Major brands include
Swagelok, Ham-Let, Parker); this type of compression fitting is typically used on small tubing under 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter.
1432:(NPS) can be put through walls and buildings. With propane in particular, BIP can be run from an exterior tank (or cylinder) provided it is well protected from the weather, and an
1973:
1998:
1059:
Pipe hanger assembles are usually attached with pipe clamps. Possible exposure to high temperatures and heavy loads should be included when specifying which clamps are needed.
3278:
914:
of pipe, which would be all from the same heat and have been through the same heat treatment processes. The manufacturer performs these tests and reports the composition in a
723:-inch (28.58 mm) outside diameter. The outside diameter was the important dimension for mating with fittings. The wall thickness on modern copper is usually thinner than
575:(ABS), for example. In many countries, PVC pipes account for most pipe materials used in buried municipal applications for drinking water distribution and wastewater mains.
1374:
fuel, and is a popular choice in fire sprinkler systems due to its high heat resistance. In commercial buildings, steel pipe is used to convey heating or cooling water to
369:
The High
Frequency Induction Technology (HFI) welding process is used for manufacturing ERW pipes. In this process, the current to weld the pipe is applied by means of an
1421:
or Anvil
International (formerly Grinnell) that hold the pipe joint together via a groove pressed or cut (a rarely used older practice), into the ends of the pipes.
1047:
type of devices called pipe hangers. Pipe supports of any kind may incorporate springs, snubbers, dampers, or combinations of these devices to compensate for
1845:
498:
steel alloys are used in high temperature and pressure piping in process and power facilities. When specifying alloys for new processes, the known issues of
280:, completed around the 25th century BC, included a temple with an elaborate drainage system including more than 380 m (1,247 ft) of copper piping.
521:
now require that lead piping in residential or institutional installations be replaced with non-toxic piping or that the tubes' interiors be treated with
2161:
786:
Since the outside diameter is fixed for a given pipe size, the inside diameter will vary depending on the wall thickness of the pipe. For example, 2"
906:
Manufacturing standards for pipes commonly require a test of chemical composition and a series of mechanical strength tests for each heat of pipe. A
2139:
Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel (2000). Christopher J. McCauley; Riccardo Heald; Muhammed Iqbal
Hussain (eds.).
1944:
1550:
used to deform the fitting and compress the sealant against the inner copper tubing, creating a watertight seal. Advantages of this method are:
876:
is neither the inside nor outside diameter. Plastic tubing, such as PVC and CPVC, for plumbing applications also has different sizing standards.
1366:
pipe) was once the most popular choice for supply of water and flammable gases. Steel pipe is still used in many homes and businesses to convey
1019:
and other material lifts. They are typically temporarily supported in the steel structure using beam clamps, straps, and small hoists until the
49:
543:
is widely used for its light weight, chemical resistance, non-corrosive properties, and ease of making connections. Plastic materials include
1424:
Other variations of steel pipe include various stainless steel and chrome alloys. In high-pressure situations these are usually joined by
2089:
910:
of pipe is all forged from the same cast ingot, and therefore had the same chemical composition. Mechanical tests may be associated to a
900:
586:, usually for low-pressure applications such as gravity flow or drainage. Pipes for sewage are still predominantly made from concrete or
1970:
1994:
926:. For critical applications, third party verification of these tests may be required; in this case an independent lab will produce a
2174:
1315:
948:
814:
749:
757:
526:
745:
613:
264:, scaffolding, and support structures are often constructed from structural pipes, especially in an industrial environment.
3238:
1725:
601:
1931:
2233:
972:
ISO 14692 (Petroleum and natural gas industries. Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping. Qualification and manufacture)
669:(PMI) is performed using a handheld device; the device scans the pipe material using an emitted electromagnetic wave (
2558:
2150:
2129:
1341:
83:
1861:
1323:
3288:
763:
There are two common methods for designating pipe outside diameter (OD). The North
American method is called NPS ("
666:
325:
1842:
1167:
lateral movement due to soil shifting as well as expansion/contraction due to temperature differentials. Plastic
572:
2066:
1319:
548:
339:
1646:
169:(or hosepipe) is usually portable and flexible. Pipe assemblies are almost always constructed with the use of
1792:
1777:
661:
between the alloy material and associated MTR is an important quality assurance issue. QA often requires the
645:
for piping are forged, metallurgical tests are performed to determine material composition by % of each
1665:
Plastic pipe fittings include PVC pipe fittings, PP / PPH pipe fitting mould, PE pipe and ABS pipe fitting.
2849:
1772:
1216:
1068:
942:
837:
741:
61:
945:
range – now ISO 3183. E.g.: API 5L Grade B – now ISO L245 where the number indicates yield strength in MPa
922:, both of which are referred to by the acronym MTR. Material with these associated test reports is called
3012:
2814:
1720:
355:
170:
2794:
2639:
2624:
1579:
around $ 1800, and can be as high as $ 4000 for the better brands with a complete set of crimping dies.
