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installed mostly in the late 1800s in the US, are still common today, much of which are located in the
Northeast and the Midwest. Their impact is relatively small due to the fouling of pipes and stone cessation of the evolution of lead in the water; however, lead pipes are still detrimental. Most of the lead pipes that exist today are being removed and replaced with the more common material, copper or some type of plastic.
38:
482:
The cost of supplying water consists, to a very large extent, of fixed costs (capital costs and personnel costs) and only to a small extent of variable costs that depend on the amount of water consumed (mainly energy and chemicals). Almost all service providers in the world charge tariffs to recover
422:
Tap water can sometimes appear cloudy and is often mistaken for mineral impurities in the water. It is usually caused by air bubbles coming out of solution due to change in temperature or pressure. Because cold water holds more air than warm water, small bubbles will appear in water. It has a high
588:
argues against the bottled water industry, asserting that tap water is healthier, more environmentally sustainable, and more ecologically sound than bottled water. The film focuses on the bottled water industry in the United States. The film has received largely positive reviews, and has spawned
368:
For many centuries, water pipes were made of lead, because of its ease of processing and durability. The use of lead pipes was a cause of health problems due to ignorance of the dangers of lead on the human body, which causes miscarriages and high death rates of newborns. Lead pipes, which were
418:
are not for the distribution system, but for the treatment plant. Even though the water distribution system is supposed to deliver the treated water to the consumers' taps without water quality degradation, complicated physical, chemical, and biological factors within the system can cause
195:
Everything in a building that uses water falls under one of two categories; fixture or appliance. As the consumption points above perform their function, most produce waste/sewage components that will require removal by the waste/sewage side of the system. The minimum is an air gap. See
372:
Remnants of pipes in some languages are the names of the experts involved in the execution, reparation, maintenance, and installation of water supply systems, which have been formed from the Latin word 'lead', English word 'plumber', French word, 'plombier'.
560:
Bottled water may have reduced amounts of copper, lead, and other metal contaminants since it does not run through the plumbing pipes where tap water is exposed to metal corrosion; however, this varies by the household and plumbing system.
475:
and water pressure. The institutional responsibility for water supply is arranged differently in different countries and regions (urban versus rural). It usually includes issues surrounding policy and regulation, service provision and
411:, including taps. It is important that the clean water not be contaminated by the wastewater (disposal) side of the process system. Historically, this contamination of drinking water has been one of the largest killers of humans.
576:, which has shown to increase the risk of cancer. The level of residual chlorine found at around 0.0002 g per litre, which is too small to cause any health problems directly. The chlorine concentration recommended by
1220:
Mac Kenzie, William R.; Hoxie, Neil J.; Proctor, Mary E.; Gradus, M. Stephen; Blair, Kathleen A.; Peterson, Dan E.; Kazmierczak, James J.; Addiss, David G.; Fox, Kim R.; Rose, Joan B.; Davis, Jeffrey P. (1994-07-21).
658:
In the United States, some municipalities make an effort to use tap water over bottled water on governmental properties and events. Voters in
Washington State repealed a bottled water tax via citizen initiative.
471:. Public water supply systems are crucial to properly functioning societies. These systems are what supply drinking water to populations around the globe. Aspects of service quality include continuity of supply,
423:
dissolved gas content that is heated or depressurized, which reduces how much dissolved gas the water can hold. The harmless cloudiness of the water disappears quickly as the gas is released from the water.
829:
Board., National
Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Public Water Supply Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks. National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology (2006).
636:, led to a massive hospitalization of more than 400,000 residents and was considered the largest in US history. Severe violations of tap water standards influence the decrease in public trust.
987:
688:
B75-02 Specification for
Seamless Copper Tube, B42-02e1 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, Standard Sizes, B88-03 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube
900:
2457:
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revealed that the possible health risk associated with tap water consumption is one of the main reasons that cause
American consumers to prefer bottled water over tap water.
1091:
1359:
1003:
van der Linden, S. "Exploring
Beliefs About Bottled Water and Intentions To Reduce Consumption: The Dual-Effect of Social Norm Activation and Persuasive Information".
628:
The trust level towards tap water depends on various criteria, including the existing governmental regulations towards the water quality and their appliance. In 1993,
148:
963:"Final Report – Health Risk of the Trihalomethanes Found in Drinking Water Carcinogenic Activity and Interactions – Research Project Database – NCER – ORD – US EPA"
983:
World Health
Organization, "How to measure chlorine residual in water" WHO – Technical Notes for Emergencies, Technical Note No. 11, 4 Draft revised: 7.1.05
643:(NRDC) released controversial findings from a 4-year study on bottled water. The study claimed that one-third of the tested waters were contaminated with
590:
1035:
197:
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Other materials, if the pipes made from them have been let into circulation and the widespread use in the construction of the water supply systems.
984:
593:. Yet, as many people remain generally unaware of the negative health and environmental impacts associated with bottled water, recent research in
115:. Calling a water supply "tap water" distinguishes it from the other main types of fresh water which may be available; these include water from
508:
568:
often is added as a disinfectant to tap water. If the water contains organic matter, this may produce other byproducts in the water such as
200:
for an overview of backflow prevention methods and devices currently in use, both through the use of mechanical and physical principles.
962:
96:
but was available to very few people until the second half of the 19th century when it began to spread in popularity in what are now
1271:
243:
Water flow through a tap can be reduced by inexpensive small plastic flow reducers. These restrict flow between 15 and 50%, aiding
1337:
2585:
2417:
19:
This article is about fixtures and appliances needed for tap water. For wider issues of water for human consumption, see
1412:
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927:
Petraccia, L.; Liberati, G.; Masciullo S.G.; Grassi M.; Fraioli, A. (2006). "Water, mineral waters and health".
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24:
100:. Tap water became common in many regions during the 20th century, and is now lacking mainly among people in
1066:
553:
2028:
264:
222:
212:
1223:"A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted through the Public Water Supply"
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1993:
1272:"Mistrust at the tap? Factors contributing to public drinking water (mis)perception across US households"
187:
1973:
1818:
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1159:"What's Wrong with the Tap? Examining Perceptions of Tap Water and Bottled Water at Purdue University"
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Layer copolymer of a random polypropylene, aluminum, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R / Al / PP-R)
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467:, commercial organisations, community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and
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175:. Other improved water sources include boreholes, protected dug wells or springs, rainwater, and
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Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: special focus on gender
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760:. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2023
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655:. At least one sample exceeded state guidelines for contamination levels in bottled water.
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The difference in water quality between bottled and tap water is debatable. In 1999, the
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Layer: cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum, high-density polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-HD)
93:
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617:. While the majority of US households have access to high-quality tap water, demand for
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Layer: polyethylene crosslinked, aluminum, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-X)
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1360:"Initiative Measure 1107 Concerns reversing certain 2010 amendments to state tax laws"
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has started to investigate how to reduce the public's consumption of bottled water.
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68:, a water dispenser valve. In many countries, tap water usually has the quality of
727: – Provision of water by public utilities, commercial organisations or others
709: – Mounting element that transfers loads from a pipe to supporting structures
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167:. Piped water is not necessarily of drinking water quality but does count as an "
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131:, or water carried from streams, rivers, or lakes (whose potability may vary).
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866:, Modern Marvels video series, The History Chfifr5tyk A&E Television, 1996
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Fixtures are devices that use water without an additional source of power.
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Saylor, Amber; Prokopy, Linda
Stalker; Amberg, Shannon (September 2011).