1051:, or to provide vibration isolation, shock control, or reduced vibration excitation of the pipe due to
2899:
1710:
1275:
1262:
510:
20:
2629:
2268:
1593:
1425:
1304:
851:
552:
119:
65:
1915:
486:
systems; copper may be used where heat transfer is desirable (i.e. radiators or heat exchangers).
249:
Delivery of bulk solids, in a food or process plant from one point to another point in the process
2834:
2829:
2480:
2460:
2141:
1807:
1308:
1078:
880:
155:
57:
809:(NPS) and schedule (SCH). Pipe sizes are documented by a number of standards, including API 5L,
653:(MTR). These tests can be used to prove that the alloy conforms to various specifications (e.g.
3355:
3298:
3027:
2997:
2328:
2226:
2086:
1695:
1506:
1465:
537:(pipes that connect water mains to home plumbing) installed before the 1930s are still in use.
454:
Typically metallic piping is made of steel or iron, such as unfinished, black (lacquer) steel,
291:
143:
96:
1945:"Potable Water Pipe Condition Assessment For a High Rise Condominium in The Pacific Northwest"
1898:
1882:
3340:
3293:
3049:
2992:
2977:
2449:
1797:
1250:
869:
474:. Iron based piping is subject to corrosion if used within a highly oxygenated water stream.
378:
27:
1619:
manufacturing. Connections are generally made using specialized gasket or O-ring fittings.
1026:
An example of a tool used for installation for a small plumbing pipe (threaded ends) is the
864:
for residential plumbing follows an entirely different size system in
America, often called
3039:
2608:
2516:
2418:
2186:
1752:
1735:
1537:
1390:
1117:
1094:
1090:
530:
503:
2043:
1571:
The fittings used are harder to find and cost significantly more than sweat type fittings.
709:-inch (1.6 mm) wall thickness. Consequently, a 1-inch (25 mm) copper pipe had a
625:
8:
3391:
3370:
3228:
2869:
2465:
1379:
1145:
1097:(NPTF) version. Other pipe threads include the British Standard Pipe Thread (BSPT), the
1056:
reactor) or from a natural phenomenon such as an earthquake (design basis event or DBE).
591:
587:
499:
112:
2190:
1077:, using threaded pipe and fittings; sealing the connection with a pipe thread compound,
740:
Pipe sizes are specified by a number of national and international standards, including
3324:
3223:
3145:
2982:
2947:
2844:
2824:
2719:
2694:
2495:
2388:
2258:
2198:
2138:
1757:
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to go around corners or around obstacles. If heated and allowed to slowly cool, called
1098:
670:
649:
in the piping, and the results are recorded in a material test report, also known as a
544:
213:
1389:
Steel pipe is sometimes joined using threaded connections, where tapered threads (see
287:
3401:
3360:
3283:
2972:
2819:
2804:
2724:
2704:
2669:
2522:
2485:
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2125:
1932:
https://www.awwa.org/Portals/0/files/publications/documents/samples/30011_excerpt.pdf
1741:
1690:
1151:
1048:
860:
826:
822:
821:
In the rest of Europe pressure piping uses the same pipe IDs and wall thicknesses as
806:
764:
753:
734:
682:
534:
329:
277:
1517:
396:
260:
Additionally, pipes are used for many purposes that do not involve conveying fluid.
3365:
3130:
2939:
2889:
2714:
2634:
2593:
2553:
2313:
2278:
2194:
1782:
1730:
1484:
require that the end of a tubing section be spread outward in a bell shape using a
1398:
1082:
650:
646:
540:
513:, but is no longer permitted for new potable water piping installations due to its
463:
3396:
3193:
3069:
3059:
2759:
2709:
2699:
2679:
2659:
2583:
2475:
2398:
2373:
2162:"Thermoplastics at Work: A Comprehensive Review of Municipal PVC Piping Products"
2093:
1977:
1849:
1802:
1375:
1133:
1125:
1102:
1012:
654:
522:
459:
377:
Large-diameter pipe (25 centimetres (10 in) or greater) may be ERW, EFW, or
343:
284:
253:
1393:) are cut into the end of the tubing segment, sealant is applied in the form of
3233:
3203:
3198:
3150:
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2734:
2729:
2573:
2511:
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2403:
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2283:
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1616:
1608:
1560:
It is cleaner in both appearance and the materials used to make the connection.
1413:. Beyond domestic or light commercial settings, steel pipe is often joined by
1409:
tape), and it is then threaded into a corresponding threaded fitting using two
1280:
Pipe is widely used in the fabrication of handrails, guardrails, and railings.