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1036:"Changing Norms by Changing Behavior: The Princeton Drink Local Program"
2427:
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832:
Drinking water distribution systems : assessing and reducing risks
730:
468:
128:
2458:
International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
1110:"Bottled water versus tap water: understanding consumers' preferences"
191:
An outdoor drinking water tap at Desa Dasan Geria
Village, West Lombok
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delivers clean, safe, and potable water to each service point in
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Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation
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can be done using the following plastic and metal materials:
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A girl collects clean water from a communal water supply in
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2018:
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1092:"Persuading the public to reduce bottled water consumption"
685:
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polyvinyl chloride - not softened(only cold water) (PVC-U)
1338:"Washington state says goodbye to bottle and candy taxes"
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920:
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694: – Component of central heating and cooling systems
735:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
696:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
917:
1362:. Washington Secretary of State · Elections Division
1033:
666:
1156:
198:cross connection control & backflow prevention
352:(no longer used for new installations due to its
305:random copolymer of polypropylene (random) (PP-R)
88:. Indoor tap water is distributed through indoor
16:Water supplied through a pipe and tap combination
2562:
1270:Pierce, Gregory; Gonzalez, Silvia (2017-02-01).
1034:Santos, Jessica; van der Linden, Sander (2016).
790:
1269:
1002:
554:Bottled water § Bottled water versus tap water
487:
1406:
505:The examples and perspective in this section
217:Potable water supply systems are composed of
23:. For other meanings of running water, see
1413:
1399:
523:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
399:Countries where tap water is safe to drink
182:
1287:
1238:
1125:
539:Learn how and when to remove this message
1335:
1097:. European Commission. 3 September 2015.
439:
394:
265:Pipe (fluid_conveyance) § Materials
186:
111:Governmental agencies commonly regulate
36:
2468:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)
609:levels found in tap water vary between
232:
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864:Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization
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377:Distribution systems and contamination
206:
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2418:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
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733: – Systems for conveying fluids
715: – Systems for conveying fluids
491:
1336:McNamara, Neal (December 2, 2010).
414:Most of the mandates for enforcing
13:
1387:- Model safety codes and standards
819:
794:The great lead water pipe disaster
580:is between 0.0002 and 0.0005 g/L.
302:the polypropylene copolymer (PP-H)
14:
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1738:Push-to-pull compression fittings
1378:
763:
748:
641:Natural Resources Defense Council
72:. Tap water is commonly used for
669:
601:
564:In much of the developed world,
552:This section is an excerpt from
496:
432:This section is an excerpt from
416:drinking water quality standards
247:and reducing the burden on both
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1304:
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1227:New England Journal of Medicine
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1108:Doria, Miguel F. (2006-06-01).
1101:
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893:
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857:
784:
589:college campus groups such as
179:or water delivered by tanker.
173:Sustainable Development Goal 6
159:to describe the situation for
134:
25:Running Water (disambiguation)
1:
877:"Why is my tap water cloudy?"
741:
363:
2478:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
2029:Reduced pressure zone device
1420:
835:. National Academies Press.
774:"Takagi T-KJr2-IN-NG Indoor"
419:contamination of tap water.
258:
213:Piping and plumbing fittings
7:
2586:Water supply infrastructure
2473:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
2192:Instant hot water dispenser
1994:Piping and plumbing fitting
1240:10.1056/NEJM199407213310304
1114:Journal of Water and Health
965:. epa.gov. 3 September 2009
662:
645:synthetic organic chemicals
519:, discuss the issue on the
488:Comparison to bottled water
342:Deoxidized High Phosphorus
10:
2602:
1819:Backflow prevention device
1804:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
1385:International Code Council
941:10.1016/j.clnu.2005.10.002
692:Automatic balancing valves
623:Gallup Public Opinion Poll
551:
431:
380:
288:high density cross-linked
276:
262:
236:
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127:or town pumps, water from
92:, which has existed since
30:For the comedy award, see
29:
18:
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2117:
2079:Thermostatic mixing valve
1796:
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1183:10.1007/s00267-011-9692-6
1055:10.1017/S1466046616000144
901:"Public Supply Water Use"
791:Troesken, Werner (2006).