1016:
844:
370:
219:
187:
1509:, then rigid copper will become soft and can be bent/formed without cracking.
3385:
3350:
3314:
3183:
3120:
2789:
2689:
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2490:
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1715:
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1179:
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518:
273:
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are constructed from plate, not pipe owing to their wall thickness and size).
243:
165:
146:
applications; hollow pipe is far stiffer per unit weight than solid members.
3243:
3160:
3100:
3079:
3074:
2987:
2962:
2904:
2884:
2874:
2859:
2799:
2784:
2754:
2739:
2674:
2654:
2603:
2548:
2413:
2393:
2323:
1981:
1812:
1762:
1129:
1020:
873:
833:
2448 and BS 1387) and ISO 65:1981, and it is often called DIN or ISO pipe.
658:
568:
560:
471:
455:
405:
319:
299:
295:
163:
Both "pipe" and "tube" imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a
636:
3188:
3165:
3140:
3125:
3017:
2894:
2879:
2864:
2809:
2779:
2774:
2764:
2749:
2744:
2664:
2649:
2423:
2363:
1884:
Cyclopædia of useful arts & manufactures, ed. by C. Tomlinson. 9 divs
1700:
1410:
1367:
1137:
1027:
865:
791:
787:
662:
491:
1634:
3248:
3135:
3115:
3002:
2967:
2929:
2924:
2769:
2644:
2408:
2368:
1822:
1052:
951:
SA106 Grade B (Seamless carbon steel pipe for high temperature service)
899:"B31" code series such as B31.1 or B31.3 which have their basis in the
790:
pipe has thicker walls and therefore a smaller inside diameter than 2"
421:
401:
208:
3279:
International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
2044:"Material Test Report FAQ: MTR Frequently Asked Questions And Answers"
1984:, January 26, 2011. Retrieved from TheStar.com website, Jan. 26, 2011.
1206:
3253:
3110:
3105:
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2578:
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1612:
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1418:
1394:
1242:
1190:
1175:
1109:
805:
In North America and the UK, pressure piping is usually specified by
385:
203:
2062:
1293:
1237:
529:, " there is no safe level of lead ". In 1991 the US EPA issued the
3319:
3007:
2353:
2333:
2288:
2263:
2242:
1787:
1007:
975:
579:
514:
495:
483:
475:
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429:
342:
over a piercing rod to create the hollow shell in a process called
261:
198:
3258:
3155:
3064:
2952:
2854:
2684:
2588:
2568:
2444:
1597:
1554:
A correctly crimped connection should last as long as the tubing.
1414:
1371:
1258:
1113:
1074:
1044:
583:
487:
433:
413:
347:
307:
2120:
Nayyar, Mohinder L. (2000). "A1". In Nayyar, Mohinder L. (ed.).
1155:
A HDPE ring main that has been joined with an Electrofusion Tee.
3345:
3054:
3022:
2528:
2501:
2358:
2348:
1767:
1406:
1254:
1040:
642:
479:
191:
139:
135:
131:
123:
116:
101:
1529:
is sometimes used to describe the process of soldering pipes.
1417:, or by use of mechanical couplings made by companies such as
981:
ASTM A795 (Steel pipe specifically for fire sprinkler systems)
182:
2957:
2919:
2563:
2533:
1522:
1433:
1359:
1220:
1086:
467:
441:
425:
417:
48:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
673:) and receives a reply that is spectrographically analyzed.
525:. According to a senior researcher and lead expert with the
3034:
2839:
2428:
2318:
2211:
1402:
1383:
1172:
1168:
960:
954:
896:
836:
Japan has its own set of standard pipe sizes, often called
810:
437:
328:
of hot alloyed metal is one of the most prominent process.
1843:
ISO – Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications
1440:
is in place when the pipe is to be installed underground.
957:
A312 (Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipe)
879:
Agricultural applications use PIP sizes, which stands for
2096:
Piping Technology and Products, (retrieved February 2012)
2017:
2015:
830:
564:
324:
There are three processes for metallic pipe manufacture.
252:
The construction of high pressure storage vessels (large
228:
High-temperature or high-pressure manufacturing processes
225:
Casing for concrete pilings used in construction projects
127:
122:, used mainly to convey substances which can flow —
937:
Some widely used pipe standards or piping classes are:
779:
For pipe sizes of NPS 14 inch (DN 350) and greater
637:
Traceability and positive material identification (PMI)
384:
Tubing for flow, either metal or plastic, is generally
2012:
1455:
resistance to corrosion, but is becoming very costly.
978:(Carbon steel pipe for structural or low pressure use)
1611:
pipes are used for specialized applications, such as
509:
Lead piping is still found in old domestic and other
412:
Pipe is made out of many types of material including
1971:
Porter: Gravy Train Cuts Mean More Lead In Our Water
1563:
No open flame is used during the connection process.