578:World Health Organization
409:water distribution system
391:Water distribution system
339:corrosion resistant steel
327:
41:A simple indoor water tap
1809:Automatic bleeding valve
1448:Compatibility (chemical)
1163:Environmental Management
1013:10.1177/0013916513515239
1005:Environment and Behavior
621:increases. In 2002, the
595:environmental psychology
161:access to drinking water
2014:Pressure-balanced valve
2009:Pressure vacuum breaker
1718:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
1660:Drain-waste-vent system
1640:Chemical drain cleaners
299:of polypropylene (PP-B)
183:Fixtures and appliances
2535:Template:Public health
2207:water recycling shower
2177:Hot water storage tank
1508:Onsite sewage facility
1043:Environmental Practice
453:
400:
192:
42:
2520:Fire sprinkler system
2229:Tankless water heater
2172:Garbage disposal unit
2157:Electric water boiler
1629:British Standard Pipe
1312:"The Truth About Tap"
443:
398:
336:, ordinary galvanized
320:, chlorinated (PVC-C)
190:
169:improved water source
40:
2219:Storage water heater
1788:Water heat recycling
1696:National Pipe Thread
1598:Water supply network
1340:. Federal Way Mirror
1127:10.2166/wh.2006.0023
634:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
517:improve this section
507:may not represent a
483:part of their costs.
459:is the provision of
387:Water supply network
269:The installation of
233:Water flow reduction
165:developing countries
106:developing countries
2550:Template:Wastewater
2408:Hydrostatic testing
2049:Rooftop water tower
1645:Compression fitting
1289:10.2166/wp.2016.143
1175:2011EnMan..48..588S
990:7 July 2011 at the
630:the cryptosporidium
207:Fittings and valves
147:a term used by the
98:developed countries
64:supplied through a
2504:Waterborne disease
2403:Hydronic balancing
2162:Evaporative cooler
2127:Accessible bathtub
2024:Radiator (heating)
2004:Pressure regulator
1899:Double check valve
1874:Concentric reducer
1675:Garden Hose Thread
1568:Thermal insulation
1438:Air gap (plumbing)
929:Clinical Nutrition
719:Water fluoridation
454:
401:
318:polyvinyl chloride
245:water conservation
239:Water conservation
193:
171:" in the logic of
43:
2558:
2557:
2540:Template:Sewerage
2487:Health and safety
2463:NSF International
2273:Specialized tools
2152:Drinking fountain
2119:Plumbing fixtures
1999:Plug (sanitation)
1984:Nipple (plumbing)
1904:Eccentric reducer
1884:Coupling (piping)
1849:Chemigation valve
1702:Nominal Pipe Size
1665:Ductile iron pipe
1563:Thermal expansion
1318:. January 5, 2016
1072:on 16 August 2016
591:Beyond the Bottle
549:
548:
541:
113:tap water quality
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2545:Template:Toilets
2310:Flare-nut wrench
2069:Submersible pump
1894:Dielectric union
1814:Automatic faucet
1773:Thread seal tape
1733:Plastic pipework
1493:Hydrostatic loop
1458:Drain (plumbing)
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1939:Flushing trough
1889:Diaphragm valve
1879:Condensate pump
1859:Circulator pump
1839:Butterfly valve
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58:municipal water
48:(also known as
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32:Tap Water Award
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2423:Pipe marking
2396:and services
2392:Professions,
2340:Strap wrench
2280:Basin wrench
2259:Water heater
2254:Water filter
2167:Flush toilet
2142:Dehumidifier
2084:Trench drain
2064:Street elbow
2054:Safety valve
2039:Relief valve
1979:Needle valve
1964:Grinder pump
1934:Flow limiter
1919:Float switch
1854:Chopper pump
1834:Booster pump
1783:Tube bending
1728:Pipe support
1593:Water hammer
1573:Thermosiphon
1557:
1503:Neutral axis
1364:. Retrieved
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1315:
1306:
1279:
1276:Water Policy
1275:
1265:
1230:
1226:
1215:
1166:
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1103:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1067:the original
1046:
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1004:
998:
979:
967:. Retrieved
957:
932:
928:
908:. Retrieved
905:www.usgs.gov
904:
895:
884:. Retrieved
881:www.mwra.com
880:
871:
863:
859:
831:
793:
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725:Water supply
707:Pipe support
677:Water portal
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529:October 2023
526:
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359:
334:carbon steel
290:polyethylene
283:polybutylene
268:
255:facilities.