142:
and masses of small solids. It can also be used for
772:
For pipe sizes less than NPS 14 inch (DN 350),
242:Delivery of fluids, either gaseous or liquid, in a
1947:. GSG Group Inc., Community Engineering Services.
1557:It takes less time to complete than other methods.
1245:buildup, reducing the inner diameter considerably.
2179:Opflow Magazine, American Water Works Association
2145:(26th ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc.
1544:
854:(DIPS), which generally has larger ODs than IPS.
3383:
482:tubing is popular for domestic water (potable)
332:are generally manufactured in such a fashion.
699:was designated by its internal diameter and a
246:from one point to another point in the process
216:transporting gas or liquid over long distances
2227:
2029:
2027:
46:The examples and perspective in this article
1880:
1322:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
901:ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)
2234:
2220:
2024:
1615:liquids, medical or laboratory wastes, or
1532:
1249:The inside of pipes can be cleaned with a
2060:
1342:Learn how and when to remove this message
555:(FRP), reinforced polymer mortar (RPMP),
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
1236:
1205:
1150:
930:(CMTR), and the material will be called
760:10255 in the United Kingdom and Europe.
395:
181:
95:
3289:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)
2124:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
1512:
3384:
2172:
2159:
2119:
1942:
1862:"Egyptian Pharaoh Had Copper Plumbing"
1201:
619:High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes
565:cross-linked high-density polyethylene
527:Canadian Environmental Law Association
2215:
1627:Plastic pipes used in manufacturing.
1108:Copper pipes are typically joined by
3239:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1913:
1726:List of equations in fluid mechanics
1629:
1476:
1320:adding citations to reliable sources
1287:
891:The manufacture and installation of
338:(SMLS) is formed by drawing a solid
310:, which is still widely used today.
272:The first known use of pipes was in
32:
2033:AWWA M45 Fiberglass Pipe Design 1.1
1023:are attached or otherwise secured.
607:Carbon Steel Pipe in a storage yard
13:
2199:10.1002/j.1551-8701.2007.tb02753.x
16:Tubular section or hollow cylinder
14:
3413:
2559:Push-to-pull compression fittings
2207:
1951:from the original on May 21, 2013
1583:
1473:air conditioners and heat pumps.
186:Pipe installation on a street in
115:, usually but not necessarily of
1633:
1292:
1253:, if they are contaminated with
1189:Mechanical grooved couplings or
1033:
667:positive material identification
624:
612:
600:
37:
2112:
2099:
2080:
2069:from the original on 2012-08-26
2054:
2036:
2001:from the original on 2016-04-21
1622:
1495:
1283:
1223:articles discuss them further.
1000:
752:B36.10M and B36.19M in the US,
573:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
111:is a tubular section or hollow
2175:"Sealing Our Buried Lifelines"
1987:
1963:
1936:
1925:
1907:
1891:
1874:
1854:
1836:
1793:Reinforced thermoplastic pipes
1545:Crimped or pressed connections
1458:
1443:
969:ASTM D2239 (Polyethylene Pipe)
928:certified material test report
918:and the mechanical tests in a
549:chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
313:
1:
2160:Rahman, Shah (October 2004).
1829:
1778:Plastic pressure pipe systems
1603:
1354:
1269:
1073:Pipes are commonly joined by
447:, from which comes the word '
3299:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
2850:Reduced pressure zone device
2241:
1773:Piping and plumbing fittings
1217:piping and plumbing fittings
1069:Piping and plumbing fittings
1011:jobs the lift is made using
895:is tightly regulated by the
886:
506:must be taken into account.
391:
7:
3294:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
3013:Instant hot water dispenser
2815:Piping and plumbing fitting
2173:Rahman, Shah (April 2007).
1903:. Knight & Lacey. 1842.
1668:
1226:
1178:are also often joined with
356:Electric resistance welding
60:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3420:
2640:Backflow prevention device
2625:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
1447:
1273:
1230:
1140:, or elastomeric sealing.
1066:
1062:
966:ASTM D3033/3034 (PVC Pipe)
850:Another old system is the
680:
511:water distribution systems
317:
267:
149:In common usage the words
25:
18:
3333:
3307:
3267:
3212:
3174:
3093:
2938:
2900:Thermostatic mixing valve
2617:
2437:
2249:
2105:Rahman (2007), pp. 12–17.
2021:Rahman (2004), pp. 56–61.
1995:"Saltwire | Halifax"
1711:Hollow structural section
1436:-type of protection from
1276:Hollow structural section
1263:Pipeline Inspection Gauge
21:Hollow structural section
19:For structural pipe, see
2630:Automatic bleeding valve
2269:Compatibility (chemical)
2166:Underground Construction
1914:KOHN, Ferdinand (1873).
1592:it can be welded by the
1382:(VAV) devices, or other
916:mill traceability report
676:
553:fibre reinforced plastic
436:. In the past, wood and
231:The petroleum industry:
2835:Pressure-balanced valve
2830:Pressure vacuum breaker
2539:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
2481:Drain-waste-vent system
2461:Chemical drain cleaners
1533:Compression connections
1395:thread sealing compound
1079:Polytetrafluoroethylene
881:Plastic Irrigation Pipe
451:') were commonly used.
177:
3356:Template:Public health
3028:water recycling shower
2998:Hot water storage tank
2329:Onsite sewage facility
1246:
1211:
1156:
852:Ductile Iron Pipe Size
671:x-ray fluorescence/XRF
578:Pipe may be made from
409:
237:Oil refinery equipment
194:
104:
3341:Fire sprinkler system
3050:Tankless water heater
2993:Garbage disposal unit
2978:Electric water boiler
2450:British Standard Pipe
2087:Pipe Support Hardware
1798:Sprayed in place pipe
1251:tube cleaning process
1240:
1209:
1154:
870:domestic water system
408:included wooden pipes
399:
185:
99:
28:Pipe (disambiguation)
3040:Storage water heater
2609:Water heat recycling
2517:National Pipe Thread
2419:Water supply network
2142:Machinery's Handbook
1943:Robles, PE, Daniel.
1921:. William MacKenzie.
1881:Cyclopaedia (1852).
1753:Pipe and tube bender
1736:National Pipe Thread
1567:Disadvantages are:
1538:Compression fittings
1513:Soldered connections
1391:National Pipe Thread
1316:improve this section
1210:Copper pipe fittings
1146:compression fittings
1118:compression fittings
1091:National Pipe Thread
920:material test report
531:Lead and Copper Rule
504:sensitization effect
379:Submerged Arc Welded
288:Birmingham gunmakers
66:create a new article
58:improve this article
26:For other uses, see
3371:Template:Wastewater
3229:Hydrostatic testing
2870:Rooftop water tower
2466:Compression fitting
2191:2007Opflo..33d..12R
1969:Porter, Catherine.
1900:Mechanics' Magazine
1380:variable air volume
1202:Fittings and valves
1176:gas and water pipes
963:C76 (Concrete Pipe)
631:Plastic (PVC) pipes
592:Reinforced concrete
326:Centrifugal casting
3325:Waterborne disease
3224:Hydronic balancing
2983:Evaporative cooler
2948:Accessible bathtub
2845:Radiator (heating)
2825:Pressure regulator
2720:Double check valve
2695:Concentric reducer
2496:Garden Hose Thread
2389:Thermal insulation
2259:Air gap (plumbing)
2092:2011-12-27 at the
1976:2012-10-23 at the
1848:2010-09-09 at the
1758:Pipeline transport
1686:Double-walled pipe
1645:. You can help by
1247:
1212:
1157:
1103:fire hose coupling
1099:garden hose thread
545:polyvinyl chloride
535:lead service lines
410:
330:Ductile iron pipes
195:
105:
100:Drain pipe of the
3379:
3378:
3361:Template:Sewerage
3308:Health and safety
3284:NSF International
3094:Specialized tools
2973:Drinking fountain
2940:Plumbing fixtures
2820:Plug (sanitation)
2805:Nipple (plumbing)
2725:Eccentric reducer
2705:Coupling (piping)
2670:Chemigation valve
2523:Nominal Pipe Size
2486:Ductile iron pipe
2384:Thermal expansion
2065:. Gizmology.net.
1742:Nominal Pipe Size
1691:Ductile iron pipe
1663:
1662:
1482:Flare connections
1477:Flare connections
1352:
1351:
1344:
1132:may be joined by
1049:thermal expansion
823:Nominal Pipe Size
807:Nominal Pipe Size
765:Nominal Pipe Size
735:Nominal Pipe Size
683:Nominal Pipe Size
278:Pyramid of Sahure
94:
93:
86:
68:, as appropriate.