249:water supply
242:
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194:
145:piped water,
144:
140:
138:
119:-collecting
110:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
2368:Flow sensor
2356:and control
2354:Measurement
2345:Tap and die
2320:Pipe wrench
2305:Driving cap
2197:Laundry tub
2074:Tap (valve)
2059:Sewage pump
2044:Riser clamp
1989:Pinch valve
1959:Grease trap
1954:Globe valve
1944:Flushometer
1929:Floor drain
1924:Float valve
1844:Check valve
1829:Bleed screw
1603:Water table
1543:Storm sewer
1429:Fundamental
1282:(1): 1–12.
607:Contaminant
271:water pipes
135:Terminology
54:piped water
2565:Categories
2428:Pipefitter
2315:Pipecutter
2295:Core drill
2182:Humidifier
2147:Dishwasher
2109:Zone valve
2104:Water tank
1949:Gate valve
1824:Ball valve
1797:Components
1617:Technology
1588:Wastewater
1548:Stormwater
1322:2021-04-24
1049:(2): 1–7.
910:2021-10-03
886:2023-03-27
742:References
731:Water pipe
611:households
364:Lead pipes
263:See also:
2447:Industry
2433:Pipelayer
2290:Borescope
2285:Blowtorch
2224:Sump pump
1758:Soldering
1723:Pipe dope
1686:Hydronics
1558:Tap water
1523:Sewer gas
1488:Heat trap
1483:Greywater
1453:Corrosion
1298:1366-7017
1249:0028-4793
1191:0364-152X
1136:1477-8920
1063:130162044
1021:220350200
521:talk page
297:copolymer
259:Materials
253:treatment
141:tap water
117:rainwater
94:antiquity
46:Tap water
2513:See also
2499:Scalding
2187:Icemaker
1974:Manifold
1533:Sewerage
1513:Pressure
1468:Fuel gas
1443:Backflow
1431:concepts
1422:Plumbing
1207:22067616
1199:21643837
1144:16813019
988:Archived
949:16314004
851:71294470
813:70176961
713:Plumbing
701:Fountain
663:See also
649:bacteria
566:chlorine
515:You may
405:plumbing
354:toxicity
346:(Cu-DHP)
223:fittings
121:cisterns
90:plumbing
74:drinking
2438:Plumber
2394:trades,
2335:Plunger
2244:Washlet
2132:Bathtub
2034:Reducer
1864:Cistern
1768:Swaging
1748:Sealant
1624:Brazing
1366:2 April
1344:2 April
1257:7818640
1171:Bibcode
1076:16 July
969:13 July
780:. 2020.
653:arsenic
446:Kawempe
403:Modern
277:Plastic
177:bottled
102:poverty
82:washing
78:cooking
2525:Piping
2234:Urinal
2202:Shower
1708:O-ring
1681:Gasket
1538:Siphon
1528:Sewage
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849:
839:
811:
801:
651:, and
585:Tapped
450:Uganda
389:, and
344:copper
328:Metals
295:block
292:(PE-X)
227:valves
157:UNICEF
84:, and
2571:Water
2137:Bidet
2099:Valve
1743:Putty
1713:Oakum
1704:(NPS)
1698:(NPT)
1677:(GHT)
1631:(BSP)
1203:S2CID
1095:(PDF)
1070:(PDF)
1059:S2CID
1039:(PDF)
1017:S2CID
985:(pdf)
469:pipes
461:water
219:pipes
129:wells
62:water
60:) is
2214:Sink
2019:Pump
1608:Well
1498:Leak
1368:2022
1346:2022
1316:NRDC
1294:ISSN
1253:PMID
1245:ISSN
1195:PMID
1187:ISSN
1140:PMID
1132:ISSN
1078:2016
971:2015
945:PMID
847:OCLC
837:ISBN
809:OCLC
799:ISBN
686:ASTM
613:and
572:and
350:lead
285:(PB)
251:and
225:and
155:and
1284:doi
1235:doi
1231:331
1179:doi
1122:doi
1051:doi
1009:doi
937:doi
463:by
163:in
153:WHO
151:by
143:is
66:tap
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