3409:
3366:Template:Toilets
3131:Flare-nut wrench
2890:Submersible pump
2715:Dielectric union
2635:Automatic faucet
2594:Thread seal tape
2554:Plastic pipework
2314:Hydrostatic loop
2279:Drain (plumbing)
2236:
2229:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2169:
2156:
2135:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2022:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1852:
1840:
1783:Plastic pipework
1731:MS Pipe, MS Tube
1658:
1655:
1637:
1630:
1401:(also known as
1399:thread seal tape
1378:, air handlers,
1347:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1296:
1288:
1164:
1163:
1162:Underground pipe
1083:Thread seal tape
866:Copper Tube Size
829:10255 (formerly
732:
731:
727:
722:
721:
717:
714:
708:
707:
703:
697:
696:
692:
651:Mill Test Report
647:chemical element
628:
616:
604:
464:galvanized steel
254:pressure vessels
89:
82:
78:
75:
69:
41:
40:
33:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3329:
3303:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3194:Pressure sensor
3176:
3170:
3146:Plumber's snake
3089:
3070:Water dispenser
3060:Washing machine
2934:
2760:Flushing trough
2710:Diaphragm valve
2700:Condensate pump
2680:Circulator pump
2660:Butterfly valve
2613:
2584:Solvent welding
2476:Crimp (joining)
2433:
2399:Trap (plumbing)
2374:Surface tension
2251:
2245:
2240:
2210:
2205:
2153:
2132:
2122:Piping Handbook
2115:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2094:Wayback Machine
2085:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2063:"Notes on Pipe"
2061:William Johns.
2059:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:Wayback Machine
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1912:
1908:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1850:Wayback Machine
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1803:Trap (plumbing)
1721:Hydraulic pipes
1696:Galvanized pipe
1671:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1643:needs expansion
1625:
1606:
1586:
1547:
1535:
1521:heated using a
1518:Solder fittings
1515:
1498:
1479:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1376:heat exchangers
1357:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1313:
1297:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1235:
1229:
1215:pressure. The
1204:
1161:
1160:
1134:solvent welding
1101:(GHT), and the
1071:
1065:
1036:
1003:
893:pressure piping
889:
729:
725:
724:
719:
715:
712:
710:
705:
701:
700:
694:
690:
689:
685:
679:
639:
632:
629:
620:
617:
608:
605:
523:phosphoric acid
460:stainless steel
394:
344:rotary piercing
322:
316:
285:Napoleonic Wars
270:
234:Oil well casing
180:
90:
79:
73:
70:
55:
42:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3417:
3416:
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3404:
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3317:
3311:
3309:
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3304:
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3301:
3296:
3291:
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3275:
3273:
3270:organizations
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:Leak detection
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3204:Water metering
3201:
3199:Water detector
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Plumber wrench
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3085:Water softener
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
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3000:
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2990:
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2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Vacuum ejector
2912:
2910:Vacuum breaker
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Faucet aerator
2732:
2730:Expansion tank
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2574:Sewage pumping
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2512:Leak detection
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:Cast iron pipe
2453:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2404:Venturi effect
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Sanitary sewer
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2284:Drinking water
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2209:
2208:External links
2206:
2204:
2203:
2170:
2157:
2151:
2136:
2130:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2098:
2079:
2053:
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2023:
2011:
1986:
1962:
1935:
1924:
1906:
1890:
1873:
1853:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:Cast iron pipe
1672:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1640:
1638:
1624:
1621:
1617:pharmaceutical
1609:Tempered glass
1605:
1602:
1585:
1584:Aluminium pipe
1582:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1546:
1543:
1534:
1531:
1514:
1511:
1503:elbow fittings
1497:
1494:
1478:
1475:
1460:
1457:
1448:Main article:
1445:
1442:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1300:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1274:Main article:
1271:
1268:
1231:Main article:
1228:
1225:
1203:
1200:
1067:Main article:
1064:
1061:
1035:
1032:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
994:
991:
983:
982:
979:
973:
970:
967:
964:
958:
952:
946:
888:
885:
845:Iron pipe size
784:
783:
776:
681:Main article:
678:
675:
638:
635:
634:
633:
630:
623:
621:
618:
611:
609:
606:
599:
588:vitrified clay
541:Plastic tubing
519:building codes
393:
390:
371:induction coil
318:Main article:
315:
312:
269:
266:
258:
257:
250:
247:
240:
239:
238:
235:
229:
226:
223:
220:Compressed air
217:
211:
206:
201:
188:Belo Horizonte
179:
176:
92:
91:
52:of the subject
50:worldwide view
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3415:
3414:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Template:HVAC
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:Plumbing code
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:and standards
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Control valve
3182:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Drain cleaner
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Hose coupling
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Closet flange
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Threaded pipe
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Flare fitting
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Copper tubing
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Grade (slope)
2297:
2295:
2294:Friction loss
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2152:0-8311-2635-3
2148:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2131:0-07-047106-1
2127:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:Panzergewinde
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Copper tubing
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1641:This section
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1456:
1451:
1450:Copper tubing
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:pipe wrenches
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1346:
1343:
1335:
1332:February 2007
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1301:This section
1299:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1233:Tube cleaning
1224:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1180:Electrofusion
1177:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Plastic pipes
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:(NPT) or the
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1034:Pipe supports
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1021:pipe supports
1018:
1014:
1009:
995:
992:
989:
988:
987:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
940:
939:
938:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
884:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
855:
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
819:
816:
812:
808:
803:
799:
795:
793:
789:
780:
777:
773:
770:
769:
768:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
684:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
627:
622:
615:
610:
603:
598:
597:
596:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:polypropylene
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
403:
398:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
372:
367:
363:
359:
357:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Seamless pipe
333:
331:
327:
321:
311:
309:
303:
301:
297:
293:
290:tried to use
289:
286:
281:
279:
275:
274:Ancient Egypt
265:
263:
255:
251:
248:
245:
244:process plant
241:
236:
233:
232:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
193:
189:
184:
175:
172:
168:
167:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:cross-section
118:
114:
110:
103:
98:
88:
85:
77:
67:
63:
59:
53:
51:
44:
35:
34:
29:
22:
3244:Pipe marking
3217:and services
3213:Professions,
3161:Strap wrench
3101:Basin wrench
3080:Water heater
3075:Water filter
2988:Flush toilet
2963:Dehumidifier
2905:Trench drain
2885:Street elbow
2875:Safety valve
2860:Relief valve
2800:Needle valve
2785:Grinder pump
2755:Flow limiter
2740:Float switch
2675:Chopper pump
2655:Booster pump
2604:Tube bending
2549:Pipe support
2538:
2414:Water hammer
2394:Thermosiphon
2324:Neutral axis
2185:(4): 12–17.
2182:
2178:
2165:
2140:
2121:
2113:Bibliography
2101:
2082:
2071:. Retrieved
2056:
2047:
2038:
2003:. Retrieved
1989:
1982:Toronto Star
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1938:
1927:
1916:
1909:
1899:
1893:
1883:
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1856:
1838:
1813:Tube beading
1763:Pipe support
1664:
1651:
1647:adding to it
1642:
1626:
1623:Plastic pipe
1607:
1587:
1566:
1548:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1502:
1499:
1496:Rigid copper
1489:
1485:
1480:
1471:split-system
1470:
1462:
1453:
1430:
1423:
1388:
1363:
1358:
1338:
1329:
1314:Please help
1302:
1284:Applications
1279:
1248:
1241:A pipe with
1213:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1159:
1158:
1142:
1107:
1072:
1058:
1037:
1025:
1004:
1001:Installation
986:service.
984:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
905:
892:
890:
878:
874:nominal size
858:
856:
849:
842:
835:
820:
804:
800:
796:
785:
778:
771:
762:
756:1600 and BS
739:
686:
659:traceability
640:
577:
569:polybutylene
561:polyethylene
539:
508:
472:ductile iron
456:carbon steel
453:
444:
411:
406:Philadelphia
383:
376:
368:
364:
360:
352:
335:
334:
323:
320:Tube drawing
304:
300:Samuel Clegg
296:gas lighting
282:
271:
259:
164:
162:
154:
150:
148:
108:
106:
80:
71:
47:
3189:Flow sensor
3177:and control
3175:Measurement
3166:Tap and die
3141:Pipe wrench
3126:Driving cap
3018:Laundry tub
2895:Tap (valve)
2880:Sewage pump
2865:Riser clamp
2810:Pinch valve
2780:Grease trap
2775:Globe valve
2765:Flushometer
2750:Floor drain
2745:Float valve
2665:Check valve
2650:Bleed screw
2424:Water table
2364:Storm sewer
2250:Fundamental
1955:December 3,
1701:Garden hose
1600:processes.
1459:Soft copper
1444:Copper pipe
1386:equipment.
1368:natural gas
1138:heat fusion
1028:pipe wrench
868:(CTS); see
792:Schedule 40
788:Schedule 80
663:heat number
492:chrome moly
402:water mains
314:Manufacture
283:During the
3392:Irrigation
3386:Categories
3249:Pipefitter
3136:Pipecutter
3116:Core drill
3003:Humidifier
2968:Dishwasher
2930:Zone valve
2925:Water tank
2770:Gate valve
2645:Ball valve
2618:Components
2438:Technology
2409:Wastewater
2369:Stormwater
2073:2012-08-13
2005:2016-04-20
1867:2022-11-06
1830:References
1823:Water pipe
1604:Glass pipe
1486:flare tool
1364:black iron
1355:Steel pipe
1270:Other uses
1182:fittings.
1053:earthquake
1043:, or with
571:(PB), and
422:fiberglass
209:Irrigation
144:structural
74:April 2012
3268:Industry
3254:Pipelayer
3111:Borescope
3106:Blowtorch
3045:Sump pump
2579:Soldering
2544:Pipe dope
2507:Hydronics
2379:Tap water
2344:Sewer gas
2309:Heat trap
2304:Greywater
2274:Corrosion
2048:Encompass
1818:Victaulic
1706:HDPE pipe
1654:June 2011
1613:corrosive
1589:Aluminium
1507:annealing
1490:flare nut
1469:lines in
1438:corrosion
1428:welding.
1419:Victaulic
1362:pipe (or
1303:does not
1243:limescale
1191:Victaulic
1110:soldering
932:certified
924:traceable
887:Standards
859:plumbing
641:When the
400:Historic
392:Materials
262:Handrails
214:Pipelines
204:Tap water
62:talk page
3402:Plumbing
3334:See also
3320:Scalding
3008:Icemaker
2795:Manifold
2354:Sewerage
2334:Pressure
2289:Fuel gas
2264:Backflow
2252:concepts
2243:Plumbing
2168:: 56–61.
2090:Archived
2067:Archived
1999:Archived
1974:Archived
1949:Archived
1846:Archived
1788:Plumbing
1669:See also
1527:sweating
1466:annealed
1227:Cleaning
1126:crimping
1008:bar code
996:AWWA M45
976:ASTM A36
580:concrete
551:(CPVC),
515:toxicity
496:titanium
484:plumbing
476:Aluminum
449:plumbing
430:concrete
386:extruded
298:pioneer
199:Plumbing
171:fittings
136:slurries
117:circular
113:cylinder
56:You may
3259:Plumber
3215:trades,
3156:Plunger
3065:Washlet
2953:Bathtub
2855:Reducer
2685:Cistern
2589:Swaging
2569:Sealant
2445:Brazing
2187:Bibcode
1598:heliarc
1415:welding
1372:propane
1324:removed
1309:sources
1259:fouling
1122:flaring
1114:brazing
1105:(NST).
1095:Dryseal
1081:(PTFE)
1075:welding
1063:Joining
1045:trapeze
857:Copper
728:⁄
718:⁄
704:⁄
693:⁄
584:ceramic
567:(PEX),
547:(PVC),
517:. Many
488:Inconel
445:plumbum
434:plastic
424:, many
414:ceramic
308:welding
292:rolling
268:History
222:systems
140:powders
124:liquids
3397:Piping
3346:Piping
3055:Urinal
3023:Shower
2529:O-ring
2502:Gasket
2359:Siphon
2349:Sewage
2149:
2128:
1918:author
1768:Piping
1407:Teflon
1255:debris
1221:valves
1041:clevis
1013:cranes
872:. Its
840:pipe.
794:pipe.
775:table.
655:316 SS
643:alloys
563:(PE),
559:(PP),
494:, and
480:Copper
470:, and
426:metals
350:pipe.
348:welded
340:billet
276:. The
192:Brazil
132:fluids
102:Louvre
2958:Bidet
2920:Valve
2564:Putty
2534:Oakum
2525:(NPS)
2519:(NPT)
2498:(GHT)
2452:(BSP)
1744:(NPS)
1738:(NPT)
1523:torch
1434:anode
1360:Steel
1144:with
1124:, or
1087:oakum
1017:hoist
993:AWWA
990:ACPA
677:Sizes
500:creep
468:brass
442:Latin
418:glass
404:from
128:gases
64:, or
3035:Sink
2840:Pump
2429:Well
2319:Leak
2147:ISBN
2126:ISBN
1957:2012
1808:Tube
1716:Hose
1488:. A
1403:PTFE
1384:HVAC
1307:any
1305:cite
1219:and
1173:HDPE
1171:and
1169:MDPE
1015:and
961:ASTM
955:ASTM
949:ASME
941:The
908:heat
897:ASME
861:tube
843:The
815:ASME
811:ANSI
782:350.
750:ASME
746:ANSI
744:5L,
502:and
438:lead
432:and
178:Uses
166:hose
156:tube
153:and
151:pipe
126:and
109:pipe
2195:doi
1649:.
1596:or
1594:TIG
1426:TIG
1405:or
1397:or
1370:or
1318:by
1257:or
943:API
912:lot
838:JIS
831:DIN
742:API
582:or
134:),
3388::
2193:.
2183:33
2181:.
2177:.
2164:.
2046:.
2026:^
2014:^
1997:.
1980:,
1148:.
1136:,
1128:.
1120:,
1116:,
1112:,
1085:,
934:.
827:EN
758:EN
754:BS
737:.
730:16
706:16
590:.
490:,
466:,
462:,
458:,
428:,
420:,
416:,
388:.
302:.
190:,
138:,
107:A
2235:e
2228:t
2221:v
2201:.
2197::
2189::
2155:.
2134:.
2076:.
2050:.
2008:.
1959:.
1887:.
1870:.
1656:)
1652:(
1345:)
1339:(
1334:)
1330:(
1326:.
1312:.
813:/
748:/
726:1
720:8
716:1
713:+
711:1
702:1
695:2
691:1
440:(
130:(
87:)
81:(
76:)
72:(
54:.
30:.
23:.
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